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MS-DOS computers: Workalikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-compatible_MS-DOS_computers:_Workalikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First-generation_PC_workalikes_by_IBM_competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-generation_PC_workalikes_by_IBM_competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First-generation PC workalikes by IBM competitors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First-generation_PC_workalikes_by_IBM_competitors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First-generation PC workalikes by IBM competitors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First-generation_PC_workalikes_by_IBM_competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Operationally_Compatible"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Operationally_Compatible""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>"Operationally Compatible"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Operationally_Compatible"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_decreasing_influence_of_IBM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_decreasing_influence_of_IBM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The decreasing influence of IBM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_decreasing_influence_of_IBM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expandability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expandability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Expandability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expandability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"IBM_PC_compatible"_becomes_"Wintel"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"IBM_PC_compatible"_becomes_"Wintel""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>"IBM PC compatible" becomes "Wintel"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"IBM_PC_compatible"_becomes_"Wintel"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_limitations_and_more_compatibility_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_limitations_and_more_compatibility_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Design limitations and more compatibility issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_limitations_and_more_compatibility_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_Wintel_domination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_Wintel_domination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Challenges to Wintel domination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_Wintel_domination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_IBM_PC_compatible_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_IBM_PC_compatible_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>The IBM PC compatible today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_IBM_PC_compatible_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82" title="آي بي إم المتوافق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آي بي إم المتوافق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="IBM PC-сумяшчальны камп’ютар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IBM PC-сумяшчальны камп’ютар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="IBM PC-сумяшчальны кампутар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="IBM PC-сумяшчальны кампутар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_kompatibilan" title="IBM PC kompatibilan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="IBM PC kompatibilan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IBM PC compatible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_kompatibiln%C3%AD" title="IBM PC kompatibilní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IBM PC kompatibilní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM-PC-kompatibler_Computer" title="IBM-PC-kompatibler Computer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IBM-PC-kompatibler Computer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatible_IBM_PC" title="Compatible IBM PC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compatible IBM PC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سازگار با آی‌بی‌ام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازگار با آی‌بی‌ام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatible_PC" title="Compatible PC – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compatible PC" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_%ED%98%B8%ED%99%98%EA%B8%B0%EC%A2%85" title="IBM PC 호환기종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IBM PC 호환기종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konciliebla_personala_komputero" title="Konciliebla personala komputero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konciliebla personala komputero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_kompatibel_PC_IBM" title="Komputer kompatibel PC IBM – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komputer kompatibel PC IBM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_compatibile" title="IBM compatibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IBM compatibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC" title="PC – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="PC" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM-kompatibilis_PC" title="IBM-kompatibilis PC – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IBM-kompatibilis PC" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serasi_IBM_PC" title="Serasi IBM PC – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serasi IBM PC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC-compatibel" title="IBM PC-compatibel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IBM PC-compatibel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC/AT%E4%BA%92%E6%8F%9B%E6%A9%9F" title="PC/AT互換機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="PC/AT互換機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compat%C3%ADvel" title="IBM PC compatível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IBM PC compatível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="IBM PC compatible" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM-PC-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="IBM-PC-совместимый компьютер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IBM-PC-совместимый компьютер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_kompatibiln%C3%BD" title="IBM PC kompatibilný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IBM PC kompatibilný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_-yhteensopiva_tietokone" title="IBM PC -yhteensopiva tietokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IBM PC -yhteensopiva tietokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC" title="PC – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="PC" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC%E2%80%99%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="IBM PC’га ярашлы санак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="IBM PC’га ярашлы санак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ไอบีเอ็มพีซี คอมแพตทิเบิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอบีเอ็มพีซี คอมแพตทิเบิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IBM PC compatible" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="IBM PC-сумісний комп'ютер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IBM PC-сумісний комп'ютер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%C3%ADch_IBM_PC" title="Máy tính tương thích IBM PC – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy tính tương thích IBM PC" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC%E5%85%BC%E5%AE%B9%E6%9C%BA" title="IBM PC兼容机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IBM PC兼容机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q751046#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Compaq_portable.jpg/220px-Compaq_portable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Compaq_portable.jpg/330px-Compaq_portable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Compaq_portable.jpg/440px-Compaq_portable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Compaq_Portable" title="Compaq Portable">Compaq Portable</a> was one of the first nearly 100% IBM-compatible PCs.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>IBM PC compatible</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>-compatible with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> (IBM PC) and its <a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">subsequent models</a>. Like the original IBM PC, an IBM PC–compatible computer uses an <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a>, sourced either from <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Second_source" title="Second source">second source</a> like <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrix" title="Cyrix">Cyrix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086#Derivatives_and_clones" title="Intel 8086">other vendors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/OKI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="OKI (company)">OKI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> or <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> and is capable of using interchangeable commodity hardware such as <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion cards</a>. Initially such computers were referred to as <b>PC clones</b>, <b>IBM clones</b> or <b>IBM PC clones</b>, but the term "IBM PC compatible" is now a historical description only, as the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Microcomputers" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcomputers">microcomputers</a> produced since the 1990s are IBM compatible. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> itself no longer sells personal computers, <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">having sold its division</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> in 2005. "<a href="/wiki/Wintel" title="Wintel">Wintel</a>" is a similar description that is more commonly used for modern computers. </p><p>The designation "PC", as used in much of <a href="/wiki/History_of_personal_computers" title="History of personal computers">personal computer history</a>, has not meant "personal computer" generally, but rather an x86 computer capable of running the same software that a contemporary IBM or Lenovo PC could. The term was initially in contrast to the variety of <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computer</a> systems available in the early 1980s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>. Later, the term was primarily used in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> computers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These "clones" duplicated almost all the significant features of the original IBM PC architectures. This was facilitated by IBM's choice of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">commodity hardware components</a>, which were cheap, and by various manufacturers' ability to <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse-engineer</a> the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> using a "<a href="/wiki/Clean_room_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean room design">clean room design</a>" technique. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Data_Products" title="Columbia Data Products">Columbia Data Products</a> built the first clone of the IBM <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MPC_1600" title="MPC 1600">MPC 1600</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a clean-room reverse-engineered implementation of its BIOS. Other rival companies, <a href="/wiki/Corona_Data_Systems" title="Corona Data Systems">Corona Data Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Computer" title="Eagle Computer">Eagle Computer</a>, and the Handwell Corporation were threatened with legal action by IBM, who settled with them. Soon after in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> released the very successful <a href="/wiki/Compaq_Portable" title="Compaq Portable">Compaq Portable</a>, also with a clean-room reverse-engineered BIOS, and also not challenged legally by IBM. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_lab_showing_desktop_PCs_warwick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Computer_lab_showing_desktop_PCs_warwick.jpg/220px-Computer_lab_showing_desktop_PCs_warwick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Computer_lab_showing_desktop_PCs_warwick.jpg/330px-Computer_lab_showing_desktop_PCs_warwick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Computer_lab_showing_desktop_PCs_warwick.jpg/440px-Computer_lab_showing_desktop_PCs_warwick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Almost all home computers since the 1990s are technically IBM PC-compatibles.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early IBM PC compatibles used the same <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">computer buses</a> as their IBM counterparts, switching from the <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> IBM PC and XT bus to the <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> IBM AT bus with the release of the AT. IBM's introduction of the proprietary <a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel architecture</a> (MCA) in its <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">Personal System/2</a> (PS/2) series resulted in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">Extended Industry Standard Architecture</a> bus <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a> by a consortium of IBM PC compatible vendors, redefining the 16-bit IBM AT bus as the <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a> (ISA) bus.