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aria-controls="toc-Governor_of_Texas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governor of Texas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kennedy_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kennedy assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_the_Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Secretary of the Treasury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democrats_for_Nixon_and_party_switch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democrats_for_Nixon_and_party_switch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Democrats for Nixon and party switch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democrats_for_Nixon_and_party_switch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indictment,_trial_and_acquittal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indictment,_trial_and_acquittal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Indictment, trial and acquittal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indictment,_trial_and_acquittal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_presidential_run" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_presidential_run"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1980 presidential run</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1980_presidential_run-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1980 presidential run subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1980_presidential_run-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran_hostage_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_hostage_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Iran hostage allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_hostage_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Connally</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جون كونالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون كونالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%86%DB%8C)" title="جان کانلی (سیاستچی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان کانلی (سیاستچی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Джон Боўдэн Коналі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Боўдэн Коналі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Connally" title="John B. Connally – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John B. Connally" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="جان کانلی (سیاستمدار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان کانلی (سیاستمدار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowden_Connally" title="John Bowden Connally – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Bowden Connally" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%BD%94%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC_(%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EC%9D%B8)" title="존 코널리 (정치인) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 코널리 (정치인)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ג'ון קונלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון קונלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Connally" title="Ioannes Connally – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Connally" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Konelijs" title="Džons Konelijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Konelijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="جون كونالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون كونالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ジョン・コナリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・コナリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Конналли, Джон Боуден – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конналли, Джон Боуден" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Џон Конали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Конали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Connally" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Джон Конналлі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Конналлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E7%BA%B3%E5%88%A9" title="约翰·康纳利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·康纳利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q311293#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1917–1993)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/John_Connelly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Connelly (disambiguation)">John Connelly</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Connally</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Connally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_Connally.jpg/220px-John_Connally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_Connally.jpg/330px-John_Connally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_Connally.jpg/440px-John_Connally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Connally in 1961</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">61st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 11, 1971 – June 12, 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">39th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 15, 1963 – January 21, 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">Preston Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Price Daniel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">Preston Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">56th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 25, 1961 – December 20, 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Franke" title="William B. Franke">William B. Franke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korth" title="Fred Korth">Fred Korth</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Bowden Connally Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-02-27</span>)</span>February 27, 1917<br /><a href="/wiki/Floresville,_Texas" title="Floresville, Texas">Floresville, Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 15, 1993<span style="display:none">(1993-06-15)</span> (aged 76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery" title="Texas State Cemetery">Texas State Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (from 1973)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (until 1973)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Connally" title="Nellie Connally">Nellie Brill</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1940)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Connally" title="Wayne Connally">Wayne Connally</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas, Austin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_B_Connally_sig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Connally's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_B_Connally_sig.jpg/128px-John_B_Connally_sig.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_B_Connally_sig.jpg/192px-John_B_Connally_sig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/John_B_Connally_sig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">Lieutenant commander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Bowden Connally Jr.</b> (February 27, 1917 – June 15, 1993) was an American politician who served as the 39th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">governor of Texas</a> (1963–1969) and as the 61st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> (1971–1972). He began his career as a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> and later became a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> in 1973. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Floresville,_Texas" title="Floresville, Texas">Floresville, Texas</a>, Connally pursued a legal career after graduating from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. During World War II, he served on the staff of <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> before transferring to the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Asiatic-Pacific Theater</a>. After the war, he became an aide to Senator <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. When Johnson assumed the vice presidency in 1961, he convinced President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> to appoint Connally to the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a>. Connally left the Kennedy Administration in December 1961 <a href="/wiki/1962_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Texas gubernatorial election">to successfully run</a> for Governor of Texas. In 1963, Connally was riding in the <a href="/wiki/Official_state_car" title="Official state car">presidential limousine</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">when Kennedy was assassinated</a>, and was seriously wounded. During his governorship, he was a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">conservative Democrat</a>. </p><p>In 1971, Republican President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> appointed Connally as his treasury secretary. In this position, Connally presided over the removal of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a>. Connally stepped down from the Cabinet in 1972 to lead the <a href="/wiki/Democrats_for_Nixon" title="Democrats for Nixon">Democrats for Nixon</a> organization, which campaigned for Nixon's re-election. He was a candidate to replace Vice President <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> after the latter resigned in 1973, but Nixon chose <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> instead. He sought the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican nomination</a> for president in the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 election</a>, but withdrew from the race after the first set of primaries. Connally did not seek public office again after 1980 and died of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a> in 1993. