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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="أنتون موسرت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنتون موسرت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Adriaan_Mussert" title="Anton Adriaan Mussert – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anton Adriaan Mussert" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84" title="Άντον Μούσερτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άντον Μούσερτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98" title="אנטון אדריאן מוסרט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטון אדריאן מוסרט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="انطون موسيرت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انطون موسيرت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="アントン・ミュッセルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントン・ミュッセルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мюссерт, Антон Адриан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мюссерт, Антон Адриан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Антон Мусерт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антон Мусерт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Антон Муссерт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антон Муссерт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Anton Mussert" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%A1%9E%E7%89%B9" title="安東·穆塞特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安東·穆塞特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q537005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch Nazi sympathizer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Anton Mussert</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Mussert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anton_Mussert.jpg/220px-Anton_Mussert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anton_Mussert.jpg/330px-Anton_Mussert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anton_Mussert.jpg/440px-Anton_Mussert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="2571" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch People">Dutch People</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 December 1942<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1942-12-13</span>)</span> – 7 May 1945<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1945-05-07</span>)</span><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office created</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 December 1931<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1931-12-14</span>)</span> – 6 May 1945<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1945-05-06</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office created</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Anton Adriaan Mussert</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-05-11</span>)</span>11 May 1894<br /><a href="/wiki/Werkendam" title="Werkendam">Werkendam</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-05-07)</span> (aged 51)<br /><a href="/wiki/Waalsdorpervlakte" title="Waalsdorpervlakte">Waalsdorpervlakte</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">Execution by firing squad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement</a> (from 1931)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_State_Party" title="Liberal State Party">Liberal State Party</a> (1920s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Maria Witlam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Joannes Leonardus Mussert (father)</li> <li>Frederika Witlam (mother, sister in law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Engineering" title="Master of Engineering">MEng</a>) </small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reich Commissioner</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Occupied Dutch Territories</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anton Adriaan Mussert</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɑntɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmʏsərt]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11 May 1894 – 7 May 1946) was a Dutch politician who co-founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a> (NSB) in 1931 and served as its leader until the party was banned in 1945. As such, he was the most prominent Dutch leader of the movement before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Mussert <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborated</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">German occupation government</a>, but was granted little actual power and held the <a href="/wiki/Titular_ruler" title="Titular ruler">nominal title</a> of <i>Leider van het Nederlandsche Volk</i> ("Leader of the Dutch People") from 1942 onwards. In May 1945, as the war <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">came to an end in Europe</a>, Mussert was captured and arrested by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces. He was charged and convicted of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, and was executed in 1946. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mussert was born on 11 May 1894 in <a href="/wiki/Werkendam" title="Werkendam">Werkendam</a>, in the northern part of the province of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an early age he showed talent in technical matters and after graduating from school he chose to study <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a>. He married his aunt Maria Witlam, his mother's sister, in 1917 despite opposition from his mother. In the 1920s, he became active in several far right organisations, such as the <i>Dietsche Bond</i> which advocated a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a> including <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_of_the_Nationaal-Socialistische_Beweging">Foundation of the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg/220px-Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg/330px-Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg/440px-Musserts_lidmaatschapskaart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="1661" /></a><figcaption>Mussert's membership card in the NSB</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 December 1931, Mussert, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Geelkerken" title="Cornelis van Geelkerken">Cornelis van Geelkerken</a>, and ten others founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i>Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland</i>), a Dutch counterpart to the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers' Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party</a>. In its early years, the NSB boasted that its membership included several hundred Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the German party directed a more <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> course. </p><p>A 1933 demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> attracted only 600 supporters. A year later, the NSB rallied 25,000 demonstrators in Amsterdam. The NSB received 300,000 votes in the 1935 parliamentary elections, almost 8% of the national vote.