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional bus standards were subsequently adopted to improve compatibility between IBM PC compatibles, including the <a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VESA Local Bus</a> (VLB), <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">Peripheral Component Interconnect</a> (PCI), and the <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">Accelerated Graphics Port</a> (AGP). </p><p>Descendants of the x86 IBM PC compatibles, namely <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> computers based on "<a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>/AMD64" chips <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">comprise the majority of desktop computers</a> on the market as of 2021, with the dominant <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> being <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>. Interoperability with the bus structure and peripherals of the original PC architecture may be limited or non-existent. Many modern computers are unable to use old software or hardware that depends on portions of the IBM PC compatible architecture which are missing or do not have equivalents in modern computers. For example, computers which boot using <a href="/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface</a>-based firmware that lack a Compatibility Support Module, or CSM, required to emulate the old BIOS-based firmware interface, or have their CSMs disabled, cannot natively run <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> since MS-DOS depends on a BIOS interface to boot. </p><p>Only the <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> had kept significant market share without having compatibility with the IBM PC, although that changed during the Intel Macs era running <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Dual-booting" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-booting">dual-booting</a> Windows with <a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PC_5150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/250px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/375px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/500px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> (Model 5150) motivated the production of clones during the early 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p>IBM decided in 1980 to market a low-cost single-user computer as quickly as possible. On August 12, 1981, the first <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> went on sale. There were three <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> (OS) available for it. The least expensive and most popular was <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. In a crucial concession, IBM's agreement allowed Microsoft to sell its own version, <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, for non-IBM computers. The only component of the original PC architecture exclusive to IBM was the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> (Basic Input/Output System). </p><p>IBM at first asked developers to avoid writing software that addressed the computer's hardware directly and to instead make standard calls to BIOS functions that carried out hardware-dependent operations.<sup id="cite_ref-norton19850205_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norton19850205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This software would run on any machine using MS-DOS or PC DOS. Software that directly addressed the hardware instead of making standard calls was faster, however; this was particularly relevant to games. Software addressing IBM PC hardware in this way would not run on MS-DOS machines with different hardware (for example, the <a href="/wiki/PC-98" title="PC-98">PC-98</a>). The IBM PC was sold in high enough volumes to justify writing software specifically for it, and this encouraged other manufacturers to produce machines that could use the same programs, <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion cards</a>, and peripherals as the PC. The <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> computer marketplace rapidly excluded all machines which were not hardware-compatible or software-compatible with the PC. The <a href="/wiki/Conventional_memory#640_KB_barrier" title="Conventional memory">640 KB barrier</a> on "conventional" system memory available to MS-DOS is a legacy of that period; other non-clone machines, while subject to a limit, could exceed 640 KB. </p><p>Rumors of "lookalike," compatible computers, created without IBM's approval, began almost immediately after the IBM PC's release.<sup id="cite_ref-libes198112_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libes198112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pclookalikes19820203_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pclookalikes19820203-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>InfoWorld</i> wrote on the first anniversary of the IBM PC that<sup id="cite_ref-zussman19820823_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zussman19820823-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The dark side of an open system is its imitators. If the specs are clear enough for you to design peripherals, they are clear enough for you to design imitations. Apple ... has patents on two important components of its systems ... IBM, which reportedly has no special patents on the PC, is even more vulnerable. Numerous PC-compatible machines—the grapevine says <i>60</i> or more—have begun to appear in the marketplace.</p></blockquote> <p>By June 1983 <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i> defined "PC 'clone<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" as "a computer [that can] accommodate the user who takes a disk home from an IBM PC, walks across the room, and plugs it into the 'foreign' machine".<sup id="cite_ref-sandler198306_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler198306-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demand for the PC by then was so strong that dealers received 60% or less of the inventory they wanted,<sup id="cite_ref-hayes19831024_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayes19831024-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many customers purchased clones instead.<sup id="cite_ref-barmash19830610_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barmash19830610-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mace19840109_16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mace19840109_16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pc19840124_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc19840124-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Data_Products" title="Columbia Data Products">Columbia Data Products</a> produced the first computer more or less compatible with the IBM PC standard during June 1982, soon followed by <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Computer" title="Eagle Computer">Eagle Computer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> announced its first product, an IBM PC compatible in November 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Compaq_Portable" title="Compaq Portable">Compaq Portable</a>. The Compaq was the first sewing machine-sized <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable computer</a> that was essentially 100% PC-compatible. The court decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple v. Franklin</a></i>, was that BIOS code was protected by copyright law, but it could <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse-engineer</a> the IBM BIOS and then write its own BIOS using <a href="/wiki/Clean_room_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean room design">clean room design</a>. Note this was over a year after Compaq released the Portable. The money and research put into reverse-engineering the BIOS was a calculated risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility_issues">Compatibility issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compatibility issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-compatible_MS-DOS_computers:_Workalikes">Non-compatible MS-DOS computers: Workalikes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-compatible MS-DOS computers: Workalikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC_Rainbow_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DEC_Rainbow_100.jpg/220px-DEC_Rainbow_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DEC_Rainbow_100.jpg/330px-DEC_Rainbow_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DEC_Rainbow_100.jpg/440px-DEC_Rainbow_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The DEC <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_100" title="Rainbow 100">Rainbow 100</a> runs MS-DOS but is not compatible with the IBM PC.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, many manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Corporation" title="Tandy Corporation">Tandy</a>/<a href="/wiki/RadioShack" title="RadioShack">RadioShack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Computers" title="Tulip Computers">Tulip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Laboratories" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a> introduced personal computers that supported MS-DOS, but were not completely software- or hardware-compatible with the IBM PC. </p><p>Tandy described the <a href="/wiki/Tandy_2000" title="Tandy 2000">Tandy 2000</a>, for example, as having a "'next generation' true 16-bit CPU", and with "More speed. More disk storage. More expansion" than the IBM PC or "other MS-DOS computers".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While admitting in 1984 that many PC DOS programs did not work on the computer, the company stated that "the most popular, sophisticated software on the market" was available, either immediately or "over the next six months".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like IBM, Microsoft's apparent intention was that application writers would write to the <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> in MS-DOS or the firmware BIOS, and that this would form what would now be termed a <a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">hardware abstraction layer</a>. Each computer would have its own <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">Original Equipment Manufacturer</a> (OEM) version of MS-DOS, customized to its hardware. Any software written for MS-DOS would operate on any MS-DOS computer, despite variations in hardware design. </p><p>This expectation seemed reasonable in the computer marketplace of the time. Until then Microsoft's business was based primarily on computer languages such as <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>. The established small system operating software was <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> from <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> which was in use both at the hobbyist level and by the more professional of those using microcomputers. To achieve such widespread use, and thus make the product viable economically, the OS had to operate across a range of machines from different vendors that had widely varying hardware. Those customers who needed other applications than the starter programs could reasonably expect publishers to offer their products for a variety of computers, on suitable media for each. </p><p>Microsoft's competing OS was intended initially to operate on a similar varied spectrum of hardware, although all based on the 8086 processor. Thus, MS-DOS was for several years sold only as an OEM product. There was no Microsoft-branded MS-DOS: MS-DOS could not be purchased directly from Microsoft, and each OEM release was packaged with the <a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">trade dress</a> of the given PC vendor. Malfunctions were to be reported to the OEM, not to Microsoft. However, as machines that were compatible with IBM hardware—thus supporting direct calls to the hardware—became widespread, it soon became clear that the OEM versions of MS-DOS were virtually identical, except perhaps for the provision of a few utility programs. </p><p>MS-DOS provided adequate functionality for character-oriented applications such as those that could have been implemented on a text-only <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminal</a>. Had the bulk of commercially important software been of this nature, low-level hardware compatibility might not have mattered. However, in order to provide maximum performance and leverage hardware features (or work around hardware bugs), PC applications quickly developed beyond the simple terminal applications that MS-DOS supported directly. <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presentation_program" title="Presentation program">presentation software</a> and remote <a href="/wiki/Communication_software" title="Communication software">communication software</a> established new markets that exploited