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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_childhood_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Early childhood and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henley's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henley's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Henley's </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henley's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_career:_1919–1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_career:_1919–1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Inter-war career: 1919–1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_career:_1919–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Famous_Players–Lasky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_Players–Lasky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Famous Players–Lasky </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_Players–Lasky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gainsborough_Pictures_and_work_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gainsborough_Pictures_and_work_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gainsborough_Pictures_and_work_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_sound_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_sound_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Early sound films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_sound_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Hollywood_years:_1939–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Hollywood_years:_1939–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Hollywood_years:_1939–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selznick_contract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selznick_contract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Selznick contract </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selznick_contract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Early war years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_non-fiction_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_non-fiction_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Wartime non-fiction films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_non-fiction_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_Hollywood_years:_1945–1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_Hollywood_years:_1945–1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_Hollywood_years:_1945–1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_Selznick_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Selznick_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Later Selznick films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Selznick_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transatlantic_Pictures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transatlantic_Pictures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Transatlantic Pictures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transatlantic_Pictures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak_years:_1954–1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_years:_1954–1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Peak years: 1954–1964 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_years:_1954–1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dial_M_for_Murder_and_Rear_Window" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dial_M_for_Murder_and_Rear_Window"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Dial M for Murder and Rear Window </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dial_M_for_Murder_and_Rear_Window-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Alfred Hitchcock Presents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_To_Catch_a_Thief_to_Vertigo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_To_Catch_a_Thief_to_Vertigo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 From To Catch a Thief to Vertigo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_To_Catch_a_Thief_to_Vertigo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_by_Northwest_and_Psycho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_by_Northwest_and_Psycho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 North by Northwest and Psycho </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_by_Northwest_and_Psycho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truffaut_interview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truffaut_interview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.5 Truffaut interview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truffaut_interview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.6 The Birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marnie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marnie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.7 Marnie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marnie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years:_1966–1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years:_1966–1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Later years: 1966–1980 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years:_1966–1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Final films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knighthood_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knighthood_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Knighthood and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knighthood_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Filmmaking </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filmmaking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Filmmaking subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Filmmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Style and themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Representation of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Relationship with actors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing,_storyboards_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing,_storyboards_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Writing, storyboards and production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing,_storyboards_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Awards and honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hitchcock_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hitchcock_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Hitchcock portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hitchcock_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Filmography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Filmography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alfred Hitchcock</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" > 141 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%82%E1%89%BD%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%AD" title="አልፍሬድ ሂችኮክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልፍሬድ ሂችኮክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="ألفريد هتشكوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفريد هتشكوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Ալֆրետ Հիչքոք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալֆրետ Հիչքոք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95" title="আলফ্ৰেড হিচকক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলফ্ৰেড হিচকক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hi%C3%A7kok" title="Alfred Hiçkok – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alfred Hiçkok" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آلفرد هیچکاک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلفرد هیچکاک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95" title="অ্যালফ্রেড হিচকক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালফ্রেড হিচকক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Альфред Хичкок – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Альфред Хичкок" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Альфрэд Хічкак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфрэд Хічкак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Альфрэд Гічкок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альфрэд Гічкок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="अल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Алфред Хичкок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфред Хичкок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Альфред Хичкок – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Альфред Хичкок" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Хичкок Альфред – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хичкок Альфред" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA" title="Άλφρεντ Χίτσκοκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλφρεντ Χίτσκοκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آلفرد هیچکاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد هیچکاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%ED%9E%88%EC%B9%98%EC%BD%95" title="앨프리드 히치콕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨프리드 히치콕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Ալֆրեդ Հիչքոք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆրեդ Հիչքոք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="एल्फ़्रेड हिचकॉक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एल्फ़्रेड हिचकॉक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7" title="אלפרד היצ'קוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד היצ'קוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ಹಿಚ್ಕಾಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ಹಿಚ್ಕಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ ჰიჩკოკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფრედ ჰიჩკოკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Альфред Хичкок – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альфред Хичкок" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_Hitchcock" title="Alfredus Hitchcock – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfreds_Hi%C4%8Dkoks" title="Alfreds Hičkoks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfreds Hičkoks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Алфред Хичкок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алфред Хичкок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ആൽഫ്രെഡ് ഹിച്ച്‌കോക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽഫ്രെഡ് ഹിച്ച്‌കോക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्फ्रेड हिचकॉक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ ჰიჩკოკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალფრედ ჰიჩკოკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="الفريد هيتشكوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفريد هيتشكوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="الفرد هچکاک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الفرد هچکاک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Альфред Хичкок – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альфред Хичкок" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="अल्फ्रेड हिच्कक् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्फ्रेड हिच्कक्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="アルフレッド・ヒッチコック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド・ヒッチコック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Хичкок, Альфред – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хичкок, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95" title="ਐਲਫ਼ਰੈੱਡ ਹਿਚਕੌਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਫ਼ਰੈੱਡ ਹਿਚਕੌਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%DB%81%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ایلفریڈ ہچکاک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایلفریڈ ہچکاک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hi%C3%A7kok" title="Alfred Hiçkok – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alfred Hiçkok" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Алфред Гічкок – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алфред Гічкок" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Хичкок, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хичкок, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Хичкок Альфред – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хичкок Альфред" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="एल्फ़्रेड हिचकॉक – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एल्फ़्रेड हिचकॉक" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AF_%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A9" title="ئەلفرێد ھیچکۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفرێد ھیچکۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Алфред Хичкок – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфред Хичкок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்பிரட் ஹிட்ச்காக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பிரட் ஹிட்ச்காக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hi%C3%A7kok" title="Alfred Hiçkok – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Alfred Hiçkok" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆల్‌ఫ్రెడ్ హిచ్‌కాక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆల్‌ఫ్రెడ్ హిచ్‌కాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="อัลเฟรด ฮิตช์ค็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลเฟรด ฮิตช์ค็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Хичкок, Альфред – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хичкок, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Альфред Гічкок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Гічкок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%DB%81%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="الفریڈ ہچکاک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الفریڈ ہچکاک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%8Dkok_Al%27fred" title="Hičkok Al'fred – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hičkok Al'fred" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%8C%BA%E6%9F%AF%E5%85%8B" title="阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A7" title="אלפרעד היטשקאק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלפרעד היטשקאק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%BC%97%E5%88%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%96%A3" title="亞弗列·希治閣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞弗列·希治閣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfred Hitchcock" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfreds_H%C4%97%C4%8Dkuoks" title="Alfreds Hėčkuoks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alfreds Hėčkuoks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%BC%97%E5%88%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%96%A3" title="亞弗列·希治閣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English film director (1899–1980)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hitchcock" and "Master of Suspense" redirect here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Suspense_(album)" title="Master of Suspense (album)">Master of Suspense (album)</a>. For the police officer, see <a href="/wiki/Alf_Hitchcock" title="Alf Hitchcock">Alf Hitchcock</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hitchcock (disambiguation)">Hitchcock (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Alfred Hitchcock</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">KBE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitchcock,_Alfred_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg/220px-Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg/330px-Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg/440px-Hitchcock%2C_Alfred_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="973" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Hitchcock, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1960s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alfred Joseph Hitchcock</div> (1899-08-13)13 August 1899 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Leytonstone" title="Leytonstone">Leytonstone</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 April 1980(1980-04-29) (aged 80) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, California, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United Kingdom</li><li>United States (from 1955)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Film director</li><li>producer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1919–1980</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_filmography" title="Alfred Hitchcock filmography">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alma_Reville" title="Alma Reville">Alma Reville</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1926)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hitchcock" title="Pat Hitchcock">Pat Hitchcock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of awards and nominations received by Alfred Hitchcock">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Hitchcock_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alfred_Hitchcock_Signature.svg/150px-Alfred_Hitchcock_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alfred_Hitchcock_Signature.svg/225px-Alfred_Hitchcock_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Alfred_Hitchcock_Signature.svg/300px-Alfred_Hitchcock_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="225" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">KBE</a> (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema.<a href="#cite_note-influential-1">[1]</a> In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films,<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> many of which are still widely watched and studied today. Known as the "Master of Suspense", Hitchcock became as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cameo_appearances_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock">his cameo appearances</a> in most of his films, and his hosting and producing the television anthology <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents" title="Alfred Hitchcock Presents">Alfred Hitchcock Presents</a> (1955–65). His films garnered 46 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> nominations, including six wins, although he never won the award for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a>, despite five nominations. Hitchcock initially trained as a technical clerk and copywriter before entering the film industry in 1919 as a <a href="/wiki/Title_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Title card">title card</a> designer. His directorial debut was the British–German <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Garden_(1925_film)" title="The Pleasure Garden (1925 film)">The Pleasure Garden</a> (1925). His first successful film, <a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a> (1927), helped to shape the <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a> genre, and <a href="/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)" title="Blackmail (1929 film)">Blackmail</a> (1929) was the first British "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film#Transition:_Europe" title="Sound film">talkie</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Blackmail-5">[4]</a> His thrillers <a href="/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)">The 39 Steps</a> (1935) and <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes" title="The Lady Vanishes">The Lady Vanishes</a> (1938) are ranked among the <a href="/wiki/BFI_Top_100_British_films" title="BFI Top 100 British films">greatest British films</a> of the 20th century. By 1939, he had international recognition and producer <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> persuaded him to move to Hollywood. A string of successful films followed, including <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a> (1940), <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Correspondent_(film)" title="Foreign Correspondent (film)">Foreign Correspondent</a> (1940), <a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)" title="Suspicion (1941 film)">Suspicion</a> (1941), <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a> (1943) and <a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a> (1946). Rebecca won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture#1940s" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>, with Hitchcock nominated as Best Director.<a href="#cite_note-Rebecca-6">[5]</a> He also received Oscar nominations for <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(1944_film)" title="Lifeboat (1944 film)">Lifeboat</a> (1944), <a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(1945_film)" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</a> (1945), <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a> (1954) and <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a> (1960).<a href="#cite_note-AFI_top_100-7">[6]</a> Hitchcock's other notable films include <a href="/wiki/Rope_(film)" title="Rope (film)">Rope</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder" title="Dial M for Murder">Dial M for Murder</a> (1954), <a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief" title="To Catch a Thief">To Catch a Thief</a> (1955), <a href="/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Harry" title="The Trouble with Harry">The Trouble with Harry</a> (1955), <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> (1958), <a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a> (1963) and <a href="/wiki/Marnie_(film)" title="Marnie (film)">Marnie</a> (1964), all of which were also financially successful and are highly regarded by film historians. Hitchcock made a number of films with some of the biggest stars in Hollywood, including four with <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>, four with <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a>, three with <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> and three consecutively with <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>. Hitchcock became an American citizen in 1955. In 2012, Hitchcock's psychological thriller Vertigo, starring Stewart, displaced <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941) as the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>'s greatest film ever made based on its world-wide poll of hundreds of film critics.<a href="#cite_note-Christie2012-8">[7]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit">[update]</a>, nine of his films had been selected for preservation in the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> including his personal favourite, Shadow of a Doubt (1943).<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a> He received the <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Fellowship" title="BAFTA Fellowship">BAFTA Fellowship</a> in 1971, the <a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a> in 1979, and was knighted in December of that year, four months before his death on 29 April 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Todd30April1980-13">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life:_1899–1919">Early life: 1899–1919</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life: 1899–1919">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_childhood_and_education">Early childhood and education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early childhood and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hitchcock_with_boy_and_pony,_c._1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/William_Hitchcock_with_boy_and_pony%2C_c._1900.jpg/170px-William_Hitchcock_with_boy_and_pony%2C_c._1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/William_Hitchcock_with_boy_and_pony%2C_c._1900.jpg/255px-William_Hitchcock_with_boy_and_pony%2C_c._1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/William_Hitchcock_with_boy_and_pony%2C_c._1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>William Hitchcock, probably with his first son, William, outside the family shop in London, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900; the sign above the store says "W. Hitchcock's". The Hitchcocks used the pony to deliver groceries.</figcaption></figure> Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in the flat above his parents' leased <a href="/wiki/Greengrocer" title="Greengrocer">greengrocer</a>'s shop at 517 High Road in <a href="/wiki/Leytonstone" title="Leytonstone">Leytonstone</a>, which was then part of <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> (now on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/East_London" title="East London">east London</a>). He was the son of greengrocer and poulterer, William Edgar Hitchcock (1862–1914) and Emma Jane (née Whelan;1863–1942). The household was "characterised by an atmosphere of discipline".<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> He had an older brother named William John (1888–1943) and an older sister named Ellen Kathleen (1892–1979) who used the nickname "Nellie". His parents were both <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> with English and Irish ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair200211–12-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> His father was a greengrocer, as his grandfather had been.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> There was a large extended family, including uncle John Hitchcock with his five-bedroom Victorian house on Campion Road in <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a>, complete with a maid, cook, chauffeur, and gardener. Every summer, his uncle rented a seaside house for the family in <a href="/wiki/Cliftonville" title="Cliftonville">Cliftonville</a>, Kent. Hitchcock said that he first became class-conscious there, noticing the differences between tourists and locals.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_517_High_Road_Leytonstone_London_E11_3EE_(Birthplace_of_Alfred_Hitchcock).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Site_of_517_High_Road_Leytonstone_London_E11_3EE_%28Birthplace_of_Alfred_Hitchcock%29.jpg/220px-Site_of_517_High_Road_Leytonstone_London_E11_3EE_%28Birthplace_of_Alfred_Hitchcock%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Site_of_517_High_Road_Leytonstone_London_E11_3EE_%28Birthplace_of_Alfred_Hitchcock%29.jpg/330px-Site_of_517_High_Road_Leytonstone_London_E11_3EE_%28Birthplace_of_Alfred_Hitchcock%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Site_of_517_High_Road_Leytonstone_London_E11_3EE_%28Birthplace_of_Alfred_Hitchcock%29.jpg/440px-Site_of_517_High_Road_Leytonstone_London_E11_3EE_%28Birthplace_of_Alfred_Hitchcock%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Petrol station at the site of 517 High Road, <a href="/wiki/Leytonstone" title="Leytonstone">Leytonstone</a>, where Hitchcock was born; commemorative mural at nos. 527–533 (right)<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> Describing himself as a well-behaved boy — his father called him his "little lamb without a spot" — Hitchcock said he could not remember ever having had a playmate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198325-20">[17]</a> One of his favourite stories for interviewers was about his father sending him to the local police station with a note when he was five; the policeman looked at the note and locked him in a cell for a few minutes, saying, "This is what we do to naughty boys." The experience left him with a lifelong phobia of law enforcement, and he told <a href="/wiki/Tom_Snyder" title="Tom Snyder">Tom Snyder</a> in 1973 that he was "scared stiff of anything ... to do with the law" and that he would refuse to even drive a car in case he got a parking ticket.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> When he was six, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Limehouse" title="Limehouse">Limehouse</a> and leased two stores at 130 and 175 Salmon Lane, which they ran as a <a href="/wiki/Fish-and-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish-and-chip">fish-and-chip</a> shop and fishmongers' respectively; they lived above the former.<a href="#cite_note-McG2003p13-22">[19]</a> Hitchcock attended his first school, the Howrah House Convent in <a href="/wiki/Poplar,_London" title="Poplar, London">Poplar</a>, which he entered in 1907, at age 7.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> According to biographer <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGilligan_(biographer)" title="Patrick McGilligan (biographer)">Patrick McGilligan</a>, he stayed at Howrah House for at most two years. He also attended a convent school, the Wode Street School "for the daughters of gentlemen and little boys" run by the <a href="/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus" title="Faithful Companions of Jesus">Faithful Companions of Jesus</a>. He then attended a primary school near his home and was for a short time a boarder at <a href="/wiki/Salesian_College,_Battersea" title="Salesian College, Battersea">Salesian College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battersea" title="Battersea">Battersea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> The family moved again when Hitchcock was eleven, this time to <a href="/wiki/Stepney" title="Stepney">Stepney</a>, and on 5 October 1910 he was sent to <a href="/wiki/St_Ignatius%27_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St Ignatius' College">St Ignatius College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> grammar school with a reputation for discipline.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> As corporal punishment, the priests used a flat, hard, springy tool made of <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a> and known as a "ferula" which struck the whole palm; punishment was always at the end of the day, so the boys had to sit through classes anticipating the punishment if they had been written up for it. He later said that this is where he developed his sense of fear.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> The school register lists his year of birth as 1900 rather than 1899; biographer <a href="/wiki/Donald_Spoto" title="Donald Spoto">Donald Spoto</a> says he was deliberately enrolled as a ten-year-old because he was a year behind with his schooling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto199923–24-27">[24]</a> While biographer Gene Adair reports that Hitchcock was "an average, or slightly above-average, pupil",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair200215-28">[25]</a> Hitchcock said that he was "usually among the four or five at the top of the class";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326-29">[26]</a> at the end of his first year, his work in Latin, English, French and <a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious education</a> was noted.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> He told <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a>: "The Jesuits taught me organisation, control and, to some degree, analysis."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair200215-28">[25]</a> Hitchcock's favourite subject was <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> and he became interested in maps and the timetables of trains, trams and buses; according to <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Taylor" title="John Russell Taylor">John Russell Taylor</a>, he could recite all the stops on the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199631-31">[28]</a> He had a particular interest in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_London" title="Trams in London">London trams</a>. An overwhelming majority of his films include rail or tram scenes, in particular <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes" title="The Lady Vanishes">The Lady Vanishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_Seventeen" title="Number Seventeen">Number Seventeen</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Clapperboard" title="Clapperboard">clapperboard</a> shows the number of the scene and the number of takes, and Hitchcock would often take the two numbers on the clapperboard and whisper the London tram route names. For example, if the clapperboard showed "Scene 23; Take 3", he would whisper "<a href="/wiki/Woodford,_London" title="Woodford, London">Woodford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>"—Woodford being the terminus of the route 23 tram, and Hampstead the end of route 3.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Henley's">Henley's</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Henley's">edit</a>]</div> Hitchcock told his parents that he wanted to be an engineer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326-29">[26]</a> and on 25 July 1913,<a href="#cite_note-Spoto1999p23-34">[31]</a> he left St Ignatius and enrolled in night classes at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar. In a <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock/Truffaut" title="Hitchcock/Truffaut">book-length interview</a> in 1962, he told <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> that he had studied "mechanics, electricity, acoustics, and navigation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326-29">[26]</a> Then, on 12 December 1914, his father, who had been suffering from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">emphysema</a> and kidney disease, died at the age of 52.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> To support himself and his mother — his older siblings had left home by then — Hitchcock took a job, for 15 <a href="/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)" title="Shilling (British coin)">shillings</a> a week (£91 in 2023),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-36">[33]</a> as a technical clerk at the <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Henley" title="William Thomas Henley">Henley Telegraph and Cable Company</a> in Blomfield Street, near <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> He continued night classes, this time in art history, painting, economics and political science.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> His older brother ran the family shops, while he and his mother continued to live in Salmon Lane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd201511-39">[36]</a> Hitchcock was too young to enlist when the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> started in July 1914, and when he reached the required age of 18 in 1917, he received a C3 classification ("free from serious organic disease, able to stand service conditions in garrisons at home ... only suitable for sedentary work").<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> He joined a cadet regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> and took part in theoretical briefings, weekend drills and exercises. John Russell Taylor wrote that, in one session of practical exercises in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>, Hitchcock was required to wear <a href="/wiki/Puttees" class="mw-redirect" title="Puttees">puttees</a>. He could never master wrapping them around his legs, and they repeatedly fell down around his ankles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199628-41">[38]</a> After the war, Hitchcock took an interest in creative writing. In June 1919, he became a founding editor and business manager of Henley's in-house publication, The Henley Telegraph (sixpence a copy), to which he submitted several short stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200330-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[d]</a> Henley's promoted him to the advertising department, where he wrote copy and drew graphics for electric cable advertisements. He enjoyed the job and would stay late at the office to examine the proofs; he told Truffaut that this was his "first step toward cinema".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199621-51">[47]</a> He enjoyed watching films, especially American cinema, and from the age of 16 read the trade papers; he watched <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a>, and particularly liked <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Der_m%C3%BCde_Tod" class="mw-redirect" title="Der müde Tod">Der müde Tod</a> (1921).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326-29">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_career:_1919–1939">Inter-war career: 1919–1939</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inter-war career: 1919–1939">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Famous_Players–Lasky">Famous Players–Lasky</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Famous Players–Lasky">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An early 1920s image of Hitchcock while directing his film titled Number 13" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Number_13.jpg/220px-Number_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Number_13.jpg/330px-Number_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Number_13.jpg/440px-Number_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Hitchcock (right) during the making of <a href="/wiki/Number_13_(1922_film)" title="Number 13 (1922 film)">Number 13</a> in London</figcaption></figure> While still at Henley's, he read in a trade paper that <a href="/wiki/Famous_Players%E2%80%93Lasky" title="Famous Players–Lasky">Famous Players–Lasky</a>, the production arm of <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, was opening a studio in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327-52">[48]</a> They were planning to film <a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Satan" title="The Sorrows of Satan">The Sorrows of Satan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Corelli" title="Marie Corelli">Marie Corelli</a>, so he produced some drawings for the <a href="/wiki/Title_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Title cards">title cards</a> and sent his work to the studio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199624-53">[49]</a> They hired him, and in 1919 he began working for <a href="/wiki/Islington_Studios" title="Islington Studios">Islington Studios</a> in Poole Street, <a href="/wiki/Hoxton" title="Hoxton">Hoxton</a>, as a title-card designer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327-52">[48]</a> Donald Spoto wrote that most of the staff were Americans with strict job specifications, but the English workers were encouraged to try their hand at anything, which meant that Hitchcock gained experience as a co-writer, art director and production manager on at least 18 silent films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto20083-54">[50]</a> The Times wrote in February 1922 about the studio's "special art title department under the supervision of Mr. A. J. Hitchcock".<a href="#cite_note-MillerBFI-55">[51]</a> His work included <a href="/wiki/Number_13_(1922_film)" title="Number 13 (1922 film)">Number 13</a> (1922), also known as Mrs. Peabody; it was cancelled because of financial problems - the few finished scenes are <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto19923-56">[52]</a> — and <a href="/wiki/Always_Tell_Your_Wife" title="Always Tell Your Wife">Always Tell Your Wife</a> (1923), which he and <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hicks" title="Seymour Hicks">Seymour Hicks</a> finished together when Hicks was about to give up on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327-52">[48]</a> Hicks wrote later about being helped by "a fat youth who was in charge of the property room ... [n]one other than Alfred Hitchcock".