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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vimana</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Vimana" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Vimana" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span 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</nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vimanas&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimanas">Vimanas</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vimana (disambiguation)">Vimana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pushpaka Vimana" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pushpaka_Vimana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pushpaka Vimana (disambiguation)">Pushpaka Vimana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Vimāna</b> are mythological flying palaces or chariots described in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit epics">Sanskrit epics</a>. The "Pushpaka Vimana" of <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> (who took it from <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>; Rama returned it to Kubera) is the most quoted example of a vimana. Vimanas are also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Jain_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain texts">Jain texts</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Celestial_Chariot_(6124515635).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Celestial_Chariot_%286124515635%29.jpg/220px-The_Celestial_Chariot_%286124515635%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Celestial_Chariot_%286124515635%29.jpg/330px-The_Celestial_Chariot_%286124515635%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Celestial_Chariot_%286124515635%29.jpg/440px-The_Celestial_Chariot_%286124515635%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1493"></a><figcaption>The Pushpaka vimana flying in the sky.</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Hindu_epics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Hindu epics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ramayana"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ramayana</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mahabharata"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mahabharata</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Jain_literature"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Jain literature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ashoka_Edict_IV"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ashoka Edict IV</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Samarangana_Sutradhara"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Samarangana Sutradhara</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vaim%C4%81nika_Sh%C4%81stra"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Vaimānika Shāstra</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ayyavazhi"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Ayyavazhi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/vimana" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/vimana">vimana</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Pediment,_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/West_Pediment%2C_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg/220px-West_Pediment%2C_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1028"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 204px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/West_Pediment%2C_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg/220px-West_Pediment%2C_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="204" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/West_Pediment%2C_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg/330px-West_Pediment%2C_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/West_Pediment%2C_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg/440px-West_Pediment%2C_Phnom_Rung_0434.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Sculpture of the Pushpaka vimana, as a temple flying in the sky.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <i>vimāna</i> (विमान) literally means "measuring out, traversing" or "having been measured out". <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a> defines <i>vimāna</i> as "a car or a chariot of the gods, any self-moving aerial car sometimes serving as a seat or throne, sometimes self-moving and carrying its occupant through the air; other descriptions make the Vimana more like a house or palace, and one kind is said to be seven stories high", and quotes the <a href="/wiki/Pushpaka_Vimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushpaka Vimana">Pushpaka Vimana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> as an example. It may denote any car or vehicle, especially a bier or a ship as well as a palace of an emperor, especially with seven stories.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, <i>vimāna, vimān</i> or <i>bimān</i> means "aircraft" in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Indian languages</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Biman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Biman">Bangladesh Biman</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_flag_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="National flag carrier">national flag carrier</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) and in the town names <a href="/wiki/Vimanapura" title="Vimanapura">Vimanapura</a> (a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>) and Vimannagar (a town in Pune). In another context, <a href="/wiki/Vimanam_(tower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimanam (tower)">Vimana</a> is a feature in Hindu temple architecture. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Hindu_epics">Hindu epics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hindu epics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg/220px-Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="422" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 422px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg/220px-Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="422" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg/330px-Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg/440px-Ravana_seizes_the_chariot_Puspaka_from_Kuvera.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ravana rides his Vimana, Pushpaka.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramayana">Ramayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ramayana" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_welcomed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rama_welcomed.jpg/220px-Rama_welcomed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rama_welcomed.jpg/220px-Rama_welcomed.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rama_welcomed.jpg/330px-Rama_welcomed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rama_welcomed.jpg/440px-Rama_welcomed.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Pushpaka vimana depicted three times, twice flying in the sky and once landed on the ground.