the PC's strengths, but required capabilities beyond what MS-DOS provided. Thus, from very early in the development of the MS-DOS software environment, many significant commercial software products were written directly to the hardware, for a variety of reasons: </p> <ul><li>MS-DOS itself did not provide any way to position the text cursor other than to advance it after displaying each letter (<a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teletype mode</a>). While the BIOS video interface routines were adequate for rudimentary output, they were necessarily less efficient than direct hardware addressing, as they added extra processing; they did not have "string" output, but only character-by-character teletype output, and they inserted delays to prevent <a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> hardware "snow" (a display artifact of CGA cards produced when writing directly to screen memory)——an especially bad artifact since they were called by <a href="/wiki/Interrupt_request_(PC_architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrupt request (PC architecture)">IRQs</a>, thus making multitasking very difficult. A program that wrote directly to video memory could achieve output rates 5 to 20 times faster than making <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a> used this technique from its earliest versions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a> capability was not taken seriously in the original IBM design brief; graphics were considered only from the perspective of generating static business graphics such as charts and graphs. MS-DOS did not have an <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> for graphics, and the BIOS only included the rudimentary graphics functions such as changing screen modes and plotting single points. To make a BIOS call for every point drawn or modified increased overhead considerably, making the BIOS interface notoriously slow. Because of this, <a href="/wiki/Line_drawing_algorithm" title="Line drawing algorithm">line-drawing</a>, arc-drawing, and <a href="/wiki/Bit_blit" title="Bit blit">blitting</a> had to be performed by the application to achieve acceptable speed, which was usually done by bypassing the BIOS and accessing video memory directly. Software written to address IBM PC hardware directly would run on any IBM clone, but would have to be rewritten especially for each non-PC-compatible MS-DOS machine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a>, even early ones, mostly required a <a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">true graphics mode</a>. They also performed any machine-dependent trick the programmers could think of in order to gain speed. Though initially the major market for the PC was for business applications, games capability became an important factor motivating PC purchases as prices decreased. The availability and quality of games could mean the difference between the purchase of a PC compatible or a different platform with the ability to exchange data like the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>.</li> <li>Communications software directly accessed the <a href="/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter" title="Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter">UART</a> serial port chip, because the MS-DOS API and the BIOS did not provide full support and was too slow to keep up with hardware which could transfer data at 19,200 bit/s.</li> <li>Even for standard business applications, speed of execution was a significant competitive advantage. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_software" title="Integrated software">Integrated software</a> <a href="/wiki/Context_MBA" title="Context MBA">Context MBA</a> preceded <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> to market and included more functions. Context MBA was written in <a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD p-System</a>, making it very portable but too slow to be truly usable on a PC. 1-2-3 was written in x86 assembly language and performed some machine-dependent tricks. It was so much faster that it quickly surpassed Context MBA's sales.</li> <li>Disk <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy-protection</a> schemes, in common use at the time, worked by reading nonstandard data patterns on the diskette to verify originality. These patterns were impossible to detect using standard DOS or BIOS calls, so direct access to the disk controller hardware was necessary for the protection to work.</li> <li>Some software was designed to run only on a true IBM PC, and checked for an actual IBM BIOS.<sup id="cite_ref-pournelle198411_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pournelle198411-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First-generation_PC_workalikes_by_IBM_competitors">First-generation PC workalikes by IBM competitors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First-generation PC workalikes by IBM competitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Computer name </th> <th>Manufacturer </th> <th>Date introduced </th> <th>CPU </th> <th>clock rate </th> <th>Max RAM </th> <th>Floppy disk capacity </th> <th>Notable features </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(computer)" title="Hyperion (computer)">Hyperion</a> </td> <td>Dynalogic </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jan 1983</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>4.77 MHz </td> <td>640 KB </td> <td>320 KB </td> <td>Canadian, licensed<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but never sold<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olivetti_M24" title="Olivetti M24">Olivetti M24</a>/<a href="/wiki/AT%26T_6300" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T 6300">AT&T 6300</a> / Logabax Persona 1600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a>, marketed by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1983</span> (AT&T 6300 June 1984) </td> <td>8086 </td> <td>8 MHz (later 10 MHz) </td> <td>640 KB </td> <td>360 KB (later 720 KB) </td> <td>true IBM compatible;<sup id="cite_ref-CW1985_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CW_1987_Joins_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW_1987_Joins-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> optional 640x400 color graphics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Z-100" title="Zenith Z-100">Zenith Z-100</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Data_Systems" title="Zenith Data Systems">Zenith Data Systems</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001982-06-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 1982</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>4.77 MHz </td> <td>768 KB </td> <td>360 KB </td> <td>optional 8 color 640x255 graphics, external 8" floppy drives<sup id="cite_ref-hardware_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardware-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HP-150" title="HP-150">HP-150</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-11-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Nov 1983</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>8 MHz </td> <td>640 KB </td> <td>270 KB (later 710 KB) </td> <td>primitive touchscreen<sup id="cite_ref-HPCompMusHP150_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPCompMusHP150-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compaq_Portable" title="Compaq Portable">Compaq Portable</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jan 1983</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>4.77 MHz </td> <td>640 KB </td> <td>360 KB </td> <td>sold as a true IBM compatible<sup id="cite_ref-mace19840109_16_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mace19840109_16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pc19840124_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc19840124-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pollack19830327_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollack19830327-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compaq_Deskpro" title="Compaq Deskpro">Compaq Deskpro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001984-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1984</span> </td> <td>8086 </td> <td>8 MHz </td> <td>640 KB </td> <td>360 KB </td> <td>sold as true IBM XT compatible<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MPC_1600" title="MPC 1600">MPC 1600</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Data_Products" title="Columbia Data Products">Columbia Data Products</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001982-06-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 1982</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>4.77 MHz </td> <td>640 KB </td> <td>360 KB </td> <td>true IBM compatible, credited as first PC clone<sup id="cite_ref-sandler198306_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler198306-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-byte198210_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198210-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eagle PC / 1600 series </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Computer" title="Eagle Computer">Eagle Computer</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001982-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1982</span> </td> <td>8086 </td> <td>4.77 MHz </td> <td>640 KB </td> <td>360 KB </td> <td>750×352 mono graphics, first 8086 CPU<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_Professional_Computer" title="Texas Instruments Professional Computer">TI Professional Computer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jan 1983</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>5 MHz </td> <td>256 KB </td> <td>320 KB </td> <td>720x300 color graphics<sup id="cite_ref-TIPCbrochure_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIPCbrochure-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Byte1983_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byte1983-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LowEndM_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LowEndM-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DEC_Rainbow" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC Rainbow">DEC Rainbow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001982-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1982</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>4.81 MHz </td> <td>768 KB </td> <td>400 KB </td> <td>132x24 text mode, 8088 and <a href="/wiki/Z80" class="mw-redirect" title="Z80">Z80</a> CPUs<sup id="cite_ref-vintage-computer_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vintage-computer-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Old-Computers.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old-Computers.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wang PC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_Laboratories" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang Laboratories</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001985-08-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Aug 1985</span> </td> <td>8086 </td> <td>8 MHz </td> <td>512 KB </td> <td>360 KB </td> <td>800x300 mono graphics<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MBC-550" class="mw-redirect" title="MBC-550">MBC-550</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001982-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1982</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>3.6 MHz </td> <td>256 KB </td> <td>360 KB (later 720 KB) </td> <td>640x200 8 color graphics (R, G, B bitplanes)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apricot_PC" title="Apricot PC">Apricot PC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apricot_Computers" title="Apricot Computers">Apricot Computers</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1983</span> </td> <td>8086 </td> <td>4.77 MHz </td> <td>768 KB </td> <td>720 KB </td> <td>800x400 mono graphics, 132x50 text mode<sup id="cite_ref-ocapr_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocapr-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TS-1603 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TeleVideo" title="TeleVideo">TeleVideo</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-04-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Apr 1983</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>4.77 MHz </td> <td>256 KB </td> <td>737 KB </td> <td>keyboard had palm rests, 16 function keys;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built-in modem </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tava PC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tava_Corporation" title="Tava Corporation">Tava Corporation</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-10-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Oct 1983</span> </td> <td>8088 </td> <td>4.77 MHz </td> <td>640 KB </td> <td>360 KB </td> <td>true IBM compatible, credited as first private-label clone sold by manufacturer's stores<sup id="cite_ref-OReilly1984_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OReilly1984-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosch_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandy_2000" title="Tandy 2000">Tandy 2000</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandy_Corporation" title="Tandy Corporation">Tandy Corporation</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001983-09-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Sep 1983</span> </td> <td>80186 </td> <td>8 MHz </td> <td>768 KB </td> <td>720 KB </td> <td>redefinable character set,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> optional 640x400 8-color<sup id="cite_ref-rsc17_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or mono graphics </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Operationally_Compatible""><span id=".22Operationally_Compatible.22"></span>"Operationally Compatible"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Operationally Compatible""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first thing to think about when considering an IBM-compatible computer is, "How compatible is it?"