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Connally was born on February 27, 1917, into a large family in <a href="/wiki/Floresville,_Texas" title="Floresville, Texas">Floresville</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Wilson_County,_Texas" title="Wilson County, Texas">Wilson County</a>, southeast of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>. He was one of seven children born to Lela (née Wright) and John Bowden Connally, a <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His six siblings included four brothers: Golfrey, Merrill, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Connally" title="Wayne Connally">Wayne</a> and Stanford, and sisters Carmen and Blanche.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Dugger" title="Ronnie Dugger">Ronnie Dugger</a>, Connally's family had "had no money, no home, and no furniture."<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally's parents grew even poorer because of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and when speaking about his poverty, Connally often recalled that he had to study by kerosene light.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the initial hardship, John Bowden Connally was able to lift the family out of poverty by running a successful bus route, and by 1932 the family bought a 1000-acre farm.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The income from the farm was enough to cover Connally's tuition. Connally attended <a href="/wiki/Floresville_High_School" title="Floresville High School">Floresville High School</a> and was one of the few graduates who attended college. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, where he was the student body president and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Friar_Society" title="Friar Society">Friar Society</a>. It was at the University of Texas where he met his future wife <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Connally" title="Nellie Connally">Nellie Connally</a>. He subsequently graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law" title="University of Texas School of Law">University of Texas School of Law</a> and was admitted to the bar by examination. </p><p>In 1936, Connally met and befriended <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>, of whom he remained a political ally and friend for his entire life.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson helped Connally get a job in the campus library, and Connally played a minor role in Johnson's bid for Congress in 1937. Johnson rewarded Connally for his help by taking him to Washington in 1939, where Connally remained until 1941, when he enlisted in the Naval Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service_and_legal_career">Military service and legal career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service and legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Connally served in the United States Navy during World War II, first as an aide to <a href="/wiki/James_V._Forrestal" class="mw-redirect" title="James V. Forrestal">James V. Forrestal</a>. Subsequently, he was on General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s staff for planning the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>. After transferring to the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">South Pacific Theater</a>, he served as fighter-plane director aboard the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(CV-9)" title="USS Essex (CV-9)">USS <i>Essex</i></a> and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> for bravery. After being transferred to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Bennington_(CV-20)" title="USS Bennington (CV-20)">USS <i>Bennington</i></a>, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>. He was discharged in 1946 at the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Commander (United States)">lieutenant commander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally practiced law in the <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Wirtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvin Wirtz">Alvin Wirtz</a> law firm, until <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Baines Johnson</a>, then a newly elected senator, persuaded him to return to Washington, to serve as a key aide. He had close ties with Johnson before his navy days and maintained them until the former president's death in 1973. </p><p>Two of Connally's principal legal clients were the Texas oil <a href="/wiki/Tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycoon">tycoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Sid_W._Richardson" title="Sid W. Richardson">Sid W. Richardson</a> and Perry Bass, Richardson's nephew and partner, both of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>. Richardson's empire in the 1950s was estimated at $200 million to $1 billion. Under Richardson's tutelage, Connally gained experience in a variety of enterprises and received tips on real estate purchases. The work required the Connallys to relocate to Fort Worth. When Richardson died in 1959, Connally was named to the lucrative position of co-executor of the estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197470–71_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197470–71-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally was also involved in a reported clandestine deal to place the Texas Democrat <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Robert Anderson</a> on the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> ticket as vice president. Although the idea fell through when <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> retained <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in the second slot, Anderson received a million dollars for his efforts and a subsequent appointment as U.S. Treasury Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197470–71_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197470–71-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Navy_secretary_to_Texas_politics">From Navy secretary to Texas politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From Navy secretary to Texas politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Connally worked in Johnson's radio station <a href="/wiki/KLBJ_(AM)" title="KLBJ (AM)">KTBC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, before borrowing $25,000 in 1946 to found a new radio station <a href="/wiki/KVET_(AM)" title="KVET (AM)">KVET</a>. He was the president of the radio station between 1946 and 1949. Connally became a chief strategist for Lyndon Johnson's 1948 Senate race, and is reported to have said: "I really ran the campaign that year."<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally almost ended up running for office instead of Johnson because of the latter's reluctance, but Johnson eventually did settle on partaking in the election.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 Democratic convention">1960 Democratic convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, Connally led supporters of Senator <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>. His argument that <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> would be an unsuitable president due to having <a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Addison's disease</a> and a dependence on <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a> was fruitless, as Kennedy had already secured the needed delegates for nomination before the convention even opened.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy made Johnson his running mate in order to secure the support of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, and went on to win the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197474_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197474-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_the_Navy">Secretary of the Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secretary of the Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Johnson's request, in 1961 President Kennedy named Connally <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>. Connally resigned eleven months later to run for the Texas governorship. During Connally's secretaryship, the Navy had a budget of $14 billion and more than 1.2 million workers–600,000 in uniform and 650,000 civilian–stationed at 222 bases in the United States and 53 abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197489_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197489-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally directed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">Sixth Fleet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> on a new kind of "<a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>." The <a href="/wiki/USS_Forrestal" title="USS Forrestal">USS <i>Forrestal</i></a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy, and brought gifts to children in an <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanage</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Connally also ordered gifts for a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Cannes,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannes, France">Cannes, France</a>, that treated children with bone diseases, for poor Greek children on the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> and for disabled children in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Italy. Presents were also sent to Turkish children in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and to a camp in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> for homeless <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197490–91_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197490–91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs</a> incident occurred under his watch. </p><p>Connally fought hard to protect the Navy's role in the national <a href="/wiki/Space_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Space program">space program</a>, having vigorously opposed assigning most space research to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> termed Connally's year as Navy Secretary "a first-rate appointment." Critics noted, however, that the brevity of Connally's tenure precluded any sustained or comprehensive achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197495–96_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197495–96-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Running_for_governor">Running for governor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Running for governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Connally announced in December 1961 that he was leaving the position of Secretary of the Navy to seek the Democratic nomination for the <a href="/wiki/1962_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Texas gubernatorial election">1962 Texas gubernatorial election</a>. He would have to compete against the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Marion Price Daniel Sr.