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1937 election, it polled a little more than half as much. Thereafter, Mussert worked toward preventing resistance to a German invasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_during_the_war">Role during the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role during the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940">1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg/220px-Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg/330px-Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg/440px-Toespraak_Anton_Mussert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="2449" /></a><figcaption>Mussert giving a speech to NSB volunteers in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, October 1941. To the rear (L to R) are SS Obergruppenführer <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Albin_Rauter" title="Hanns Albin Rauter">Hanns Albin Rauter</a>, Dutch general <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Seyffardt" title="Hendrik Seyffardt">Hendrik Seyffardt</a>, Rijkscommissaris <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a>, and SD Gruppenführer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Harster" title="Wilhelm Harster">Wilhelm Harster</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A state of siege was declared by the Dutch government in April 1940 after the foreign correspondent for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, Vladimir Poliakov, reported that Mussert's followers were preparing to kidnap <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a> as part of a coup. </p><p>On 10 May, German troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">invaded the Netherlands</a> and Mussert was permitted to suppress all political parties other than the NSB. </p><p>Mussert was not appointed prime minister of the occupied nation. Instead, Austrian Nazi <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a> was appointed as the Reichskommissar, while Berlin summoned Mussert to control his uncooperative countrymen. Mussert responded by working with the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> in stopping resistance to the German occupation. On 21 June 1940 Mussert agreed to have NSB members train with the <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">SS-Standarte 'Westland'</a>. On 11 September, Mussert instructed <a href="/wiki/Henk_Feldmeijer" title="Henk Feldmeijer">Henk Feldmeijer</a> to organise the <a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a> (Dutch SS) as a division of the NSB. Mussert had nothing to do with the raising of an all-Dutch volunteer SS unit, the SS-Freiwilligen-Legion Niederlande.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, thousands of Dutch citizens were arrested. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941–1945"><span id="1941.E2.80.931945"></span>1941–1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1941–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1941, Mussert agreed to and oversaw the formation of the <a href="/wiki/23rd_SS_Volunteer_Panzer_Grenadier_Division_Nederland" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland">23rd SS Volunteer <i>Panzer Grenadier</i> Division <i>Nederland</i></a>, which trained in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. In November 1941, the formation was ordered to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, under the overall command of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a>. The division acquitted itself well alongside its German allies, but suffered large losses. </p><p>On 8 December 1941, the independent Dutch administration in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> declared war on <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the ally of Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibiblio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibiblio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese invasion and occupation</a> and the subsequent internment of 100,000 Dutch civilians and 50,000 military personnel, Mussert requested a meeting with Hitler. On 13 December 1942, Hitler declared Mussert to be "Leider van het Nederlandse Volk" (Leader of the Dutch People).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having lost control of the Dutch SS and the military units that were serving in the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> to his Nazi masters, Mussert had his last meeting with Hitler in May 1943, where he was told that he would never have political control. Following the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> in September 1944, which included a supporting strike by Dutch railway workers, the German authorities forbade food transport by rail, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Hongerwinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongerwinter">Hongerwinter</a> of 1944/45 during which 18,000 died. Throughout the crisis, Mussert stayed silent for fear of losing what power he had left.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war, 205,901 Dutch men and women had died. The Netherlands had the highest per capita death rate of all German-occupied countries in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, 2.36%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 30,000 died in the Dutch East Indies, either while fighting the Japanese or in camps as Japanese <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a>. Dutch civilians were held in those camps as well.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution">Execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_(street)_in_The_Hague._1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_%28street%29_in_The_Hague._1945.png/220px-Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_%28street%29_in_The_Hague._1945.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_%28street%29_in_The_Hague._1945.png/330px-Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_%28street%29_in_The_Hague._1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_%28street%29_in_The_Hague._1945.png/440px-Anton_Mussert_arrested_at_Korte_Vijverberg_%28street%29_in_The_Hague._1945.png 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption>Anton Mussert being detained and led outside his office in The Hague, 7 May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon the surrender of Germany, Mussert was arrested at the NSB office in The Hague on 7 May 1945. He was convicted of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> on 28 November after a two-day trial, and was sentenced to death on 12 December. He appealed to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a> for clemency. She refused. On 7 May 1946, exactly one year after his arrest and four days before his 52nd birthday, Mussert was executed by a firing squad on the <a href="/wiki/Waalsdorpervlakte" title="Waalsdorpervlakte">Waalsdorpervlakte</a>, a site near The Hague, where hundreds of Dutch citizens had been killed by the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Bouchina" title="Villa Bouchina">Villa Bouchina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First name in isolation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɑntɔn]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartropDickerman2017" class="citation book cs1">Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (15 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4I2DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4084-5"><bdi>978-1-4408-4084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4084-5&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Dickerman%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4I2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Mussert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biography 1941</i>. H.W. Wilson Company, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9997376676" title="Special:BookSources/9997376676">9997376676</a>. pp. 620–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biography 1941</i>. H.W. Wilson Company, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9997376676" title="Special:BookSources/9997376676">9997376676</a>. p. 622</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers, Jan (1984) <i>Mussert, een politiek leven</i>, Amsterdam, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-295-3113-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-295-3113-4">90-295-3113-4</a> (in Dutch)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibiblio-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibiblio_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html">"The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan"</a>. ibiblio. 