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerzoncufBarr201545-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gainsborough_Pictures_and_work_in_Germany">Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitchcock_sculpture,_London,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hitchcock_sculpture%2C_London%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Hitchcock_sculpture%2C_London%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hitchcock_sculpture%2C_London%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Hitchcock_sculpture%2C_London%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hitchcock_sculpture%2C_London%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Hitchcock_sculpture%2C_London%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hitchcock sculpture at the site of <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Gainsborough Pictures</a>, Poole Street, <a href="/wiki/Hoxton" title="Hoxton">Hoxton</a>, north London<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a></figcaption></figure> When Paramount pulled out of London in 1922, Hitchcock was hired as an assistant director by a new firm run in the same location by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Balcon" title="Michael Balcon">Michael Balcon</a>, later known as <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Gainsborough Pictures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto20083–4-59">[55]</a> Hitchcock worked on <a href="/wiki/Woman_to_Woman_(1923_film)" title="Woman to Woman (1923 film)">Woman to Woman</a> (1923) with the director <a href="/wiki/Graham_Cutts" title="Graham Cutts">Graham Cutts</a>, designing the set, writing the script and producing. He said: "It was the first film that I had really got my hands onto."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto20083–4-59">[55]</a> The editor and "script girl" on Woman to Woman was <a href="/wiki/Alma_Reville" title="Alma Reville">Alma Reville</a>, his future wife. He also worked as an assistant to Cutts on <a href="/wiki/The_White_Shadow_(film)" title="The White Shadow (film)">The White Shadow</a> (1924), <a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Adventure" title="The Passionate Adventure">The Passionate Adventure</a> (1924), <a href="/wiki/The_Blackguard" title="The Blackguard">The Blackguard</a> (1925) and <a href="/wiki/The_Prude%27s_Fall" title="The Prude's Fall">The Prude's Fall</a> (1925).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198330-60">[56]</a> The Blackguard was produced at the <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Babelsberg Studios">Babelsberg Studios</a> in Potsdam, where Hitchcock watched part of the making of <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Laugh_(1924_film)" title="The Last Laugh (1924 film)">The Last Laugh</a> (1924).<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> He was impressed with Murnau's work, and later used many of his techniques for the set design in his own productions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb200242–43-62">[58]</a> In the summer of 1925, Balcon asked Hitchcock to direct <a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Garden_(1925_film)" title="The Pleasure Garden (1925 film)">The Pleasure Garden</a> (1925), starring <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Valli" title="Virginia Valli">Virginia Valli</a>, a co-production of Gainsborough and the German firm <a href="/wiki/Emelka" class="mw-redirect" title="Emelka">Emelka</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Studios" title="Bavaria Studios">Geiselgasteig studio</a> near Munich. Reville, by then Hitchcock's fiancée, was assistant director-editor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198331,_36-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto19923-56">[52]</a> Although the film was a commercial flop,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200368–71-64">[60]</a> Balcon liked Hitchcock's work; a Daily Express headline called him the "Young man with a master mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198339-65">[61]</a> In March 1926, the British film magazine <a href="/wiki/Picturegoer" title="Picturegoer">Picturegoer</a> ran an article entitled "Alfred the Great" by the film critic <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Belfrage" title="Cedric Belfrage">Cedric Belfrage</a>, who praised Hitchcock for possessing "such a complete grasp of all the different branches of film technique that he is able to take far more control of his production than the average director of four times his experience."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto199984-66">[62]</a> Production of The Pleasure Garden encountered obstacles which Hitchcock would later learn from: on arrival to <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Pass" title="Brenner Pass">Brenner Pass</a>, he failed to declare his <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a> to customs and it was confiscated; one actress could not enter the water for a scene because she was on her <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">period</a>; budget overruns meant that he had to borrow money from the actors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200370-67">[63]</a> Hitchcock also needed a translator to give instructions to the cast and crew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200370-67">[63]</a> In Germany, Hitchcock observed the nuances of <a href="/wiki/German_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="German cinema">German cinema</a> and filmmaking which had a big influence on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200363-68">[64]</a> When he was not working, he would visit Berlin's art galleries, concerts and museums. He would also meet with actors, writers and producers to build connections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200364-69">[65]</a> Balcon asked him to direct a second film in Munich, <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Eagle" title="The Mountain Eagle">The Mountain Eagle</a> (1926), based on an original story titled Fear o' God.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> The film is lost, and Hitchcock called it "a very bad movie".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198339-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto19925-71">[67]</a> A year later, Hitchcock wrote and directed <a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(1927_film)" title="The Ring (1927 film)">The Ring</a>; although the screenplay was credited solely to his name, <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Stannard" title="Eliot Stannard">Elliot Stannard</a> assisted him with the writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200398-72">[68]</a> The Ring garnered positive reviews; the Bioscope critic called it "the most magnificent British film ever made".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199676-73">[69]</a> When he returned to England, Hitchcock was one of the early members of the London Film Society, newly formed in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200375-74">[70]</a> Through the Society, he became fascinated by the work by Soviet filmmakers: <a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Lev Kuleshov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Vsevolod Pudovkin</a>. He would also socialise with fellow English filmmakers <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Montagu" title="Ivor Montagu">Ivor Montagu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Brunel" title="Adrian Brunel">Adrian Brunel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mycroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Mycroft">Walter Mycroft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200376-75">[71]</a> Hitchcock recognised the value in cultivating his own brand, with the director aggressively promoting himself during this period.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> In a 1925 London Film Society meeting he declared directors were what mattered most in making films, with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Spoto" title="Donald Spoto">Donald Spoto</a> writing that Hitchcock proclaimed, "We make a film succeed. The name of the director should be associated in the public's mind with a quality product. Actors come and go, but the name of the director should stay clearly in the mind of the audience."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto199973-77">[73]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ; padding:1.2em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Visually, it was extraordinarily imaginative for the time, most notably in the scene in which Hitchcock installed a glass floor so that he could show the lodger pacing up and down in his room from below, as though overheard by his landlady. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/BFI" class="mw-redirect" title="BFI">BFI</a> entry for Hitchcock's first thriller, <a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a> (1927)<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a></cite> </div> Hitchcock established himself as a name director with his first thriller, <a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a> (1927).<a href="#cite_note-Lodger_BFI-79">[75]</a> The film concerns the hunt for a <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a>-style serial killer who, wearing a black cloak and carrying a black bag, is murdering young blonde women in London, and only on Tuesdays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198345-80">[76]</a> A landlady suspects that her lodger is the killer, but he turns out to be innocent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198347-81">[77]</a> Hitchcock had wanted the leading man to be guilty, or for the film at least to end ambiguously, but the star was <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello" title="Ivor Novello">Ivor Novello</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Matin%C3%A9e_idol" title="Matinée idol">matinée idol</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Star_system_(filmmaking)" title="Star system (filmmaking)">star system</a>" meant that Novello could not be the villain. Hitchcock told Truffaut: "You have to clearly spell it out in big letters: 'He is innocent.'" (He had the same problem years later with <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> in <a href="#Suspicion">Suspicion</a> (1941).)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198343-82">[78]</a> Released in January 1927, The Lodger was a commercial and critical success in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200385-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Upon its release, the trade journal Bioscope wrote: "It is possible that this film is the finest British production ever made".<a href="#cite_note-Lodger_BFI-79">[75]</a> Hitchcock told Truffaut that the film was the first of his to be influenced by <a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionism</a>: "In truth, you might almost say that The Lodger was my first picture."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198344-85">[81]</a> In a strategy for self-publicity, The Lodger saw him make his first <a href="/wiki/List_of_cameo_appearances_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock">cameo appearance</a> in a film, where he sat in a newsroom.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198349-87">[83]</a> Continuing to market his brand following the success of The Lodger, Hitchcock wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/The_Evening_News_(London_newspaper)" title="The Evening News (London newspaper)">London Evening News</a> in November 1927 about his filmmaking, participated in studio-produced publicity, and by December 1927 he developed the original sketch of his widely recognised profile which he introduced by sending it to friends and colleagues as a Christmas present.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage">Marriage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitch_Gets_Hitched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hitch_Gets_Hitched.jpg/220px-Hitch_Gets_Hitched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hitch_Gets_Hitched.jpg/330px-Hitch_Gets_Hitched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hitch_Gets_Hitched.jpg/440px-Hitch_Gets_Hitched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>The Hitchcocks on their wedding day, <a href="/wiki/Brompton_Oratory" title="Brompton Oratory">Brompton Oratory</a>, 2 December 1926</figcaption></figure> On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock married the English screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Alma_Reville" title="Alma Reville">Alma Reville</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Brompton_Oratory" title="Brompton Oratory">Brompton Oratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto19995-89">[85]</a> The couple honeymooned in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> and St. Moritz, before returning to London to live in a leased flat on the top two floors of 153 <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Road" title="Cromwell Road">Cromwell Road</a>, Kensington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200389–90-90">[86]</a> Reville, who was born just hours after Hitchcock,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchcock_O'ConnellBouzereau200315-91">[87]</a> converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, apparently at the insistence of Hitchcock's mother; she was baptised on 31 May 1927 and confirmed at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a> by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bourne" title="Francis Bourne">Francis Bourne</a> on 5 June.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> In 1928, when they learned that Reville was pregnant, the Hitchcocks purchased "Winter's Grace", a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a> farmhouse set in eleven acres on Stroud Lane, <a href="/wiki/Shamley_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamley Green">Shamley Green</a>, Surrey, for £2,500.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> Their daughter and only child, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hitchcock" title="Pat Hitchcock">Patricia (Pat) Alma Hitchcock</a>, was born on 7 July that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchcock_O'ConnellBouzereau200359–60-94">[90]</a> Pat died on 9 August 2021 at the age of 93.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> Reville became her husband's closest collaborator; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Champlin" title="Charles Champlin">Charles Champlin</a> wrote in 1982: "The Hitchcock touch had four hands, and two were Alma's."<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> When Hitchcock accepted the <a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a> in 1979, he said that he wanted to mention "four people who have given me the most affection, appreciation and encouragement, and constant collaboration. The first of the four is a film editor, the second is a scriptwriter, the third is the mother of my daughter, Pat, and the fourth is as fine a cook as ever performed miracles in a domestic kitchen. And their names are Alma Reville."<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Reville wrote or co-wrote on many of Hitchcock's films, including <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)" title="Suspicion (1941 film)">Suspicion</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)">The 39 Steps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_sound_films">Early sound films</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early sound films">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackmailUSWindowCardOndra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An advertisement for the film Blackmail Surrounding text describes the film as "A Romance of Scotland Yard" and "The Powerful Talking Picture"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BlackmailUSWindowCardOndra.jpg/170px-BlackmailUSWindowCardOndra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BlackmailUSWindowCardOndra.jpg/255px-BlackmailUSWindowCardOndra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BlackmailUSWindowCardOndra.jpg/340px-BlackmailUSWindowCardOndra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)" title="Blackmail (1929 film)">Blackmail</a> (1929)</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, <a href="/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)" title="Blackmail (1929 film)">Blackmail</a> (1929), when its production company, <a href="/wiki/British_International_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="British International Pictures">British International Pictures</a> (BIP), converted its <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree studios</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound</a>. The film was the first British "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film#Transition:_Europe" title="Sound film">talkie</a>"; this followed the rapid development of sound films in the United States, from the use of brief sound segments in <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a> (1927) to the first full sound feature <a href="/wiki/Lights_of_New_York_(1928_film)" title="Lights of New York (1928 film)">Lights of New York</a> (1928).<a href="#cite_note-Blackmail-5">[4]</a> Blackmail began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax taking place on the dome of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Out-99">[95]</a> It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200588-100">[96]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> series The Men Who Made The Movies, Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film to create tension, with a gossipy woman (<a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Monkman" title="Phyllis Monkman">Phyllis Monkman</a>) stressing the word "knife" in her conversation with the woman suspected of murder.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Calling" title="Elstree Calling">Elstree Calling</a> (1930), and directed a short film, <a href="/wiki/An_Elastic_Affair" title="An Elastic Affair">An Elastic Affair</a> (1930), featuring two Film Weekly scholarship winners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003137-102">[98]</a> An Elastic Affair is one of the lost films.<a href="#cite_note-Kerzoncuf2009-103">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_39_Steps_Still.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_39_Steps_Still.jpg/170px-The_39_Steps_Still.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_39_Steps_Still.jpg/255px-The_39_Steps_Still.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/The_39_Steps_Still.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll" title="Madeleine Carroll">Madeleine Carroll</a> (the prototype <a href="/wiki/Blonde_stereotype#Typology" title="Blonde stereotype">"Hitchcock blonde"</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Donat" title="Robert Donat">Robert Donat</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)">The 39 Steps</a> (1935)</figcaption></figure> In 1933, Hitchcock signed a multi-film contract with <a href="/wiki/Gaumont-British" title="Gaumont-British">Gaumont-British</a>, once again working for Michael Balcon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto199937-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003153-105">[101]</a> His first film for the company, <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1934_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)">The Man Who Knew Too Much</a> (1934), was a success; his second, <a href="/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)">The 39 Steps</a> (1935), was acclaimed in the UK, and gained him recognition in the US. It also established the quintessential English "Hitchcock blonde" (<a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll" title="Madeleine Carroll">Madeleine Carroll</a>) as the template for his succession of ice-cold, elegant leading ladies.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-106">[102]</a> Screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Robert_Towne" title="Robert Towne">Robert Towne</a> remarked: "It's not much of an exaggeration to say that all contemporary escapist entertainment begins with The 39 Steps".<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Thirty-Nine_Steps" title="The Thirty-Nine Steps">The Thirty-Nine Steps</a> on which the film is loosely based, met with Hitchcock on set, and attended the high-profile premiere at the <a href="/wiki/New_Gallery_(London)" title="New Gallery (London)">New Gallery Cinema</a> in London. Upon viewing the film, the author said it had improved on the book.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-106">[102]</a> This film was one of the first to introduce the "<a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a>" plot device, a term coined by the English screenwriter and Hitchcock collaborator <a href="/wiki/Angus_MacPhail" title="Angus MacPhail">Angus MacPhail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> The MacGuffin is an item or goal the protagonist is pursuing, one that otherwise has no narrative value; in The 39 Steps, the MacGuffin is a stolen set of design plans.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Hitchcock released two spy thrillers in 1936. <a href="/wiki/Sabotage_(1936_film)" title="Sabotage (1936 film)">Sabotage</a> was loosely based on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Agent" title="The Secret Agent">The Secret Agent</a> (1907), about a woman who discovers that her husband is a terrorist, and <a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_(1936_film)" title="Secret Agent (1936 film)">Secret Agent</a>, based on two stories in <a href="/wiki/Ashenden:_Or_the_British_Agent" title="Ashenden: Or the British Agent">Ashenden: Or the British Agent</a> (1928) by <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[e]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitchcocks-Joan-Harrison-1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hitchcocks-Joan-Harrison-1937.jpg/220px-Hitchcocks-Joan-Harrison-1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hitchcocks-Joan-Harrison-1937.jpg/330px-Hitchcocks-Joan-Harrison-1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hitchcocks-Joan-Harrison-1937.jpg/440px-Hitchcocks-Joan-Harrison-1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alma_Reville" title="Alma Reville">Alma Reville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Harrison_(screenwriter)" title="Joan Harrison (screenwriter)">Joan Harrison</a>, Hitchcock, and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hitchcock" title="Pat Hitchcock">Pat Hitchcock</a>, 24 August 1937</figcaption></figure> At this time, Hitchcock also became notorious for pranks against the cast and crew. These jokes ranged from simple and innocent to crazy and maniacal. For instance, he hosted a dinner party where he dyed all the food blue because he claimed there weren't enough blue foods. He also had a horse delivered to the dressing room of his friend, actor <a href="/wiki/Gerald_du_Maurier" title="Gerald du Maurier">Gerald du Maurier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> Hitchcock followed up with <a href="/wiki/Young_and_Innocent" title="Young and Innocent">Young and Innocent</a> in 1937, a crime thriller based on the 1936 novel <a href="/wiki/A_Shilling_for_Candles" title="A Shilling for Candles">A Shilling for Candles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Tey" title="Josephine Tey">Josephine Tey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996137-112">[107]</a> Starring <a href="/wiki/Nova_Pilbeam" title="Nova Pilbeam">Nova Pilbeam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derrick_De_Marney" title="Derrick De Marney">Derrick De Marney</a>, the film was relatively enjoyable for the cast and crew to make.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996137-112">[107]</a> To meet distribution purposes in America, the film's runtime was cut and this included removal of one of Hitchcock's favourite scenes: a children's tea party which becomes menacing to the protagonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996138-113">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Lady-Vanishes-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The-Lady-Vanishes-1938.jpg/220px-The-Lady-Vanishes-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The-Lady-Vanishes-1938.jpg/330px-The-Lady-Vanishes-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/The-Lady-Vanishes-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood" title="Margaret Lockwood">Margaret Lockwood</a> (middle) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Redgrave" title="Michael Redgrave">Michael Redgrave</a> (right) in a publicity shot for <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes" title="The Lady Vanishes">The Lady Vanishes</a> (1938)</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock's next major success was <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes" title="The Lady Vanishes">The Lady Vanishes</a> (1938), "one of the greatest train movies from the genre's golden era", according to <a href="/wiki/Philip_French" title="Philip French">Philip French</a>, in which Miss Froy (<a href="/wiki/May_Whitty" title="May Whitty">May Whitty</a>), a British spy posing as a governess, disappears on a train journey through the <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_countries_on_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional countries on the Earth">fictional European country of Bandrika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> The film saw Hitchcock receive the <a href="/wiki/1938_New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards" title="1938 New York Film Critics Circle Awards">1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award</a> for Best Director.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> Benjamin Crisler of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote in June 1938: "Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not: <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a> and Alfred Hitchcock, the greatest director of screen melodramas in the world."<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> The film was based on the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Wheel_Spins" title="The Wheel Spins">The Wheel Spins</a> (1936) written by <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Lina_White" title="Ethel Lina White">Ethel Lina White</a>, and starred <a href="/wiki/Michael_Redgrave" title="Michael Redgrave">Michael Redgrave</a> (in his film debut) and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood" title="Margaret Lockwood">Margaret Lockwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> By 1938, Hitchcock was aware that he had reached his peak in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996140-119">[114]</a> He had received numerous offers from producers in the United States, but he turned them all down because he disliked the contractual obligations or thought the projects were repellent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996141-120">[115]</a> However, producer <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> offered him a concrete proposal to make a film based on the sinking of <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS Titanic</a>, which was eventually shelved, but Selznick persuaded Hitchcock to come to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>. In July 1938, Hitchcock flew to New York, and found that he was already a celebrity; he was featured in magazines and gave interviews to radio stations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996142-121">[116]</a> In Hollywood, Hitchcock met Selznick for the first time. Selznick offered him a four-film contract, approximately $40,000 for each picture (equivalent to $870,000 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996142-121">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Hollywood_years:_1939–1945">Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selznick_contract">Selznick contract</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selznick contract">edit</a>]</div> Selznick signed Hitchcock to a seven-year contract beginning in April 1939,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983121-122">[117]</a> and the Hitchcocks moved to Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> The Hitchcocks lived in a spacious flat on <a href="/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard" title="Wilshire Boulevard">Wilshire Boulevard</a>, and slowly acclimatised themselves to the Los Angeles area. He and his wife Alma kept a low profile, and were not interested in attending parties or being celebrities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996153-124">[119]</a> Hitchcock discovered his taste for fine food in West Hollywood, but still carried on his way of life from England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996154-125">[120]</a> He was impressed with Hollywood's filmmaking culture, expansive budgets and efficiency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996154-125">[120]</a> compared to the limits that he had often faced in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> In June that year, <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> called him the "greatest master of melodrama in screen history".<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> Although Hitchcock and Selznick respected each other, their working arrangements were sometimes difficult. Selznick suffered from constant financial problems, and Hitchcock was often unhappy about Selznick's creative control and interference over his films. Selznick was also displeased with Hitchcock's method of shooting just what was in the script, and nothing more, which meant that the film could not be cut and remade differently at a later time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996152-128">[123]</a> As well as complaining about Hitchcock's "goddamn jigsaw cutting",<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> their personalities were mismatched: Hitchcock was reserved whereas Selznick was flamboyant.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Eventually, Selznick generously lent Hitchcock to the larger film studios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983145-131">[126]</a> Selznick made only a few films each year, as did fellow independent producer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a>, so he did not always have projects for Hitchcock to direct. Goldwyn had also negotiated with Hitchcock on a possible contract, only to be outbid by Selznick. In a later interview, Hitchcock said: "[Selznick] was the Big Producer. ... Producer was king. The most flattering thing Mr. Selznick ever said about me—and it shows you the amount of control—he said I was the 'only director' he'd 'trust with a film'."<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm/220px--Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="163" data-durationhint="143" data-mwtitle="Rebecca_(1940)_-_Trailer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rebecca_(1940)_-_Trailer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="592" data-height="438" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm/Rebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARebecca_%281940%29_-_Trailer.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Trailer for Rebecca (1940)</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock approached American cinema cautiously; his first American film was set in England in which the "Americanness" of the characters was incidental:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002240-133">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a> (1940) was set in a Hollywood version of England's Cornwall and based on a <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(novel)" title="Rebecca (novel)">novel</a> by English novelist <a href="/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier" title="Daphne du Maurier">Daphne du Maurier</a>. Selznick insisted on a faithful adaptation of the book, and disagreed with Hitchcock with the use of humour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996150-134">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996155-135">[130]</a> The film, starring <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Fontaine" title="Joan Fontaine">Joan Fontaine</a>, concerns an unnamed naïve young woman who marries a widowed aristocrat. She lives in his large <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country house</a>, and struggles with the lingering reputation of his elegant and worldly first wife Rebecca, who died under mysterious circumstances. The film won <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> at the <a href="/wiki/13th_Academy_Awards" title="13th Academy Awards">13th Academy Awards</a>; the statuette was given to producer Selznick. Hitchcock received his first nomination for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a>, his first of five such nominations.<a href="#cite_note-Rebecca-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> Hitchcock's second American film was the thriller <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Correspondent_(film)" title="Foreign Correspondent (film)">Foreign Correspondent</a> (1940), set in Europe, based on <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sheean" title="Vincent Sheean">Vincent Sheean</a>'s book Personal History (1935) and produced by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a>. It was nominated for Best Picture that year. Hitchcock felt uneasy living and working in Hollywood while Britain was at <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">war</a>; his concern resulted in a film that overtly supported the British war effort.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> Filmed in 1939, it was inspired by the rapidly changing events in Europe, as covered by an American newspaper reporter played by <a href="/wiki/Joel_McCrea" title="Joel McCrea">Joel McCrea</a>. By mixing footage of European scenes with scenes filmed on a Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Backlot" title="Backlot">backlot</a>, the film avoided direct references to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and Germans, to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">Motion Picture Production Code</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_war_years">Early war years</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early war years">edit</a>]</div> In September 1940, the Hitchcocks bought the 200-acre (0.81 km2) Cornwall Ranch near <a href="/wiki/Scotts_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotts Valley">Scotts Valley</a>, California, in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Their primary residence was an English-style home in <a href="/wiki/Bel_Air,_Los_Angeles" title="Bel Air, Los Angeles">Bel Air</a>, purchased in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Variety_obituary-140">[135]</a> Hitchcock's films were diverse during this period, ranging from the romantic comedy <a href="/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_(1941_film)" title="Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941 film)">Mr. & Mrs. Smith</a> (1941) to the bleak <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a> (1943). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cary_Grant_Joan_Fontaine_Suspicion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cary_Grant_Joan_Fontaine_Suspicion.jpg/170px-Cary_Grant_Joan_Fontaine_Suspicion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cary_Grant_Joan_Fontaine_Suspicion.jpg/255px-Cary_Grant_Joan_Fontaine_Suspicion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cary_Grant_Joan_Fontaine_Suspicion.jpg/340px-Cary_Grant_Joan_Fontaine_Suspicion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Fontaine" title="Joan Fontaine">Joan Fontaine</a> in a publicity shot for <a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)" title="Suspicion (1941 film)">Suspicion</a> (1941)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)" title="Suspicion (1941 film)">Suspicion</a> (1941) marked Hitchcock's first film as a producer and director. It is set in England; Hitchcock used the north coast of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a> for the English coastline sequence. The film is the first of four in which <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> was cast by Hitchcock, and it is one of the rare occasions that Grant plays a sinister character. Grant plays Johnnie Aysgarth, an English <a href="/wiki/Conman" class="mw-redirect" title="Conman">conman</a> whose actions raise suspicion and anxiety in his shy young English wife, Lina McLaidlaw (<a href="/wiki/Joan_Fontaine" title="Joan Fontaine">Joan Fontaine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitty2016434–435-141">[136]</a> In one scene, Hitchcock placed a light inside a glass of milk, perhaps poisoned, that Grant is bringing to his wife; the light ensures that the audience's attention is on the glass. Grant's character is actually a killer, according to the book, <a href="/wiki/Before_the_Fact" title="Before the Fact">Before the Fact</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Iles" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Iles">Francis Iles</a>, but the studio felt that Grant's image would be tarnished by that. Hitchcock would have preferred to end with the wife's murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983142–143-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[f]</a> Instead, the actions that she found suspicious are a reflection of his own despair and his plan to commit suicide. Fontaine won <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a> for her performance.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saboteur_(film)" title="Saboteur (film)">Saboteur</a> (1942) is the first of two films that Hitchcock made for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> during the decade. Hitchcock wanted <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> or <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tierney" title="Gene Tierney">Gene Tierney</a> to star, but was forced by Universal to use Universal contract player <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cummings" title="Robert Cummings">Robert Cummings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Lane" title="Priscilla Lane">Priscilla Lane</a>, a freelancer who signed a one-picture deal with the studio, both known for their work in comedies and light dramas.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> The story depicts a confrontation between a suspected saboteur (Cummings) and a real saboteur (<a href="/wiki/Norman_Lloyd" title="Norman Lloyd">Norman Lloyd</a>) atop the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>. Hitchcock took a three-day tour of New York City to scout for Saboteur's filming locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003445-147">[141]</a> He also directed Have You Heard? (1942), a photographic dramatisation for <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine of the <a href="/wiki/Loose_lips_sink_ships" title="Loose lips sink ships">dangers of rumours during wartime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> In 1943, he wrote a mystery story for <a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a>, "The Murder of <a href="/wiki/Monty_Woolley" title="Monty Woolley">Monty Woolley</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunsdale2010442-149">[143]</a> a sequence of captioned photographs inviting the reader to find clues to the murderer's identity; Hitchcock cast the performers as themselves, such as Woolley, Doris Merrick and make-up man Guy Pearce.