</a>, who was running for a fourth consecutive two-year term. Daniel was in political trouble following the enactment of a two-cent state <a href="/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Sales taxes in the United States">sales tax</a> in 1961, which had soured many voters on his administration. Another opponent, <a href="/wiki/Don_Yarborough" title="Don Yarborough">Don Yarborough</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/American_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="American liberalism">liberal</a> attorney from <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a> favored by <a href="/wiki/Organized_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized labor">organized labor</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/Texas_Attorney_General" title="Texas Attorney General">state Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Wilson_(Texas_politician)" title="Will Wilson (Texas politician)">Will Wilson</a> also entered the campaign, criticizing Johnson, who he claimed had engineered Connally's candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally ran as a conservative Democrat. Connally waged the most active campaign of any of the Democrats, traveling more than 22,000 miles across the state. He made 43 major speeches and appeared on multiple statewide and local telecasts. Biographer Charles Ashman called Connally a "total professional" when it came to campaigning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974228_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974228-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign, Connally courted crowds and travelled with aides to make for a more noticeable entrance when he arrived at events. Ashman claimed that Connally would have aides telephone airports ask to page him for an urgent message, in order to give the impression that he was much in demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974228_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974228-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 1961 poll, only 1% of Texas voters were willing to back Connally, which forced him to make ground rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally appeared conservative, but did often highlight his position in the Kennedy Administration in attempt to appeal to Hispanic and Afro-American voters. Connally refused to debate Yarborough, and resorted to attacking him in subtle ways instead, attacking him as a candidate of <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a>, which "was like equating him with the Communist party" in a Southern state like Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually he was placed in a primary <a href="/wiki/Runoff_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff election">runoff election</a> against Yarborough, which he won by a close vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197437_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197437-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally's Republican opponent for the governor's office was conservative Republican <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cox_(Texas_politician)" title="Jack Cox (Texas politician)">Jack Cox</a>, also of Houston. Connally received 847,038 ballots (54%) to Cox's 715,025 (45.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the campaign, Connally made an issue of Cox having switched to the Republican party the previous year; eleven years later, Connally made the same switch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman19745_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman19745-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Texas">Governor of Texas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governor of Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Connally_(TX).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Connally_%28TX%29.png/170px-John_Connally_%28TX%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Connally_%28TX%29.png/255px-John_Connally_%28TX%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Connally_%28TX%29.png/340px-John_Connally_%28TX%29.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Connally as governor, 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>Connally served as governor from 1963 until 1969. In the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/1964_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1964 Texas gubernatorial election">1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/1966_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Texas gubernatorial election">1966</a>, Connally defeated weak Republican challenges offered by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Crichton_(Texas_businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Crichton (Texas businessman) (page does not exist)">Jack Crichton</a>, a Dallas oil industrialist, and Thomas Everton Kennerly Sr. (1903–2000), of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, respectively. He prevailed with margins of 73.8 percent and 72.8 percent, respectively, giving him greater influence with the nearly all-Democratic legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally was governor during a time of great expansion of higher education in Texas. He signed into law the creation of the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. He appointed regents who backed the entry of women into previously all-male <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> in <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>, having been prompted to take such action by State Senator <a href="/wiki/William_T._Moore_(Texas_politician)" title="William T. Moore (Texas politician)">William T. "Bill" Moore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a>, who in 1953 had first proposed the admission of women to the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gov._John_Connally_signing_bill_that_separated_Arlington_State_College_from_the_Texas_A%26M_system_(10001745).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gov._John_Connally_signing_bill_that_separated_Arlington_State_College_from_the_Texas_A%26M_system_%2810001745%29.jpg/220px-Gov._John_Connally_signing_bill_that_separated_Arlington_State_College_from_the_Texas_A%26M_system_%2810001745%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gov._John_Connally_signing_bill_that_separated_Arlington_State_College_from_the_Texas_A%26M_system_%2810001745%29.jpg/330px-Gov._John_Connally_signing_bill_that_separated_Arlington_State_College_from_the_Texas_A%26M_system_%2810001745%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gov._John_Connally_signing_bill_that_separated_Arlington_State_College_from_the_Texas_A%26M_system_%2810001745%29.jpg/440px-Gov._John_Connally_signing_bill_that_separated_Arlington_State_College_from_the_Texas_A%26M_system_%2810001745%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>Governor Connally signing the bill that separated <a href="/wiki/Arlington_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington State College">Arlington State College</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_System" title="Texas A&M University System">Texas A&M University System</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, Connally "became almost a demigod symbol to the voters in Texas which would assure him an overwhelming victory in 1964". The governor became very religious and believed that he had been saved by God for a reason.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "Now I feel that, rather than being elected, maybe I'm one of God's elect. The good Lord chose to leave me here, so I figure I'm one of God's elect."<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his re-election in 1964, Connally grew critical of Lyndon Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> and was willing to block its enaction in Texas. Connally was also a bitter opponent of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work law</a> in Texas, which led the <a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a> to call for his resignation. Texas Republicans strongly commended Connally for his conservative views, and a Houston Republican <a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Fay" title="Albert B. Fay">Albert B. Fay</a> said that he wanted "to publicly commend him [Connally] and invite him into the Republican party."<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally cemented himself as a very conservative Democrat, even by the standards of the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, which led many to believe that he was aligned more towards the Republican Party than his own.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the presidency of Johnson, Connally "spoke out for state vetoes on anti-poverty programs, publicly went on television to oppose the civil rights laws guaranteeing all citizens access to public accommodations, and other Great Society legislation."<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liberal wing of the Democratic Party in Texas believed that a break between Connally and the president was imminent, given Connally's support for <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> and his opposition to Johnson's welfare policies. The split did not come to fruition and according to <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>, Johnson and Connally "agree to disagree".