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>BYTE</i>, September 1983<sup id="cite_ref-malloy198309_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malloy198309-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In May 1983, Future Computing defined four levels of compatibility:<sup id="cite_ref-ward198311_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ward198311-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Operationally Compatible</i>. Can run "the top selling" IBM PC software, use PC expansion boards, and read and write PC disks. Has "complementary features" like portability or lower price that distinguish computer from the PC, which is sold in the same store. Examples: (Best) Columbia Data Products, Compaq; (Better) Corona; (Good) Eagle.</li> <li><i>Functionally Compatible</i>. Runs own version of popular PC software. Cannot use PC expansion boards but can read and write PC disks. Cannot become Operationally Compatible. Example: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_Professional_Computer_and_Professional_Portable_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments Professional Computer and Professional Portable Computer">TI Professional</a>.</li> <li><i>Data Compatible</i>. May not run top PC software. Can read and/or write PC disks. Can become Functionally Compatible. Examples: NCR Decision Mate, <a href="/wiki/Olivetti_M20" title="Olivetti M20">Olivetti M20</a>, Wang PC, <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Z-100" title="Zenith Z-100">Zenith Z-100</a>.</li> <li><i>Incompatible</i>. Cannot read PC disks. Can become Data Compatible. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Altos_586" title="Altos 586">Altos 586</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_100" title="Rainbow 100">DEC Rainbow 100</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grid_Compass" title="Grid Compass">Grid Compass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor 9000">Victor 9000</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compaq_mddos_ver1-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Compaq_mddos_ver1-12.jpg/220px-Compaq_mddos_ver1-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Compaq_mddos_ver1-12.jpg/330px-Compaq_mddos_ver1-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Compaq_mddos_ver1-12.jpg/440px-Compaq_mddos_ver1-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>MS-DOS version 1.12 for Compaq Personal Computers</figcaption></figure> <p>During development, Compaq engineers found that <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Flight_Simulator" title="Microsoft Flight Simulator">Microsoft Flight Simulator</a></i> would not run because of what <a href="/wiki/SubLOGIC" class="mw-redirect" title="SubLOGIC">subLOGIC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Artwick" title="Bruce Artwick">Bruce Artwick</a> described as "a bug in one of Intel's chips", forcing them to make their new computer <a href="/wiki/Bug_compatibility" title="Bug compatibility">bug compatible</a> with the IBM PC.<sup id="cite_ref-yakal198501_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yakal198501-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, few clones other than Compaq's offered truly full compatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-alsop19940131_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsop19940131-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a> purchased an IBM PC in mid-1983, "<a href="/wiki/Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">rotten keyboard</a> and all", because he had "four cubic feet of unevaluated software, much of which won't run on anything but an IBM PC. Although a lot of machines claim to be 100 percent IBM PC compatible, I've yet to have one arrive ... Alas, a lot of stuff doesn't run with Eagle, Z-100, <a href="/wiki/Compupro" class="mw-redirect" title="Compupro">Compupro</a>, or anything else we have around here".<sup id="cite_ref-pournelle198309_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pournelle198309-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia Data Products's November 1983 sales brochure stated that during tests with retail-purchased computers in October 1983, its own and Compaq's products were compatible with all tested PC software, while Corona and Eagle's were less compatible.<sup id="cite_ref-cdp198311_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdp198311-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> reported in January 1984 that <a href="/wiki/Kermit_(protocol)" title="Kermit (protocol)">Kermit</a> ran without modification on Compaq and Columbia Data Products clones, but not on those from Eagle or Seequa. Other MS-DOS computers also required custom code.<sup id="cite_ref-dacruz19840123_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dacruz19840123-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By December 1983 Future Computing stated that companies like Compaq, Columbia Data Products, and Corona that emphasized IBM PC compatibility had been successful, while non-compatible computers had hurt the reputations of others like TI and DEC despite superior technology. At a San Francisco meeting it warned 200 attendees, from many American and foreign computer companies as well as IBM itself, to "Jump on the IBM PC-compatible bandwagon—quickly, and as compatibly as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-sandler198312_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandler198312-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future Computing said in February 1984 that some computers were "press-release compatible", exaggerating their actual compatibility with the IBM PC.<sup id="cite_ref-salisbury19840209_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salisbury19840209-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many companies were reluctant to have their products' PC compatibility tested. When <i>PC Magazine</i> requested samples from computer manufacturers that claimed to produce compatibles for an April 1984 review, 14 of 31 declined.<sup id="cite_ref-krasnoff19840320_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krasnoff19840320-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krasnoff19840403_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krasnoff19840403-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corona specified that "Our systems run all software that conforms to IBM PC programming standards. And the most popular software does."<sup id="cite_ref-corona19840227_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corona19840227-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a <i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i> journalist asked to test <a href="/wiki/Peachtext" class="mw-redirect" title="Peachtext">Peachtext</a> at the Spring 1983 <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a>, Corona representatives "hemmed and hawed a bit, but they finally led me ... off in the corner where no one would see it should it fail". The magazine reported that "Their hesitancy was unnecessary. The disk booted up without a problem".<sup id="cite_ref-malloy198309_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malloy198309-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Data_Systems" title="Zenith Data Systems">Zenith Data Systems</a> was bolder, bragging that its Z-150 ran all applications people brought to test with at the 1984 <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Computer_Faire" title="West Coast Computer Faire">West Coast Computer Faire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pournelle198407_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pournelle198407-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Creative_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Computing">Creative Computing</a></i> in 1985 stated, "we reiterate our standard line regarding the IBM PC compatibles: try the package you want to use before you buy the computer."<sup id="cite_ref-lockwood198509_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lockwood198509-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies modified their computers' BIOS to work with newly discovered incompatible applications,<sup id="cite_ref-pournelle198411_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pournelle198411-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reviewers and users developed <a href="/wiki/Stress_testing_(software)" title="Stress testing (software)">stress tests</a> to measure compatibility; by 1984 the ability to operate Lotus 1-2-3 and <i>Flight Simulator</i> became the standard,<sup id="cite_ref-mace19840109_16_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mace19840109_16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poor19841002_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poor19841002-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pournelle198411_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pournelle198411-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-callamaras198411_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-callamaras198411-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lockwood198509_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lockwood198509-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mace19860505_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mace19860505-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with compatibles specifically designed to run them.<sup id="cite_ref-pournelle198407_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pournelle198407-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yakal198501_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yakal198501-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM believed that some companies such as Eagle, Corona, and Handwell infringed on its copyright, and after <i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> successfully forced the clone makers to stop using the BIOS. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix BIOS</a> in 1984, however, and similar products such as <a href="/wiki/American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">AMI BIOS</a>, permitted computer makers to legally build essentially 100%-compatible clones without having to reverse-engineer the PC BIOS themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-caruso19840227_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruso19840227-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-langdell19840710_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langdell19840710-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schmidt199407_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt199407-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A September 1985 <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i> chart listed seven compatibles with <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006204800000000000♠"></span>256 KB</span> RAM, two disk drives, and monochrome monitors for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$1,495</span> to <span style="white-space: nowrap">$2,320</span>, while the equivalent IBM PC cost <span style="white-space: nowrap">$2,820</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-iw19850930_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iw19850930-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zenith Z-150<sup id="cite_ref-poor19841002_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poor19841002-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Leading_Edge_Model_D" title="Leading Edge Model D">Leading Edge Model D</a> are even compatible with IBM proprietary diagnostic software, unlike the Compaq Portable.<sup id="cite_ref-freeze19851216_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeze19851216-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1986 <i><a href="/wiki/Compute!" title="Compute!">Compute!</a></i> stated that "clones are generally reliable and about 99 percent compatible",<sup id="cite_ref-halfhill198612_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halfhill198612-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 1987 survey in the magazine of the clone industry did not mention software compatibility, stating that "PC by now has come to stand for a computer capable of running programs that are managed by MS-DOS".