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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #7a7a7a; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#7a7a7a"><b>Gneiss, tuff <br />and a little wacke</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology"><font size="4" color="white"><b>Geology</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#d4d1dc;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology" title="Category:Geology"><img alt="Icon geology.png" src="/w/images/thumb/8/8a/Icon_geology.png/100px-Icon_geology.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/8/8a/Icon_geology.png/150px-Icon_geology.png 1.5x, /w/images/8/8a/Icon_geology.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#7a7a7a; text-align:center;"><b>Know your schist</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#d4d1dc;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_plate_tectonics" title="Catastrophic plate tectonics">Catastrophic plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloop" title="Bloop">Bloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_timeline" title="Geologic timeline">Geologic timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" title="Hydraulic fracturing">Hydraulic fracturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#7a7a7a; text-align:center;"><b>Rock stars</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#d4d1dc;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Patterson" title="Clair Patterson">Clair Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Silvestru" title="Emil Silvestru">Emil Silvestru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Raup" title="David Raup">David Raup</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology" title="Template:Geology">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geology" title="Template talk:Geology">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Geology&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oceans</b> are big wet blue things that cover quite a lot of the earth. They are very salty, extremely polluted and contain many delicious edibles. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Non-conservation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Non-conservation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Relevance_to_global_warming"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Relevance to global warming</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sea_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sea also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pic_cheshire01-big.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/c/c7/Pic_cheshire01-big.jpg/300px-Pic_cheshire01-big.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/c7/Pic_cheshire01-big.jpg/450px-Pic_cheshire01-big.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/c7/Pic_cheshire01-big.jpg/600px-Pic_cheshire01-big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pic_cheshire01-big.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A salt mine reveals the massive deposits left behind by the evaporation of former seas million of years ago.</div></div></div> <p>Oceans formed over the course of <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timeline" title="Geologic timeline"> millions of years</a> after the shiny new Earth cooled enough for <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> to settle on its surface and to fill up the shallower bits. As the <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental drift"> crust drifted about</a>, continents and supercontinents formed and re-formed; the spaces in between these land masses would become individual seas. <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, the most recently-formed of the supercontinents, split up between 250 and 150 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup> dividing the large Tethys ocean<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup> into several smaller oceans. The <b>Atlantic Ocean</b> is the youngest of these; as measured by the record of changes in the magnetic field in the rocks below it — it is thought to date back less than a hundred million years. </p><p>In historic times, the oceans posed an insurmountable barrier to most <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, better shipbuilding techniques finally enabled regular and relatively safe crossings. As a result, five or six small countries on the northeastern Atlantic coast<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup> succeeded in carving up most of the world into a few massive "sea-borne" empires, the consequences of which remain readily apparent today. </p><p>According to some <a href="/wiki/Young-Earthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Young-Earthers">Young-Earthers</a>, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> in the oceans suggests that seas formed up to 62 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup> The Young-Earthers make their argument based on a starting point of zero salt. False assumption — the oceans actually once had more salt than they have today. This is due to the fact that a large amount of salt is deposited on the shore when seawater evaporates outside of the ocean — the first great lowering of salinity occurred in the late <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> - 1 billion to 541 million years ago - when huge amounts of salt were deposited in Neoproterozoic evaporite basins. These deposits result in a mineral known as "evaporite".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup> If you like bikes, you'll <i>love</i> the long-term global <b>ocean salinity cycle</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>In other evidence for the extreme age of the oceans, not long after they formed, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>-manganese nodules started forming, incredibly slowly: see <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation#Iron-manganese_nodule_growth:_.3E1.2C000.2C000" title="Evidence against a recent creation">here</a> for more information. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:78px;"><a href="/wiki/File:80499_marianatrench.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/9/99/80499_marianatrench.jpg/76px-80499_marianatrench.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="350" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/9/99/80499_marianatrench.jpg/114px-80499_marianatrench.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/9/99/80499_marianatrench.jpg/153px-80499_marianatrench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="3593" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:80499_marianatrench.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lovecraftian Horror</div></div></div> <p>The greatest <i>variety</i> of life occurs in coral reefs, but the vast open ocean has the most <i>productivity</i>. </p><p>There are plenty of fish in the sea - the oceans contain more than (insert really big number here) species. They also teem with plant life and invertebrate animals, and many species of aquatic mammal, including <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and whales. Most of the <i>really</i> weird stuff, however, is in the deep sea trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> The deepest recorded sea trench is the Mariana Trench which is thought to be roughly just under 11,000 m, or about 36,000 ft. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-conservation">Non-conservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-conservation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The oceans have also provided food for seagoing communities (a resource currently being depleted faster than it can be replaced), and are also used as a huge rubbish dump. Both of these may well have a permanent effect on sea life — it is possible that jellyfish may become the sea's dominant life form after all the fish have been eaten or choke on plastic bags.