15 December 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands+Declares+War+with+Japan&rft.pub=ibiblio&rft.date=1941-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1941%2F411208c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Mussert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216160827/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/416562821.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+14,+1942&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A&desc=Hitler+Elevates+Dutch+Quisling">"Hitler Elevates Dutch Quisling"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, 14 December 1942</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dirkdeklein.net/2016/11/28/anton-mussert-dutch-fascist/">"Anton Mussert-Dutch Fascist"</a>. 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anton+Mussert-Dutch+Fascist&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirkdeklein.net%2F2016%2F11%2F28%2Fanton-mussert-dutch-fascist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Mussert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties#endnote_Indonesia" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties#endnote Indonesia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dutch Nazi Executed," <i>Amarillo Globe</i>, 7 May 1946, p. 1</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlejohn1972" class="citation book cs1">Littlejohn, David (1972). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriotic_Traitors" title="The Patriotic Traitors">The Patriotic Traitors</a>: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940–45</i>. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-42725-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-42725-X"><bdi>0-434-42725-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patriotic+Traitors%3A+A+History+of+Collaboration+in+German-Occupied+Europe%2C+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-434-42725-X&rft.aulast=Littlejohn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Mussert" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarmbrunn1963" class="citation book cs1">Warmbrunn, Werner (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWfAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Dutch under German Occupation: 1940–1945</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0152-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0152-0"><bdi>0-8047-0152-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+under+German+Occupation%3A+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8047-0152-0&rft.aulast=Warmbrunn&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykWfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Mussert" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rees" title="Philip Rees">Rees, Philip</a> (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_the_Extreme_Right_Since_1890" title="Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890">Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890</a></i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-089301-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-089301-3"><bdi>0-13-089301-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Extreme+Right+Since+1890&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-13-089301-3&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Mussert" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Mussert&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism_in_the_Netherlands_until_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Fascism in the Netherlands</a> until 1945</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Actualists" title="Union of Actualists">Union of Actualists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baars" title="Jan Baars">Jan Baars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Blocq_van_Scheltinga" title="Daniël de Blocq van Scheltinga">Daniël de Blocq van Scheltinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Blokzijl" title="Max Blokzijl">Max Blokzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Feldmeijer" title="Henk Feldmeijer">Henk Feldmeijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Geelkerken" title="Cornelis van Geelkerken">Cornelis van Geelkerken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_van_Genechten" title="Robert van Genechten">Robert van Genechten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobie_Goedewaagen" title="Tobie Goedewaagen">Tobie Goedewaagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Haighton" title="Alfred Haighton">Alfred Haighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kettmann" title="George Kettmann">George Kettmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wouter_Lutkie" title="Wouter Lutkie">Wouter Lutkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Meijer" title="Arnold Meijer">Arnold Meijer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anton Mussert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiaan_Matheus_Sigismund_de_Ranitz_(1901%E2%80%931987)" title="Sebastiaan Matheus Sigismund de Ranitz (1901–1987)">Sebastiaan de Ranitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Herman_van_Rappard" title="Ernst Herman van Rappard">Ernst Herman van Rappard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermannus_Reydon" title="Hermannus Reydon">Hermannus Reydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinoud_Rost_van_Tonningen" title="Meinoud Rost van Tonningen">Meinoud Rost van Tonningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Seyffardt" title="Hendrik Seyffardt">Hendrik Seyffardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sinclair_de_Rochemont" title="Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont">Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Brigade_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands">4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_SS_Volunteer_Panzer_Grenadier_Division_Nederland" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland">23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_SS_Volunteer_Grenadier_Division_Landstorm_Nederland" title="34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland">34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henneicke_Column" title="Henneicke Column">Henneicke Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_Kultuurkamer" title="Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer">Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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