<sup id="cite_ref-ferrell198707_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrell198707-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_decreasing_influence_of_IBM">The decreasing influence of IBM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The decreasing influence of IBM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The main reason why an IBM standard is not worrying is that it can help competition to flourish. IBM will soon be as much a prisoner of its standards as its competitors are. Once enough IBM machines have been bought, IBM cannot make sudden changes in their basic design; what might be useful for shedding competitors would shake off even more customers.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Economist</i>, November 1983<sup id="cite_ref-economist19831126_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist19831126-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerPak_286_running_AutoCAD_on_MS-DOS_(1987).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PowerPak_286_running_AutoCAD_on_MS-DOS_%281987%29.jpg/220px-PowerPak_286_running_AutoCAD_on_MS-DOS_%281987%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PowerPak_286_running_AutoCAD_on_MS-DOS_%281987%29.jpg/330px-PowerPak_286_running_AutoCAD_on_MS-DOS_%281987%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PowerPak_286_running_AutoCAD_on_MS-DOS_%281987%29.jpg/440px-PowerPak_286_running_AutoCAD_on_MS-DOS_%281987%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5770" data-file-height="3082" /></a><figcaption>The PowerPak <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">286</a>, an IBM PC compatible computer running <a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a> under <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeskPro_386S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DeskPro_386S.jpg/220px-DeskPro_386S.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DeskPro_386S.jpg/330px-DeskPro_386S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DeskPro_386S.jpg/440px-DeskPro_386S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>IBM PC compatible computer with processor <a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">Intel 80386</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MikroMikko_4_TT_m216_Tekniikan_museo_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MikroMikko_4_TT_m216_Tekniikan_museo_01.jpg/220px-MikroMikko_4_TT_m216_Tekniikan_museo_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MikroMikko_4_TT_m216_Tekniikan_museo_01.jpg/330px-MikroMikko_4_TT_m216_Tekniikan_museo_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MikroMikko_4_TT_m216_Tekniikan_museo_01.jpg/440px-MikroMikko_4_TT_m216_Tekniikan_museo_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>IBM PC compatible computer with processor <a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">Intel 80486</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibm300pl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ibm300pl.jpg/220px-Ibm300pl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ibm300pl.jpg/330px-Ibm300pl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ibm300pl.jpg/440px-Ibm300pl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>IBM 300 PL computer with processor Intel <a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Pentium I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dell_Desktop_Computer_in_school_classroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dell_Desktop_Computer_in_school_classroom.jpg/220px-Dell_Desktop_Computer_in_school_classroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dell_Desktop_Computer_in_school_classroom.jpg/330px-Dell_Desktop_Computer_in_school_classroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dell_Desktop_Computer_in_school_classroom.jpg/440px-Dell_Desktop_Computer_in_school_classroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> OptiPlex with processor Intel <a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">Pentium 4</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1984 <i>Byte</i> wrote that "IBM's burgeoning influence in the PC community is stifling innovation because so many other companies are mimicking Big Blue",<sup id="cite_ref-curran198402_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curran198402-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> stated in November 1983, "The main reason why an IBM standard is not worrying is that it can help competition to flourish".<sup id="cite_ref-economist19831126_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist19831126-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1983, IBM had about 25% of sales of personal computers between <span style="white-space: nowrap">$1,000</span> and <span style="white-space: nowrap">$10,000</span>, and computers with some PC compatibility were another 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-salisbury19840209_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salisbury19840209-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the market and competition grew IBM's influence diminished. In November 1985 <i>PC Magazine</i> stated "Now that it has created the [PC] market, the market doesn't necessarily need IBM for the machines. It may depend on IBM to set standards and to develop higher-performance machines, but IBM had better conform to existing standards so as to not hurt users".<sup id="cite_ref-machrone19851126_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-machrone19851126-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1987, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Webster" title="Bruce Webster">Bruce Webster</a> wrote in <i>Byte</i> of rumors that IBM would introduce proprietary personal computers with <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">a proprietary operating system</a>: "Who cares? If IBM does it, they will most likely just isolate themselves from the largest marketplace, in which they really can't compete anymore anyway". He predicted that in 1987 the market "will complete its transition from an IBM standard to an Intel/MS-DOS/expansion bus standard ... Folks aren't so much concerned about IBM compatibility as they are about Lotus 1-2-3 compatibility".<sup id="cite_ref-webster198701_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster198701-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1992, <i><a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a></i> stated that because of clones, "IBM lost control of its own market and became a minor player with its own technology".<sup id="cite_ref-borrell199205_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrell199205-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Economist</i> predicted in 1983 that "IBM will soon be as much a prisoner of its standards as its competitors are", because "Once enough IBM machines have been bought, IBM cannot make sudden changes in their basic design; what might be useful for shedding competitors would shake off even more customers".<sup id="cite_ref-economist19831126_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist19831126-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Compaq_Deskpro_386" title="Compaq Deskpro 386">Compaq Deskpro 386</a> became the first 80386-based PC, <i>PC</i> wrote that owners of the new computer did not need to fear that future IBM products would be incompatible with the Compaq, because such changes would also affect millions of real IBM PCs: "In sticking it to the competition, IBM would be doing the same to its own people".<sup id="cite_ref-howard19861125_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard19861125-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After IBM announced the <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>-oriented PS/2 line in early 1987, sales of existing DOS-compatible PC compatibles rose, in part because the proprietary operating system was not available.<sup id="cite_ref-parker19870504_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker19870504-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Gartner_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartner Group">Gartner Group</a> estimated that the public purchased 1.5 clones for every IBM PC.<sup id="cite_ref-scisco198812_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scisco198812-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1989 Compaq was so influential that industry executives spoke of "Compaq compatible", with observers stating that customers saw the company as IBM's equal<sup id="cite_ref-iw19890123_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iw19890123-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or superior.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis19891022_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis19891022-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1987, IBM PC compatibles dominated both the home and business markets of commodity computers,<sup id="cite_ref-Reimer_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reimer-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with other notable alternative architectures being used in niche markets, like the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> computers offered by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and used mainly for <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> at the time, the aging 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> which was selling for $150 by this time and became the world's bestselling computer, the 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Commodore Amiga</a> line used for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a> and the 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> used by the music industry. However, IBM itself lost the main role in the market for IBM PC compatibles by 1990. A few events in retrospect are important: </p> <ul><li>IBM designed the PC with an <a href="/wiki/Open_architecture" title="Open architecture">open architecture</a> which permitted clone makers to use freely available non-proprietary components.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Microsoft included a clause in its contract with IBM which permitted the sale of the finished PC operating system (<a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a>) to other computer manufacturers. These IBM competitors licensed it, as <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, in order to offer PC compatibility for less cost.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1982 introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Data_Products" title="Columbia Data Products">Columbia Data Products</a> MPC 1600, the first 100% IBM PC compatible computer.</li> <li>The 1983 introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Compaq_Portable" title="Compaq Portable">Compaq Portable</a>, providing portability unavailable from IBM at the time.</li> <li>An Independent Business Unit (IBU) within IBM developed the IBM PC and XT. IBUs did not share in corporate <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> expense. After the IBU became the Entry Systems Division it lost this benefit, greatly decreasing margins.<sup id="cite_ref-killen1984fall_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killen1984fall-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The availability by 1986 of sub-<span style="white-space: nowrap">$1,000</span> "Turbo XT" <a href="/wiki/PC_XT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC XT">PC XT</a> compatibles, including early offerings from <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell Computer</a>, reducing demand for IBM's models.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was possible to buy two of these "generic" systems for less than the cost of one IBM-branded <a href="/wiki/PC_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC AT">PC AT</a>, and many companies did just that.</li> <li>By integrating more peripherals into the computer itself, compatibles like the Model D have more free <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> slots than the PC.<sup id="cite_ref-freeze19851216_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeze19851216-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Compaq was the first to release an <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a>-based computer, almost a year before IBM,<sup id="cite_ref-lewis19891022_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis19891022-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Compaq_Deskpro_386" title="Compaq Deskpro 386">Compaq Deskpro 386</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> later said that it was "the first time people started to get a sense that it wasn't just IBM setting the standards".<sup id="cite_ref-millergates19970325_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millergates19970325-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>IBM's 1987 introduction of the incompatible and proprietary <a href="/wiki/MicroChannel_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroChannel Architecture">MicroChannel Architecture</a> (MCA) <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">computer bus</a>, for its <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/2">Personal System/2</a> (PS/2) line.<sup id="cite_ref-scisco198812_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scisco198812-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The split of the IBM-Microsoft partnership in development of <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>. Tensions caused by the market success of <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a> <a href="/wiki/OS/2#1990:_Breakup" title="OS/2">ruptured the joint effort</a> because IBM was committed to the 286's protected mode, which stunted OS/2's technical potential. Windows could take full advantage of the modern and increasingly affordable 386 / 386SX architecture. As well, there were cultural differences between the partners, and Windows was often bundled with new computers while OS/2 was only available for extra cost. The split left IBM the sole steward of OS/2 and it failed to keep pace with Windows.