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm/220px--Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="163" data-durationhint="82" data-mwtitle="Shadow_of_a_Doubt_(1943)_-_Trailer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Shadow_of_a_Doubt_(1943)_-_Trailer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="622" data-height="462" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm/Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm/Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="484" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm/Shadow_of_a_Doubt_%281943%29_-_Trailer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="484" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a> (1943) trailer with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Wright" title="Teresa Wright">Teresa Wright</a></figcaption></figure> Back in England, Hitchcock's mother Emma was severely ill; she died on 26 September 1942 at age 79. Hitchcock never spoke publicly about his mother, but his assistant said that he admired her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003321-150">[144]</a> Four months later, on 4 January 1943, his brother William died of an overdose at age 52.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003325-151">[145]</a> Hitchcock was not very close to William,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996193-152">[146]</a> but his death made Hitchcock conscious about his own eating and drinking habits. He was overweight and suffering from back aches. His New Year's resolution in 1943 was to take his diet seriously with the help of a physician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003326-153">[147]</a> In January that year, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a> was released, which Hitchcock had fond memories of making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003327-154">[148]</a> In the film, Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (<a href="/wiki/Teresa_Wright" title="Teresa Wright">Teresa Wright</a>) suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a>) of being a serial killer. Hitchcock filmed extensively on location, this time in the Northern California city of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> At <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a>, Hitchcock approached <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> with an idea for a film, which recorded the experiences of the survivors of a German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> attack. Steinbeck began work on the script for what would become <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(1944_film)" title="Lifeboat (1944 film)">Lifeboat</a> (1944). However, Steinbeck was unhappy with the film and asked that his name be removed from the credits, to no avail. The idea was rewritten as a short story by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Sylvester" title="Harry Sylvester">Harry Sylvester</a> and published in <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's</a> in 1943. The action sequences were shot in a small boat in the studio water tank. The locale posed problems for Hitchcock's traditional cameo appearance; it was solved by having Hitchcock's image appear in a newspaper that <a href="/wiki/William_Bendix" title="William Bendix">William Bendix</a> is reading in the boat, showing the director in a before-and-after advertisement for "Reduco-Obesity Slayer". He told Truffaut in 1962: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">At the time, I was on a strenuous diet, painfully working my way from three hundred to two hundred pounds. So I decided to immortalize my loss and get my bit part by posing for "before" and "after" pictures. ... I was literally submerged by letters from fat people who wanted to know where and how they could get Reduco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983158–159-156">[150]</a></blockquote> Hitchcock's typical dinner before his weight loss had been a roast chicken, boiled ham, potatoes, bread, vegetables, relishes, salad, dessert, a bottle of wine and some brandy. To lose weight, his diet consisted of black coffee for breakfast and lunch, and steak and salad for dinner,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003326-153">[147]</a> but it was hard to maintain; Donald Spoto wrote that his weight fluctuated considerably over the next 40 years. At the end of 1943, despite the weight loss, the Occidental Insurance Company of Los Angeles refused his application for life insurance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1999266–267-157">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wartime_non-fiction_films">Wartime non-fiction films</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wartime non-fiction films">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_Concentration_Camps_Factual_Survey" title="German Concentration Camps Factual Survey">German Concentration Camps Factual Survey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; padding:1.2em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I felt the need to make a little contribution to the war effort, and I was both overweight and over-age for military service. I knew that if I did nothing, I'd regret it for the rest of my life </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Alfred Hitchcock (1967)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983159-158">[152]</a></cite> </div> Hitchcock returned to the UK for an extended visit in late 1943 and early 1944. While there he made two short <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">propaganda films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Voyage_(1944_film)" title="Bon Voyage (1944 film)">Bon Voyage</a> (1944) and <a href="/wiki/Aventure_Malgache" title="Aventure Malgache">Aventure Malgache</a> (1944), for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a>. In June and July 1945, Hitchcock served as "treatment advisor" on a <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> documentary that used <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Forces</a> footage of the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. The film was assembled in London and produced by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bernstein,_Baron_Bernstein" title="Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein">Sidney Bernstein</a> of the Ministry of Information, who brought Hitchcock (a friend of his) on board. It was originally intended to be broadcast to the Germans, but the British government deemed it too traumatic to be shown to a shocked post-war population. Instead, it was transferred in 1952 from the <a href="/wiki/British_War_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British War Office">British War Office</a> film vaults to London's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> and remained unreleased until 1985, when an edited version was broadcast as an episode of <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a>, under the title the Imperial War Museum had given it: Memory of the Camps. The full-length version of the film, <a href="/wiki/German_Concentration_Camps_Factual_Survey" title="German Concentration Camps Factual Survey">German Concentration Camps Factual Survey</a>, was restored in 2014 by scholars at the Imperial War Museum.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeffries9Jan2015-160">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_Hollywood_years:_1945–1953">Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Selznick_films">Later Selznick films</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later Selznick films">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spellbound-1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Spellbound-1945.jpg/220px-Spellbound-1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Spellbound-1945.jpg/330px-Spellbound-1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Spellbound-1945.jpg/440px-Spellbound-1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(1945_film)" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</a> (1945)</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock worked for David Selznick again when he directed <a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(1945_film)" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</a> (1945), which explores <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> and features a <a href="/wiki/Dream_sequence" title="Dream sequence">dream sequence</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> The dream sequence as it appears in the film is ten minutes shorter than was originally envisioned; Selznick edited it to make it "play" more effectively.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> plays amnesiac Dr. Anthony Edwardes under the treatment of analyst Dr. Peterson (<a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>), who falls in love with him while trying to unlock his repressed past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitty2016408–412-164">[158]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Point-of-view_shot" title="Point-of-view shot">point-of-view</a> shots were achieved by building a large wooden hand (which would appear to belong to the character whose point of view the camera took) and out-sized props for it to hold: a bucket-sized glass of milk and a large wooden gun. For added novelty and impact, the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red on some copies of the black-and-white film. The original musical score by <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Miklós Rózsa">Miklós Rózsa</a> makes use of the <a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">theremin</a>, and some of it was later adapted by the composer into Rozsa's Piano Concerto Op. 31 (1967) for piano and orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The spy film <a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a> followed next in 1946. Hitchcock told François Truffaut that Selznick sold him, Ingrid Bergman, Cary Grant and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hecht" title="Ben Hecht">Ben Hecht</a>'s screenplay, to <a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Radio Pictures">RKO Radio Pictures</a> as a "package" for $500,000 (equivalent to $7.8 million in 2023) because of cost overruns on Selznick's <a href="/wiki/Duel_in_the_Sun_(film)" title="Duel in the Sun (film)">Duel in the Sun</a> (1946).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Notorious stars Bergman and Grant, both Hitchcock collaborators, and features a plot about Nazis, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and South America. His prescient use of uranium as a plot device led to him being briefly placed under surveillance by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983168-166">[160]</a> According to Patrick McGilligan, in or around March 1945, Hitchcock and Hecht consulted <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> about the development of a uranium bomb. Selznick complained that the notion was "science fiction", only to be confronted by the news of the detonation of two atomic bombs on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> in Japan in August 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003370–371-167">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transatlantic_Pictures">Transatlantic Pictures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transatlantic Pictures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ropetrailer2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A typical scene from Rope showing James Stewart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ropetrailer2.jpg/220px-Ropetrailer2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ropetrailer2.jpg/330px-Ropetrailer2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ropetrailer2.jpg/440px-Ropetrailer2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>A typical shot from <a href="/wiki/Rope_(film)" title="Rope (film)">Rope</a> (1948) with <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> turning his back to the fixed camera</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock formed an independent production company, <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Pictures" title="Transatlantic Pictures">Transatlantic Pictures</a>, with his friend <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bernstein,_Baron_Bernstein" title="Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein">Sidney Bernstein</a>. He made two films with Transatlantic, one of which was his first colour film. With <a href="/wiki/Rope_(film)" title="Rope (film)">Rope</a> (1948), Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with Lifeboat. The film appears as a very limited number of continuous shots, but it was actually shot in 10 ranging from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4+1⁄2 to 10 minutes each; a 10-minute length of film was the most that a camera's film magazine could hold at the time. Some transitions between reels were hidden by having a dark object fill the entire screen for a moment. Hitchcock used those points to hide the cut, and began the next take with the camera in the same place. The film features <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> in the leading role, and was the first of four films that Stewart made with Hitchcock. It was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_and_Loeb" title="Leopold and Loeb">Leopold and Loeb</a> case of the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003421-168">[162]</a> Critical response at the time was mixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004-169">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</a> (1949), set in 19th-century Australia, also uses the short-lived technique of long takes, but to a more limited extent. He again used <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> in this production, then returned to <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> for several years. Transatlantic Pictures became inactive after the last two films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1999138-170">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996179-171">[165]</a> Hitchcock filmed <a href="/wiki/Stage_Fright_(1950_film)" title="Stage Fright (1950 film)">Stage Fright</a> (1950) at <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios</a> in England, where he had worked during his British International Pictures contract many years before.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> He paired one of <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>' most popular stars, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Wyman" title="Jane Wyman">Jane Wyman</a>, with the expatriate German actor <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> and used several prominent British actors, including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilding" title="Michael Wilding">Michael Wilding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Todd" title="Richard Todd">Richard Todd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Sim" title="Alastair Sim">Alastair Sim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> This was Hitchcock's first proper production for Warner Bros., which had distributed Rope and Under Capricorn, because Transatlantic Pictures was experiencing financial difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> His thriller <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a> (1951) was based on the <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(novel)" title="Strangers on a Train (novel)">novel of the same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Highsmith" title="Patricia Highsmith">Patricia Highsmith</a>. Hitchcock combined many elements from his preceding films. He approached <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a> to write the dialogue, but <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler">Raymond Chandler</a> took over, then left over disagreements with the director. In the film, two men casually meet, one of whom speculates on a foolproof method to murder; he suggests that two people, each wishing to do away with someone, should each perform the other's murder. <a href="/wiki/Farley_Granger" title="Farley Granger">Farley Granger</a>'s role was as the innocent victim of the scheme, while <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walker_(actor,_born_1918)" title="Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)">Robert Walker</a>, previously known for "boy-next-door" roles, played the villain.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/I_Confess_(film)" title="I Confess (film)">I Confess</a> (1953) was set in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a> with <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Clift" title="Montgomery Clift">Montgomery Clift</a> as a Catholic priest.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_years:_1954–1964">Peak years: 1954–1964</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Peak years: 1954–1964">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dial_M_for_Murder_and_Rear_Window">Dial M for Murder and Rear Window</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dial M for Murder and Rear Window">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rearwindow_trailer_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Still image from the film Read Window featuring Stewart and Kelly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rearwindow_trailer_2.jpg/220px-Rearwindow_trailer_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rearwindow_trailer_2.jpg/330px-Rearwindow_trailer_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rearwindow_trailer_2.jpg/440px-Rearwindow_trailer_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a> (1954)</figcaption></figure> I Confess was followed by three colour films starring <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder" title="Dial M for Murder">Dial M for Murder</a> (1954), <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a> (1954) and <a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief" title="To Catch a Thief">To Catch a Thief</a> (1955). In Dial M for Murder, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Milland" title="Ray Milland">Ray Milland</a> plays the villain who tries to murder his unfaithful wife (Kelly) for her money. She kills the hired assassin in self-defence, so Milland manipulates the evidence to make it look like murder. Her lover, Mark Halliday (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Cummings" title="Robert Cummings">Robert Cummings</a>), and Police Inspector Hubbard (<a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(actor)" title="John Williams (actor)">John Williams</a>) save her from execution.<a href="#cite_note-Leitch_2002._p._78-80-177">[171]</a> Hitchcock experimented with <a href="/wiki/3-D_film" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D film">3D cinematography</a> for Dial M for Murder.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> Hitchcock moved to <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> and filmed <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a> (1954), starring James Stewart and Grace Kelly, as well as <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Ritter" title="Thelma Ritter">Thelma Ritter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Burr" title="Raymond Burr">Raymond Burr</a>. Stewart's character is a photographer named Jeff (based on <a href="/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Robert Capa</a>) who must temporarily use a wheelchair. Out of boredom, he begins observing his neighbours across the courtyard, then becomes convinced that one of them (Raymond Burr) has murdered his wife. Jeff eventually manages to convince his policeman buddy (<a href="/wiki/Wendell_Corey" title="Wendell Corey">Wendell Corey</a>) and his girlfriend (Kelly). As with Lifeboat and Rope, the principal characters are depicted in confined or cramped quarters, in this case Stewart's studio apartment. Hitchcock uses close-ups of Stewart's face to show his character's reactions, "from the comic voyeurism directed at his neighbours to his helpless terror watching Kelly and Burr in the villain's apartment".<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents">Alfred Hitchcock Presents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alfred Hitchcock Presents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Hitchcock_and_family_circa_1955.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alfred_Hitchcock_and_family_circa_1955.JPG/170px-Alfred_Hitchcock_and_family_circa_1955.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alfred_Hitchcock_and_family_circa_1955.JPG/255px-Alfred_Hitchcock_and_family_circa_1955.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alfred_Hitchcock_and_family_circa_1955.JPG/340px-Alfred_Hitchcock_and_family_circa_1955.JPG 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>The Hitchcocks with their <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hitchcock" title="Pat Hitchcock">daughter</a>, son-in-law, and granddaughters, c. 1955–1956</figcaption></figure> From 1955 to 1965, Hitchcock was the host of the television series <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents" title="Alfred Hitchcock Presents">Alfred Hitchcock Presents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents-180">[174]</a> With his droll delivery, gallows humour and iconic image, the series made Hitchcock a celebrity. The title-sequence of the show pictured a minimalist caricature of his profile (he drew it himself; it is composed of only nine strokes), which his real silhouette then filled.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> The series theme tune was <a href="/wiki/Funeral_March_of_a_Marionette" title="Funeral March of a Marionette">Funeral March of a Marionette</a> by the French composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a> (1818–1893).<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> His introductions always included some sort of wry humour, such as the description of a recent multi-person execution hampered by having only one <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a>, while two are shown with a sign "Two chairs—no waiting!" He directed 18 episodes of the series, which aired from 1955 to 1965. It became <a href="/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alfred Hitchcock Hour">The Alfred Hitchcock Hour</a> in 1962, and NBC broadcast the final episode on 10 May 1965. In the 1980s, a <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents_(1985_TV_series)" title="Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1985 TV series)">new version</a> of Alfred Hitchcock Presents was produced for television, making use of Hitchcock's original introductions in a <a href="/wiki/Colourised" class="mw-redirect" title="Colourised">colourised</a> form.<a href="#cite_note-Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents-180">[174]</a> Hitchcock's success in television spawned a set of short-story collections in his name; these included <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock%27s_Anthology" title="Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology">Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology</a>, Stories They Wouldn't Let Me Do on TV, and Tales My Mother Never Told Me.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996202-183">[177]</a> In 1956, HSD Publications also licensed the director's name to create <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock%27s_Mystery_Magazine" title="Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine">Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine</a>, a monthly <a href="/wiki/Digest_size" title="Digest size">digest</a> specialising in crime and detective fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996202-183">[177]</a> Hitchcock's television series were very profitable, and his foreign-language versions of books were bringing revenues of up to $100,000 a year (equivalent to $1,030,000 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996203-184">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_To_Catch_a_Thief_to_Vertigo">From To Catch a Thief to Vertigo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: From To Catch a Thief to Vertigo">edit</a>]</div> In 1955, Hitchcock became a United States citizen.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> In the same year, his third Grace Kelly film, <a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief" title="To Catch a Thief">To Catch a Thief</a>, was released; it is set in the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>, and stars Kelly and Cary Grant. Grant plays retired thief John Robie, who becomes the prime suspect for a spate of robberies in the Riviera. A thrill-seeking American heiress played by Kelly surmises his true identity and tries to seduce him. "Despite the obvious age disparity between Grant and Kelly and a lightweight plot, the witty script (loaded with double entendres) and the good-natured acting proved a commercial success."<a href="#cite_note-Leitch_2002._p._366-186">[180]</a> It was Hitchcock's last film with Kelly; she married <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rainier" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rainier">Prince Rainier</a> of Monaco in 1956, and ended her film career afterward. Hitchcock then remade his own <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1934_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)">1934 film</a> The Man Who Knew Too Much <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1956_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)">in 1956</a>. This time, the film starred James Stewart and <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a>, who sang the theme song "<a href="/wiki/Que_Sera,_Sera" class="mw-redirect" title="Que Sera, Sera">Que Sera, Sera</a>", which won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song" title="Academy Award for Best Original Song">Academy Award for Best Original Song</a> and became a big hit. They play a couple whose son is kidnapped to prevent them from interfering with an assassination. As in the 1934 film, the climax takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wrong_Man" title="The Wrong Man">The Wrong Man</a> (1956), Hitchcock's final film for Warner Bros., is a low-key black-and-white production based on a real-life case of <a href="/wiki/Mistaken_identity" title="Mistaken identity">mistaken identity</a> reported in Life magazine in 1953. This was the only film of Hitchcock to star <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, playing a <a href="/wiki/Stork_Club" title="Stork Club">Stork Club</a> musician mistaken for a liquor store thief, who is arrested and tried for robbery while his wife (<a href="/wiki/Vera_Miles" title="Vera Miles">Vera Miles</a>) emotionally collapses under the strain. Hitchcock told Truffaut that his lifelong fear of the police attracted him to the subject and was embedded in many scenes.<a href="#cite_note-Leitch_2002._p._377-188">[182]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertigo_1958_trailer_Kim_Novak_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge_Fort_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Still image from the film Vertigo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vertigo_1958_trailer_Kim_Novak_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge_Fort_Point.jpg/220px-Vertigo_1958_trailer_Kim_Novak_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge_Fort_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vertigo_1958_trailer_Kim_Novak_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge_Fort_Point.jpg/330px-Vertigo_1958_trailer_Kim_Novak_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge_Fort_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vertigo_1958_trailer_Kim_Novak_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge_Fort_Point.jpg/440px-Vertigo_1958_trailer_Kim_Novak_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge_Fort_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Novak" title="Kim Novak">Kim Novak</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge">Golden Gate Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> (1958)<a href="#cite_note-189">[g]</a></figcaption></figure> While directing episodes for Alfred Hitchcock Presents during the summer of 1957, Hitchcock was admitted to hospital for <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</a>, and had to have his <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> removed. Following a successful surgery, he immediately returned to work to prepare for his next project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996212-190">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004-169">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> (1958) again starred James Stewart, with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Novak" title="Kim Novak">Kim Novak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bel_Geddes" title="Barbara Bel Geddes">Barbara Bel Geddes</a>. He had wanted <a href="/wiki/Vera_Miles" title="Vera Miles">Vera Miles</a> to play the lead, but she was pregnant. He told <a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a>: "I was offering her a big part, the chance to become a beautiful sophisticated blonde, a real actress. We'd have spent a heap of dollars on it, and she has the bad taste to get pregnant. I hate pregnant women, because then they have children."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallaci1963-191">[184]</a> In Vertigo, Stewart plays Scottie, a former police investigator suffering from <a href="/wiki/Acrophobia" title="Acrophobia">acrophobia</a>, who becomes obsessed with a woman he has been hired to shadow (Novak). Scottie's obsession leads to tragedy, and this time Hitchcock did not opt for a happy ending. Some critics, including Donald Spoto and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>, agree that Vertigo is the director's most personal and revealing film, dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a>-like obsessions of a man who moulds a woman into the person he desires. Vertigo explores more frankly and at greater length his interest in the relation between sex and death, than any other work in his filmography.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> Vertigo contains a camera technique developed by Irmin Roberts, commonly referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">dolly zoom</a>, which has been copied by many filmmakers. The film premiered at the <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival" title="San Sebastián International Film Festival">San Sebastián International Film Festival</a>, and Hitchcock won the Silver Seashell prize.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a> Vertigo is considered a classic, but it attracted mixed reviews and poor box-office receipts at the time;<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> the critic from <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> opined that the film was "too slow and too long".<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bosley_Crowther" title="Bosley Crowther">Bosley Crowther</a> of the New York Times thought it was "devilishly far-fetched", but praised the cast performances and Hitchcock's direction.<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> The picture was also the last collaboration between Stewart and Hitchcock.<a href="#cite_note-Leitch_2002._p._376-77-197">[190]</a> In the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">Sight & Sound</a> polls, it ranked just behind <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941); ten years later, in the same magazine, critics chose it as the best film ever made.<a href="#cite_note-Christie2012-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_by_Northwest_and_Psycho">North by Northwest and Psycho</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: North by Northwest and Psycho">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(franchise)" title="Psycho (franchise)">Psycho (franchise)</a></div> After Vertigo, the rest of 1958 was a difficult year for Hitchcock. During <a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">pre-production</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a> (1959), which was a "slow" and "agonising" process, his wife Alma was diagnosed with cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996217-198">[191]</a> While she was in hospital, Hitchcock kept himself occupied with his television work and would visit her every day. Alma underwent surgery and made a full recovery, but it caused Hitchcock to imagine, for the first time, life without her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996217-198">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitchcock_Leigh_Psycho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Alfred Hitchcock & Janet Leigh from the 1960 film Psycho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hitchcock_Leigh_Psycho.jpg/170px-Hitchcock_Leigh_Psycho.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hitchcock_Leigh_Psycho.jpg/255px-Hitchcock_Leigh_Psycho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hitchcock_Leigh_Psycho.jpg/340px-Hitchcock_Leigh_Psycho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>Hitchcock shooting the shower scene of Psycho (1960)</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock followed up with three more successful films, which are also recognised as among his best: North by Northwest, <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a> (1960) and <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a> (1963). In North by Northwest, Cary Grant portrays Roger Thornhill, a <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a> advertising executive who is mistaken for a government secret agent. He is pursued across the United States by enemy agents, including Eve Kendall (<a href="/wiki/Eva_Marie_Saint" title="Eva Marie Saint">Eva Marie Saint</a>). At first, Thornhill believes Kendall is helping him, but then realises that she is an enemy agent; he later learns that she is working undercover for the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. During its opening two-week run at <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a>, the film grossed $404,056 (equivalent to $4.2 million in 2023), setting a non-holiday gross record for that theatre.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine called the film "smoothly troweled and thoroughly entertaining".<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a> (1960) is arguably Hitchcock's best-known film.<a href="#cite_note-Leitch_2002._p._260-201">[194]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bloch" title="Robert Bloch">Robert Bloch</a>'s 1959 novel <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(novel)" title="Psycho (novel)">Psycho</a>, which was inspired by the case of <a href="/wiki/Ed_Gein" title="Ed Gein">Ed Gein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> the film was produced on a tight budget of $800,000 (equivalent to $8.2 million in 2023) and shot in black-and-white on a spare set using crew members from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents" title="Alfred Hitchcock Presents">Alfred Hitchcock Presents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> The unprecedented violence of the shower scene,<a href="#cite_note-205">[h]</a> the early death of the heroine, and the innocent lives extinguished by a disturbed murderer became the hallmarks of a new horror-film genre.<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> The film proved popular with audiences, with lines stretching outside theatres as viewers waited for the next showing. It broke box-office records in the United Kingdom, France, South America, the United States and Canada, and was a moderate success in Australia for a brief period.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh_1995-207">[199]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Psycho was the most profitable of Hitchcock's career, and he personally earned in excess of $15 million (equivalent to $150 million in 2023). He subsequently swapped his rights to Psycho and his TV anthology for 150,000 shares of <a href="/wiki/MCA_Inc." title="MCA Inc.">MCA</a>, making him the third largest shareholder and his own boss at Universal, in theory at least, although that did not stop studio interference.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh_1995-207">[199]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebello1990182-208">[200]</a> Following the first film, Psycho became an American horror <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">franchise</a>: <a href="/wiki/Psycho_II_(film)" title="Psycho II (film)">Psycho II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psycho_III" title="Psycho III">Psycho III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bates_Motel_(film)" title="Bates Motel (film)">Bates Motel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psycho_IV:_The_Beginning" title="Psycho IV: The Beginning">Psycho IV: The Beginning</a> and a colour <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1998_film)" title="Psycho (1998 film)">1998 remake</a> of the original.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerevis200622-209">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Truffaut_interview">Truffaut interview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Truffaut interview">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock/Truffaut" title="Hitchcock/Truffaut">Hitchcock/Truffaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock/Truffaut_(film)" title="Hitchcock/Truffaut (film)">Hitchcock/Truffaut (film)</a></div> On 13 August 1962, Hitchcock's 63rd birthday, the French director <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> began a 50-hour interview of Hitchcock, filmed over eight days at Universal Studios, during which Hitchcock agreed to answer 500 questions. It took four years to transcribe the tapes and organise the images; it was published as a book in 1967, which Truffaut nicknamed the "Hitchbook". The audio tapes were used as the basis of a documentary in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198312-210">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a> Truffaut sought the interview because it was clear to him that Hitchcock was not simply the mass-market entertainer the American media made him out to be. It was obvious from his films, Truffaut wrote, that Hitchcock had "given more thought to the potential of his art than any of his colleagues". He compared the interview to "Oedipus' consultation of the oracle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198311–12-212">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Birds">The Birds</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Birds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_(2012_TV_film)" title="The Girl (2012 TV film)">The Girl (2012 TV film)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tippi_Hedren#Sexual_harassment" title="Tippi Hedren">Tippi Hedren § Sexual harassment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm/220px--The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="311" data-mwtitle="The_Birds_trailer_(1963).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Birds_trailer_(1963).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm/The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="358" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="358" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm/The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="358" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm/The_Birds_trailer_%281963%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="238" /></video><figcaption>Trailer for <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a> (1963), in which Hitchcock discusses humanity's treatment of "our feathered friends"</figcaption></figure> The film scholar Peter William Evans wrote that <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a> (1963) and <a href="/wiki/Marnie_(film)" title="Marnie (film)">Marnie</a> (1964) are regarded as "undisputed masterpieces".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004-169">[163]</a> Hitchcock had intended to film Marnie first, and in March 1962 it was announced that Grace Kelly, Princess Grace of Monaco since 1956, would come out of retirement to star in it.