<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite clashing with Johnson on the issue of segregation and economic policies, Connally agreed with president's foreign policy, supported escalating the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and kept supporting Johnson even after the Vietnam War grew deeply unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally fiercely defended the war, and accused Democratic progressives such as <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> of supporting "appeasement and surrender"; in turn, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Pierre Salinger</a> accused Connally of endorsing "old-type Joe <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>". <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Nickerson" title="Eugene Nickerson">Eugene Nickerson</a> remarked that Connally's view on the Vietnam War was "blood thirsty" and that he expressed support "for bigger and better wars".<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally remained a hardline <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">hawk</a> his entire life, and consistently pressured President Johnson to stay aggressive towards Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As governor of Texas, Connally also had a strained relationship with Afro-Americans and Latin Americans, and was reported to have "snubbed a group of Latin Americans in 1966 who walked 350 miles to ask him to support a state minimum wage".<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This earned Connally a reputation of a reactionary, deeply conservative, and insensitive politician. In 1966, Connally defended his views by saying: "In a sense it is a dirty business, but not corrupt. It's mean... It's tough... [People] will say some mean things about you, but this is one of the burdens you have to bear. People say mean things about me-and they will this year".<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally founded and thoroughly consolidated his political machine in Texas during his governorship, and said: "Texas is a one-party state, and I'll see to it that it stays that way."<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherrill" title="Robert Sherrill">Robert Sherrill</a>, Connally moved the state in a conservative direction, and "controlled the men who controlled the politics in Texas—all conservative".<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the governor to successfully prevent the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> from being enforced in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By Spring of 1967, Connally announced that he would not seek a fourth term because of his failing health: he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">stomach ulcer</a>. Reevaluating the governorship of John Connally, Rita Lynne Colbert concludes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His accomplishments as Governor of Texas for six years appear quite modest. Some new industry was attracted to the state, a tourist development agency was set up, a commission appointed to study higher education problems. Texas minorities have spoken out violently against his stand opposing President Johnson's civil rights bill. And in his own party, the liberal Democrats were very angry because Connally had frequently snubbed them. The one area he seemed to excel in was the growth of better education in Texas. Connally said he wanted to be known as "the education Governor," and he will be, because spending for higher education rose 150 percent and for secondary education 100 percent. The expenditures for mental-health rose 300 percent. </p><dl><dd></dd></dl><p> Along with the increase in education was the increase of taxes during Connally's term as Governor. The Texas budget rose from $1.3 billion to $2.5 billion a year, almost doubling. Connally argued that increases in service to Texas outweighed the tax rise, and that, per capita, taxes rose only 16.4 percent while the national average rose by 21.9 percent. Even though the taxes rose, the business taxes did not rise nearly as much as per capita income of the people and Connally was not shy about mentioning this to big business, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> tells that Connally admitted (at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> in 1966 that was supposed to have been secret), that his administration had gone out of its way to keep taxes off business, although "every poll shows business taxes are the most popular with the public." <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a>, Connally's long time enemy, calls Connally "the worst, the most reactionary Governor in Texas history."<sup id="cite_ref-colbert_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>As governor, Connally promoted <a href="/wiki/HemisFair_%2768" title="HemisFair '68">HemisFair '68</a>, the world's fair held in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, which he suggested could net the state an additional $12 million in direct taxes. He also supported turning the fair's Texas Pavilion into a permanent museum, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Texan_Cultures" title="Institute of Texan Cultures">Institute of Texan Cultures</a>, describing his vision for it as "a dramatic showcase, not only to Texans, but to all the world, of the host of diverse peoples from many lands whose blood and dreams built our state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974109_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974109-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was some talk of Connally being selected as <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>'s running mate on the Democratic ticket in 1968, but liberal Senator <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> of Maine was chosen instead. Connally publicly endorsed Humphrey, but the relationship was not always smooth. According to then-Representative <a href="/wiki/Ben_Barnes_(Texas_politician)" title="Ben Barnes (Texas politician)">Ben Barnes</a>, in a private meeting at the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>, Connally angrily accused Humphrey of being disloyal to President Johnson by trying to soft-pedal Johnson's position regarding Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashman claims that during this time Connally was "privately helping Nixon, recruiting a number of influential Texans, members of both parties, to work for the Republican candidate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974167_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974167-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally was succeeded as governor by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preston Smith (Texas)">Preston Smith</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy_assassination">Kennedy assassination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kennedy assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_limousine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/220px-JFK_limousine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/330px-JFK_limousine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/440px-JFK_limousine.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Governor Connally, seated in front of President Kennedy, minutes before the assassination</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 22, 1963, Connally was seriously wounded while riding in <a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">President Kennedy's car</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas</a> when <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">the president was assassinated</a>. Connally, riding in the middle <a href="/wiki/Jump_seat" title="Jump seat">jump seat</a> of the president's limousine in front of the president, recalled hearing the first shot, which he immediately recognized as a rifle shot. He said that he immediately feared an assassination attempt and turned to his right to look back to see the president. He looked over his right shoulder but did not catch the president out of the corner of his eye, so he said he began to turn back to look to his left, when he felt a forceful impact to his back.<sup id="cite_ref-4_H_133_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4_H_133-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that, had his head not turned, the bullet which struck his back would have hit his heart instead of his lungs, instantly killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-lonestar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He later told the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>: "I said, 'My God, they are going to kill us all.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" He looked down and saw that his chest was covered with blood and thought he had been fatally shot. Then he heard the third and final shot, which sprayed blood and brain tissue on the car's passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-4_H_133_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4_H_133-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally suffered a fracture of the fifth rib, a <a href="/wiki/Punctured_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctured lung">punctured lung</a>, a shattered wrist, and had a bullet lodged in his leg.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He underwent four hours of surgery after the shooting and recovered from his wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doctor Charles Gregory, who tended to his wrist wound also told the Warren Commission that it went from the upper (dorsal) surface, near the midline, about five cm above the wrist joint, to the under (volar) surface, much closer to the joint, at a distance of about one and a half cm.