</li> <li>The 1988 introduction by the "Gang of Nine" companies of a rival bus, <a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">Extended Industry Standard Architecture</a>, intended to compete with, rather than copy, MCA.<sup id="cite_ref-scisco198812_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scisco198812-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The duelling <a href="/wiki/Expanded_memory" title="Expanded memory">expanded memory</a> (EMS) and <a href="/wiki/Extended_memory" title="Extended memory">extended memory</a> (XMS) standards of the late 1980s, both developed without input from IBM.</li></ul> <p>Despite popularity of its <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a> set of laptop PC's, IBM finally relinquished its role as a consumer PC manufacturer during April 2005, when it <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">sold its laptop and desktop PC divisions</a> (<a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a>/<a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre" title="ThinkCentre">ThinkCentre</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1.75 billion</span>. </p><p>As of October 2007, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> had the largest shares of the PC market in North America. They were also successful overseas, with <a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> also notable. Worldwide, a huge number of PCs are "<a href="/wiki/White_box_(computer_hardware)" title="White box (computer hardware)">white box</a>" systems assembled by myriad local systems builders. Despite advances of computer technology, the IBM PC compatibles remained very much compatible with the original IBM PC computers, although most of the components implement the compatibility in special <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> modes used only during a <a href="/wiki/Computer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer system">system</a> <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">boot</a>. It was often more practical to run old software on a modern system using an <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> rather than relying on these features. </p><p>In 2014 Lenovo acquired IBM's x86-based server (<a href="/wiki/IBM_System_x" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM System x">System x</a>) business for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$2.1 billion</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expandability">Expandability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expandability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the strengths of the PC-compatible design is its modular hardware design. End-users could readily upgrade peripherals and, to some degree, processor and memory without modifying the computer's <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> or replacing the whole computer, as was the case with many of the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> of the time. However, as processor speed and memory width increased, the limits of the original XT/AT bus design were soon reached, particularly when driving graphics video cards. IBM did introduce an upgraded bus in the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/2">IBM PS/2</a> computer that overcame many of the technical limits of the XT/AT bus, but this was rarely used as the basis for IBM-compatible computers since it required license payments to IBM both for the PS/2 bus and any prior AT-bus designs produced by the company seeking a license. This was unpopular with hardware manufacturers and several competing bus standards were developed by consortiums, with more agreeable license terms. Various attempts to standardize the interfaces were made, but in practice, many of these attempts were either flawed or ignored. Even so, there were many expansion options, and despite the confusion of its users, the PC compatible design advanced much faster than other competing designs of the time, even if only because of its market dominance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""IBM_PC_compatible"_becomes_"Wintel""><span id=".22IBM_PC_compatible.22_becomes_.22Wintel.22"></span>"IBM PC compatible" becomes "Wintel"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "IBM PC compatible" becomes "Wintel""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1990s, IBM's influence on PC architecture started to decline. "IBM PC compatible" becomes "Standard PC" in 1990s, and later "<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Configuration and Power Interface">ACPI</a> PC" in 2000s. An IBM-brand PC became the exception rather than the rule. Instead of placing importance on compatibility with the IBM PC, vendors began to emphasize compatibility with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>. In 1993, a version of <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> was released that could operate on processors other than the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> set. While it required that applications be recompiled, which most developers did not do, its hardware independence was used for <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> (SGI) x86 workstations–thanks to NT's <a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware abstraction layer">Hardware abstraction layer</a> (HAL), they could operate NT (and its vast application library)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>No mass-market personal computer hardware vendor dared to be incompatible with the latest version of Windows, and Microsoft's annual <a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Engineering_Conference" title="Windows Hardware Engineering Conference">WinHEC</a> conferences provided a setting in which Microsoft could lobby for—and in some cases dictate—the pace and direction of the hardware of the PC industry. Microsoft and Intel had become so important to the ongoing development of PC hardware that industry writers began using the word <a href="/wiki/Wintel" title="Wintel">Wintel</a> to refer to the combined hardware-software system. </p><p>This terminology itself is becoming a misnomer, as Intel has lost absolute control over the direction of x86 hardware development with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a>'s <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">AMD64</a>. Additionally, non-Windows operating systems like <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> have established a presence on the x86 architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_limitations_and_more_compatibility_issues">Design limitations and more compatibility issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Design limitations and more compatibility issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the IBM PC was designed for expandability, the designers could not anticipate the hardware developments of the 1980s, nor the size of the industry they would engender. To make things worse, IBM's choice of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> for the CPU introduced several limitations for developing software for the PC compatible platform. For example, the 8088 processor only had a 20-bit memory <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">addressing space</a>. To expand <i>PC</i>s beyond one megabyte, Lotus, Intel, and Microsoft jointly created <a href="/wiki/Expanded_memory" title="Expanded memory">expanded memory</a> (EMS), a bank-switching scheme to allow more memory provided by add-in hardware, and accessed by a set of four 16-<a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobyte</a> "windows" inside the 20-bit addressing. Later, Intel CPUs had larger address spaces and could directly address 16 MB (80286) or more, causing Microsoft to develop <a href="/wiki/Extended_memory" title="Extended memory">extended memory</a> (XMS) which did not require additional hardware. </p><p>"Expanded" and "extended" memory have incompatible interfaces, so anyone writing software that used more than one megabyte had to provide for both systems for the greatest compatibility until MS-DOS began including EMM386, which simulated EMS memory using XMS memory. A <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a> OS can also be written for the 80286, but DOS application compatibility was more difficult than expected, not only because most DOS applications accessed the hardware directly, bypassing BIOS routines intended to ensure compatibility, but also that most BIOS requests were made by the first 32 interrupt vectors, which were marked as "reserved" for protected mode processor exceptions by Intel. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Video cards</a> suffered from their own incompatibilities. There was no standard interface for using higher-resolution <a href="/wiki/SVGA" class="mw-redirect" title="SVGA">SVGA</a> graphics modes supported by later video cards. Each manufacturer developed their own methods of accessing the screen memory, including different mode numberings and different <a href="/wiki/Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">bank switching</a> arrangements. The latter were used to address large images within a single 64 KB segment of memory. Previously, the VGA standard had used <a href="/wiki/Planar_(computer_graphics)" title="Planar (computer graphics)">planar</a> video memory arrangements to the same effect, but this did not easily extend to the greater color depths and higher resolutions offered by SVGA adapters. An attempt at creating a standard named <a href="/wiki/VESA_BIOS_Extensions" title="VESA BIOS Extensions">VESA BIOS Extensions</a> (VBE) was made, but not all manufacturers used it. </p><p>When the 386 was introduced, again a <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a> OS could be written for it. This time, DOS compatibility was much easier because of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">virtual 8086 mode</a>. Unfortunately programs could not switch directly between them, so eventually, some new memory-model APIs were developed, <a href="/wiki/VCPI" class="mw-redirect" title="VCPI">VCPI</a> and <a href="/wiki/DOS_Protected_Mode_Interface" title="DOS Protected Mode Interface">DPMI</a>, the latter becoming the most popular. </p><p>Because of the great number of third-party adapters and no standard for them, programming the PC could be difficult. Professional developers would operate a large test-suite of various known-to-be-popular hardware combinations. </p><p>Meanwhile, consumers were overwhelmed by the competing, incompatible standards and many different combinations of hardware on offer. To give them some idea of what sort of PC they would need to operate their software, the <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_PC" title="Multimedia PC">Multimedia PC</a> (MPC) standard was set during 1990. A PC that met the minimum MPC standard could be marketed with the MPC logo, giving consumers an easy-to-understand specification to look for. Software that could operate on the most minimally MPC-compliant PC would be guaranteed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to operate on any MPC. The MPC level 2 and MPC level 3 standards were set later, but the term "MPC compliant" never became popular. After MPC level 3 during 1996, no further MPC standards were established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_to_Wintel_domination">Challenges to Wintel domination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Challenges to Wintel domination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>New shipments of personal computer operating systems (000s of units)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Operating system (vendor) </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>1992 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>)</b> </td> <td><b>11,648</b> <p><b>(of which 490 with Windows)</b> </p> </td> <td><b>18,525</b> <p><b>(of which 11,056 with Windows)</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>)</b> </td> <td><b>3,031</b> </td> <td><b>2,315</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>/<a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>)</b> </td> <td><b>1,737</b> </td> <td><b>1,617</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Macintosh System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>) </td> <td>1,411 </td> <td>2,570 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> (various) </td> <td>357 </td> <td>797 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> (IBM/Microsoft) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>409 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others (<a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> etc.) </td> <td>5,079 </td> <td>4,458 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By the late 1990s, the success of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> had driven rival commercial <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> into near-extinction, and had ensured that the "IBM PC compatible" computer was the dominant <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">computing platform</a>. This meant that if a developer made their software only for the <a href="/wiki/Wintel" title="Wintel">Wintel</a> platform, they would still be able to reach the vast majority of computer users. The only major competitor to Windows with more than a few percentage points of <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> was <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>. The Mac started out billed as "the computer for the rest of us", but high prices and closed architecture drove the Macintosh into an education and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> niche, from which it only emerged in the mid-2000s. By the mid-1990s the Mac's market share had dwindled to around 5% and introducing a new rival operating system had become too risky a commercial venture. Experience had shown that even if an operating system was technically superior to Windows, it would be a failure in the market (<a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> for example). In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> said of his new <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> system, "It will either be the last new hardware platform to succeed, or the first to fail."