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a> When Kelly asked Hitchcock to postpone Marnie until 1963 or 1964, he recruited <a href="/wiki/Evan_Hunter" title="Evan Hunter">Evan Hunter</a>, author of The Blackboard Jungle (1954), to develop a screenplay based on a <a href="/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier" title="Daphne du Maurier">Daphne du Maurier</a> short story, "<a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(story)" title="The Birds (story)">The Birds</a>" (1952), which Hitchcock had republished in his My Favorites in Suspense (1959). He hired <a href="/wiki/Tippi_Hedren" title="Tippi Hedren">Tippi Hedren</a> to play the lead role.<a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a> It was her first role; she had been a model in New York when Hitchcock saw her, in October 1961, in an NBC television advert for <a href="/wiki/Sego_(diet_drink)" title="Sego (diet drink)">Sego</a>, a diet drink:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoral201315-215">[207]</a> "I signed her because she is a classic beauty. Movies don't have them any more. Grace Kelly was the last." He insisted, without explanation, that her first name be written in single quotation marks: 'Tippi'.<a href="#cite_note-218">[i]</a> In The Birds, Melanie Daniels, a young socialite, meets lawyer Mitch Brenner (<a href="/wiki/Rod_Taylor" title="Rod Taylor">Rod Taylor</a>) in a bird shop; <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a> plays his possessive mother. Hedren visits him in <a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay,_California" title="Bodega Bay, California">Bodega Bay</a> (where The Birds was filmed)<a href="#cite_note-McDonald1April1962-216">[208]</a> carrying a pair of <a href="/wiki/Lovebird" title="Lovebird">lovebirds</a> as a gift. Suddenly waves of birds start gathering, watching, and attacking. The question: "What do the birds want?" is left unanswered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman2014203-219">[210]</a> Hitchcock made the film with equipment from the Revue Studio, which made Alfred Hitchcock Presents. He said it was his most technically challenging film, using a combination of trained and mechanical birds against a backdrop of wild ones. Every shot was sketched in advance.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald1April1962-216">[208]</a> An <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>/<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television film, <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_(2012_TV_film)" title="The Girl (2012 TV film)">The Girl</a> (2012), depicted Hedren's experiences on set; she said that Hitchcock <a href="/wiki/Tippi_Hedren#Allegations_of_sexual_harassment" title="Tippi Hedren">became obsessed with her</a> and sexually harassed her. He reportedly isolated her from the rest of the crew, had her followed, whispered obscenities to her, had her handwriting analysed and had a ramp built from his private office directly into her trailer.<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldman5October2012-221">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Baker" title="Diane Baker">Diane Baker</a>, her co-star in Marnie, said: "[N]othing could have been more horrible for me than to arrive on that movie set and to see her being treated the way she was."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto2008265-222">[213]</a> While filming the attack scene in the attic — which took a week to film — she was placed in a caged room while two men wearing <a href="/wiki/Evening_glove" title="Evening glove">elbow-length protective gloves</a> threw live birds at her. Toward the end of the week, to stop the birds' flying away from her too soon, one leg of each bird was attached by nylon thread to elastic bands sewn inside her clothes. She broke down after a bird cut her lower eyelid, and filming was halted on doctor's orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1999457–459-223">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marnie">Marnie</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Marnie">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm/220px--Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="121" data-durationhint="286" data-mwtitle="Marnie_(1964)_trailer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Marnie_(1964)_trailer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="140" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm/Marnie_%281964%29_trailer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" /></video><figcaption>Trailer for <a href="/wiki/Marnie_(film)" title="Marnie (film)">Marnie</a> (1964)</figcaption></figure> In June 1962, Grace Kelly announced that she had decided against appearing in <a href="/wiki/Marnie_(film)" title="Marnie (film)">Marnie</a> (1964). Hedren had signed an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract with Hitchcock in October 1961,<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a> and he decided to cast her in the lead role opposite <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>. In 2016, describing Hedren's performance as "one of the greatest in the history of cinema", <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brody" title="Richard Brody">Richard Brody</a> called the film a "story of sexual violence" inflicted on the character played by Hedren: "The film is, to put it simply, sick, and it's so because Hitchcock was sick. He suffered all his life from furious sexual desire, suffered from the lack of its gratification, suffered from the inability to transform fantasy into reality, and then went ahead and did so virtually, by way of his art."<a href="#cite_note-Brody17Aug2016-225">[216]</a> A 1964 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> review called it Hitchcock's "most disappointing film in years", citing Hedren's and Connery's lack of experience, an amateurish script and "glaringly fake cardboard backdrops".<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> In the film, Marnie Edgar (Hedren) steals $10,000 from her employer and goes on the run. She applies for a job at Mark Rutland's (Connery) company in Philadelphia and steals from there too. Earlier, she is shown having a panic attack during a thunderstorm and fearing the colour red. Mark tracks her down and blackmails her into marrying him. She explains that she does not want to be touched, but during the "honeymoon", Mark rapes her. Marnie and Mark discover that Marnie's mother had been a prostitute when Marnie was a child, and that, while the mother was fighting with a client during a thunderstorm — the mother believed the client had tried to molest Marnie — Marnie had killed the client to save her mother. Cured of her fears when she remembers what happened, she decides to stay with Mark.<a href="#cite_note-Brody17Aug2016-225">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cleaver13Aug2012-227">[218]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_Alfred_Hitchcock_1411-15A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pat_Nixon_Alfred_Hitchcock_1411-15A.jpg/170px-Pat_Nixon_Alfred_Hitchcock_1411-15A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pat_Nixon_Alfred_Hitchcock_1411-15A.jpg/255px-Pat_Nixon_Alfred_Hitchcock_1411-15A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pat_Nixon_Alfred_Hitchcock_1411-15A.jpg/340px-Pat_Nixon_Alfred_Hitchcock_1411-15A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="5311" /></a><figcaption>The Hitchcocks with First Lady <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> and first daughter <a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> in 1969</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock told cinematographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burks" title="Robert Burks">Robert Burks</a> that the camera had to be placed as close as possible to Hedren when he filmed her face.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1999471-228">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evan_Hunter" title="Evan Hunter">Evan Hunter</a>, the screenwriter of The Birds who was writing Marnie too, explained to Hitchcock that, if Mark loved Marnie, he would comfort her, not rape her. Hitchcock reportedly replied: "Evan, when he sticks it in her, I want that camera right on her face!"<a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> When Hunter submitted two versions of the script, one without the rape scene, Hitchcock replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Jay_Presson_Allen" title="Jay Presson Allen">Jay Presson Allen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoral201338–39-230">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years:_1966–1980">Later years: 1966–1980</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Later years: 1966–1980">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_films">Final films</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Final films">edit</a>]</div> Failing health reduced Hitchcock's output during the last two decades of his life. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Rebello" title="Stephen Rebello">Stephen Rebello</a> claimed Universal imposed two films on him, <a href="/wiki/Torn_Curtain" title="Torn Curtain">Torn Curtain</a> (1966) and <a href="/wiki/Topaz_(1969_film)" title="Topaz (1969 film)">Topaz</a> (1969), the latter of which is based on a <a href="/wiki/Leon_Uris" title="Leon Uris">Leon Uris</a> novel, partly set in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebello1990188-231">[222]</a> Both were spy thrillers with <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>-related themes. Torn Curtain, with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>, precipitated the bitter end of the twelve-year collaboration between Hitchcock and composer <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> Hitchcock was unhappy with Herrmann's score and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/John_Addison" title="John Addison">John Addison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Livingston" title="Jay Livingston">Jay Livingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Evans" title="Ray Evans">Ray Evans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002273–274-233">[224]</a> Upon release, Torn Curtain was a box office disappointment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983328-234">[225]</a> and Topaz was disliked by both critics and the studio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983333-235">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Hitchcock_and_Karen_Black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alfred_Hitchcock_and_Karen_Black.jpg/170px-Alfred_Hitchcock_and_Karen_Black.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alfred_Hitchcock_and_Karen_Black.jpg/255px-Alfred_Hitchcock_and_Karen_Black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alfred_Hitchcock_and_Karen_Black.jpg/340px-Alfred_Hitchcock_and_Karen_Black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Hitchcock with <a href="/wiki/Karen_Black" title="Karen Black">Karen Black</a> during a press junket for <a href="/wiki/Family_Plot" title="Family Plot">Family Plot</a> (1976)</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock returned to Britain to make his penultimate film, <a href="/wiki/Frenzy" title="Frenzy">Frenzy</a> (1972), based on the novel <a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Piccadilly,_Farewell_Leicester_Square" title="Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square">Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square</a> (1966). After two espionage films, the plot marked a return to the murder-thriller genre. Richard Blaney (<a href="/wiki/Jon_Finch" title="Jon Finch">Jon Finch</a>), a volatile barman with a history of explosive anger, becomes the prime suspect in the investigation into the "Necktie Murders", which are actually committed by his friend Bob Rusk (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Foster_(actor)" title="Barry Foster (actor)">Barry Foster</a>). This time, Hitchcock makes the victim and villain kindreds, rather than opposites, as in Strangers on a Train.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> In Frenzy, Hitchcock allowed nudity for the first time. Two scenes show naked women, one of whom is being raped and strangled;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004-169">[163]</a> Donald Spoto called the latter "one of the most repellent examples of a detailed murder in the history of film". Both actors, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Leigh-Hunt" title="Barbara Leigh-Hunt">Barbara Leigh-Hunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Massey" title="Anna Massey">Anna Massey</a>, refused to do the scenes, so models were used instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1999513–514-237">[228]</a> Biographers have noted that Hitchcock had always pushed the limits of film censorship, often managing to fool <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">Motion Picture Production Code</a>. Hitchcock would add subtle hints of improprieties forbidden by censorship until the mid-1960s. Yet, Patrick McGilligan wrote that Breen and others often realised that Hitchcock was inserting such material and were actually amused, as well as alarmed by Hitchcock's "inescapable inferences".<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_Plot" title="Family Plot">Family Plot</a> (1976) was Hitchcock's last film. It relates the escapades of "Madam" Blanche Tyler, played by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harris_(actress)" title="Barbara Harris (actress)">Barbara Harris</a>, a fraudulent spiritualist, and her taxi-driver lover <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Dern" title="Bruce Dern">Bruce Dern</a>, making a living from her phony powers. While Family Plot was based on the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Canning" title="Victor Canning">Victor Canning</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Rainbird_Pattern" title="The Rainbird Pattern">The Rainbird Pattern</a> (1972), the novel's tone is more sinister. Screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lehman" title="Ernest Lehman">Ernest Lehman</a> originally wrote the film, under the working title Deception, with a dark tone but was pushed to a lighter, more comical tone by Hitchcock where it took the name Deceit, then finally, Family Plot.<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knighthood_and_death">Knighthood and death</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Knighthood and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Hitchcock_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alfred_Hitchcock_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/220px-Alfred_Hitchcock_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alfred_Hitchcock_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/330px-Alfred_Hitchcock_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alfred_Hitchcock_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/440px-Alfred_Hitchcock_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Mitchell_(photographer)" title="Jack Mitchell (photographer)">Jack Mitchell</a></figcaption></figure> Toward the end of his life, Hitchcock was working on the script for a spy thriller, <a href="/wiki/The_Short_Night" title="The Short Night">The Short Night</a>, collaborating with <a href="/wiki/James_Costigan" title="James Costigan">James Costigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lehman" title="Ernest Lehman">Ernest Lehman</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Freeman_(screenwriter)" title="David Freeman (screenwriter)">David Freeman</a>. Despite preliminary work, it was never filmed. Hitchcock's health was declining and he was worried about his wife, who had suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>. The screenplay was eventually published in Freeman's book The Last Days of Alfred Hitchcock (1999).<a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a> Having refused a <a href="/wiki/CBE" class="mw-redirect" title="CBE">CBE</a> in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> Hitchcock was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire</a> (KBE) in the <a href="/wiki/1980_New_Year_Honours" title="1980 New Year Honours">1980 New Year Honours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Todd30April1980-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> He was too ill to travel to London—he had a <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a> and was being given <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a> injections for his arthritis—so on 3 January 1980 the British consul general presented him with the papers at Universal Studios. Asked by a reporter after the ceremony why it had taken the Queen so long, Hitchcock quipped, "I suppose it was a matter of carelessness." Cary Grant, Janet Leigh and others attended a luncheon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-Spoto_1999_553-243">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ebert2Jan1980-244">[235]</a> His last public appearance was on 16 March 1980, when he introduced the next year's winner of the American Film Institute award.<a href="#cite_note-Spoto_1999_553-243">[234]</a> He died of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> the following month, on 29 April, in his <a href="/wiki/Bel_Air,_Los_Angeles" title="Bel Air, Los Angeles">Bel Air</a> home.<a href="#cite_note-Variety_obituary-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Spoto" title="Donald Spoto">Donald Spoto</a>, one of Hitchcock's biographers, wrote that Hitchcock had declined to see a priest,<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> but according to Jesuit priest Mark Henninger, he and another priest, Tom Sullivan, celebrated Mass at the filmmaker's home, and Sullivan heard his <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">confession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a> Hitchcock was survived by his wife and daughter. His funeral was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills on 30 April, after which his body was <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a>. His remains were scattered over the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> on 10 May 1980.<a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-obit-249">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Filmmaking">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_and_themes">Style and themes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Style and themes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Themes_and_plot_devices_in_Hitchcock_films" title="Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films">Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cameo_appearances_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock">List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock</a></div> The "<a href="/wiki/Hitchcockian" title="Hitchcockian">Hitchcockian</a>" style includes the use of editing and camera movement to mimic a person's gaze, thereby turning viewers into <a href="/wiki/Voyeurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyeurs">voyeurs</a>, and framing <a href="/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)" title="Shot (filmmaking)">shots</a> to maximise anxiety and fear. The film critic <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wood_(critic)" title="Robin Wood (critic)">Robin Wood</a> wrote that the meaning of a Hitchcock film "is there in the method, in the progression from shot to shot. A Hitchcock film is an organism, with the whole implied in every detail and every detail related to the whole."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200262-250">[241]</a> Hitchcock's film production career evolved from small-scale silent films to financially significant sound films. Hitchcock remarked that he was influenced by early filmmakers George Méliès, D. W. Griffith and Alice Guy-Blaché.<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> His silent films between 1925 and 1929 were in the crime and suspense genres, but also included melodramas and comedies. Whilst <a href="/wiki/Visual_storytelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual storytelling">visual storytelling</a> was pertinent during the silent era, even after the arrival of sound, Hitchcock still relied on visuals in cinema; he referred to this emphasis on visual storytelling as "pure cinema".<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> In Britain, he honed his craft so that by the time he moved to Hollywood, the director had perfected his style and camera techniques. Hitchcock later said that his British work was the "sensation of cinema", whereas the American phase was when his "ideas were fertilised".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983123-253">[244]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wood_(critic)" title="Robin Wood (critic)">Robin Wood</a> writes that the director's first two films, The Pleasure Garden and The Mountain Eagle, were influenced by <a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionism</a>. Afterward, he discovered <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet cinema">Soviet cinema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Vsevolod Pudovkin</a>'s theories of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage_theory" title="Soviet montage theory">montage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200375-74">[70]</a> 1926's The Lodger was inspired by both German and Soviet aesthetics, styles which solidified the rest of his career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002207-254">[245]</a> Although Hitchcock's work in the 1920s found some success, several British reviewers criticised Hitchcock's films for being unoriginal and conceited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan199517-255">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Durgnat" title="Raymond Durgnat">Raymond Durgnat</a> opined that Hitchcock's films were carefully and intelligently constructed, but thought they can be shallow and rarely present a "coherent worldview".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan1995400-256">[247]</a> Earning the title "Master of Suspense", the director experimented with ways to generate tension in his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan199517-255">[246]</a> He said, "My suspense work comes out of creating nightmares for the audience. And I play with an audience. I make them gasp and surprise them and shock them. When you have a nightmare, it's awfully vivid if you're dreaming that you're being led to the electric chair. Then you're as happy as can be when you wake up because you're relieved."<a href="#cite_note-:0-257">[248]</a> During filming of North by Northwest, Hitchcock explained his reasons for recreating the set of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a>: "The audience responds in proportion to how realistic you make it. One of the dramatic reasons for this type of photography is to get it looking so natural that the audience gets involved and believes, for the time being, what's going on up there on the screen."<a href="#cite_note-:0-257">[248]</a> In a 1963 interview with Italian journalist <a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a>, Hitchcock was asked how in spite of appearing to be a pleasant, innocuous man, he seemed to enjoy making films involving suspense and terrifying crime. He responded:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I'm English. The English use a lot of imagination with their crimes. I don't get such a kick out of anything as much as out of imagining a crime. When I'm writing a story and I come to a crime, I think happily: now wouldn't it be nice to have him die like this? And then, even more happily, I think: at this point people will start yelling. It must be because I spent three years studying with the Jesuits. They used to terrify me to death, with everything, and now I'm getting my own back by terrifying other people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb200356-258">[249]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leytonstone_tube_station_-_Hitchcock_Gallery-_Hitchcock_The_Director_(geograph_4081878).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leytonstone_tube_station_-_Hitchcock_Gallery-_Hitchcock_The_Director_%28geograph_4081878%29.jpg/220px-Leytonstone_tube_station_-_Hitchcock_Gallery-_Hitchcock_The_Director_%28geograph_4081878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leytonstone_tube_station_-_Hitchcock_Gallery-_Hitchcock_The_Director_%28geograph_4081878%29.jpg/330px-Leytonstone_tube_station_-_Hitchcock_Gallery-_Hitchcock_The_Director_%28geograph_4081878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leytonstone_tube_station_-_Hitchcock_Gallery-_Hitchcock_The_Director_%28geograph_4081878%29.jpg/440px-Leytonstone_tube_station_-_Hitchcock_Gallery-_Hitchcock_The_Director_%28geograph_4081878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Hitchcock The Director mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a></figcaption></figure> Hitchcock's films, from the silent to the sound era, contained a number of recurring themes that he is famous for. His films explored audience as a <a href="/wiki/Voyeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyeur">voyeur</a>, notably in Rear Window, Marnie and Psycho. He understood that human beings enjoy voyeuristic activities and made the audience participate in it through the character's actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983216-259">[250]</a> Of his fifty-three films, eleven revolved around stories of <a href="/wiki/Mistaken_identity" title="Mistaken identity">mistaken identity</a>, where an innocent protagonist is accused of a crime and is pursued by police. In most cases, it is an ordinary, everyday person who finds themselves in a dangerous situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198348-260">[251]</a> Hitchcock told Truffaut: "That's because the theme of the innocent man being accused, I feel, provides the audience with a greater sense of danger. It's easier for them to identify with him than with a guilty man on the run."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198348-260">[251]</a> One of his constant themes was the struggle of a personality torn between "order and chaos";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200298-261">[252]</a> known as the notion of "double", which is a comparison or contrast between two characters or objects: the double representing a dark or evil side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004-169">[163]</a> According to Robin Wood, Hitchcock retained a feeling of ambivalence towards homosexuality, despite working with gay actors throughout his career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002342-262">[253]</a> Donald Spoto suggests that Hitchcock's <a href="/wiki/Sexually_repressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually repressive">sexually repressive</a> childhood may have contributed to his exploration of <a href="/wiki/Deviancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviancy">deviancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002342-262">[253]</a> During the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">Motion Picture Production Code</a> prohibited direct references to homosexuality but the director was known for his subtle references,<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> and pushing the boundaries of the censors. Moreover, Shadow of a Doubt has a double <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> theme through the storyline, expressed implicitly through images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002300-264">[255]</a> Author Jane Sloan argues that Hitchcock was drawn to both conventional and unconventional sexual expression in his work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan199516-265">[256]</a> and the theme of marriage was usually presented in a "bleak and skeptical" manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002246-266">[257]</a> It was also not until after his mother's death in 1942, that Hitchcock portrayed motherly figures as "notorious monster-mothers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003321-150">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> backdrop, and murders committed by characters with <a href="/wiki/Psychopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathic">psychopathic</a> tendencies were common themes too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003128-267">[258]</a> In Hitchcock's depiction of villains and murderers, they were usually charming and friendly, forcing viewers to identify with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996293-268">[259]</a> The director's strict childhood and Jesuit education may have led to his distrust of authority figures such as policemen and politicians; a theme which he has explored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2004-169">[163]</a> Also, he used the "<a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a>"—the use of an object, person or event to keep the plot moving along even if it was non-essential to the story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996120-269">[260]</a> Hitchcock appears briefly in most of his own films. For example, he is seen struggling to get a double bass onto a train (<a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a>), walking dogs out of a pet shop (<a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a>), fixing a neighbour's clock (<a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a>), as a shadow (<a href="/wiki/Family_Plot" title="Family Plot">Family Plot</a>), sitting at a table in a photograph (<a href="/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder" title="Dial M for Murder">Dial M for Murder</a>), and riding a bus (<a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief" title="To Catch a Thief">To Catch a Thief</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200588-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_of_women">Representation of women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Representation of women">edit</a>]</div> Hitchcock's portrayal of women has been the subject of much scholarly debate. <a href="/wiki/Bidisha" title="Bidisha">Bidisha</a> wrote in The Guardian in 2010: "There's the vamp, the tramp, the snitch, the witch, the slink, the double-crosser and, best of all, the demon mommy. Don't worry, they all get punished in the end."<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> In a widely cited essay in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mulvey" title="Laura Mulvey">Laura Mulvey</a> introduced the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">male gaze</a>; the view of the spectator in Hitchcock's films, she argued, is that of the heterosexual male protagonist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvey1989-271">[262]</a> "The female characters in his films reflected the same qualities over and over again", <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> wrote in 1996: "They were blonde. They were icy and remote. They were imprisoned in costumes that subtly combined fashion with fetishism. They mesmerised the men, who often had physical or psychological handicaps. Sooner or later, every Hitchcock woman was humiliated."<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[j]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertigo_1958_trailer_embrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vertigo_1958_trailer_embrace.jpg/220px-Vertigo_1958_trailer_embrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vertigo_1958_trailer_embrace.jpg/330px-Vertigo_1958_trailer_embrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vertigo_1958_trailer_embrace.jpg/440px-Vertigo_1958_trailer_embrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Novak" title="Kim Novak">Kim Novak</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> (1958)</figcaption></figure> Hitchcock's films often feature characters struggling in their relationships with their mothers, such as Norman Bates in Psycho. In North by Northwest, Roger Thornhill (<a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>) is an innocent man ridiculed by his mother for insisting that shadowy, murderous men are after him. In The Birds, the Rod Taylor character, an innocent man, finds his world under attack by vicious birds, and struggles to free himself from a clinging mother (<a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a>). The killer in Frenzy has a loathing of women but idolises his mother. The villain Bruno in Strangers on a Train hates his father, but has an incredibly close relationship with his mother (played by <a href="/wiki/Marion_Lorne" title="Marion Lorne">Marion Lorne</a>). Sebastian (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Rains" title="Claude Rains">Claude Rains</a>) in Notorious has a clearly conflicting relationship with his mother, who is (rightly) suspicious of his new bride, Alicia Huberman (<a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>).<a href="#cite_note-275">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_actors">Relationship with actors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Relationship with actors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; padding:1.2em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I told her that my idea of a good actor or good actress is someone who can do nothing very well. ... I said, "That's one of the things you've got to learn to have ... authority." Out of authority comes control and out of control you get the range ... Whether you do little acting, a lot of acting in a given scene. You know exactly where you're going. And these were the first things that she had to know. Emotion comes later and the control of the voice comes later. But, within herself, she had to learn authority first and foremost because out of authority comes timing. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Alfred Hitchcock (1967)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoral201318-276">[266]</a></cite> </div> Hitchcock became known for having remarked that "actors should be treated like cattle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983140-277">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[k]</a> During the filming of <a href="/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_(1941_film)" title="Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941 film)">Mr. & Mrs. Smith</a> (1941), <a href="/wiki/Carole_Lombard" title="Carole Lombard">Carole Lombard</a> brought three cows onto the set wearing the name tags of Lombard, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(actor)" title="Robert Montgomery (actor)">Robert Montgomery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Raymond" title="Gene Raymond">Gene Raymond</a>, the stars of the film, to surprise him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983140-277">[267]</a> In an episode of <a href="/wiki/The_Dick_Cavett_Show" title="The Dick Cavett Show">The Dick Cavett Show</a>, originally broadcast on 8 June 1972, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cavett" title="Dick Cavett">Dick Cavett</a> stated as fact that Hitchcock had once called actors cattle. Hitchcock responded by saying that, at one time, he had been accused of calling actors cattle. "I said that I would never say such an unfeeling, rude thing about actors at all. What I probably said, was that all actors should be treated like cattle...In a nice way of course." He then described Carole Lombard's joke, with a smile.<a href="#cite_note-279">[268]</a> Hitchcock believed that actors should concentrate on their performances and leave work on script and character to the directors and screenwriters. He told <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Forbes" title="Bryan Forbes">Bryan Forbes</a> in 1967: "I remember discussing with a method actor how he was taught and so forth. He said, 'We're taught using improvisation. We are given an idea and then we are turned loose to develop in any way we want to.' I said, 'That's not acting. That's writing.'"<a href="#cite_note-HitchcockForbes-143">[138]</a> Recalling their experiences on Lifeboat for Charles Chandler, author of It's Only a Movie: Alfred Hitchcock A Personal Biography, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Slezak" title="Walter Slezak">Walter Slezak</a> said that Hitchcock "knew more about how to help an actor than any director I ever worked with", and <a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> dismissed the idea that Hitchcock was not concerned with his actors as "utterly fallacious", describing at length the process of rehearsing and filming Lifeboat.<a href="#cite_note-280">[269]</a> Critics observed that, despite his reputation as a man who disliked actors, actors who worked with him often gave brilliant performances. He used the same actors in many of his films; Cary Grant and James Stewart both worked with Hitchcock four times,<a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> and Ingrid Bergman and Grace Kelly three. <a href="/wiki/James_Mason" title="James Mason">James Mason</a> said that Hitchcock regarded actors as "animated props".<a href="#cite_note-282">[271]</a> For Hitchcock, the actors were part of the film's setting. He told François Truffaut: "The chief requisite for an actor is the ability to do nothing well, which is by no means as easy as it sounds. He should be willing to be used and wholly integrated into the picture by the director and the camera. He must allow the camera to determine the proper emphasis and the most effective dramatic highlights."<a href="#cite_note-283">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing,_storyboards_and_production">Writing, storyboards and production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Writing, storyboards and production">edit</a>]</div> Hitchcock planned his scripts in detail with his writers. In Writing with Hitchcock (2001), Steven DeRosa noted that Hitchcock supervised them through every draft, asking that they tell the story visually.<a href="#cite_note-284">[273]</a> Hitchcock told Roger Ebert in 1969: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Once the screenplay is finished, I'd just as soon not make the film at all. All the fun is over. I have a strongly visual mind. I visualize a picture right down to the final cuts. I write all this out in the greatest detail in the script, and then I don't look at the script while I'm shooting. I know it off by heart, just as an orchestra conductor needs not look at the score. It's melancholy to shoot a picture. When you finish the script, the film is perfect. But in shooting it you lose perhaps 40 per cent of your original conception.<a href="#cite_note-285">[274]</a></blockquote> Hitchcock's films were extensively <a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">storyboarded</a> to the finest detail. He was reported to have never even bothered looking through the <a href="/wiki/Viewfinder" title="Viewfinder">viewfinder</a>, since he did not need to, although in publicity photos he was shown doing so. He also used this as an excuse to never have to change his films from his initial vision. If a studio asked him to change a film, he would claim that it was already shot in a single way, and that there were no alternative takes to consider.<a href="#cite_note-286">[275]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Hitchcock_on_the_set_of_North_By_Northwest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Hitchcock pictured under Mount Rushmore during the filming of North by Northwest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Alfred_Hitchcock_on_the_set_of_North_By_Northwest.jpg/170px-Alfred_Hitchcock_on_the_set_of_North_By_Northwest.