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by 24-year-old ex-Marine <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> and that Oswald had acted entirely alone. Connally refused to accept the <a href="/wiki/Single_bullet_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Single bullet theory">single-bullet theory</a>, which suggested that one shot passed through President Kennedy's neck and caused all of Connally's wounds. He insisted that all three shots struck occupants of the limousine. Publicly, he agreed with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Oswald acted alone.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Spokesman-Review_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Spokesman-Review-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-posner_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posner-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_the_Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Secretary of the Treasury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Connally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Portrait_of_John_Connally.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_John_Connally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Portrait_of_John_Connally.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Connally's official Treasury Department portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1971, Republican President Nixon appointed Democrat Connally as Treasury Secretary. Before agreeing to take the appointment, however, Connally told Nixon that the president must find a position in the administration for <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the Republican who had been defeated in November 1970 in a hard-fought <a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">U.S. Senate race</a> against Democrat <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a>. Connally told Nixon that his taking the Treasury post would embarrass Bush, who had "labored in the vineyards" for Nixon's election as president, while Connally had supported Humphrey.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon named Bush as ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in order to secure Connally's services at Treasury. Ben Barnes, then the lieutenant governor and originally a Connally ally, claims in his <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> that Connally's insistence saved Bush's political career, leading to Bush's eventual presidency and indirectly to the presidency of his son, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Shortly after taking the Treasury post, Connally famously told a group of European finance ministers worried about the export of American inflation that the dollar "is our currency, but your problem."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_B_Connally_sig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/John_B_Connally_sig.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="50" /></a><figcaption>Connally's signature, as used on American currency</figcaption></figure> <p>Secretary Connally defended a $50 billion increase in the debt ceiling and a $35 to $40 billion budget deficit as an essential "fiscal stimulus" at a time when five million Americans were unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974246_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974246-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He unveiled Nixon's program of raising the price of gold and formally devaluing the dollar, known as the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a>—finally leaving the old <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> entirely, a departure begun in 1934 by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974223,_246_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974223,_246-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prices continued to increase during 1971, and Nixon allowed wage and price guidelines, which Congress had authorized on a stand-by basis, to be implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974198,_240_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974198,_240-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally later shied away from his role in recommending the failed wage and price controls, and announced guaranteed loans for the ailing <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> aircraft company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974220_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974220-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also fought a lonely battle against growing balance-of-payment problems with the nation's trading partners, and undertook important foreign diplomatic trips for Nixon through his role as Treasury Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974246-249_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974246-249-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Bruce Schulman wrote that Nixon was "awed" by the handsome, urbane Texan who was also a tough political fighter. Schulman added that <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, Nixon's <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a>, noted that Connally was the only cabinet member whom Nixon did not disparage behind his back, and that this was high praise indeed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Democrats_for_Nixon_and_party_switch">Democrats for Nixon and party switch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Democrats for Nixon and party switch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democrats_for_Nixon" title="Democrats for Nixon">Democrats for Nixon</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Connally,_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_-_NARA_-_194732.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Portrait_of_John_Connally%2C_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_-_NARA_-_194732.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Portrait_of_John_Connally%2C_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_-_NARA_-_194732.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Portrait_of_John_Connally%2C_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_-_NARA_-_194732.tif/lossy-page1-225px-Portrait_of_John_Connally%2C_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_-_NARA_-_194732.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Portrait_of_John_Connally%2C_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_-_NARA_-_194732.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Portrait_of_John_Connally%2C_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_-_NARA_-_194732.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Connally on August 15, 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>Connally stepped down as Treasury Secretary in May 1972 to head "<a href="/wiki/Democrats_for_Nixon" title="Democrats for Nixon">Democrats for Nixon</a>", a Republican-funded campaign to promote Democratic support for Nixon in the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a>. Connally's former mentor, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, stood behind Democratic presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, although McGovern had long opposed Johnson's foreign and defense policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974271_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974271-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time that Connally and Johnson were publicly on opposite sides of a general election campaign, although Connally had privately supported the Republican candidate Eisenhower in <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197470_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197470-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1972 United States Senate election in Texas">1972 U.S. Senate election in Texas</a>, Connally endorsed Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barefoot_Sanders" title="Barefoot Sanders">Harold Barefoot Sanders</a>, later a federal <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> from Dallas, rather than the Republican incumbent <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a>, also of Dallas. Connally had considered running against Tower in 1966, but chose instead to run for a third term as governor. </p><p>After stepping down as Treasury Secretary, Connally served as the top adviser to Nixon's energy policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Time;_May_26,_1973_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time;_May_26,_1973-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1972, Connally travelled to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time;_May_26,_1973_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time;_May_26,_1973-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addressing speculation that he was on a "secret peace mission", Nixon said that Connally was travelling privately but that he had asked him to have informal discussions with various world leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Time;_May_26,_1973_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time;_May_26,_1973-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that trip Connally did meet with <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Prince Fahd</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> and its effect on <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia–United States relations</a> were discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-history.state.gov_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.state.gov-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1973, Johnson died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>. He and Connally had been friends since 1938. Connally eulogized Johnson during interment services at the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">LBJ Ranch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gillespie_County,_Texas" title="Gillespie County, Texas">Gillespie County</a>, along with the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, who officiated at the service.