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Four years later in 1993, NeXT announced it was ending production of the <a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a> and porting <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> to Intel processors. </p><p>Very early on in PC history, some companies introduced their own XT-compatible <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipsets</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chips_and_Technologies" title="Chips and Technologies">Chips and Technologies</a> introduced their <a href="/wiki/NEAT_chipset" title="NEAT chipset">82C100</a> XT Controller which integrated and replaced six of the original XT circuits: one <a href="/wiki/Intel_8237" title="Intel 8237">8237</a> DMA controller, one <a href="/wiki/Intel_8253" title="Intel 8253">8253</a> interrupt timer, one <a href="/wiki/Intel_8255" title="Intel 8255">8255</a> parallel interface controller, one <a href="/wiki/Intel_8259" title="Intel 8259">8259</a> interrupt controller, one <a href="/wiki/Intel_8284" title="Intel 8284">8284</a> clock generator, and one <a href="/wiki/Intel_8288" title="Intel 8288">8288</a> bus controller. Similar non-Intel chipsets appeared for the AT-compatibles, for example OPTi's 82C206 or 82C495XLC which were found in many 486 and early Pentium systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Tooley2013_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tooley2013-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The x86 chipset market was very volatile though. In 1993, <a href="/wiki/VLSI_Technology" title="VLSI Technology">VLSI Technology</a> had become the dominant market player only to be virtually wiped out by Intel a year later. Intel has been the uncontested leader ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller2011_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller2011-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the "Wintel" platform gained dominance Intel gradually abandoned the practice of licensing its technologies to other chipset makers; in 2010 Intel was involved in litigation related to their refusal to license their processor bus and related technologies to other companies like <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies such as <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrix" title="Cyrix">Cyrix</a> developed alternative x86 CPUs that were functionally compatible with Intel's. Towards the end of the 1990s, AMD was taking an increasing share of the CPU market for PCs. AMD even ended up playing a significant role in directing the development of the x86 platform when its Athlon line of processors continued to develop the classic x86 architecture as Intel deviated with its <a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a> architecture for the Pentium 4 CPUs and the <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a> architecture for the <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> set of server CPUs. AMD developed AMD64, the first major extension not created by Intel, which Intel later adopted as <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>. During 2006 Intel began abandoning NetBurst with the release of their set of "Core" processors that represented a development of the earlier Pentium III. </p><p>A major alternative to Wintel domination is the rise of alternative operating systems since the early 2000s, which marked as the start of the <a href="/wiki/Post-PC_era" title="Post-PC era">post-PC era</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This would include both the rapid growth of the smartphones (using Android or iOS) as an alternative to the personal computer; and the increasing prevalence of Linux and Unix-like operating systems in the server farms of large corporations such as Google or Amazon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_IBM_PC_compatible_today">The IBM PC compatible today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The IBM PC compatible today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy-free_PC" title="Legacy-free PC">Legacy-free PC</a></div> <p>The term "IBM PC compatible" is not commonly used presently because<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> many current mainstream desktop and laptop computers are based on the PC architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–40">: 39–40 </span></sup> and IBM no longer makes PCs. The competing hardware architectures have either been discontinued or, like the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, have been relegated to niche, enthusiast markets. In the past, the most successful exception was <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> platform, which used non-Intel processors from its inception. Although Macintosh was initially based on the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a>, then transitioned to the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> architecture, Macintosh computers <a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors" title="Mac transition to Intel processors">transitioned to Intel processors</a> beginning in 2006. Until 2020 Macintosh computers shared the same system architecture as their Wintel counterparts and could <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">boot</a> Microsoft Windows without a <a href="/wiki/Orange_Micro#PC_compatibility" title="Orange Micro">DOS Compatibility Card</a>. However, with the <a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon" title="Mac transition to Apple silicon">transition</a> to the internally developed <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a>, they are again the exception to IBM compatibility. </p><p>The processor speed and memory capacity of modern PCs are many <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">orders of magnitude</a> greater than they were for the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> and yet backwards compatibility has been largely maintained –  a 32-bit operating system released during the 2000s<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> can still operate many of the simpler programs written for the OS of the early 1980s without needing an <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a>, though an emulator like <a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a> now has near-native functionality at full speed (and is necessary for certain games which may run too fast on modern processors). Additionally, many modern PCs can still run DOS directly, although special options such as USB legacy mode and SATA-to-PATA emulation may need to be set in the BIOS setup utility. Computers using the <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> might need to be set at legacy BIOS mode to be able to boot DOS. However, the BIOS/UEFI options in most mass-produced consumer-grade computers are very limited and cannot be configured to truly handle OSes such as the original variants of DOS. </p><p>The spread of the <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> architecture has further distanced current computers' and operating systems' internal similarity with the original IBM PC by introducing yet another processor mode with an instruction set modified for 64-bit addressing, but x86-64 capable processors also retain standard x86 compatibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT_(form_factor)" title="AT (form factor)">AT (form factor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATX_form_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="ATX form factor">ATX form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby AT">Baby AT</a> form factor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebuilt_computer" title="Homebuilt computer">Homebuilt computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_speaker" title="PC speaker">PC speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_System_Design_Guide" title="PC System Design Guide">PC System Design Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">PS/2</a> - successor released by IBM that did not succeed, but many of its elements have been adopted by industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-9800_series" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-9800 series">PC-9800 series</a> - competing standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_Reference_Platform" title="PowerPC Reference Platform">PowerPC Reference Platform</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Hardware_Reference_Platform" title="Common Hardware Reference Platform">Common Hardware Reference Platform</a> - competing standard for PowerPC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PC_compatible&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdvertisement1982" class="citation news cs1">Advertisement (October 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-10/1982_10_BYTE_07-10_Computers_in_Business#page/n81/mode/2up">"Check The Chart Before You Choose Your New 16-Bit Computer System"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. p. 83<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Check+The+Chart+Before+You+Choose+Your+New+16-Bit+Computer+System.&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1982-10&rft.au=Advertisement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1982-10%2F1982_10_BYTE_07-10_Computers_in_Business%23page%2Fn81%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compaq Leads 'Gang of Nine' In Offering Alternative to MCA, <i>InfoWorld</i>, September 19, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norton19850205-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norton19850205_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton,_Peter1985" class="citation news cs1">Norton, Peter (February 5, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BGNWNTJnuRcC&pg=PA101">"Software for Once and All"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. p. 103<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=NCC+Reflections&rft.pages=361&rft.date=1984-11&rft.au=Pournelle%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1984-11%2F1984_11_BYTE_09-12_New_Chips%23page%2Fn359%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amQldGdl9LkC&pg=RA1-PA58">"Commodore Launches PC-Compatible Abroad"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Check+The+Chart+Before+You+Choose+Your+New+16-Bit+Computer+System.&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1982-10&rft.au=Advertisement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1982-10%2F1982_10_BYTE_07-10_Computers_in_Business%23page%2Fn81%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/13/science/personal-computers-rivals-stay-one-step-ahead-of-ibm-portable.html">"PERSONAL COMPUTERS; RIVALS STAY ONE STEP AHEAD OF I.B.M. PORTABLE"</a>. <q>Columbia Data Products (301-992- 3400) turns out another split-personality computer, appropriately named the Multi-Personal Computer. 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Newness. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37449-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37449-4"><bdi>978-1-136-37449-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PC+Based+Instrumentation+and+Control&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Newness&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-136-37449-4&rft.au=Mike+Tooley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA__U9Kh5C-4C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller2011-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mueller2011_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_M._Mueller2011" class="citation book cs1">Scott M. 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Que Publishing. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-268218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-268218-3"><bdi>978-0-13-268218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upgrading+and+Repairing+PCs&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Que+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-13-268218-3&rft.au=Scott+M.