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Alfred_Hitchcock_on_the_set_of_North_By_Northwest.jpg/255px-Alfred_Hitchcock_on_the_set_of_North_By_Northwest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Alfred_Hitchcock_on_the_set_of_North_By_Northwest.jpg/340px-Alfred_Hitchcock_on_the_set_of_North_By_Northwest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Hitchcock at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> filming <a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a> (1959)</figcaption></figure> This view of Hitchcock as a director who relied more on pre-production than on the actual production itself has been challenged by Bill Krohn, the American correspondent of French film magazine <a href="/wiki/Cahiers_du_Cin%C3%A9ma" title="Cahiers du Cinéma">Cahiers du Cinéma</a>, in his book Hitchcock at Work. After investigating script revisions, notes to other production personnel written by or to Hitchcock, and other production material, Krohn observed that Hitchcock's work often deviated from how the screenplay was written or how the film was originally envisioned.<a href="#cite_note-krohn1–7-287">[276]</a> He noted that the myth of storyboards in relation to Hitchcock, often regurgitated by generations of commentators on his films, was to a great degree perpetuated by Hitchcock himself or the publicity arm of the studios. For example, the celebrated crop-spraying sequence of North by Northwest was not storyboarded at all. After the scene was filmed, the publicity department asked Hitchcock to make storyboards to promote the film, and Hitchcock in turn hired an artist to match the scenes in detail.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_Bellour_2000_p._217-288">[277]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Even when storyboards were made, scenes that were shot differed from them significantly. Krohn's analysis of the production of Hitchcock classics like Notorious reveals that Hitchcock was flexible enough to change a film's conception during its production. Another example Krohn notes is the American remake of The Man Who Knew Too Much, whose shooting schedule commenced without a finished script and moreover went over schedule, something that, as Krohn notes, was not an uncommon occurrence on many of Hitchcock's films, including <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topaz_(1969_film)" title="Topaz (1969 film)">Topaz</a>. While Hitchcock did do a great deal of preparation for all his films, he was fully cognisant that the actual film-making process often deviated from the best-laid plans and was flexible to adapt to the changes and needs of production as his films were not free from the normal hassles faced and common routines used during many other film productions.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_Bellour_2000_p._217-288">[277]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv/220px--Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="164" data-durationhint="2415" data-mwtitle="Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv/Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="402" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="402" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv/Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv/Alfred_Hitchcock_Extended_Interview.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Hitchcock interview, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1966</figcaption></figure> Krohn's work also sheds light on Hitchcock's practice of generally shooting in chronological order, which he notes sent many films over budget and over schedule and, more importantly, differed from the standard operating procedure of Hollywood in the Studio System Era. Equally important is Hitchcock's tendency to shoot alternative takes of scenes. This differed from coverage in that the films were not necessarily shot from varying angles so as to give the editor options to shape the film how they chose (often under the producer's aegis).<a href="#cite_note-Heritage02-28-07-289">[278]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Rather they represented Hitchcock's tendency to give himself options in the editing room, where he would provide advice to his editors after viewing a rough cut of the work. According to Krohn, this and a great deal of other information revealed through his research of Hitchcock's personal papers, script revisions and the like refute the notion of Hitchcock as a director who was always in control of his films, whose vision of his films did not change during production, which Krohn notes has remained the central long-standing myth of Alfred Hitchcock. Both his fastidiousness and attention to detail also found their way into each <a href="/wiki/Film_poster" title="Film poster">film poster</a> for his films. Hitchcock preferred to work with the best talent of his day—film poster designers such as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gold" title="Bill Gold">Bill Gold</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[279]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bass" title="Saul Bass">Saul Bass</a>—who would produce posters that accurately represented his films.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_Bellour_2000_p._217-288">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Awards and honours">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of awards and nominations received by Alfred Hitchcock">List of awards and nominations received by Alfred Hitchcock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitchcock_walk_of_fame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hitchcock_walk_of_fame.jpg/200px-Hitchcock_walk_of_fame.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hitchcock_walk_of_fame.jpg/300px-Hitchcock_walk_of_fame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hitchcock_walk_of_fame.jpg/400px-Hitchcock_walk_of_fame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>One of Hitchcock's stars on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a></figcaption></figure> Hitchcock was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> on 8 February 1960 with two stars: one for television and a second for motion pictures.<a href="#cite_note-291">[280]</a> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Taylor" title="John Russell Taylor">John Russell Taylor</a> described him as "the most universally recognizable person in the world" and "a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius".<a href="#cite_note-Ebert2Jan1980-244">[235]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/MovieMaker" title="MovieMaker">MovieMaker</a> named him the most influential director of all time,<a href="#cite_note-MovieMaker-292">[281]</a> and a 2007 <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> critics' poll ranked him Britain's greatest director.<a href="#cite_note-293">[282]</a> David Gritten, the newspaper's film critic, wrote: "Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information (from his characters and from us) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else."<a href="#cite_note-Avedon14April2007-294">[283]</a> In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">Sight & Sound</a> Critics' Poll ranked Hitchcock at No. 4 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time.<a href="#cite_note-295">[284]</a> In 2002, Hitchcock was ranked second in the critics' top ten poll<a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a> and fifth in the directors' top ten poll<a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a> in the list of "The Greatest Directors of All Time" compiled by Sight & Sound. Hitchcock was voted the "Greatest Director of 20th Century" in a poll conducted by Japanese film magazine <a href="/wiki/Kinema_Junpo" title="Kinema Junpo">kinema Junpo</a>. In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a> ranked Hitchcock at No. 1 in its "50 Greatest Directors" list.<a href="#cite_note-auto-298">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[288]</a> Hitchcock was ranked at No. 2 on <a href="/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire (film magazine)">Empire</a>'s "Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time" list in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-auto-298">[287]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Total_Film" title="Total Film">Total Film</a> ranked Hitchcock at No. 1 on its "100 Greatest Film Directors Ever" list.<a href="#cite_note-300">[289]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Alfred_Hitchcock_(4313226125).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sir_Alfred_Hitchcock_%284313226125%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Alfred_Hitchcock_%284313226125%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sir_Alfred_Hitchcock_%284313226125%29.jpg/330px-Sir_Alfred_Hitchcock_%284313226125%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sir_Alfred_Hitchcock_%284313226125%29.jpg/440px-Sir_Alfred_Hitchcock_%284313226125%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> marks where Hitchcock lived at 153 Cromwell Road, Kensington, London.</figcaption></figure> He won two <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globes" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globes">Golden Globes</a>, eight <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Awards" title="Laurel Awards">Laurel Awards</a>, and five <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_achievement_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime achievement awards">lifetime achievement awards</a>, including the first <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Academy_Fellowship_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award">BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award</a> in 1971,<a href="#cite_note-301">[290]</a> and, in 1979, an <a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Todd30April1980-13">[10]</a> He was nominated five times for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a>. Rebecca, nominated for eleven Oscars, won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture#1940s" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940</a>; another Hitchcock film, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Correspondent_(film)" title="Foreign Correspondent (film)">Foreign Correspondent</a>, was also nominated that year.<a href="#cite_note-302">[291]</a> By 2021, nine of his films had been selected for preservation by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>: Rebecca (1940; inducted 2018), Shadow of a Doubt (1943; inducted 1991), Notorious (1946; inducted 2006), Strangers on a Train (1951; inducted 2021), Rear Window (1954; inducted 1997), Vertigo (1958; inducted 1989), North by Northwest (1959; inducted 1995), Psycho (1960; inducted 1992) and The Birds (1963; inducted 2016).<a href="#cite_note-loc-9">[8]</a> In 2001, a series of 17 mosaics of Hitchcock's life and work, which are located in <a href="/wiki/Leytonstone_tube_station" title="Leytonstone tube station">Leytonstone tube station</a> in the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest" title="London Borough of Waltham Forest">London Borough of Waltham Forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a> In 2012, Hitchcock was selected by artist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)" title="Peter Blake (artist)">Sir Peter Blake</a>, author of the Beatles' <a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a> album cover, to appear in a new version of the cover, along with other British cultural figures, and he was featured that year in a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> series, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Elizabethans" title="The New Elizabethans">The New Elizabethans</a>, as someone "whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character".<a href="#cite_note-304">[293]</a> In June 2013 nine restored versions of Hitchcock's early silent films, including The Pleasure Garden (1925), were shown at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a>'s Harvey Theatre; known as "The Hitchcock 9", the travelling tribute was organised by the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kehr-305">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Film_Archive" title="Academy Film Archive">Academy Film Archive</a> in Hollywood, California. It includes home movies, 16mm film shot on the set of Blackmail (1929) and Frenzy (1972), and the earliest known colour footage of Hitchcock. The Academy Film Archive has preserved many of his home movies.<a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a> In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hitchcock" title="Pat Hitchcock">Pat Hitchcock</a> donated her father's papers to the academy's <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Herrick_Library" title="Margaret Herrick Library">Margaret Herrick Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a> The David O. Selznick and the Ernest Lehman collections housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center in Austin, Texas, contain material related to Hitchcock's work on the production of The Paradine Case, Rebecca, Spellbound, North by Northwest and Family Plot.<a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hitchcock_portrayals">Hitchcock portrayals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Hitchcock portrayals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock_(film)" title="Hitchcock (film)">Hitchcock</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Jones" title="Toby Jones">Toby Jones</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_(2012_TV_film)" title="The Girl (2012 TV film)">The Girl</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ashton-Griffiths" title="Roger Ashton-Griffiths">Roger Ashton-Griffiths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grace_of_Monaco_(film)" title="Grace of Monaco (film)">Grace of Monaco</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpicLLOYD" title="EpicLLOYD">EpicLLOYD</a> in the YouTube comedy series <a href="/wiki/Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History" title="Epic Rap Battles of History">Epic Rap Battles of History</a> (2014)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_filmography" title="Alfred Hitchcock filmography">Alfred Hitchcock filmography</a></div> Silent films <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Number_13_(1922_film)" title="Number 13 (1922 film)">Number 13</a> (1922) (unfinished and <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_Tell_Your_Wife" title="Always Tell Your Wife">Always Tell Your Wife</a> (short) (1923) (partially lost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Garden_(1925_film)" title="The Pleasure Garden (1925 film)">The Pleasure Garden</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Eagle" title="The Mountain Eagle">The Mountain Eagle</a> (1926) (lost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(1927_film)" title="The Ring (1927 film)">The Ring</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_(1927_film)" title="Downhill (1927 film)">Downhill</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer%27s_Wife" title="The Farmer's Wife">The Farmer's Wife</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Virtue_(1928_film)" title="Easy Virtue (1928 film)">Easy Virtue</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(1928_film)" title="Champagne (1928 film)">Champagne</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Manxman_(1929_film)" title="The Manxman (1929 film)">The Manxman</a> (1929)</li></ul></div> Sound films <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)" title="Blackmail (1929 film)">Blackmail</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Elastic_Affair" title="An Elastic Affair">An Elastic Affair</a> (short) (1930) (lost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_the_Paycock_(film)" title="Juno and the Paycock (film)">Juno and the Paycock</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder!" title="Murder!">Murder!</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Calling" title="Elstree Calling">Elstree Calling</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skin_Game_(1931_film)" title="The Skin Game (1931 film)">The Skin Game</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(1931_film)" title="Mary (1931 film)">Mary</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_and_Strange" title="Rich and Strange">Rich and Strange</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_Seventeen" title="Number Seventeen">Number Seventeen</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltzes_from_Vienna" title="Waltzes from Vienna">Waltzes from Vienna</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1934_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)">The Man Who Knew Too Much</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)">The 39 Steps</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_(1936_film)" title="Secret Agent (1936 film)">Secret Agent</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage_(1936_film)" title="Sabotage (1936 film)">Sabotage</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_and_Innocent" title="Young and Innocent">Young and Innocent</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes" title="The Lady Vanishes">The Lady Vanishes</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)" title="Jamaica Inn (film)">Jamaica Inn</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Correspondent_(film)" title="Foreign Correspondent (film)">Foreign Correspondent</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_(1941_film)" title="Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941 film)">Mr. & Mrs. Smith</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)" title="Suspicion (1941 film)">Suspicion</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboteur_(film)" title="Saboteur (film)">Saboteur</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(1944_film)" title="Lifeboat (1944 film)">Lifeboat</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(1945_film)" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paradine_Case" title="The Paradine Case">The Paradine Case</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_(film)" title="Rope (film)">Rope</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Fright_(1950_film)" title="Stage Fright (1950 film)">Stage Fright</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Confess_(film)" title="I Confess (film)">I Confess</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder" title="Dial M for Murder">Dial M for Murder</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief" title="To Catch a Thief">To Catch a Thief</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Harry" title="The Trouble with Harry">The Trouble with Harry</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1956_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)">The Man Who Knew Too Much</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wrong_Man" title="The Wrong Man">The Wrong Man</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marnie_(film)" title="Marnie (film)">Marnie</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torn_Curtain" title="Torn Curtain">Torn Curtain</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz_(1969_film)" title="Topaz (1969 film)">Topaz</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenzy" title="Frenzy">Frenzy</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Plot" title="Family Plot">Family Plot</a> (1976)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock%27s_unrealized_projects" title="Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects">Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cameo_appearances_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock">List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_director_and_actor_collaborations" title="List of film director and actor collaborations">List of film director and actor collaborations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remakes_of_films_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Remakes of films by Alfred Hitchcock">Remakes of films by Alfred Hitchcock</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_sources">Notes and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> According to Gene Adair (2002), Hitchcock made 53 feature films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair20029-2">[2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> in 1980, it was 54.<a href="#cite_note-Ebert1May1980-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The films selected for the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> are <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a> (1940), <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a> (1943), <a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a> (1946), <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a> (1954), <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> (1958), <a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a> (1960) and <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a> (1963).<a href="#cite_note-loc-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Alfred Hitchcock (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Newspaper_Alliance" title="North American Newspaper Alliance">North American Newspaper Alliance</a>, 16 July 1972): "My own favorite is Shadow of a Doubt. You never saw it? Ah. It was written by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a>. It's a character study, a suspense thriller. The beauty of the film was it was shot in the actual town."<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> In his first story, "Gas" (June 1919), published in the first issue, a young woman is being assaulted by a mob of men in Paris, only to find she has been hallucinating in the dentist's chair.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> This was followed by "The Woman's Part" (September 1919), which describes a husband watching his wife, an actor, perform on stage.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> "Sordid" (February 1920) concerns an attempt to buy a sword from an antiques dealer, with another twist ending.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> "And There Was No Rainbow" (September 1920) finds Bob caught <a href="/wiki/In_flagrante" class="mw-redirect" title="In flagrante">in flagrante</a> with a friend's wife.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> In "What's Who?" (December 1920), confusion reigns when a group of actors impersonate themselves.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> "The History of Pea Eating" (December 1920) is a satire on the difficulty of eating peas.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> His final piece, "Fedora" (March 1921) describes an unknown woman: "small, simple, unassuming, and noiseless, yet she commands profound attention on all sides".<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> In 2017, a <a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)" title="Time Out (magazine)">Time Out</a> magazine poll ranked Sabotage as the 44th best British film ever.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Out-99">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Hitchcock told <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Forbes" title="Bryan Forbes">Bryan Forbes</a> in 1967: "They had gone through the film in my absence and taken out every scene that indicated the possibility that Cary Grant was a murderer. So there was no film existing at all. That was ridiculous. Nevertheless, I had to compromise on the end. What I wanted to do was that the wife was aware that she was going to be murdered by her husband, so she wrote a letter to her mother saying that she was very much in love with him, she didn't want live anymore, she was going to be killed but society should be protected. She therefore brings up this fatal glass of milk, drinks it and before she does she says, "Will you mail this letter to mother?" Then she drinks the milk and dies. You then have just one final scene of a cheerful Cary Grant going to the mailbox and posting the letter. ... But this was never permitted because of the basic error in casting."<a href="#cite_note-HitchcockForbes-143">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> A 2012 <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> poll ranked Vertigo as the <a href="/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound#2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight & Sound">greatest film ever made</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christie2012-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> A documentary on Psycho's shower scene, 78/52, was released in 2017, directed by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_O._Philippe" title="Alexandre O. Philippe">Alexandre O. Philippe</a>; the title refers to the scene's 78 camera setups and 52 cuts.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Thomas McDonald (The New York Times, 1 April 1962): "Starring in the film are Rod Taylor, Suzanne Pleshette, Jessica Tandy and 'Tippi' Hedren. Hitchcock signed Miss Hedren, a New York model, to a contract after having seen her in a television commercial. He insisted that she enclose her first name in single quotation marks, but would not explain why."<a href="#cite_note-McDonald1April1962-216">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto2008245-217">[209]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> In 1967, Hitchcock told Truffaut: "I think the most interesting women, sexually, are the English women. I feel that the English women, the Swedes, the northern Germans, and Scandinavians are a great deal more exciting than the Latin, the Italian, and the French women. Sex should not be advertised. An English girl, looking like a schoolteacher, is apt to get into a cab with you and, to your surprise, she'll probably pull a man's pants open. ... [W]ithout the element of surprise the scenes become meaningless. There's no possibility to discover sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983224-273">[264]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Hitchcock told Fallaci in 1963: "When they [actors] aren't cows, they're children: that's something else I've often said. And everyone knows that there are good children, bad children, and stupid children. The majority of actors, though, are stupid children. They're always quarreling, and they give themselves a lot of airs. The less I see of them, the happier I am. I had much less trouble directing fifteen hundred crows than one single actor. I've always said that Walt Disney has the right idea. His actors are made of paper; when he doesn't like them, he can tear them up."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallaci1963-191">[184]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-influential-1"><a href="#cite_ref-influential_1-0">^</a> Sources include: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brentonfilm.com/alfred-hitchcock-collectors-guide-the-british-years-in-print">"Alfred Hitchcock Collectors' Guide: The British Years in Print"</a>. Brenton Film. 13 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106124812/https://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/alfred-hitchcock-collectors-guide-the-british-years-in-print">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+Collectors%27+Guide%3A+The+British+Years+in+Print&rft.pub=Brenton+Film&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brentonfilm.com%2Falfred-hitchcock-collectors-guide-the-british-years-in-print&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrsell2016" class="citation web cs1">Ursell, Joe (10 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intofilm.org/news-and-views/articles/hitchcock-feature">"The Phenomenal Influence and Legacy of Alfred Hitchcock"</a>. Into Film. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714164650/https://www.intofilm.org/news-and-views/articles/hitchcock-feature">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Into+Film&rft.atitle=The+Phenomenal+Influence+and+Legacy+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft.aulast=Ursell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intofilm.org%2Fnews-and-views%2Farticles%2Fhitchcock-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeb2019" class="citation web cs1">Deb, Sandipan (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-the-audience-as-a-piano-the-strange-case-of-alfred-hitchcock-1566141463913.html">"The audience as a piano: the strange case of Alfred Hitchcock"</a>. Mint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714165311/https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-the-audience-as-a-piano-the-strange-case-of-alfred-hitchcock-1566141463913.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=The+audience+as+a+piano%3A+the+strange+case+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft.aulast=Deb&rft.aufirst=Sandipan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fopinion-the-audience-as-a-piano-the-strange-case-of-alfred-hitchcock-1566141463913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/like-bach-in-music-alfred-hitchcocks-towering-influence/a-49997613">"'Like Bach in music': Alfred Hitchcock's towering influence"</a>. DW. 13 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714173419/https://www.dw.com/en/like-bach-in-music-alfred-hitchcocks-towering-influence/a-49997613">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=%27Like+Bach+in+music%27%3A+Alfred+Hitchcock%27s+towering+influence&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Flike-bach-in-music-alfred-hitchcocks-towering-influence%2Fa-49997613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-alfred-hitchcock-changed-cinema-forever/">"How Alfred Hitchcock changed cinema forever"</a>. Far Out. 29 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715100438/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-alfred-hitchcock-changed-cinema-forever/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Far+Out&rft.atitle=How+Alfred+Hitchcock+changed+cinema+forever&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaroutmagazine.co.uk%2Fhow-alfred-hitchcock-changed-cinema-forever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin1992" class="citation web cs1">Calvin, Thomas (27 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/27/nyregion/hitchcock-legacy-as-potent-as-ever.html">"Hitchcock Legacy As Potent as Ever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004044523/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/27/nyregion/hitchcock-legacy-as-potent-as-ever.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hitchcock+Legacy+As+Potent+as+Ever&rft.date=1992-12-27&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F12%2F27%2Fnyregion%2Fhitchcock-legacy-as-potent-as-ever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1999" class="citation web cs1">Ebert, Roger (13 August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/hitchcock-is-still-on-top-of-film-world">"Hitchcock is still on top of film world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715103143/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/hitchcock-is-still-on-top-of-film-world">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger+Ebert&rft.atitle=Hitchcock+is+still+on+top+of+film+world&rft.date=1999-08-13&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Froger-ebert%2Fhitchcock-is-still-on-top-of-film-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair20029-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair20029_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdair2002">Adair 2002</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebert1May1980-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Ebert1May1980_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1980" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Ebert, Roger</a> (1 May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/the-master-of-suspense-is-dead">"The Master of Suspense is Dead"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235234/https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/the-master-of-suspense-is-dead">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=The+Master+of+Suspense+is+Dead&rft.date=1980-05-01&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Finterviews%2Fthe-master-of-suspense-is-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackmail-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackmail_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackmail_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231082847/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a55273b">"Blackmail (1929)"</a>. British Film Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a55273b">the original</a> on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackmail+%281929%29&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffilms-tv-people%2F4ce2b6a55273b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988">; also see <a href="#CITEREFWhiteBuscombe2003">White & Buscombe 2003</a>, p. 94; <a href="#CITEREFAllenIshii-Gonzalès2004">Allen & Ishii-Gonzalès 2004</a>, p. xv </li> <li id="cite_note-Rebecca-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rebecca_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rebecca_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1941">"The 13th Academy Awards, 1941"</a>. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303110034/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/13th-winners.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+13th+Academy+Awards%2C+1941&rft.pub=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFI_top_100-7"><a href="#cite_ref-AFI_top_100_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519213359/http://afi.com/100years/movies10.aspx">"AFI's 100 Greatest American Films of All Time"</a>. American Film Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afi.com/100Years/movies10.aspx">the original</a> on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFI%27s+100+Greatest+American+Films+of+All+Time&rft.pub=American+Film+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2F100Years%2Fmovies10.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christie2012-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christie2012_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christie2012_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christie2012_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2012" class="citation news cs1">Christie, Ian (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301135739/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time">"The 50 Greatest Films of All Time"</a>. Sight & Sound. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/50-greatest-films-all-time">the original</a> on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sight+%26+Sound&rft.atitle=The+50+Greatest+Films+of+All+Time&rft.date=2012-09&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Fnews%2F50-greatest-films-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988">; also see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207035347/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/critics">"Critics' top 100"</a>. British Film Institute. 2012. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/">the original</a> on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+National+Film+Registry+Listing&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fprograms%2Fnational-film-preservation-board%2Ffilm-registry%2Fcomplete-national-film-registry-listing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/descriptions-and-essays/">"Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101025858/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/descriptions-and-essays/">Archived</a> 1 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorehouse1972" class="citation news cs1">Morehouse, Rebecca (16 July 1972). "Alfred Hitchcock Not a Male Chauvinist". Lima News. <a href="/wiki/North_American_Newspaper_Alliance" title="North American Newspaper Alliance">North American Newspaper Alliance</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lima+News&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+Not+a+Male+Chauvinist&rft.date=1972-07-16&rft.aulast=Morehouse&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Todd30April1980-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Todd30April1980_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Todd30April1980_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Todd30April1980_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1980" class="citation magazine cs1">McCarthy, Todd (30 April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/1980/film/news/alfred-hitchcock-dies-of-natural-causes-at-bel-air-home-1201344342/">"Alfred Hitchcock Dies Of Natural Causes at Bel-Air Home"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010210/https://variety.com/1980/film/news/alfred-hitchcock-dies-of-natural-causes-at-bel-air-home-1201344342/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+Dies+Of+Natural+Causes+at+Bel-Air+Home&rft.date=1980-04-30&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F1980%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Falfred-hitchcock-dies-of-natural-causes-at-bel-air-home-1201344342%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31239">"Hitchcock, Sir Alfred Joseph (1899–1980), film director"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3123">10.1093/ref:odnb/3123</a>. Retrieved 2 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Hitchcock%2C+Sir+Alfred+Joseph+%281899%E2%80%931980%29%2C+film+director&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-31239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair200211–12-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair200211–12_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdair2002">Adair 2002</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023358/https://www.irishecho.com/2011/02/st-patricks-day-2005-the-master-of-suspense-2/">"St. Patrick's Day 2005: The Master of Suspense"</a>. Irish Echo. 17 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishecho.com/2011/02/st-patricks-day-2005-the-master-of-suspense-2/">the original</a> on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Echo&rft.atitle=St.+Patrick%27s+Day+2005%3A+The+Master+of+Suspense&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishecho.com%2F2011%2F02%2Fst-patricks-day-2005-the-master-of-suspense-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, pp. 21–22; <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlanvill2014" class="citation news cs1">Glanvill, Natalie (28 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063930/http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/11240741.Hitchcock_mural_a__real_honour__says_painter/">"Mateusz Odrobny speaks of pride after working on Hitchcock mural"</a>. East London and West Essex Guardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/11240741.Hitchcock_mural_a__real_honour__says_painter/">the original</a> on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+London+and+West+Essex+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mateusz+Odrobny+speaks+of+pride+after+working+on+Hitchcock+mural&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft.aulast=Glanvill&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian-series.