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Whales are probably the most famous example of overfishing (overmammaling?). The result is this: </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th> <p>Extinct </p> </th> <th> <p>Critically Endangered </p> </th> <th> <p>Endangered </p> </th> <th> <p>Vulnerable </p> </th> <th> <p>Lower Risk <br /> (Conservation Dependent) </p> </th> <th> <p>Lower risk <br /> (Near Threatened) </p> </th> <th> <p>Lower Risk <br /> (Least Concern) </p> </th> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <p>None* </p> </td><td> <ul><li>Blue whale <br />(Antarctic)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup></li> <li>Gray whale <br />(Northwest Pacific)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Blue whale<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup></li> <li>Fin whale<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup></li> <li>North Pacific right whale<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup></li> <li>North Atlantic right whale<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup></li> <li>Sei whale<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Beluga<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup></li> <li>Blue whale<br /><i>musculus </i>subspecies (Atlantic)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup></li> <li>Sperm whale<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Antarctic minke whale</li> <li>Arnoux's beaked whale</li> <li>Baird's beaked whale</li> <li>Blue whale (North Pacific)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup></li> <li>Bowhead whale<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup></li> <li>Gray whale<br />(Northeast Pacific)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup></li> <li>Northern bottlenose whale</li> <li>Southern bottlenose whale</li> <li>Short-finned pilot whale</li> <li>Southern right whale<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Minke whale<sup id="cite_ref-cmsdata.iucn.org_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmsdata.iucn.org-24">[23]</a></sup></li> <li>Dwarf sperm whale<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup></li> <li>Pygmy right whale</li> <li>Long-finned pilot whale</li> <li>Humpback whale<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup></li> <li>Pygmy sperm whale<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup></li> <li>Melon-headed whale</li> <li>Gray whale (species)<sup id="cite_ref-cmsdata.iucn.org_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmsdata.iucn.org-24">[23]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>* The Atlantic population of gray whales went extinct in the late-17<sup>th</sup> century. It is not listed as a part of IUCN's red list.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCNredGray_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNredGray-28">[27]</a></sup> </p><p>Despite the mess whaling made of the marine mammal population, people still do it (even though commercial whaling is banned by international law). As of 1987, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> has been whaling for "scientific purposes", which apparently include distributing the meat of what may be the second most intelligent species on Earth to school children for lunch, and (one can safely assume) resurrecting commercial whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Relevance_to_global_warming">Relevance to global warming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relevance to global warming">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a></div> <p>Oceans store 90% of the "additional" energy retained by the greenhouse effect. Even years that are not "hottest on record" for surface temperature changes tend to be "hottest on record" for the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-advances_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advances-30">[29]</a></sup> In addition to this, sea level rises and ocean acidification are among the most prominent and damaging long-term consequences of unchecked climate change. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sea_also">Sea also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sea also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the duration of various phases of breaking up, not a ridiculous uncertainty. After all, drift is slow, you don't wake up to find the Earth completely resurfaced overnight!</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" class="extiw" title="wp:Tethys Ocean" rel="nofollow">Tethys Ocean</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Portugal, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Britain; plus optionally Denmark. Or Sweden. Or Courland. Plus maybe Belgium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creation.com/age-of-the-earth">A young Earth indeed.</a> - "Even ignoring the effect of the biblical Flood and assuming zero starting salinity and all rates of input and removal so as to maximize the time taken to accumulate all the salt, the maximum age of the oceans, 62 million years, is less than 1/50 of the age evolutionists claim for the oceans. This suggests that the age of the earth is radically less also.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creation.com/salty-seas-evidence-for-a-young-earth">Estimating the ocean’s age</a> - "Granting the most generous assumptions to evolutionists, Austin and Humphreys calculated that the ocean must be less than 62 million years old. It's important to stress that this is not the actual age, but a maximum age. That is, this evidence is consistent with any age up to 62 million years, including the biblical age of about 6,000 years."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6R-4F4NYHS-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d17b18e69eef609f591968a4f71f818c">ScienceDirect</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDurackWijffelsBoyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Durack, Paul J; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Wijffels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Wijffels (page does not exist)">Wijffels, Susan E.</a>; Boyer, Tim P. (2013). "28. Long-term Salinity Changes and Implications for the Global Water Cycle". In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerold_Siedler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerold Siedler (page does not exist)">Siedler, Gerold</a>; Griffies, Stephen M.; Gould, John; Church, John A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=Ew51DAAAQBAJ"><i>Ocean Circulation and Climate</i></a>. International Geophysics Series Volume 103. Elsevier Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128058770" title="Special:BookSources/9780128058770"><bdi>9780128058770</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>Long-term global ocean salinity variation provides an insight into water cycle change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28.+Long-term+Salinity+Changes+and+Implications+for+the+Global+Water+Cycle&rft.btitle=Ocean+Circulation+and+Climate&rft.series=International+Geophysics+Series+Volume+103&rft.pub=Elsevier+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780128058770&rft.aulast=Durack&rft.aufirst=Paul+J&rft.au=Wijffels%2C+Susan+E.&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Tim+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEw51DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AOcean" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/download/windowsmedia/international/photosvideos/videos/deep-sea-creatures/Deep_sea_creat_VF_WinMedia_.wmv">Weird stuff. From Greenpeace. It's just a video, so just open it.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/environment/invasion-of-the-jellyfish-they-could-take-over-our-seas-say-wildlife-experts-14249899.html">Invasion of the jellyfish</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/41713/all">http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/41713/all</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8099/all">http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8099/all</a></span> </li> <li 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href="http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/cetacean_table_for_website.pdf">http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/cetacean_table_for_website.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/11048/summ">http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/11048/summ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/13006/summ">http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/13006/summ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/11047/summ">http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/11047/summ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNredGray-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNredGray_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/8097">Eschrichtius robustus (Grey whale) Geographic Range</a> IUCN Red list of threatened species</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/oceans/whale-defenders/whaling-101">Greenpeace</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-advances-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-advances_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Advances in Atmospheric Science <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00376-019-8276-x">2018 Continues Record Global Ocean Warming</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean&oldid=2577672">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean&oldid=2577672</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles">Bronze-level articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology" title="Category:Geology">Geology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science" title="Category:Science">Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism" title="Category:Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_warming" 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