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人脑为何如此与众不同—新闻—科学网
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font: 12px 宋体; float: right"> 选择字号:<span onclick="showsize(12)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer">小</span> <span onclick="showsize(14)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer">中</span> <span onclick="showsize(16)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer"> 大</span> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <div id="content1" style=" padding:15px; text-align: left; line-height: 24px; word-wrap: break-word;word-break:break-all" class="f14"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td height="20"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" class="style1" style="font-size: 13px; color: #333333; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 20px"> <b></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="style1" style="font-size: 22px; color: #587c19; font-family: 黑体; line-height: 30px"> 人脑为何如此与众不同</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" class="style1" style="font-size: 13px; color: #333333; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 20px"> <b></b></td> </tr> </table> <p > </p><p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">人脑必定蕴藏着某些独特于其它动物大脑的“秘密武器”。这赋予了人类规划未来、享受填字游戏、讲述讽刺笑话等非凡能力,使人类在万物中独树一帜。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">那么,究竟是什么原因让人脑如此与众不同呢?英国《自然》杂志网站在近日的报道中指出,历经数年探索,集结来自细胞图谱、大脑类器官等研究获得的海量数据,科学家终于部分揭开了这一古老问题的“神秘面纱”。</p> <div style="text-align: center;" class="ueditorOption ueditorOptionModel" contenteditable="true" id="0"> <img src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/672d616ae4b03b5da6d1a1d6.png" data-wenge-id="134650" wosname="672d616ae4b03b5da6d1a1d6.png" size="56831" opaid="wenge-6dfwarsblsq0/" data-mce-src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/672d616ae4b03b5da6d1a1d6.png" id="img-null"> <span style="display:block;color: #999;font-size:14px;margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:20px;" class="img_caption" placeholder="请输入图说"><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Lantinghei SC", Helvetica, Arial, "Microsoft Yahei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">不同物种神经元数量。图片来源:《自然》网站</span></span> </div> <p class="timeLine_wg" style="height:20px;"><span style="display:none"><span contenteditable="false" style="height: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; z-index: 9999; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0px; line-height: 0px; position: absolute; border-top: 1px dashed rgb(181, 189, 202); user-select: none; left: 0px; right: 0px; top: 8px;"><span class="timeIdentification" style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 0px;line-height:0px;border-color:transparent;display:block;border-style:solid;right:0px;border-right-color:#B5BDCA;border-width:8px 8px 8px 0;top:-8px"> </span><span style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 0px;line-height:0px;border-color:transparent;display:block;border-style:solid;left:0px;border-left-color:#B5BDCA;border-width:8px 0 8px 8px;top:-8px"> </span><span class="hide_time_wg" title="在这插入段落" contenteditable="false" style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 22px;line-height:17px;height:17px;text-align: center;width:17px;right:17px;background:#B5BDCA;cursor:pointer;top:-8px; border-radius: 2px;" onclick="timeLine(this)">?</span></span></span></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;"><strong>体积与重量至关重要</strong></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">与其它灵长类动物的大脑相比,人脑的一个独特之处是体积大。