<sup id="cite_ref-LBJStateFuneral_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJStateFuneral-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1973, Connally joined the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> resigned five months later because of scandal, Connally was among Nixon's potential choices to fill the vacancy. However, Nixon instead tapped House Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, because he believed Democrats in Congress were less likely to block Ford's appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Monthly_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monthly-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Texas Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bullock" title="Bob Bullock">Bob Bullock</a>, who had supported McGovern in 1972, disapproved strongly and publicly of Connally's switch, stating that "...I got some ideas on Mr. Connally. He ain't never done nothin' but get shot in Dallas."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974284–285_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974284–285-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> resigned as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> in September 1973, Nixon was reported to have considered appointing Connally to the position.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Washington_Post;_May_13,_1977_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post;_May_13,_1977-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indictment,_trial_and_acquittal"><span id="Indictment.2C_trial_and_acquittal"></span>Indictment, trial and acquittal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indictment, trial and acquittal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1974, Connally was indicted for allegedly pocketing $10,000 from <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> industry lawyer Jake Jacobsen in exchange for influencing the government to increase <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Price_Support_Program" title="Dairy Price Support Program">federal dairy price support</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further charges included Connally allegedly pocketing another $5,000 from Jacobsen after making a call to <a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">Thruston Morton</a>, who was charging Jacobsen with fraud after a business venture of his had fallen through.<sup id="cite_ref-lonestar_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his April 1975 trial, Connally's defense called as character witnesses former First Ladies <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>, as well as Texas state senator <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> (the first female, black state senator in Texas history), <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a November 1979 profile by Paul Burka in <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Monthly" title="Texas Monthly">Texas Monthly</a></i> magazine, "The case turned first on whether Connally would simultaneously be tried for perjury—some embarrassing inconsistencies had crept into his pretrial testimony—but his lawyer was able to prevent it, and then the issue came down to whether John Connally or Jake Jacobsen was telling the truth." On the strength of the defense's prominent character witnesses, Connally was acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980_presidential_run">1980 presidential run</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1980 presidential run"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980 Republican Party presidential primaries</a></div> <p>Connally announced in January 1979 that he would seek the Republican nomination for president in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>. He was considered a great <a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a> and strong leader and was featured on the cover of <i>Time</i> with the heading "Hot on the Trail", but his wheeler-dealer image remained a liability, particularly in New England, an ancestrally Republican area.<sup id="cite_ref-lonestar_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally drew the backing of Republican state representative <a href="/wiki/Fred_Agnich" title="Fred Agnich">Fred Agnich</a> of Dallas.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally raised more money than any other candidate, but he was never able to overtake the popular conservative front-runner, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, which frustrated Connally deeply.<sup id="cite_ref-lonestar_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally spent his money nationally, while rival candidate George H. W. Bush, also from Houston, targeted his time and money in early states and won the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa caucus">Iowa caucus</a>. This was also due to his campaign manager, Eddie Mahe Jr, believing that his time was better spent in Southern states, where Connally was already a strong competitor.<sup id="cite_ref-lonestar_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally's views on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> led to the New York Times calling him the "favored Saudi candidate".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Washington_Post;_October_22,_1979_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post;_October_22,_1979-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lonestar_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most controversially, he gave a speech in front of the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(United_States)" title="National Press Club (United States)">National Press Club</a> where he called firmly for a two state solution in the Middle East where Palestine would become a region of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, in exchange for recognition of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> by nations of the Middle East and a firm flow of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-lonestar_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech was blamed for many of the following failures of the Connally campaign, including a fall in the polls.<sup id="cite_ref-lonestar_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his loss in Iowa, Connally focused on <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, an early primary state in which he had the support of U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reagan_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagan-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lost there to Reagan 55 to 30 percent and withdrew from the contest. Despite spending $11 million during the campaign, Connally secured the support of only a single delegate, Ada Mills of <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Arkansas" title="Clarksville, Arkansas">Clarksville, Arkansas</a>, who became nationally known for a brief time as the "$11 million delegate".<sup id="cite_ref-Time-Adieu_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-Adieu-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After withdrawing, Connally endorsed Reagan and appeared with the former governor at the <a href="/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas-Fort Worth Airport">Dallas-Fort Worth Airport</a>, fundraisers and other campaign events. During a press conference, Connally was asked if he thought Reagan was the best man to be president. Connally joked, "I think he's the second best man I can think of."<sup id="cite_ref-Reagan_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagan-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connally was reported to have been interested in becoming <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a>, but was only offered the post of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a>, which he turned down.<sup id="cite_ref-UPI;_December_24,_1980_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI;_December_24,_1980-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Bill Clements</a> said that Connally rejected the position for personal reasons and to focus on his law practice with <a href="/wiki/Vinson_%26_Elkins" title="Vinson & Elkins">Vinson & Elkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UPI;_December_24,_1980_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI;_December_24,_1980-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He purchased a $1 million apartment in Washington, D.C., from one of the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a>'s sisters, reportedly due to higher political aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assigned as one of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board</a>'s 19 members.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran_hostage_allegations">Iran hostage allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iran hostage allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, allegations by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Barnes_(Texas_politician)" title="Ben Barnes (Texas politician)">Ben Barnes</a>, a longtime Connally associate, were published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">the New York Times</a> alleging that Connally <a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">interfered</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Iran hostage crisis negotiations</a> to aid the Reagan campaign and gain favor with Reagan. Barnes contended that during a tour of the Middle East in the summer of 1980, Connally met with several regional leaders to convince them to tell Iran that they would get a better deal from Reagan if they continued to hold <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">hostages</a> until after the November election.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2023_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2023-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While this trip has been verified and Connally was in touch with Reagan associates, it is unclear if he was acting at anyone's direction, or if his message reached Iran or had any impact there.