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, the <i>pushpaka</i> ("flowery") vimana of <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> is described as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>The Pushpaka Vimana that resembles the Sun and belongs to my brother was brought by the powerful Ravana; that aerial and excellent Vimana going everywhere at will ... that chariot resembling a bright cloud in the sky ... and the King [Rama] got in, and the excellent chariot at the command of the Raghira, rose up into the higher atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It is the first flying vimana mentioned in existing <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> texts (as distinct from the gods' flying horse-drawn chariots). Pushpaka was originally made by <a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a> for <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, the Hindu god of creation; later Brahma gave it to <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>, the God of wealth; but it was later stolen, along with <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, by his <a href="/wiki/Half-brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-brother">half-brother</a>, king Ravana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mahabharata" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A title of Uparichara was received by a king named Vasu after a Vimana (flying chariot) was granted to him by Indra, who was pleased with him. This chariot enabled him to wander (chara) above (upari) all mortals. The Vimana appeared as a crystalline entity in the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">महाभारतम् आदिपर्व ६४ </th> <th scope="col">Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064 </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="sa" class="poem"> <p>दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥१३॥<br> त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥१४॥ </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you.(13)<br> You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.(14) </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Mahabharata </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Jain_literature">Jain literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jain literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Vimāna-vāsin ('dweller in vimāna') is a class of deities who served the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tīrthaṃkara Mahā-vīra</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Vaimānika deities dwell in the <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology#Urdhva_Loka,_the_upper_world" title="Jain cosmology">Ūrdhva Loka heavens</a>. According to the <i>Kalpa Sūtra</i> of Bhadra-bāhu, the 24th <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tīrthaṃkara Mahā-vīra</i></span> himself emerged from the great <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vimāna Puṣpa-uttara</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the 22nd <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tīrthaṃkara Ariṣṭa-nemi</i></span> emerged from the great vimāna Aparijita.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tīrthaṃkara-s Abhinandana</i></span> (4th) and Sumati-nātha (5th) both<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traveled through the sky in the "Jayanta-vimāna", namely the great vimāna Sarva-artha-siddhi, which was owned by<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Jayanta deities; whereas the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tīrthaṃkara Dharma-nātha</i></span> (15th) traveled through the sky in the "Vijaya-vimāna".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vimāna may be seen in a dream, such as the nalinī-gulma.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ashoka_Edict_IV">Ashoka Edict IV</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ashoka Edict IV" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Ashoka mentions a model vimana ("aerial chariot") as part of the festivities or procession which were organised during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In times past, for many hundreds of years, there had ever been promoted the killing of animals and the hurting of living beings, discourtesy to relatives, (and) discourtesy to Sramanas and Brahmanas. But now, in consequence of the practice of morality on the part of king Devanampriya Priyadarsin, the sound of drums has become the sound of morality, showing the people representations of aerial chariots, elephants, masses of fire, and other divine figures.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ashoka, Major rock Edict no IV</cite></div></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Samarangana_Sutradhara"><i>Samarangana Sutradhara</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Samarangana Sutradhara" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Chapter 31 of <i><a href="/wiki/Samarangana_Sutradhara" title="Samarangana Sutradhara">Samarangana Sutradhara</a></i>, an 11th-century treatise on architecture, discusses machinery and automata, discussing their operation in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">four elements and aether</a>, but suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> may be an element in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardiff_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardiff-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author says he has personally seen most of the devices he describes in use, but does not specify which ones. The list includes two wooden aircraft, referred to as "vimanas": a "light" one shaped like a huge bird and a "heavy" one shaped like a temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroda_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroda-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both types contain a fire chamber which heats a container of mercury, somehow causing the aircraft to rise from the ground. However, the description is purposely left incomplete for ethical reasons: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The construction of the machines has not been explained<br> For the sake of secrecy, and not due to lack of knowledge.<br> In that respect, that should be known as the reason—<br> They are not fruitful when disclosed<sup id="cite_ref-Cardiff_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardiff-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Vaimānika_Shāstra"><span id="Vaim.C4.81nika_Sh.C4.81stra"></span><i>Vaimānika Shāstra</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vaimānika Shāstra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vaim%C4%81nika_Sh%C4%81stra" title="Vaimānika Shāstra">Vaimānika Shāstra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg/170px-Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="844"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 239px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg/170px-Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="239" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg/255px-Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg/340px-Vaimanika_Shastra_Shakuna_illustration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption> An illustration of the <i>Shakuna Vimana</i> that is supposed to fly like a bird with hinged wings and tail.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukunda_1974_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukunda_1974-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Vaim%C4%81nika_Sh%C4%81stra" title="Vaimānika Shāstra">Vaimānika Shāstra</a></i> is an early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text on aeronautics, obtained allegedly by mental <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">channeling</a>, about the construction of <i>vimāna</i>s, the "chariots of the Gods". The existence of the text was revealed in 1952 by G. R. Josyer, according to whom it was written by one Pandit Subbaraya Shastry, who dictated it in 1918–1923. A Hindi translation was published in 1959, the Sanskrit text with an English translation in 1973. It has 3000 <a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">shlokas</a> in eight chapters. Subbaraya Shastry allegedly stated that the content was dictated to him by <a href="/wiki/Maharishi" title="Maharishi">Maharishi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharadvaja" title="Bharadvaja">Bharadvaja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by aeronautical and mechanical engineering at <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science,_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore">Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore</a> in 1974 concluded that the aircraft described in the text were "poor concoctions" and that the author showed a complete lack of understanding of aeronautics.