+Mueller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20010399-64.html">Intel vs. Nvidia: The tech behind the legal case</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/lf.mspx">"Microsoft.com"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Microsoft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fwhdc%2Farchive%2Flf.mspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google1_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Mueller2003" class="citation book cs1">Scott Mueller (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/upgradingrepair100muel"><i>Upgrading and Repairing PCs</i></a></span>. Que Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/upgradingrepair100muel/page/956">956</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7897-2974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7897-2974-3"><bdi>978-0-7897-2974-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upgrading+and+Repairing+PCs&rft.pages=956&rft.pub=Que+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7897-2974-3&rft.au=Scott+Mueller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fupgradingrepair100muel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926213801/http://www.dewassoc.com/kbase/legacy.htm">"What does "Legacy" mean in the world of computers?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dewassoc.com/kbase/legacy.htm">the original</a> on September 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+%22Legacy%22+mean+in+the+world+of+computers%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dewassoc.com%2Fkbase%2Flegacy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfoWorld_Media_Group,_Inc.2000" class="citation book cs1">InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. (August 21, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WT0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>InfoWorld: The Desktop Revolution</i></a>. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=InfoWorld%3A+The+Desktop+Revolution&rft.pub=InfoWorld+Media+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000-08-21&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.au=InfoWorld+Media+Group%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWT0EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PC+compatible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_computers_by_IBM342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template talk:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_computers_by_IBM342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a> by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence on the PC market</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop<br />and all-in-one</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5120" title="IBM 5120">5120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">DataMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">PC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">list of models</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">PC XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">XT/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3270_PC" title="IBM 3270 PC">3270 PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT_286" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal Computer XT 286">XT 286</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_JX" title="IBM JX">JX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">PCjr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" title="IBM Personal Computer AT">PC AT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">AT/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">3270 AT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5550" title="IBM 5550">5550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Industrial_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Industrial Computer">Industrial Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">PS/2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_PS/2_models" title="List of IBM PS/2 models">list of models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50 Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">55 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">55 LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">65 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">70 386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">70 486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_E" title="IBM PS/2 E">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55" title="IBM PS/55">PS/55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/V" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/V">PS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/1" title="IBM PS/1">PS/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/ValuePoint" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint">ValuePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">PC Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_NetVista" title="IBM NetVista">NetVista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre" title="ThinkCentre">ThinkCentre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre_A_series" title="ThinkCentre A series">A series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre_M_series" title="ThinkCentre M series">M series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">5100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5110" title="IBM 5110">5110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer">Portable PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">PS/2 portables</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">P70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">P75</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-ThinkPad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">Convertible</a></li> <li>PS/2 Laptop <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_L40_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model L40 SX">L40 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_CL57_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model CL57 SX">CL57 SX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note_and_PS/note" title="IBM PS/2 Note and PS/note">PS/2 Note and PS/note</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N33SX" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N33SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N45SL" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N45SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N51SX" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N51SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N51SLC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N51SLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#Model_425/425C" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">Model 425/425C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55_Note" title="IBM PS/55 Note">PS/55 Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCradio" title="IBM PCradio">PCradio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_220" title="IBM ThinkPad 220">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_230" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 230">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_235" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 235">235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_240" title="IBM ThinkPad 240">240</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_300" title="IBM ThinkPad 300">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_310" title="IBM ThinkPad 310">310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_350" title="IBM ThinkPad 350">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_360" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 360">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_365" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 365">365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_380" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 380">380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_390" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 390">390</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_500" title="IBM ThinkPad 500">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_NoteJet#IBM_ThinkPad_550BJ" title="Canon NoteJet">550BJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_NoteJet#IBM_ThinkPad_555BJ" title="Canon NoteJet">555BJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_560" title="IBM ThinkPad 560">560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_570" title="IBM ThinkPad 570">570</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_600" title="IBM ThinkPad 600">600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_700" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 700">700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_701" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 701">701 "Butterfly"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_750" title="IBM ThinkPad 750">750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_755" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 755">755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_760" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 760">760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_765" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 765">765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_770" title="IBM ThinkPad 770">770</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">860</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T_series" title="ThinkPad T series">T series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T20" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T20">T20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T21" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T21">T21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T22" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T22">T22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T23" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T23">T23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T30" title="IBM ThinkPad T30">T30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T40" title="IBM ThinkPad T40">T40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T41" title="IBM ThinkPad T41">T41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T42" title="IBM ThinkPad T42">T42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T43" title="IBM ThinkPad T43">T43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T60" title="ThinkPad T60">T60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T61" title="ThinkPad T61">T61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A20m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A21m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A22m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A22e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A20p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A21p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A22p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A30p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A31p</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_X40" title="IBM ThinkPad X40">X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X60t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X61t</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_TransNote" title="IBM ThinkPad TransNote">TransNote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Palm_Top_PC_110" title="IBM Palm Top PC 110">Palm Top PC 110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WorkPad" title="IBM WorkPad">WorkPad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WorkPad_Z50" title="IBM WorkPad Z50">Z50</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Leapfrog" title="IBM Leapfrog">Leapfrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series#Power_Series_600" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series 600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_240#Transmeta_Crusoe" title="IBM ThinkPad 240">ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WatchPad" title="IBM WatchPad">WatchPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">Monochrome Display Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">Multi-Color Graphics Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">Extended Graphics Array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5151" title="IBM 5151">IBM 5151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM BASIC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBM PC compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_IntelliStation" title="IBM IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">Keyboards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">Model F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_M_keyboard" title="Model M keyboard">Model M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Music_Feature_Card" title="IBM Music Feature Card">Music Feature Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwave" title="Mwave">Mwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_4694" title="IBM 4694">SurePOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_UltraBay" title="ThinkPad UltraBay">UltraBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkLight" title="ThinkLight">ThinkLight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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