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11240741.Hitchcock_mural_a__real_honour__says_painter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198325-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198325_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> For the police story: <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 25; <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cavett" title="Dick Cavett">Cavett, Dick</a> (8 June 1972). "Interview with Alfred Hitchcock", <a href="/wiki/The_Dick_Cavett_Show" title="The Dick Cavett Show">The Dick Cavett Show</a>, ABC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYTx6N24tHk&t=6m52s">00:06:52</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225115833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYTx6N24tHk&t=6m52s">Archived</a> 25 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For the Snyder interview: <a href="/wiki/Snyder,_Tom" class="mw-redirect" title="Snyder, Tom">Snyder, Tom</a> (1973). "Alfred Hitchcock interview", <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Coast_to_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomorrow Coast to Coast">Tomorrow</a>, NBC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHhe2zTkeRQ&t=1m55s">00:01:55</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103162126/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHhe2zTkeRQ&t=1m55s">Archived</a> 3 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McG2003p13-22"><a href="#cite_ref-McG2003p13_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, pp. 20, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFFallaci1963">Fallaci 1963</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto199923–24-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto199923–24_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair200215-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair200215_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair200215_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdair2002">Adair 2002</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198326_29-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdair2002">Adair 2002</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199631-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199631_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Patrick McGilligan, 2003. Buckley, R. J. 1984. Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-86973-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-86973-9">0-470-86973-9</a>). Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107064550/https://writebetter.io/examples/film+rail/extended/">"How to use "film rail" in a sentence – WriteBetter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writebetter.io/examples/film+rail/extended/">the original</a> on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+use+%22film+rail%22+in+a+sentence+%E2%80%93+WriteBetter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwritebetter.io%2Fexamples%2Ffilm%2Brail%2Fextended%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spoto1999p23-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Spoto1999p23_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-36"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_36-0">^</a> UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdair2002">Adair 2002</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd201511-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd201511_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckroyd2015">Ackroyd 2015</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, pp. 27–28; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1918-06-20/debates/3ec12ba9-4d13-4c03-880a-226006f28d83/MilitaryService(MedicalGrading)">"Military service (medical grading")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062439/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1918-06-20/debates/3ec12ba9-4d13-4c03-880a-226006f28d83/MilitaryService(MedicalGrading)">Archived</a> 24 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hansard, vol. 107, 20 June 1918, 607–642. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199628-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199628_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200330-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200330_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuncan2003">Duncan 2003</a>, p. 20; Hitchcock, Alfred (June 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1919)_-_Gas">"Gas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220201/https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1919)_-_Gas">Archived</a> 22 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henley Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchcock2014">Hitchcock 2014</a>, p. 19; Hitchcock, Alfred (September 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1919)_-_The_Woman%27s_Part">"The Women's Part"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042537/https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1919)_-_The_Woman%27s_Part">Archived</a> 23 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henley Telegraph; <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchcock2014">Hitchcock 2014</a>, p. 20; Hitchcock, Alfred (February 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1920)_-_Sordid">"Sordid"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042506/https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1920)_-_Sordid">Archived</a> 23 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henley Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchcock2014">Hitchcock 2014</a>, p. 22; Hitchcock, Alfred (September 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1920)_-_And_There_Was_No_Rainbow">"And There Was No Rainbow"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042508/https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1920)_-_And_There_Was_No_Rainbow">Archived</a> 23 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henley Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchcock2014">Hitchcock 2014</a>, p. 23; Hitchcock, Alfred (December 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1920)_-_What%27s_Who%3F">"What's Who?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223145710/https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1920)_-_What%27s_Who%3F">Archived</a> 23 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henley Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchcock2014">Hitchcock 2014</a>, p. 24; Hitchcock, Alfred (December 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1920)_-_The_History_of_Pea_Eating">"The History of Pea Eating"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030654/https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1920)_-_The_History_of_Pea_Eating">Archived</a> 3 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henley Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchcock2014">Hitchcock 2014</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, pp. 44–45; Hitchcock, Alfred (March 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1921)_-_Fedora">"Fedora"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042540/https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Henley_Telegraph_(1921)_-_Fedora">Archived</a> 23 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henley Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199621-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199621_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198327_52-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199624-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199624_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto20083-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto20083_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto2008">Spoto 2008</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerBFI-55"><a href="#cite_ref-MillerBFI_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Henry K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213454/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1422787/index.html">"Always Tell Your Wife (1923)"</a>. British Film Institute Screenonline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1422787/index.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Always+Tell+Your+Wife+%281923%29&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute+Screenonline&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Henry+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Fid%2F1422787%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto19923-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto19923_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto19923_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1992">Spoto 1992</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerzoncufBarr201545-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerzoncufBarr201545_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerzoncufBarr2015">Kerzoncuf & Barr 2015</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2001" class="citation news cs1">Rose, Steve (15 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051755/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/jan/15/artsfeatures">"Where the lady vanished"</a>. The Guardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/jan/15/artsfeatures">the original</a> on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Where+the+lady+vanished&rft.date=2001-01-15&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2001%2Fjan%2F15%2Fartsfeatures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto20083–4-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto20083–4_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto20083–4_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto2008">Spoto 2008</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198330-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198330_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGottlieb2002">Gottlieb 2002</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFGottlieb2003">Gottlieb 2003</a>, pp. 157–158; also see <a href="#CITEREFGarncarz2002">Garncarz 2002</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb200242–43-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb200242–43_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGottlieb2002">Gottlieb 2002</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198331,_36-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198331,_36_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, pp. 31, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200368–71-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200368–71_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, pp. 68–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198339-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198339_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198339_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto199984-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto199984_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200370-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200370_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200370_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200363-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200363_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200364-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan200364_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219011242/https://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/alfred-hitchcock-collectors-guide-the-mountain-eagle-1926">"Alfred Hitchcock Collectors' Guide: The Mountain Eagle (1926)"</a>. 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Hitchcock and the Spy Film. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 54. <q>Carroll was the archetypal 'Hitchcock blonde' – the first in a lineage that would also include Grace Kelly, Eva Marie Saint, Kim Novak and Tippi Hedren</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock+and+the+Spy+Film&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScragow2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Scragow, Michael (9 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/rewatching-hitchcocks-the-39-steps">"Rewatching Hitchcock's "The 39 Steps""</a>. 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Tauris. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whisky+Galore%21+and+the+Maggie&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, pp. 137–139 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton2016" class="citation news cs1">Chilton, Martin (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/29/alfred-hitchcock-a-sadistic-prankster/">"Alfred Hitchcock: a sadistic prankster"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014406/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/29/alfred-hitchcock-a-sadistic-prankster/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2019. 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Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Watching+%27Birds%27%3A+Happy+Hitchcock+Films+Terror-Ridden+Tale&rft.date=1962-04-01&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Ffilm%2F040162hitch-birds-making.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto2008245-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto2008245_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto2008">Spoto 2008</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman2014203-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothman2014203_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRothman2014">Rothman 2014</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, pp. 451–452, 455–457, 467–468, 472–473; <a href="#CITEREFSpoto2008">Spoto 2008</a>, pp. 250–251, 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman5October2012-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman5October2012_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Andrew (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/magazine/the-revenge-of-tippi-hedren-alfred-hitchcocks-muse.html">"The Revenge of Alfred Hitchcock's Muse"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623181500/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/magazine/the-revenge-of-tippi-hedren-alfred-hitchcocks-muse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Revenge+of+Alfred+Hitchcock%27s+Muse&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F07%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-revenge-of-tippi-hedren-alfred-hitchcocks-muse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto2008265-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto2008265_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto2008">Spoto 2008</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1999457–459-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto1999457–459_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, pp. 457–459. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 270; <a href="#CITEREFMoral2013">Moral 2013</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brody17Aug2016-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brody17Aug2016_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brody17Aug2016_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody2016" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brody" title="Richard Brody">Brody, Richard</a> (17 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/marnie-is-the-cure-for-hitchcock-mania">""Marnie" Is the Cure for Hitchcock Mania"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072926/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/marnie-is-the-cure-for-hitchcock-mania">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=%22Marnie%22+Is+the+Cure+for+Hitchcock+Mania&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Frichard-brody%2Fmarnie-is-the-cure-for-hitchcock-mania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody2012" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brody" title="Richard Brody">Brody, Richard</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/tippi-hedrens-silence">"Tippi Hedren's Silence"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180346/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/tippi-hedrens-silence">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Tippi+Hedren%27s+Silence&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Frichard-brody%2Ftippi-hedrens-silence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1964" class="citation news cs1">Archer, Eugene (23 July 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partners.nytimes.com/library/film/072364hitch-marnie-review.html">"Hitchcock's 'Marnie,' With Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511180850/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/film/072364hitch-marnie-review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hitchcock%27s+%27Marnie%2C%27+With+Tippi+Hedren+and+Sean+Connery&rft.date=1964-07-23&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Ffilm%2F072364hitch-marnie-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleaver13Aug2012-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Cleaver13Aug2012_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaver2012" class="citation news cs1">Cleaver, Emily (13 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/aug/13/my-favourite-hitchcock-marnie">"My favourite Hitchcock: Marnie"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122740/https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/aug/13/my-favourite-hitchcock-marnie">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=My+favourite+Hitchcock%3A+Marnie&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2Ffilmblog%2F2012%2Faug%2F13%2Fmy-favourite-hitchcock-marnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1999471-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto1999471_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoral2013">Moral 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WFCQednbTMC&pg=PA37">37</a>, citing Evan Hunter (1997). <a href="/wiki/Me_and_Hitch" title="Me and Hitch">Me and Hitch</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoral201338–39-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoral201338–39_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoral2013">Moral 2013</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERebello1990188-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERebello1990188_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRebello1990">Rebello 1990</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, pp. 272–274; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2016" class="citation news cs1">Stephens, Andrew (9 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/the-sound-of-hitchcock-how-bernard-herrmanns-music-brought-his-films-to-life-20160104-glys29.html">"The sound of Hitchcock: How Bernard Herrmann's music brought his films to life"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319215055/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/the-sound-of-hitchcock-how-bernard-herrmanns-music-brought-his-films-to-life-20160104-glys29.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=The+sound+of+Hitchcock%3A+How+Bernard+Herrmann%27s+music+brought+his+films+to+life&rft.date=2016-01-09&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fthe-sound-of-hitchcock-how-bernard-herrmanns-music-brought-his-films-to-life-20160104-glys29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002273–274-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002273–274_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983328-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983328_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983333-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983333_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeitch2002">Leitch 2002</a>, pp. 114–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1999513–514-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto1999513–514_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoto1999">Spoto 1999</a>, pp. 513–514. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollenback1980" class="citation book cs1">Hollenback, Sharon Sue Rountree (1980). 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716081110/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/06/books/and-suddenly-evil-erupts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NY+Times+%E2%80%93+%27And+Suddenly+Evil+Erupts%27+biography+review+1996&rft.date=1983-03-06&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F03%2F06%2Fbooks%2Fand-suddenly-evil-erupts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenninger2012" class="citation news cs1">Henninger, Mark (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323401904578159573738040636">"Alfred Hitchcock's Surprise Ending"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207190149/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323401904578159573738040636.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hitchcock%27s+Surprise+Ending&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.aulast=Henninger&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323401904578159573738040636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWydra2014" class="citation book cs1">Wydra, T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_VfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT291">Grace: A Biography</a>. Skyhorse. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-967-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-967-7"><bdi>978-1-62914-967-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62914-967-7&rft.aulast=Wydra&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_VfBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-249"><a href="#cite_ref-obit_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint1980" class="citation news cs1">Flint, Peter B. (30 April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/04/30/archives/alfred-hitchcock-dies-a-master-of-suspense-alfred-hitchcock-master.html">"Alfred Hitchcock Dies; A Master of Suspense"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214925/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/04/30/archives/alfred-hitchcock-dies-a-master-of-suspense-alfred-hitchcock-master.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+Dies%3B+A+Master+of+Suspense&rft.date=1980-04-30&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F04%2F30%2Farchives%2Falfred-hitchcock-dies-a-master-of-suspense-alfred-hitchcock-master.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200262-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200262_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2002">Wood 2002</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2006" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Charlotte (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62897583">It's only a movie : Alfred Hitchcock : a personal biography</a>. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-692-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55783-692-2"><bdi>1-55783-692-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62897583">62897583</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107064522/https://www.worldcat.org/title/its-only-a-movie-alfred-hitchcock-a-personal-biography/oclc/62897583">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+only+a+movie+%3A+Alfred+Hitchcock+%3A+a+personal+biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Applause+Theatre+%26+Cinema+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62897583&rft.isbn=1-55783-692-2&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F62897583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2020" class="citation web cs1">Edelman, George (13 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nofilmschool.com/alfred-hitchcock-advice-quotes">"Get Alfred Hitchcock's Advice, In His Own Words"</a>. No Film School. Retrieved 17 December 2021. <q>Cinema is form. I see many good films that contain very fine dialogue. I don't deprecate these films, but to me, they're not pure cinema. Trying to make them cinema some directors find odd angles to shoot from, but they still only produce what I call 'photographs of people talking.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=No+Film+School&rft.atitle=Get+Alfred+Hitchcock%27s+Advice%2C+In+His+Own+Words&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnofilmschool.com%2Falfred-hitchcock-advice-quotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983123-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983123_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002207-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2002207_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2002">Wood 2002</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan199517-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloan199517_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloan199517_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSloan1995">Sloan 1995</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan1995400-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloan1995400_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSloan1995">Sloan 1995</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_257-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightman2017" class="citation web cs1">Lightman, Herb A. (12 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ascmag.com/articles/flashback-hitchcock-talks-about-lights-camera-action">"Hitchcock Talks About Lights, Camera, Action – The American Society of Cinematographers"</a>. ascmag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126091813/https://ascmag.com/articles/flashback-hitchcock-talks-about-lights-camera-action">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ascmag.com&rft.atitle=Hitchcock+Talks+About+Lights%2C+Camera%2C+Action+%E2%80%93+The+American+Society+of+Cinematographers&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft.aulast=Lightman&rft.aufirst=Herb+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascmag.com%2Farticles%2Fflashback-hitchcock-talks-about-lights-camera-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb200356-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb200356_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGottlieb2003">Gottlieb 2003</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983216-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983216_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut198348-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198348_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut198348_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200298-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200298_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2002">Wood 2002</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002342-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2002342_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2002342_262-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2002">Wood 2002</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosierBadman2017" class="citation web cs1">Hosier, Connie Russell; Badman, Scott (7 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.us.mensa.org/read/bulletin/features/gay-coding-in-hitchcock-films/">"Gay Coding in Hitchcock Films"</a>. American Mensa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230929/https://www.us.mensa.org/read/bulletin/features/gay-coding-in-hitchcock-films/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Mensa&rft.atitle=Gay+Coding+in+Hitchcock+Films&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Hosier&rft.aufirst=Connie+Russell&rft.au=Badman%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.mensa.org%2Fread%2Fbulletin%2Ffeatures%2Fgay-coding-in-hitchcock-films%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002300-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2002300_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2002">Wood 2002</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan199516-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloan199516_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSloan1995">Sloan 1995</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2002246-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2002246_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2002">Wood 2002</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003128-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilligan2003128_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilligan2003">McGilligan 2003</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996293-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1996293_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1996120-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1996120_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1996">Taylor 1996</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidisha2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bidisha" title="Bidisha">Bidisha</a> (21 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/21/alfred-hitchcock-women-psycho-the-birds-bidisha">"What's wrong with Hitchcock's women"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061912/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/21/alfred-hitchcock-women-psycho-the-birds-bidisha">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What%27s+wrong+with+Hitchcock%27s+women&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft.au=Bidisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2010%2Foct%2F21%2Falfred-hitchcock-women-psycho-the-birds-bidisha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvey1989-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvey1989_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulvey1989">Mulvey 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1996" class="citation web cs1">Ebert, Roger (13 October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-vertigo-1958">"Vertigo"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223043656/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-vertigo-1958">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Vertigo&rft.date=1996-10-13&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fgreat-movie-vertigo-1958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983224-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983224_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaganski1997">Kaganski 1997</a>, pp. 1–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoral201318-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoral201318_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoral2013">Moral 2013</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983140-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983140_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruffaut1983140_277-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuD1yloq5pY">"Alfred Hitchcock Talks About His Relationship With Actors | The Dick Cavett Show"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+Talks+About+His+Relationship+With+Actors+%26%23124%3B+The+Dick+Cavett+Show&rft.date=2019-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGuD1yloq5pY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oKRhkdxsFs8C&pg=PT133">It's Only a Movie: Alfred Hitchcock A Personal Biography</a>. Simon and Schuster. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84739-709-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84739-709-6"><bdi>978-1-84739-709-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222214437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKRhkdxsFs8C&pg=PT133">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+Only+a+Movie%3A+Alfred+Hitchcock+A+Personal+Biography&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84739-709-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoKRhkdxsFs8C%26pg%3DPT133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitty2016">Whitty 2016</a>, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruffaut1983">Truffaut 1983</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeRosa2001">DeRosa 2001</a>, p. xi </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1969" class="citation news cs1">Ebert, Roger (14 December 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/hitchcock-never-mess-about-with-a-dead-body-you-may-be-one">"Hitchcock: "Never mess about with a dead body—you may be one ..."</a> Chicago Sun-Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084523/https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/hitchcock-never-mess-about-with-a-dead-body-you-may-be-one">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Hitchcock%3A+%22Never+mess+about+with+a+dead+body%E2%80%94you+may+be+one+....&rft.date=1969-12-14&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Finterviews%2Fhitchcock-never-mess-about-with-a-dead-body-you-may-be-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Krohn, Bill, Hitchcock at Work (London: Phaidon, 2000), p. 9. cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallantPrice2015" class="citation book cs1">Pallant, Chris; Price, Steven (2015). Pallant, Chris; Price, Steven (eds.). Hitchcock and Storyboarding. Palgrave Studies in Screenwriting. 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Retrieved 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leytonstone%27s+Alfred+Hitchcock+mosaics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F08%2F02%2Feurope%2Fgallery%2Fhitchcock-murals-leytonstone%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2016" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Caroline (4 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited">"New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095109/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+faces+on+Sgt+Pepper+album+cover+for+artist+Peter+Blake%27s+80th+birthday&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2012%2Fapr%2F02%2Fpeter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01jxs2c/features/about">"The New Elizabethans – Alfred Hitchcock"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125012450/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01jxs2c/features/about">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Elizabethans+%E2%80%93+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb01jxs2c%2Ffeatures%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kehr-305"><a href="#cite_ref-Kehr_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehr2013" class="citation news cs1">Kehr, Dave (23 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/movies/silent-hitchcock-films-come-to-the-harvey-theater-in-brooklyn.html">"Hitchcock, Finding His Voice in Silents"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109035810/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/movies/silent-hitchcock-films-come-to-the-harvey-theater-in-brooklyn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hitchcock%2C+Finding+His+Voice+in+Silents&rft.date=2013-06-23&rft.aulast=Kehr&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F23%2Fmovies%2Fsilent-hitchcock-films-come-to-the-harvey-theater-in-brooklyn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=hitchcock&filmmaker=&category=All&collection=All">"Preserved Projects"</a>. Academy Film Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003133142/https://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=hitchcock&filmmaker=&category=All&collection=All">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+Film+Archive&rft.atitle=Preserved+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Facademy-film-archive%2Fpreserved-projects%3Ftitle%3Dhitchcock%26filmmaker%3D%26category%3DAll%26collection%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/singmonitor19841128-1.1.19">"Hitchcock Treasure"</a>. Singapore Monitor. 28 November 1984. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Monitor&rft.atitle=Hitchcock+Treasure&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1984-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2Fdigitised%2Fpage%2Fsingmonitor19841128-1.1.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/film-archive/collections/alfred-hitchcock-collection">"Alfred Hitchcock Collection"</a>. Academy Film Archive. 5 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702002920/http://oscars.org/film-archive/collections/alfred-hitchcock-collection">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+Film+Archive&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+Collection&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Ffilm-archive%2Fcollections%2Falfred-hitchcock-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/collections/film">"Film"</a>. Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024043/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/collections/film/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film&rft.pub=Harry+Ransom+Center%2C+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.utexas.edu%2Fcollections%2Ffilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> Biographies (chronological) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruffaut1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut, François</a> (1983) [1967]. <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock/Truffaut" title="Hitchcock/Truffaut">Hitchcock/Truffaut</a> (Revised ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-52601-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-52601-6"><bdi>978-0-671-52601-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%2FTruffaut&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-671-52601-6&rft.aulast=Truffaut&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Taylor" title="John Russell Taylor">Taylor, John Russell</a> (1996) [1978]. Hitch: The Life and Times of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Da Capo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitch%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoto1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Spoto" title="Donald Spoto">Spoto, Donald</a> (1999) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darksideofgenius00spot_0">The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock</a>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80932-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80932-3"><bdi>978-0-306-80932-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Genius%3A+The+Life+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80932-3&rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarksideofgenius00spot_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1999" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, David (1999). The Last Days of Alfred Hitchcock. Overlook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87951-728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87951-728-1"><bdi>978-0-87951-728-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.pub=Overlook&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87951-728-1&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdair2002" class="citation book cs1">Adair, Gene (2002). Alfred Hitchcock: Filming Our Fears. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511967-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511967-1"><bdi>978-0-19-511967-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock%3A+Filming+Our+Fears&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511967-1&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2003" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Paul (2003). Alfred Hitchcock: Architect of Anxiety, 1899–1980. Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-1591-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-1591-5"><bdi>978-3-8228-1591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock%3A+Architect+of+Anxiety%2C+1899%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-1591-5&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGilligan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGilligan_(biographer)" title="Patrick McGilligan (biographer)">McGilligan, Patrick</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredhitchcockl00mcgi">Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light</a>. New York: Regan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039322-9"><bdi>978-0-06-039322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock%3A+A+Life+in+Darkness+and+Light&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Regan+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-039322-9&rft.aulast=McGilligan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfredhitchcockl00mcgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoto2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Spoto" title="Donald Spoto">Spoto, Donald</a> (2008). Spellbound by Beauty: Alfred Hitchcock and his Leading Ladies. New York: Harmony Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spellbound+by+Beauty%3A+Alfred+Hitchcock+and+his+Leading+Ladies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroyd2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Ackroyd, Peter</a> (2015). Alfred Hitchcock. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6993-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6993-0"><bdi>978-0-7011-6993-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-6993-0&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Miscellaneous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenIshii-Gonzalès2004" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Richard; Ishii-Gonzalès, S. (2004). Hitchcock: Past and Future. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27525-5"><bdi>978-0-415-27525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%3A+Past+and+Future&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27525-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ishii-Gonzal%C3%A8s%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellourPenley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Bellour" title="Raymond Bellour">Bellour, Raymond</a>; Penley, Constance (2000). The Analysis of Film. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21364-8"><bdi>978-0-253-21364-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analysis+of+Film&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21364-8&rft.aulast=Bellour&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Penley%2C+Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Royal S. (1994). Overtones and Undertones: Reading Film Music. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91477-3"><bdi>978-0-520-91477-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overtones+and+Undertones%3A+Reading+Film+Music&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91477-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Royal+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunsdale2010" class="citation book cs1">Brunsdale, Mitzi M. (2010). Icons of Mystery and Crime Detection: From Sleuths to Superheroes. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Mystery+and+Crime+Detection%3A+From+Sleuths+to+Superheroes&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Brunsdale&rft.aufirst=Mitzi+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRosa2001" class="citation book cs1">DeRosa, Steven (2001). Writing with Hitchcock. New York: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-19990-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-19990-7"><bdi>978-0-571-19990-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+with+Hitchcock&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-571-19990-7&rft.aulast=DeRosa&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Evans, Peter William (2004). "Hitchcock, Alfred Joseph". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31239">10.1093/ref:odnb/31239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hitchcock%2C+Alfred+Joseph&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31239&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Peter+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallaci1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Fallaci, Oriana</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scrapsfromtheloft.com/2016/06/14/fallaci-hitchcock-interview/">"Mr. Chastity"</a>. The Egotists: Sixteen Surprising Interviews. Chicago: Henry Regnery. pp. 239–256. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051651/http://scrapsfromtheloft.com/2016/06/14/fallaci-hitchcock-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mr.+Chastity&rft.btitle=The+Egotists%3A+Sixteen+Surprising+Interviews&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=239-256&rft.pub=Henry+Regnery&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Fallaci&rft.aufirst=Oriana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscrapsfromtheloft.com%2F2016%2F06%2F14%2Ffallaci-hitchcock-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaretta2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faretta, Ángel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asalallena.com.ar/libros/venta-online-hitchcock-obra-angel-faretta/">Hitchcock en obra</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>: A Sala llena. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9877616354" title="Special:BookSources/978-9877616354"><bdi>978-9877616354</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525223605/http://www.asalallena.com.ar/libros/venta-online-hitchcock-obra-angel-faretta/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock+en+obra.&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=A+Sala+llena&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9877616354&rft.aulast=Faretta&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asalallena.com.ar%2Flibros%2Fventa-online-hitchcock-obra-angel-faretta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarncarz2002" class="citation book cs1">Garncarz, Joseph (2002). "German Hitchcock". In Gottlieb, Sidney; Brookhouse, Christopher (eds.). Framing Hitchcock: Selected Essays from the Hitchcock Annual. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 59–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Hitchcock&rft.btitle=Framing+Hitchcock%3A+Selected+Essays+from+the+Hitchcock+Annual&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=59-81&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Garncarz&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb2002" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Sydney (2002). "Early Hitchcock: The German Influence". In Gottlieb, Sidney; Brookhouse, Christopher (eds.). Framing Hitchcock: Selected Essays from the Hitchcock Annual. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 35–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Hitchcock%3A+The+German+Influence&rft.btitle=Framing+Hitchcock%3A+Selected+Essays+from+the+Hitchcock+Annual&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=35-58&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb2003" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Sidney (2003). Alfred Hitchcock: Interviews. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-562-2"><bdi>978-1-57806-562-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock%3A+Interviews&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-562-2&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisLasky2002" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Robert A.; Lasky, Michael S. (2002) [1976]. The Complete Films of Alfred Hitchcock. Secaucus, N.J: Citadel Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Films+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Lasky%2C+Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2014" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Alfred (2014). Gottlieb, Sidney (ed.). Hitchcock on Hitchcock, Volume 2: Selected Writings and Interviews. Oakland: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96039-8"><bdi>978-0-520-96039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock+on+Hitchcock%2C+Volume+2%3A+Selected+Writings+and+Interviews&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-520-96039-8&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock_O'ConnellBouzereau2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hitchcock" title="Pat Hitchcock">Hitchcock O'Connell, Pat</a>; Bouzereau, Laurent (2003). Alma Hitchcock: The Woman Behind the Man. New York: <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Books" title="Berkley Books">Berkley Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-19005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-19005-0"><bdi>978-0-425-19005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alma+Hitchcock%3A+The+Woman+Behind+the+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berkley+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-425-19005-0&rft.aulast=Hitchcock+O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Bouzereau%2C+Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphries1994" class="citation book cs1">Humphries, Patrick (1994). The Films of Alfred Hitchcock (reprint ed.). Crescent Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-10292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-10292-3"><bdi>978-0-517-10292-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Crescent+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-517-10292-3&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaganski1997" class="citation book cs1">Kaganski, Serge (1997). Alfred Hitchcock. Paris: Hazan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hazan&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kaganski&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapsis1992" class="citation book cs1">Kapsis, Robert E. (1992). Hitchcock: The Making of a Reputation (illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%3A+The+Making+of+a+Reputation&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kapsis&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehr2011" class="citation book cs1">Kehr, Dave (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGgPCODtVZsC">When Movies Mattered: Reviews from a Transformative Decade</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42940-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42940-3"><bdi>978-0-226-42940-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629182232/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGgPCODtVZsC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Movies+Mattered%3A+Reviews+from+a+Transformative+Decade&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-42940-3&rft.aulast=Kehr&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZGgPCODtVZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerzoncufBarr2015" class="citation book cs1">Kerzoncuf, Alain; Barr, Charles (2015). Hitchcock Lost and Found: The Forgotten Films. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock+Lost+and+Found%3A+The+Forgotten+Films&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kerzoncuf&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Barr%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrohn2000" class="citation book cs1">Krohn, Bill (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitchcockatwork0000kroh">Hitchcock at Work</a>. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3953-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3953-0"><bdi>978-0-7148-3953-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock+at+Work&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3953-0&rft.aulast=Krohn&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitchcockatwork0000kroh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeff1987" class="citation book cs1">Leff, Leonard J. (1987). Hitchcock and Selznick. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21781-2"><bdi>978-0-520-21781-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock+and+Selznick&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21781-2&rft.aulast=Leff&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeff1999" class="citation book cs1">Leff, Leonard (1999). The Rich and Strange Collaboration of Alfred Hitchcock and David O. Selznick in Hollywood. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21781-2"><bdi>978-0-520-21781-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rich+and+Strange+Collaboration+of+Alfred+Hitchcock+and+David+O.+Selznick+in+Hollywood&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21781-2&rft.aulast=Leff&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighNickens1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Leigh" title="Janet Leigh">Leigh, Janet</a>; Nickens, Christopher (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychobehindscen00leig">Psycho: Behind the Scenes of the Classic Thriller</a>. Harmony Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70112-6"><bdi>978-0-517-70112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psycho%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+of+the+Classic+Thriller&rft.pub=Harmony+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-517-70112-6&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Nickens%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychobehindscen00leig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitch2002" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Thomas (2002). The Encyclopedia of Alfred Hitchcock. Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4387-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4387-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4387-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4387-3&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2012" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Erin E. (2012). Ed McBain/Evan Hunter: A Literary Companion. Jefferson: McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ed+McBain%2FEvan+Hunter%3A+A+Literary+Companion&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Erin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoral2013" class="citation book cs1">Moral, Tony Lee (2013). Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock+and+the+Making+of+Marnie&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Moral&rft.aufirst=Tony+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvey1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Mulvey" title="Laura Mulvey">Mulvey, Laura</a> (1989) [1975]. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema". In Mulvey, Laura (ed.). Visual and Other Pleasures. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 14–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Visual+Pleasure+and+Narrative+Cinema&rft.btitle=Visual+and+Other+Pleasures&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=14-24&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Mulvey&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/media/1021/Laura%20Mulvey%2C%20Visual%20Pleasure.pdf">Free PDF download</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebello1990" class="citation book cs1">Rebello, Stephen (1990). Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho. New York: Dembner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2915-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-2915-8"><bdi>978-0-7145-2915-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+and+the+Making+of+Psycho&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dembner+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-2915-8&rft.aulast=Rebello&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2014" class="citation book cs1">Rothman, William (2014). Must We Kill the Thing We Love?: Emersonian Perfectionism and the Films of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Must+We+Kill+the+Thing+We+Love%3F%3A+Emersonian+Perfectionism+and+the+Films+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloan1995" class="citation book cs1">Sloan, Jane (1995). Alfred Hitchcock: A Filmography and Bibliography. Oakland: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08904-4"><bdi>978-0-520-08904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock%3A+A+Filmography+and+Bibliography&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08904-4&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Steven C. (2002). A Heart at Fire's Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann. Oakland: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Heart+at+Fire%27s+Center%3A+The+Life+and+Music+of+Bernard+Herrmann&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoto1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Spoto" title="Donald Spoto">Spoto, Donald</a> (1992) [1976]. The Art of Alfred Hitchcock (2nd ed.). New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41813-3"><bdi>978-0-385-41813-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-385-41813-3&rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerevis2006" class="citation book cs1">Verevis, Constantine (2006). "For Ever Hitchcock: Psycho and Its Remakes". In Boyd, David; Palmer, R. Barton (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterhitchcockin00boyd">After Hitchcock: Influence, Imitation, and Intertextuality</a>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterhitchcockin00boyd/page/n26">15</a>–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=For+Ever+Hitchcock%3A+Psycho+and+Its+Remakes&rft.btitle=After+Hitchcock%3A+Influence%2C+Imitation%2C+and+Intertextuality&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=15-30&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Verevis&rft.aufirst=Constantine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterhitchcockin00boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Michael (2005). Hitchcock's motifs. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-773-9"><bdi>978-90-5356-773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%27s+motifs&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-773-9&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2001" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Patricia (2001). British Film Studios: An Illustrated History. B. T. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-7559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-7559-3"><bdi>978-0-7134-7559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Film+Studios%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-7559-3&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBuscombe2003" class="citation book cs1">White, Rob; Buscombe, Edward (2003). British Film Institute Film Classics, Volume 1. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-328-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-328-6"><bdi>978-1-57958-328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Film+Institute+Film+Classics%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-328-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Buscombe%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Susan (2011). "A Surface Collaboration: Hitchcock and Performance". In Leitch, Thomas; Poague, Leland (eds.). A Companion to Alfred Hitchcock. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 181–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Surface+Collaboration%3A+Hitchcock+and+Performance&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=181-198&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitty2016" class="citation book cs1">Whitty, Stephen (2016). The Alfred Hitchcock Encyclopedia. Lanham and London: Rowman & Littlefield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alfred+Hitchcock+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Lanham+and+London&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Whitty&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wood_(critic)" title="Robin Wood (critic)">Wood, Robin</a> (2002). Hitchcock's Films Revisited (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12695-3"><bdi>978-0-231-12695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%27s+Films+Revisited&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12695-3&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tours/hitch/tour1.html">Hitchcock's Style</a> – <a href="/wiki/BFI" class="mw-redirect" title="BFI">BFI</a> <a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90EEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33">Alfred Hitchcock: England's Biggest and Best Director Goes to Hollywood</a> – <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>, 20 November 1939, p. 33-43</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediafire.com/view/m857g46yyn4mz3o/.png">Alfred Hitchcock Now Says Actors Are Children, Not Cattle</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, 1 June 1958, p. A-11</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediafire.com/view/y88zwog15ltx92n/.jpg">'Twas Alfred Hitchcock Week in London</a> – <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>, 17 August 1966, p. 16</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarson2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barson, Michael (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Hitchcock">"Sir Alfred Hitchcock"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309205946/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Hitchcock">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.aulast=Barson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlfred-Hitchcock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Chandler" title="Charlotte Chandler">Chandler, Charlotte</a> (2006). It's only a movie: Alfred Hitchcock, A Personal Biography. Hal Leonard Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-692-2"><bdi>978-1-55783-692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+only+a+movie%3A+Alfred+Hitchcock%2C+A+Personal+Biography&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55783-692-2&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2016/01/hitchcockguilt.html">Deflem, Mathieu. 2016. "Alfred Hitchcock: Visions of Guilt and Innocence."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021190729/https://deflem.blogspot.com/2016/01/hitchcockguilt.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 203–227 in Framing Law and Crime: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, edited by Caroline Joan S. Picart, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, and Cecil Greek. Latham, MD; Madison, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurgnat1974" class="citation book cs1">Durgnat, Raymond (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangecaseofalf0000durg">The Strange Case of Alfred Hitchcock</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262040419" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262040419"><bdi>978-0262040419</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233570">1233570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Case+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1233570&rft.isbn=978-0262040419&rft.aulast=Durgnat&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrangecaseofalf0000durg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedren2016" class="citation book cs1">Hedren, Tippi (2016). Tippi: A Memoir. New York: William Morrow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tippi%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hedren&rft.aufirst=Tippi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Leitch" title="Thomas Leitch">Leitch, Thomas</a> (2002). The Encyclopedia of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Facts on File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinsonPaley2012" class="citation news cs1">Hutchinson, Pamela; Paley, Tony (4 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/jul/04/alfred-hitchcock-genius-bfi-retrospective">"The Genius of Alfred Hitchcock at the BFI: 10 of his lesser-known gems"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729005824/https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/jul/04/alfred-hitchcock-genius-bfi-retrospective">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Genius+of+Alfred+Hitchcock+at+the+BFI%3A+10+of+his+lesser-known+gems&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Paley%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2Ffilmblog%2F2012%2Fjul%2F04%2Falfred-hitchcock-genius-bfi-retrospective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModleski2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tania_Modleski" title="Tania Modleski">Modleski, Tania</a> (2016) [1988]. The Women Who Knew Too Much: Hitchcock And Feminist Theory (3rd ed.). New York and Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92032-3"><bdi>978-1-138-92032-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women+Who+Knew+Too+Much%3A+Hitchcock+And+Feminist+Theory&rft.place=New+York+and+Abingdon&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-92032-3&rft.aulast=Modleski&rft.aufirst=Tania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMogg2008" class="citation book cs1">Mogg, Ken (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredhitchcocks0000mogg_b8i9">The Alfred Hitchcock Story</a> (revised ed.). Titan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84576-708-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84576-708-2"><bdi>978-1-84576-708-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alfred+Hitchcock+Story&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Titan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84576-708-2&rft.aulast=Mogg&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfredhitchcocks0000mogg_b8i9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomerance2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Pomerance" title="Murray Pomerance">Pomerance, Murray</a> (2011). "Some Hitchcockin Shots". In Leitch, Thomas; Poague, Leland (eds.). A Companion to Alfred Hitchcock. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 237–252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Hitchcockin+Shots&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=237-252&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pomerance&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohmerChabrol1979" class="citation book cs1">Rohmer, Eric; Chabrol, Claude (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitchcockfirstfo0000rohm">Hitchcock: The First Forty-four Films</a>. F. Ungar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8044-2743-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8044-2743-2"><bdi>978-0-8044-2743-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%3A+The+First+Forty-four+Films&rft.pub=F.+Ungar&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8044-2743-2&rft.aulast=Rohmer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Chabrol%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitchcockfirstfo0000rohm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloan1993" class="citation book cs1">Sloan, Jane E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~muffin/sloan.html">Alfred Hitchcock: The Definitive Filmography</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312205047/http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~muffin/sloan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Hitchcock%3A+The+Definitive+Filmography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=Jane+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labyrinth.net.au%2F~muffin%2Fsloan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2006" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Jack (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitchcocksmusic0000sull">Hitchcock's Music</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11050-0"><bdi>978-0-300-11050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%27s+Music&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11050-0&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitchcocksmusic0000sull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Walker, Michael (2005). Hitchcock's Motifs. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25969%2Fmediarep%2F4105">10.25969/mediarep/4105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9053567739" title="Special:BookSources/978-9053567739"><bdi>978-9053567739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitchcock%27s+Motifs&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25969%2Fmediarep%2F4105&rft.isbn=978-9053567739&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2021" class="citation book cs1">White, Edward (2021). The Twelve Lives of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00239-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00239-0"><bdi>978-1-324-00239-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Lives+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-324-00239-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation book cs1">White, Susan (2015). "Alfred Hitchcock and Feminist Film Theory (Yet Again)". In Freedman, Jonathan (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+and+Feminist+Film+Theory+%28Yet+Again%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=109-126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolcott1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Wolcott, James (1 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/classic/features/death-and-the-master-199904">"Death and the Master"</a>. Vanity Fair. No. 464. p. 136. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128042605/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/classic/features/death-and-the-master-199904">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Death+and+the+Master&rft.issue=464&rft.pages=136&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft.aulast=Wolcott&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fhollywood%2Fclassic%2Ffeatures%2Fdeath-and-the-master-199904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Hitchcock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> et al.:Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Lacan But Were Afraid to Ask Hitchcock, London and New York, Verso, 2nd ed.. 2010.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Alfred Hitchcock at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alfred_Hitchcock" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Alfred Hitchcock">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" class="extiw" title="q:Alfred Hitchcock">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7374" class="extiw" title="d:Q7374">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000033/">Alfred Hitchcock</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7374#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p94487">Alfred Hitchcock</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7374#P2019" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/446568/">Alfred Hitchcock</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">BFI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123211322/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9ee3449d">Alfred Hitchcock</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/87065%7C10493/wp">Alfred Hitchcock</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7374#P3056" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05410">Portraits of Alfred Hitchcock</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7374#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/people/alfred-hitchcock">Talking About Alfred Hitchcock</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Interviews:_An_Oral_History_of_Television" title="The Interviews: An Oral History of Television">The Interviews: An Oral History of Television</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alfred_Hitchcock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Template:Alfred Hitchcock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Template talk:Alfred Hitchcock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alfred Hitchcock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alfred_Hitchcock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_filmography" title="Alfred Hitchcock filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock%27s_unrealized_projects" title="Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects">Unproduced projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themes_and_plot_devices_in_Hitchcock_films" title="Themes and plot devices in Hitchcock films">Themes and plot devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cameo_appearances_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock">Cameos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of awards and nominations received by Alfred Hitchcock">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_bibliography" title="Alfred Hitchcock bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feature films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Silent films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Garden_(1925_film)" title="The Pleasure Garden (1925 film)">The Pleasure Garden</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Eagle" title="The Mountain Eagle">The Mountain Eagle</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(1927_film)" title="The Ring (1927 film)">The Ring</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_(1927_film)" title="Downhill (1927 film)">Downhill</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer%27s_Wife" title="The Farmer's Wife">The Farmer's Wife</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Virtue_(1928_film)" title="Easy Virtue (1928 film)">Easy Virtue</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(1928_film)" title="Champagne (1928 film)">Champagne</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Manxman_(1929_film)" title="The Manxman (1929 film)">The Manxman</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British sound films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)" title="Blackmail (1929 film)">Blackmail</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_the_Paycock_(film)" title="Juno and the Paycock (film)">Juno and the Paycock</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder!" title="Murder!">Murder!</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Calling" title="Elstree Calling">Elstree Calling</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skin_Game_(1931_film)" title="The Skin Game (1931 film)">The Skin Game</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(1931_film)" title="Mary (1931 film)">Mary</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_and_Strange" title="Rich and Strange">Rich and Strange</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_Seventeen" title="Number Seventeen">Number Seventeen</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltzes_from_Vienna" title="Waltzes from Vienna">Waltzes from Vienna</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1934_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)">The Man Who Knew Too Much</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)">The 39 Steps</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_(1936_film)" title="Secret Agent (1936 film)">Secret Agent</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage_(1936_film)" title="Sabotage (1936 film)">Sabotage</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_and_Innocent" title="Young and Innocent">Young and Innocent</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes" title="The Lady Vanishes">The Lady Vanishes</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)" title="Jamaica Inn (film)">Jamaica Inn</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hollywood and later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Correspondent_(film)" title="Foreign Correspondent (film)">Foreign Correspondent</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_(1941_film)" title="Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941 film)">Mr. & Mrs. Smith</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)" title="Suspicion (1941 film)">Suspicion</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboteur_(film)" title="Saboteur (film)">Saboteur</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(1944_film)" title="Lifeboat (1944 film)">Lifeboat</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(1945_film)" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paradine_Case" title="The Paradine Case">The Paradine Case</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_(film)" title="Rope (film)">Rope</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Fright_(1950_film)" title="Stage Fright (1950 film)">Stage Fright</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Confess_(film)" title="I Confess (film)">I Confess</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder" title="Dial M for Murder">Dial M for Murder</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Thief" title="To Catch a Thief">To Catch a Thief</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Harry" title="The Trouble with Harry">The Trouble with Harry</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1956_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)">The Man Who Knew Too Much</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wrong_Man" title="The Wrong Man">The Wrong Man</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marnie_(film)" title="Marnie (film)">Marnie</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torn_Curtain" title="Torn Curtain">Torn Curtain</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz_(1969_film)" title="Topaz (1969 film)">Topaz</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenzy" title="Frenzy">Frenzy</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Plot" title="Family Plot">Family Plot</a> (1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Always_Tell_Your_Wife" title="Always Tell Your Wife">Always Tell Your Wife</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Elastic_Affair" title="An Elastic Affair">An Elastic Affair</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventure_Malgache" title="Aventure Malgache">Aventure Malgache</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Voyage_(1944_film)" title="Bon Voyage (1944 film)">Bon Voyage</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Generation" title="The Fighting Generation">The Fighting Generation</a> (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents" title="Alfred Hitchcock Presents">Alfred Hitchcock Presents</a> (1955, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents_episodes" title="Lists of Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes">episodes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_a_Corner" title="Incident at a Corner">Incident at a Corner</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents_(1985_TV_series)" title="Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1985 TV series)">Alfred Hitchcock Presents</a> (1985, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents_(1985_TV_series)_episodes" title="List of Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1985 TV series) episodes">episodes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchcockian" title="Hitchcockian">Hitchcockian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_13_(1922_film)" title="Number 13 (1922 film)">Number 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Short_Night" title="The Short Night">The Short Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackguard" title="The Blackguard">The Blackguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Camber%27s_Ladies" title="Lord Camber's Ladies">Lord Camber's Ladies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Concentration_Camps_Factual_Survey" title="German Concentration Camps Factual Survey">German Concentration Camps Factual Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock%27s_Mystery_Magazine" title="Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine">Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock%27s_Anthology" title="Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology">Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Investigators" title="Three Investigators">Three Investigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Pictures" title="Transatlantic Pictures">Transatlantic Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Anxiety" title="High Anxiety">High Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock:_The_Art_of_Making_Movies" title="Alfred Hitchcock: The Art of Making Movies">Alfred Hitchcock: The Art of Making Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_and_the_Making_of_Psycho" title="Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho">Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchcock_(film)" title="Hitchcock (film)">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remakes_of_films_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Remakes of films by Alfred Hitchcock">Remakes of films by Alfred Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_(2012_TV_film)" title="The Girl (2012 TV film)">The Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchcock/Truffaut" title="Hitchcock/Truffaut">Hitchcock/Truffaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchcock/Truffaut_(film)" title="Hitchcock/Truffaut (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="My