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ayyavazhi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vimana" title="Special:EditPage/Vimana">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pushpak Vimana, meaning "an aeroplane with flowers", is a mythical aeroplane found in <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a> mythology. <a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a>, the religious book of Ayyavazhi, says that the Pushpak Vimana was sent to carry <a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a> to Vaikundam. </p><p>A similar reference is found in regards of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Tukaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Tukaram">Saint Tukaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India. Lord Vishnu was so impressed by the devotion and singing of Saint Tukaram that when his time came, a Pushpak Viman (a heavenly aircraft shaped as an eagle) came to take him to heaven. Though it is believed that every other human being can go to Heaven without body, Saint Tukaram went to heaven with body (Sadeha Swarga Prapti). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Vimanas have appeared in books, films, games, on the Internet, etc., including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biman" class="mw-redirect" title="Biman">Biman</a> is the name of national airline of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, its name derived from Sanskrit <i>Vimāna</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimana_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimana (arcade game)">Vimana</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a> from <a href="/wiki/Toaplan" title="Toaplan">Toaplan</a> wherein the player's ship earns the name.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Early flying machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels#Part_III:_A_Voyage_to_Laputa,_Balnibarbi,_Luggnagg,_Glubbdubdrib_and_Japan" title="Gulliver's Travels">Laputa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya_artifacts" title="Quimbaya artifacts">Quimbaya artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">Ratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaimanika_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaimanika Shastra">Vaimanika Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimanavatthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimanavatthu">Vimanavatthu</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0980-vimalaya.jpg">Monier-Williams, <i>Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutt, Manatha Nath (translator), <i>Ramayana</i>, Elysium Press, Calcutta, 1892, and New York, 1910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBhaṭṭācārya1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bhaṭṭācārya, Tārānātha TarkaVācaspati (1873) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/VCPScan/VCPScanpdf/pg1319.pdf">"उपरिचर"</a> [Uparichara] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VfAW_vachaspatyam-vol-2-compiled-by-taranath-vachaaspati-bhattacharya-chowkhamba-seri"><i>वाचस्पत्यम् (बृहत् संस्कृताभिधानम्)</i></a> [<i>Vācaspatyam: A Comprehensive Sanskrit Lexicon.</i>]. The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Work No. 94 (in Sanskrit). Vol. 2. Varanasi: Caukhambā. p. 331. <q>तुष्टेन शक्रेण तस्मै आकाशगं विमानं दत्तं तत्र चरणादुपरिचरनामेत्युक्तं</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D+%28%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%29&rft.place=Varanasi&rft.series=The+Chowkhamba+Sanskrit+Series+Work+No.+94&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Caukhamb%C4%81&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81c%C4%81rya&rft.aufirst=T%C4%81r%C4%81n%C4%81tha+TarkaV%C4%81caspati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2FVCPScan%2FVCPScanpdf%2Fpg1319.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVimana" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvaipāyana" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Dvaipāyana, (Vyāsa) Kṛṣṇa</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-01-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-064&oldid=54241">"महाभारतम्-01-आदिपर्व-064"</a> [Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064]. <i>विकिस्रोतः</i> (in Sanskrit)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-21</span></span>. <q>दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥ त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥</q> [The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you. You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-01-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-064&rft.aulast=Dvaip%C4%81yana&rft.aufirst=%28Vy%C4%81sa%29+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsa.wikisource.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D-01-%25E0%25A4%2586%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5-064%26oldid%3D54241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVimana" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Jacobi2008" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Jacobi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8si5ZrsP90UC&q=Jaina+vimana+vehicle&pg=PA169"><i>Jaina Sūtras</i></a>. Forgotten Books. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605067278" title="Special:BookSources/9781605067278"><bdi>9781605067278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+S%C5%ABtras&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781605067278&rft.au=Hermann+Jacobi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8si5ZrsP90UC%26q%3DJaina%2Bvimana%2Bvehicle%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVimana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm">(2)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208115935/http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm">Archived</a> December 8, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm">(171)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208115935/http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm">Archived</a> December 8, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : <i>The Indian Sect of the Jainas</i>. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : <i>The Indian Sect of the Jainas</i>. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : <i>The Indian Sect of the Jainas</i>. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saryu Doshi (transl. by Thomas Dix) : <i>Dharma Vihara, Ranakpur</i>. Axel Menges, 1995. p. 11a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=RANAKPUR,%20FOUNDING%20OF"><i>Mewar Encyclopedia</i>, s.v. "Ranakpur, founding of"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155726/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=RANAKPUR,%20FOUNDING%20OF">Archived</a> July 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugen_Hultzsch1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eugen Hultzsch (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch"><i>Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch</i></a> (in Sanskrit). pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+Asoka.+New+Edition+by+E.+Hultzsch&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Eugen+Hultzsch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FInscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVimana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardiff-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardiff_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardiff_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvini2012" class="citation journal cs1">Salvini, Mattia (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/1344377/The-Samaranganasutradhara-by-Mattia-Salvina,-Mahidol-University.pdf">"The Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>22</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS135618631100085X">10.1017/S135618631100085X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Samar%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga%E1%B9%87as%C5%ABtradh%C4%81ra&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS135618631100085X&rft.aulast=Salvini&rft.aufirst=Mattia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardiff.ac.