人脑的体积比黑猩猩、大猩猩以及许多已灭绝的人类“近亲”的大脑大3倍以上。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">一般而言,大多数动物大脑的大小与其体型大小密切相关,但人类打破了这一常规。研究显示,相对于体型大小,人脑是所有脊椎动物中最大的。与体型相当的动物相比,人脑的重量几乎是它们“预期大脑”重量的7倍,而老鼠大脑仅为同样体型动物“预期大脑”重量的一半左右。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">进化促使人脑变大,但不同区域的进化程度并不均衡,有些区域会变大更多。其中,皮层区域尤为突出。这一区域负责执行计划、推理、语言等众多人类擅长的行为。此外,大脑后部神经元密集的小脑区域,与运动和规划息息相关,这个区域也变大了很多。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">值得一提的是,即使同一大脑区域,在不同物种大脑中的占比也不一样。例如,黑猩猩的前额叶皮层结构与人类的颇为相似,但人脑前额叶皮层结构所占空间却远超黑猩猩。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">更关键的是,人脑中神经元的数量也与其它动物存在极大差异:人脑的神经元数量约为小鼠大脑的1000倍,是猕猴的13.5倍。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">然而,大脑的大小与神经元的数量并不能完全揭示人脑为何如此独特,因为大脑外观和发育过程与人类迥然不同的乌鸦和乌鸦科的其他成员,也具有学习或记忆能力。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;"><strong>精细构造有“独特配方”</strong></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">近5年来,科学家凭借先进的编目技术,对单个细胞内表达的基因进行了前所未有的细致探索,揭示了大脑内多种细胞类型的精细构造,从而发现了人脑的“独特配方”。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">去年年底,科学家分别发布了迄今最完整的小鼠与<span class="errorText">人大</span>脑细胞类型图谱。美国艾伦脑科学研究所科学家在《自然》杂志发表论文,宣布他们成功编目了整个小鼠大脑内的细胞,发现了5300种不同的细胞类型。而由荷兰乌得勒支大学医学中心神经科学家金伯莉·希莱蒂领导的科研团队,则揭示了来自100个人脑区域的3300多种不同类型的细胞。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">科学家表示,人脑确实存在一些独特的细胞类型,例如人类视觉皮层中特有的几种神经元。但总体而言,人脑的细胞类型与其它物种的细胞类型并无太大差异。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">在此基础上,人脑与其它动物大脑的差异主要表现在大脑某些区域细胞类型的相对比例,以及这些细胞表达基因的不同方式。换句话说,人脑与其它动物大脑的不同之处并不在于“成分”本身,而是这些“成分”的分布位置和组合方式。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">以人类和小鼠的大脑皮层为例,这两个区域都负责处理听觉信息。然而,小鼠大脑皮层中兴奋性神经元的比例更高;而人类大脑皮层则含有更多非神经元细胞,如星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和小胶质细胞。此外,即便是同样的细胞类型,在不同物种中也可能呈现出不同形态。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;"><strong>中间神经元数量庞大</strong></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">科学家认为,神经元之间形成的错综复杂的网络,可能是赋予人脑多种不同功能和独特专长的重要因素。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">2022年,《科学》杂志刊发论文,深入比较了从小鼠、猕猴和人类大脑皮层采集的样本中2000多个脑细胞之间的160万个连接。结果显示,人类拥有一个更庞大的中间神经元网络,其中间神经元的数量是小鼠的2.5倍,且人类中间神经元之间连接的数量是小鼠的10倍。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">这类中间神经元在神经系统中扮演着重要角色。它们通过抑制或减弱神经元的活动和兴奋性,巧妙地调节着神经系统的功能活动。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">如此庞大的中间神经元网络,或许可以延长近期事件在神经元网络中的保存时间,从而让“记忆”更长久地留存。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;"><strong>缓慢发育成就无限可能</strong></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">在探索大脑奥秘的征途中,科学家还发现人脑与其它物种大脑之间一个令人深思的差异——“踩刹车”机制。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">大脑发育的速度因物种而异,但人脑的发育过程尤为漫长。例如,小鼠大脑在其寿命5%时就已发育完全;猕猴和黑猩猩在其寿命的三分之一时大脑发育完全。但人脑需要约30年光阴,来生长、成熟并精心织就内部的连接网络,这几乎占据人类平均寿命的一半。</p> <p class="lastPadding" style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">科学家认为,这种缓慢的发育节奏为人脑的生长提供了更多可能性。在这段漫长的岁月中,大脑能够孕育出更多的神经元,培育出更为丰富和复杂的连接。同时,这也让大脑有了更多时间来适应这个瞬息万变的世界。</p><div> </div><div style="text-indent:2em;color: #587c19;font-size:13px; ">特别声明:本文转载仅仅是出于传播信息的需要,并不意味着代表本网站观点或证实其内容的真实性;如其他媒体、网站或个人从本网站转载使用,须保留本网站注明的“来源”,并自负版权等法律责任;作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜,请与我们接洽。</div> <div style="border-bottom: solid 1px #bfc89d; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; height: 20px"> </div> <div style="width: 100%; height: 20px; text-align: center; margin:10px"> <!-- JiaThis Button BEGIN --> <script src="/html/js/share.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!-- JiaThis Button END --> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="line-height: 10px; 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