Name Is Alfred Hitchcock">My Name Is Alfred Hitchcock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Reville" title="Alma Reville">Alma Reville (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hitchcock" title="Pat Hitchcock">Pat Hitchcock (daughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Category:Alfred Hitchcock">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Alfred_Hitchcock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Alfred_Hitchcock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Alfred_Hitchcock" title="List of awards and nominations received by Alfred Hitchcock">Awards for Alfred Hitchcock</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Template:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Template talk:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1978)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> (1985) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (2004) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BAFTA_Fellowship_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BDB76B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BAFTA_Academy_Fellowship_Award" title="Template:BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BAFTA_Academy_Fellowship_Award" title="Template talk:BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BAFTA_Academy_Fellowship_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BAFTA_Fellowship_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Fellowship" title="BAFTA Fellowship">BAFTA Fellowship Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">1971–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Young" title="Freddie Young">Freddie Young</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Wyndham_Goldie" title="Grace Wyndham Goldie">Grace Wyndham Goldie</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Forman" title="Denis Forman">Denis Forman</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Grade" title="Lew Grade">Lew Grade</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Wheldon" title="Huw Wheldon">Huw Wheldon</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a> & <a href="/wiki/Emeric_Pressburger" title="Emeric Pressburger">Emeric Pressburger</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Greene" title="Hugh Greene">Hugh Greene</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Isaacs" title="Jeremy Isaacs">Jeremy Isaacs</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fox_(television_executive)" title="Paul Fox (television executive)">Paul Fox</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Malle" title="Louis Malle">Louis Malle</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Plowright" title="David Plowright">David Plowright</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Samuelson" title="Sydney Samuelson">Sydney Samuelson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Young_(film_educator)" title="Colin Young (film educator)">Colin Young</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grade" title="Michael Grade">Michael Grade</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Neame" title="Ronald Neame">Ronald Neame</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Smith" title="Maggie Smith">Maggie Smith</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Bochco" title="Steven Bochco">Steven Bochco</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Christie" title="Julie Christie">Julie Christie</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Morris" title="Oswald Morris">Oswald Morris</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rose_(songwriter)" title="David Rose (songwriter)">David Rose</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cotton" title="Bill Cotton">Bill Cotton</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Morecambe" title="Eric Morecambe">Eric Morecambe</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Wise" title="Ernie Wise">Ernie Wise</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bazalgette" title="Peter Bazalgette">Peter Bazalgette</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Finney" title="Albert Finney">Albert Finney</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thaw" title="John Thaw">John Thaw</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Ivory_Productions" title="Merchant Ivory Productions">Merchant Ivory Productions</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davies_(writer)" title="Andrew Davies (writer)">Andrew Davies</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jason" title="David Jason">David Jason</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Graef" title="Roger Graef">Roger Graef</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Puttnam" title="David Puttnam">David Puttnam</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_V._Coates" title="Anne V. Coates">Anne V. Coates</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis">Richard Curtis</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Wright_(game_designer)" title="Will Wright (game designer)">Will Wright</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Forsyth" title="Bruce Forsyth">Bruce Forsyth</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_French" title="Dawn French">Dawn French</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Saunders" title="Jennifer Saunders">Jennifer Saunders</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Molyneux" title="Peter Molyneux">Peter Molyneux</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_McDonald" title="Trevor McDonald">Trevor McDonald</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2012)</li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a></s> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Parker" title="Alan Parker">Alan Parker</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabe_Newell" title="Gabe Newell">Gabe Newell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Games" title="Rockstar Games">Rockstar Games</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Walters" title="Julie Walters">Julie Walters</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Braben" title="David Braben">David Braben</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Snow_(journalist)" title="Jon Snow (journalist)">Jon Snow</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Galton" title="Ray Galton">Ray Galton</a> & <a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(scriptwriter)" title="Alan Simpson (scriptwriter)">Alan Simpson</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Lumley" title="Joanna Lumley">Joanna Lumley</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Schafer" title="Tim Schafer">Tim Schafer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Adie" title="Kate Adie">Kate Adie</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelma_Schoonmaker" title="Thelma Schoonmaker">Thelma Schoonmaker</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bakewell" title="Joan Bakewell">Joan Bakewell</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_(producer)" title="Kathleen Kennedy (producer)">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kojima" title="Hideo Kojima">Hideo Kojima</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_Reddy" title="Siobhan Reddy">Siobhan Reddy</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Connolly" title="Billy Connolly">Billy Connolly</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)" title="Sandy Powell (costume designer)">Sandy Powell</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuhei_Yoshida" title="Shuhei Yoshida">Shuhei Yoshida</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meera_Syal" title="Meera Syal">Meera Syal</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Morton" title="Samantha Morton">Samantha Morton</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floella_Benjamin" title="Floella Benjamin">Floella Benjamin</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cecil_B._DeMille_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #CFB53B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cecil_B._DeMille_Award" title="Template:Cecil B. DeMille Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cecil_B._DeMille_Award" title="Template talk:Cecil B. DeMille Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cecil_B._DeMille_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cecil B. DeMille Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cecil_B._DeMille_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Cecil_B._DeMille_Award" title="Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award">Cecil B. DeMille Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack L. Warner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy" title="Mervyn LeRoy">Mervyn LeRoy</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Adler" title="Buddy Adler">Buddy Adler</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Levine" title="Joseph E. Levine">Joseph E. Levine</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> (1971)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_B._Wallis" title="Hal B. Wallis">Hal B. Wallis</a> (1975)</li> <li>No Award (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mirisch" title="Walter Mirisch">Walter Mirisch</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Skelton" title="Red Skelton">Red Skelton</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Hackman" title="Gene Hackman">Gene Hackman</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2007)</li> <li>No Award (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bridges" title="Jeff Bridges">Jeff Bridges</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (2021)</li> <li>No Award (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> (2023)</li> <li>No Award (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_–_Feature_Film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Template talk:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_–_Feature_Film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_%E2%80%93_Feature_Film" title="Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film">Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_King_(director)" title="Henry King (director)">Henry King</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wellman" title="William A. Wellman">William A. Wellman</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Mamoulian" title="Rouben Mamoulian">Rouben Mamoulian</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_Society_of_Lincoln_Center_Gala_Tribute_Honorees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lincoln_Center_Gala_Tribute" title="Template:Lincoln Center Gala Tribute"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lincoln_Center_Gala_Tribute" title="Template talk:Lincoln Center Gala Tribute"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln_Center_Gala_Tribute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln Center Gala Tribute"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_Society_of_Lincoln_Center_Gala_Tribute_Honorees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film_Society_of_Lincoln_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Film Society of Lincoln Center"> Film Society of Lincoln Center Gala Tribute Honorees</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> (1973)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Woodward" title="Joanne Woodward">Joanne Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1986) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Montand" title="Yves Montand">Yves Montand</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> (2005) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Lange" title="Jessica Lange">Jessica Lange</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> (2010) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (2011) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Reiner" title="Rob Reiner">Rob Reiner</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bridges" title="Jeff Bridges">Jeff Bridges</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irving_G._Thalberg_Memorial_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thalberg_Award" title="Template:Thalberg Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thalberg_Award" title="Template talk:Thalberg Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thalberg_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thalberg Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irving_G._Thalberg_Memorial_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irving_G._Thalberg_Memorial_Award" title="Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award">Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_B._Wallis" title="Hal B. Wallis">Hal B. Wallis</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Franklin_(director)" title="Sidney Franklin (director)">Sidney Franklin</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_B._Wallis" title="Hal B. Wallis">Hal B. Wallis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Wald" title="Jerry Wald">Jerry Wald</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Adler" title="Buddy Adler">Buddy Adler</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack L. Warner</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kramer" title="Stanley Kramer">Stanley Kramer</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weingarten" title="Lawrence Weingarten">Lawrence Weingarten</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy" title="Mervyn LeRoy">Mervyn LeRoy</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandro_S._Berman" title="Pandro S. Berman">Pandro S. Berman</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mirisch" title="Walter Mirisch">Walter Mirisch</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Stark" title="Ray Stark">Ray Stark</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli" title="Albert R. Broccoli">Albert R. Broccoli</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(producer)" title="David Brown (producer)">David Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Zanuck" title="Richard D. Zanuck">Richard D. Zanuck</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis" title="Dino De Laurentiis">Dino De Laurentiis</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calley" title="John Calley">John Calley</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_(producer)" title="Kathleen Kennedy (producer)">Kathleen Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(filmmaker)" title="Frank Marshall (filmmaker)">Frank Marshall</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Broccoli" title="Barbara Broccoli">Barbara Broccoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson" title="Michael G. Wilson">Michael G. Wilson</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Life_Career_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #6CC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Life_Career_Award" title="Template:The Life Career Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Life_Career_Award" title="Template talk:The Life Career Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Life_Career_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Life Career Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life_Career_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Life_Career_Award" title="The Life Career Award">Life Career Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Z._Arkoff" title="Samuel Z. Arkoff">Samuel Z. Arkoff</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Agar" title="John Agar">John Agar</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Harryhausen" title="Ray Harryhausen">Ray Harryhausen</a> (1982)</li> <li>Martin B. Cohen (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy" title="Leonard Nimoy">Leonard Nimoy</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Walston" title="Ray Walston">Ray Walston</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> (1993)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Bissell" title="Whit Bissell">Whit Bissell</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Silver" title="Joel Silver">Joel Silver</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleischer" title="Richard Fleischer">Richard Fleischer</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wes_Craven" title="Wes Craven">Wes Craven</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli" title="Albert R. Broccoli">Albert R. Broccoli</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Pressman" title="Edward R. Pressman">Edward R. Pressman</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis" title="Dino De Laurentiis">Dino De Laurentiis</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frankenheimer" title="John Frankenheimer">John Frankenheimer</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Coburn" title="James Coburn">James Coburn</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Karen" title="James Karen">James Karen</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Juran" title="Nathan Juran">Nathan Juran</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barris_(photographer)" title="George Barris (photographer)">George Barris</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Englund" title="Robert Englund">Robert Englund</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Struzan" title="Drew Struzan">Drew Struzan</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Russell" title="Kurt Russell">Kurt Russell</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sid_and_Marty_Krofft" title="Sid and Marty Krofft">Sid and Marty Krofft</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Cannell" title="Stephen J. Cannell">Stephen J. Cannell</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rothman" title="Tom Rothman">Tom Rothman</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Halmi" title="Robert Halmi">Robert Halmi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Henriksen" title="Lance Henriksen">Lance Henriksen</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_Kershner" title="Irvin Kershner">Irvin Kershner</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_I._Gordon" title="Bert I. Gordon">Bert Gordon</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Biehn" title="Michael Biehn">Michael Biehn</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oz" title="Frank Oz">Frank Oz</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Remar" title="James Remar">James Remar</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Frakes" title="Jonathan Frakes">Jonathan Frakes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McDowell" title="Malcolm McDowell">Malcolm McDowell</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichelle_Nichols" title="Nichelle Nichols">Nichelle Nichols</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Majors" title="Lee Majors">Lee Majors</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gruskoff" title="Michael Gruskoff">Michael Gruskoff</a> (2019/2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Leigh_Scott" title="Kathryn Leigh Scott">Kathryn Leigh Scott</a> (2021/2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (2022/2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Director" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template:National Board of Review Award for Best Director"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template talk:National Board of Review Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Board of Review Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Director" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Director" title="National Board of Review Award for Best Director">National Board of Review Award for Best Director</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">1945–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Castellani" title="Renato Castellani">Renato Castellani</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Clayton" title="Jack Clayton">Jack Clayton</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Davis" title="Desmond Davis">Desmond Davis</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brooks" title="Richard Brooks">Richard Brooks</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> (1968)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Ken Russell</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Pakula" title="Alan J. Pakula">Alan J. Pakula</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Parker" title="Alan Parker">Alan Parker</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hanson" title="Curtis Hanson">Curtis Hanson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur" title="Shekhar Kapur">Shekhar Kapur</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Minghella" title="Anthony Minghella">Anthony Minghella</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Field" title="Todd Field">Todd Field</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Noyce" title="Phillip Noyce">Phillip Noyce</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Zwick" title="Edward Zwick">Edward Zwick</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann" title="Michael Mann">Michael Mann</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Jonze" title="Spike Jonze">Spike Jonze</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Jenkins" title="Barry Jenkins">Barry Jenkins</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gerwig" title="Greta Gerwig">Greta Gerwig</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Cooper" title="Bradley Cooper">Bradley Cooper</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson" title="Paul Thomas Anderson">Paul Thomas Anderson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Director" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template:New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template talk:New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Director" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Director" title="New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director">New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">1935–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Mamoulian" title="Rouben Mamoulian">Rouben Mamoulian</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_La_Cava" title="Gregory La Cava">Gregory La Cava</a> (1937)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farrow" title="John Farrow">John Farrow</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kramer" title="Stanley Kramer">Stanley Kramer</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rossen" title="Robert Rossen">Robert Rossen</a> (1961)</li> <li>No Award (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa-Gavras" title="Costa-Gavras">Costa-Gavras</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Rafelson" title="Bob Rafelson">Bob Rafelson</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Pakula" title="Alan J. Pakula">Alan J. Pakula</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Malick" title="Terrence Malick">Terrence Malick</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack">Sydney Pollack</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Menges" title="Chris Menges">Chris Menges</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mazursky" title="Paul Mazursky">Paul Mazursky</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hanson" title="Curtis Hanson">Curtis Hanson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Malick" title="Terrence Malick">Terrence Malick</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Haynes" title="Todd Haynes">Todd Haynes</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen and Ethan Coen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Hazanavicius" title="Michel Hazanavicius">Michel Hazanavicius</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Linklater" title="Richard Linklater">Richard Linklater</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Haynes" title="Todd Haynes">Todd Haynes</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Jenkins" title="Barry Jenkins">Barry Jenkins</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Baker_(filmmaker)" title="Sean Baker (filmmaker)">Sean Baker</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdie_brothers" title="Safdie brothers">Joshua Safdie and Benjamin Safdie</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Rajamouli" title="S. S. Rajamouli">S. S. Rajamouli</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silver_Shell_for_Best_Director" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silver_Shell_for_Best_Director" title="Template:Silver Shell for Best Director"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silver_Shell_for_Best_Director" title="Template talk:Silver Shell for Best Director"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silver_Shell_for_Best_Director" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silver Shell for Best Director"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silver_Shell_for_Best_Director" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Shell_for_Best_Director" title="Silver Shell for Best Director">Silver Shell for Best Director</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gil" title="Rafael Gil">Rafael Gil</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lazaga" title="Pedro Lazaga">Pedro Lazaga</a> (1954)</li> <li>No Award (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Germi" title="Pietro Germi">Pietro Germi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._W._Fischer" title="O. W. Fischer">O. W. Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Radok" title="Alfréd Radok">Alfréd Radok</a> (1957)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1958)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Folco_Quilici" title="Folco Quilici">Folco Quilici</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Lattuada" title="Alberto Lattuada">Alberto Lattuada</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bolognini" title="Mauro Bolognini">Mauro Bolognini</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Enrico" title="Robert Enrico">Robert Enrico</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Picazo" title="Miguel Picazo">Miguel Picazo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Monicelli" title="Mario Monicelli">Mario Monicelli</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bolognini" title="Mauro Bolognini">Mauro Bolognini</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Morgenstern" title="Janusz Morgenstern">Janusz Morgenstern</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Collinson_(film_director)" title="Peter Collinson (film director)">Peter Collinson</a> (1968)</li> <li>No Award (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Brustellin" title="Alf Brustellin">Alf Brustellin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Sinkel" title="Bernhard Sinkel">Bernhard Sinkel</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón">Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_G%C3%A1bor" title="Pál Gábor">Pál Gábor</a> (1979)</li> <li>No Award (1980–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Sarmiento" title="Valeria Sarmiento">Valeria Sarmiento</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lombardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Lombardi">Francisco Lombardi</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Corti" title="Axel Corti">Axel Corti</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Deruddere" title="Dominique Deruddere">Dominique Deruddere</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_(director)" title="Gonzalo Suárez (director)">Gonzalo Suárez</a> (1988)</li> <li>Miroslaw Bork (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McDonald_(director)" title="Bruce McDonald (director)">Bruce McDonald</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_Markovi%C4%87_(film_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goran Marković (film director)">Goran Marković</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lioret" title="Philippe Lioret">Philippe Lioret</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Figgis" title="Mike Figgis">Mike Figgis</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lombardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Lombardi">Francisco Lombardi</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chabrol" title="Claude Chabrol">Claude Chabrol</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Le%C3%B3n_de_Aranoa" title="Fernando León de Aranoa">Fernando León de Aranoa</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Deville" title="Michel Deville">Michel Deville</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yang_(director)" title="Zhang Yang (director)">Zhang Yang</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Parsa" title="Reza Parsa">Reza Parsa</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Am%C3%A9ris" title="Jean-Pierre Améris">Jean-Pierre Améris</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kaige" title="Chen Kaige">Chen Kaige</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong Joon-ho</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jinglei" title="Xu Jinglei">Xu Jinglei</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yang_(director)" title="Zhang Yang (director)">Zhang Yang</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_DiCillo" title="Tom DiCillo">Tom DiCillo</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Broomfield" title="Nick Broomfield">Nick Broomfield</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom" title="Michael Winterbottom">Michael Winterbottom</a> (2008)</li> <li>Javier Rebollo (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Ruiz_(director)" title="Raúl Ruiz (director)">Raúl Ruiz</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippos_Tsitos" title="Filippos Tsitos">Filippos Tsitos</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Trueba" title="Fernando Trueba">Fernando Trueba</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Eimbcke" title="Fernando Eimbcke">Fernando Eimbcke</a> (2013)</li> <li>Carlos Vermut (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Lafosse" title="Joachim Lafosse">Joachim Lafosse</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Sang-soo" title="Hong Sang-soo">Hong Sang-soo</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anah%C3%AD_Berneri" title="Anahí Berneri">Anahí Berneri</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Naishtat" title="Benjamín Naishtat">Benjamín Naishtat</a> (2018)</li> <li>Aitor Arregi, Jon Garaño and Jose Mari Goenaga (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9a_Kulumbegashvili" class="mw-redirect" title="Déa Kulumbegashvili">Déa Kulumbegashvili</a> (2020)</li> <li>Tea Lindeburg (2021)</li> <li>Genki Kawamura (2022)</li> <li>Peng Tzu-hui and Wang Ping-wen (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alma_Reville" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alma_Reville" title="Template:Alma Reville"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alma_Reville" title="Template talk:Alma Reville"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alma_Reville" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alma Reville"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alma_Reville" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_Reville" title="Alma Reville">Alma Reville</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(1927_film)" title="The Ring (1927 film)">The Ring</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Nymph_(1928_film)" title="The Constant Nymph (1928 film)">The Constant Nymph</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Born_(1928_film)" title="The First Born (1928 film)">The First Born</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_South_Sea_Bubble" title="A South Sea Bubble">A South Sea Bubble</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Romance_of_Seville" title="A Romance of Seville">A Romance of Seville</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_the_Verdict_(film)" title="After the Verdict (film)">After the Verdict</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_the_Paycock_(film)" title="Juno and the Paycock (film)">Juno and the Paycock</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder!" title="Murder!">Murder!</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skin_Game_(1931_film)" title="The Skin Game (1931 film)">The Skin Game</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(1931_film)" title="Mary (1931 film)">Mary</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Outsider_(1931_film)" title="The Outsider (1931 film)">The Outsider</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_in_Our_Alley_(1931_film)" title="Sally in Our Alley (1931 film)">Sally in Our Alley</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_and_Strange" title="Rich and Strange">Rich and Strange</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_till_Six" title="Nine till Six">Nine till Six</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Water_Gipsies_(film)" title="The Water Gipsies (film)">The Water Gipsies</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_Seventeen" title="Number Seventeen">Number Seventeen</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltzes_from_Vienna" title="Waltzes from Vienna">Waltzes from Vienna</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Territory" title="Forbidden Territory">Forbidden Territory</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Third_Floor_Back" title="The Passing of the Third Floor Back">The Passing of the Third Floor Back</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_(1936_film)" title="Secret Agent (1936 film)">Secret Agent</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage_(1936_film)" title="Sabotage (1936 film)">Sabotage</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_and_Innocent" title="Young and Innocent">Young and Innocent</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)" title="Jamaica Inn (film)">Jamaica Inn</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)" title="Suspicion (1941 film)">Suspicion</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paradine_Case" title="The Paradine Case">The Paradine Case</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Fright_(1950_film)" title="Stage Fright (1950 film)">Stage Fright</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_(2012_TV_film)" title="The Girl (2012 TV film)">The Girl</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchcock_(film)" title="Hitchcock (film)">Hitchcock</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Hitchcock (husband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hitchcock" title="Pat Hitchcock">Pat Hitchcock (daughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV007729">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36022710">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000602949&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX950521">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/31297">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069002541">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054558">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500063041">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8d7f18e2-5574-46e5-9f47-7fee356f7754">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/231722">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/18514">Museum of Modern Art</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1190026">Trove</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1110999">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118551647.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/25OKnNufb">Deutsche Synchronkartei</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118551647">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026922770">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581331">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cp7t0q">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65q54np">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&oldid=1259707013">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hitchcock&oldid=1259707013</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Category:Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1899_births" title="Category:1899 births">1899 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980_deaths" title="Category:1980 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Template:Cite_web"," 6.92% 239.549 42 Template:Cite_news"," 4.39% 152.016 11 Template:Efn"," 4.23% 146.415 18 Template:Pluralize_from_text"," 3.44% 119.062 13 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.987","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16241418,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckroyd2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdair2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlden1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllenIshii-Gonzalès2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArcher1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvedon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellourPenley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBidisha2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillheimer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradshaw2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrody2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrody2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunsdale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamplin1982\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFGrenier1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisLasky2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenninger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchcock2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchcock_O\u0026#039;ConnellBouzereau2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollenback1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolston1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosierBadman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphries1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinsonPaley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaganski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapsis1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerzoncuf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerzoncufBarr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrohn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeff1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeff1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeighNickens1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeitch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeitch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoBrutto2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuther2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcArthur2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGilligan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModleski2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMogg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoral2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorehouse1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulvey1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallantPrice2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPokriots\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomerance2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavetto-BiagioliBeugnet2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRebello1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohmerChabrol1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScragow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoto1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoto1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoto2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruffaut1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrsell2016\"] = 1,\n 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