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0011%2F1344377%2FThe-Samaranganasutradhara-by-Mattia-Salvina%2C-Mahidol-University.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVimana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baroda-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baroda_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing_Bhojadeva_of_Dhar_(attrib.)1927" class="citation book cs1">King Bhojadeva of Dhar (attrib.) (1927). Sastri, T. Ganapati (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.345259/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Samarangana Sutradhara</i></a>. Baroda: Baroda Central Library. p. introduction<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samarangana+Sutradhara&rft.place=Baroda&rft.pages=introduction&rft.pub=Baroda+Central+Library&rft.date=1927&rft.au=King+Bhojadeva+of+Dhar+%28attrib.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.345259%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVimana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukunda_1974-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mukunda_1974_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukundaDeshpande,_S.M.Nagendra,_H.R.Prabhu,_A.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Mukunda, H.S.; Deshpande, S.M.; Nagendra, H.R.; Prabhu, A.; Govindraju, S.P. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/site/Portals/0/Publications/ReferedJournal/ACriticalStudyOfTheWorkVaimanikaShastra.pdf">"A critical study of the work "Vyamanika Shastra"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientific Opinion</i>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Opinion&rft.atitle=A+critical+study+of+the+work+%22Vyamanika+Shastra%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Mukunda&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Nagendra%2C+H.R.&rft.au=Prabhu%2C+A.&rft.au=Govindraju%2C+S.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgpl.iisc.ernet.in%2Fsite%2FPortals%2F0%2FPublications%2FReferedJournal%2FACriticalStudyOfTheWorkVaimanikaShastra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVimana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Childress (1991), p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331170834/http://www.hvk.org/articles/0601/100.html">"Flights of fancy? (Part X of XII)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Week_(Indian_magazine)" title="The Week (Indian magazine)">The Week</a>. 2001-06-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hvk.org/articles/0601/100.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flights+of+fancy%3F+%28Part+X+of+XII%29&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hvk.org%2Farticles%2F0601%2F100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVimana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_7.htm#Ancient%20Indian">The Anti-Gravity Handbook (Lost Science)</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">David Hatcher Childress</a> at WorldMysteries.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vimanas/vimanas.htm#menu">Vymanika Shastra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephen-knapp.com/ufos_and_vimanas.htm">UFOs and Vimanas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_vimanas.htm#inicio"><i>Los Vimanas</i></a>—A collection of various texts, partially in Spanish and partially in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/vimana-aircraft-of-india-more-sloppy-scholarship-from-david-childress">"Vimana Aircraft of India: More Sloppy Scholarship from David Childress"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Colavito" title="Jason Colavito">Jason Colavito</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vimana&oldid=1274660623">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vimana&oldid=1274660623</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Vimana&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Doug Weller" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1739030221"> <span>Last edited on 8 February 2025, at 15:57</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmana" title="Wilmana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wilmana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="হিন্দু পৌরাণিক বিমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দু পৌরাণিক বিমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Βιμάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιμάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana_(mitolog%C3%ADa_hinduista)" title="Vimana (mitología hinduista) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vimana (mitología hinduista)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ویمانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویمانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim%C4%81na" title="Vimāna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vimāna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%A7%88%EB%82%98" title="비마나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비마나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmana" title="Wilmana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilmana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಪುಷ್ಪಕ ವಿಮಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುಷ್ಪಕ ವಿಮಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പുഷ്പകവിമാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുഷ്പകവിമാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पुष्पक विमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुष्पक विमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim%C4%81na" title="Vimāna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vimāna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8A" title="ヴィマナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィマナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim%C4%81na" title="Vimāna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vimāna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="វិមាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិមាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimana" title="Wimana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wimana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вимана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вимана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE)" title="विमानम् (शिल्पकला) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विमानम् (शिल्पकला)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%AC%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="දඬුමොණරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දඬුමොණරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вимана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вимана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புட்பக விமானம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புட்பக விமானம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вимана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вимана" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పుష్పక విమానము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పుష్పక విమానము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вімана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вімана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vimana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3" title="維摩那 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維摩那" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 15:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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