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2023_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2023-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1981, Connally was alleged to be aware of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dog" title="Operation Red Dog">Operation Red Dog</a>, a plot by <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacists</a> to overthrow the government of <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, by Michael Perdue. Connally, along with <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, was found to have no connection to the plot and was not subpoenaed as part of the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, Connally filed for <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> as a result of a string of business losses in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1990, Connally and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wyatt" title="Oscar Wyatt">Oscar Wyatt</a>, chairman of the Coastal Oil Corporation, met with President <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Hussein had been holding foreigners as hostages (or "guests" as Hussein called them) at strategic military sites in Iraq. After the meeting, Hussein agreed to release the hostages. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connally_Memorial_Medical_Center,_Floresville,_TX_IMG_2707.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Connally_Memorial_Medical_Center%2C_Floresville%2C_TX_IMG_2707.JPG/200px-Connally_Memorial_Medical_Center%2C_Floresville%2C_TX_IMG_2707.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Connally_Memorial_Medical_Center%2C_Floresville%2C_TX_IMG_2707.JPG/300px-Connally_Memorial_Medical_Center%2C_Floresville%2C_TX_IMG_2707.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Connally_Memorial_Medical_Center%2C_Floresville%2C_TX_IMG_2707.JPG/400px-Connally_Memorial_Medical_Center%2C_Floresville%2C_TX_IMG_2707.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:100%;">The Connally Memorial Medical Center on <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_181" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 181">U.S. Highway 181</a> in <a href="/wiki/Floresville,_Texas" title="Floresville, Texas">Floresville</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In one of his last political acts, Connally endorsed Republican congressman <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fields" title="Jack Fields">Jack Fields</a> of Houston in the <a href="/wiki/Special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Special election">special election</a> called in May 1993 to fill the vacancy left by U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> of Houston.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_B._Connally_tombstone_IMG_2144.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_B._Connally_tombstone_IMG_2144.JPG/200px-John_B._Connally_tombstone_IMG_2144.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_B._Connally_tombstone_IMG_2144.JPG/300px-John_B._Connally_tombstone_IMG_2144.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_B._Connally_tombstone_IMG_2144.JPG/400px-John_B._Connally_tombstone_IMG_2144.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Connally tombstone at <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery" title="Texas State Cemetery">Texas State Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On May 17, 1993, Connally began to have trouble breathing and was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Methodist_Hospital" title="Houston Methodist Hospital">Houston Methodist Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, where he died from <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>, on June 15, at the age of 76.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Connally died, forensic pathologist Dr. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wecht" title="Cyril Wecht">Cyril Wecht</a> and the Assassination Archives and Research Center petitioned <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> to recover the remaining bullet fragments from Connally's body, contending that the fragments would disprove the Warren Commission's <a href="/wiki/Single-bullet_theory" title="Single-bullet theory">single-bullet</a>, single-gunman conclusion. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> replied that it "...would have no legal authority to recover the fragments unless Connally's family gave it permission." Connally's family refused permission.<sup id="cite_ref-fragments_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fragments-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His funeral was held on June 17, 1993, at the First United Methodist Church of Austin where he and his wife, Nellie Connally, had been members since 1963. Former president Nixon was in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally's wife Nellie died in 2006; they are interred together at the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery" title="Texas State Cemetery">Texas State Cemetery</a> in Austin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of buildings and institutions in Texas bear Connally's name. Educational institutions named for him including the <a href="/wiki/John_B._Connally_Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Connally Middle School">John B. Connally Middle School</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Northside_ISD" class="mw-redirect" title="Northside ISD">Northside ISD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_B._Connally_High_School" title="John B. Connally High School">John B. Connally High School</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Pflugerville_ISD" class="mw-redirect" title="Pflugerville ISD">Pflugerville ISD</a>. Texas A&M University and <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Technical_College" title="Texas State Technical College">Texas State Technical College</a> each have a building named in his honor. Other notable institutions named for him include a portion of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_410" title="Interstate 410">Interstate 410</a> in San Antonio, the Connally Loop, and the <a href="/wiki/John_B._Connally_Unit" title="John B. Connally Unit">John B. Connally Unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice" title="Texas Department of Criminal Justice">Texas Department of Criminal Justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas" title="Karnes County, Texas">Karnes County</a>. The Connally Memorial Medical Center in Floresville is named for the Connally family. Downtown Houston has a life-sized statue of Connally in Connally Plaza.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1964, Connally donated the suit he wore on November 22, 1963, to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Library_and_Archives_Commission" title="Texas State Library and Archives Commission">Texas State Library and Archives Commission</a> (TSLAC). The suit was displayed to the public until March 1964. In 2000, TSLAC loaned the suit to the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> for examination purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October 2013 to February 2014, the suit was featured as part of an exhibit at the TSLAC to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Kennedy assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._political_appointments_that_crossed_party_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines">List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">List of governors of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Milk_Case" title="The Milk Case">The Milk Case</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSevero1993" class="citation news cs1">Severo, Richard (June 16, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192129/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/16/us/john-connally-of-texas-a-power-in-2-political-parties-dies-at-76.html">"John Connally of Texas, a Power In 2 Political Parties, Dies at 76"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/16/us/john-connally-of-texas-a-power-in-2-political-parties-dies-at-76.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Connally+of+Texas%2C+a+Power+In+2+Political+Parties%2C+Dies+at+76&rft.date=1993-06-16&rft.aulast=Severo&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F06%2F16%2Fus%2Fjohn-connally-of-texas-a-power-in-2-political-parties-dies-at-76.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19930616&id=_jZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=987,3034182">"Former Texas Governor Dies"</a>. <i>The Victoria Advocate</i>. June 16, 1993. p. 5A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Victoria+Advocate&rft.atitle=Former+Texas+Governor+Dies&rft.pages=5A&rft.date=1993-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D861%26dat%3D19930616%26id%3D_jZSAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D987%2C3034182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colbert-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colbert_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbert1973" class="citation journal cs1">Colbert, Rita Lynne (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/3820/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"An Analysis and Evaluation of John Connally's May 28, 1971 Speech at Munich, Germany During the International Monetary Crisis"</a>. <i>Masters Theses</i>. Eastern Illinois University: 12–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Masters+Theses&rft.atitle=%22An+Analysis+and+Evaluation+of+John+Connally%27s+May+28%2C+1971+Speech+at+Munich%2C+Germany+During+the+International+Monetary+Crisis&rft.pages=12-32&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=Rita+Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekeep.eiu.edu%2Ftheses%2F3820%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshman1974" class="citation book cs1">Ashman, Charles (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/connallyadventur00ashm"><i>Connally: The Adventures of Big Bad John</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="William Morrow & Company">William Morrow & Company</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688002220" title="Special:BookSources/9780688002220"><bdi>9780688002220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connally%3A+The+Adventures+of+Big+Bad+John&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780688002220&rft.aulast=Ashman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconnallyadventur00ashm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197470–71-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197470–71_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197470–71_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeppard2013" class="citation web cs1">Peppard, Alan (March 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/jfk50/explore/20130330-jfk-and-texas-john-connally-shared-a-fateful-day-and-fragile-past.ece">"JFK and Texas' John Connally shared a fateful day and fragile past"</a>. <i>dallasnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 27, 1962. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896085,00.html#ixzz11d0RlxI2">the original</a> on October 20, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nation%3A+Talking+in+Texas&rft.date=1962-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C896085%2C00.html%23ixzz11d0RlxI2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974228-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974228_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974228_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197437-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197437_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119092417/http://texasalmanac.com/topics/elections/elections-texas-governors-1845%E2%80%932010">"Elections of Texas Governors, 1845–2010 | Texas Almanac"</a>. 2015-11-19. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elections+of+Texas+Governors%2C+1845%E2%80%932010+%7C+Texas+Almanac&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexasalmanac.com%2Ftopics%2Felections%2Felections-texas-governors-1845%25E2%2580%25932010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman19745-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman19745_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Election Statistics, <i>Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections</i>, Gubernatorial elections</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert C. Borden, "Bull of the Brazos dies: Moore was champion of Texas A&M," <i><a href="/wiki/Bryan-College_Station_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan-College Station Eagle">Bryan-College Station Eagle</a></i>, May 28, 1999, pp. 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974109-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974109_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesDickey2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Barnes_(Texas_politician)" title="Ben Barnes (Texas politician)">Barnes, Ben</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Dickey" title="Lisa Dickey">Dickey, Lisa</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barnburningbarnb00barn/page/188/mode/2up"><i>Barn Burning Barn Building: Tales of a Political Life from LBJ to George W. Bush and Beyond</i></a>. Bright Sky Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931721714" title="Special:BookSources/9781931721714"><bdi>9781931721714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barn+Burning+Barn+Building%3A+Tales+of+a+Political+Life+from+LBJ+to+George+W.+Bush+and+Beyond&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Bright+Sky+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781931721714&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Dickey%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarnburningbarnb00barn%2Fpage%2F188%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974167-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974167_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, pp. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4_H_133-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-4_H_133_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-4_H_133_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren Commission Hearings, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0069a.htm">4 H 133</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lonestar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lonestar_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lonestar_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lonestar_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lonestar_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lonestar_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lonestar_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lonestar_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lonestar_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReston1989" class="citation book cs1">Reston, James (October 1, 1989). <i>The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally</i>. HarperCollins. p. 691.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lone+Star%3A+The+Life+of+John+Connally&rft.pages=691&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1989-10-01&rft.aulast=Reston&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=82#relPageId=148">"HSCA Report, Volume VII: Entrance (inshoot) wound of the right lateral back (thorax)"</a>. <i>Mary Ferrell Foundation</i>. p. 138<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Connally+told+of+Kennedy%27s+death&rft.date=1963-11-23&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1963%2F11%2F23%2FConnally-told-of-Kennedys-death%2F8225410835458%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russel Kent, "The Wounding of Governor Connally --- Burying the Single Bullet Theory," The Education Forum, December 17, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/5648-the-wounding-of-john-connally-%E2%80%93-burying-the-single-bullet-theory">[1]</a> retrieved February 25, 2021 at about 3:47 AM EST.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Spokesman-Review-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Spokesman-Review_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=0klj8wIChNAC&dat=19661124&printsec=frontpage">"Connally Says Oswald Acted Alone; Raps Warren Commission Critics"</a>. <i>The Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. AP. November 24, 1966. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Connally+Says+Oswald+Acted+Alone%3B+Raps+Warren+Commission+Critics&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1966-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D0klj8wIChNAC%26dat%3D19661124%26printsec%3Dfrontpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-posner-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-posner_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner1993" class="citation book cs1">Posner, Gerald (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caseclosedleehar00posn/page/332"><i>Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caseclosedleehar00posn/page/332">332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679418253" title="Special:BookSources/0679418253"><bdi>0679418253</bdi></a>. <q>While he accepted the Commission's conclusions about Oswald being the lone assassin, he continued to insist that the first bullet fired did not strike him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Closed%3A+Lee+Harvey+Oswald+and+the+Assassination+of+JFK&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0679418253&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaseclosedleehar00posn%2Fpage%2F332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/1334/1">www.project-syndicate.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529133021/http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/1334/1">Archived</a> 2006-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974246-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974246_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974223,_246-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974223,_246_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 223, 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974198,_240-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974198,_240_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 198, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974220-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974220_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974246-249-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974246-249_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 246-249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ Bruce Schulman: <i>The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics</i>, Da Capo Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974271-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974271_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman197470-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman197470_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time;_May_26,_1973-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time;_May_26,_1973_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time;_May_26,_1973_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time;_May_26,_1973_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,906980-1,00.html">"POLITICS: Connolly in Motion"</a>. <i>Time</i>. May 26, 1973<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=POLITICS%3A+Connolly+in+Motion&rft.date=1973-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C906980-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.state.gov-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history.state.gov_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v24/d170">"170. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i>. Office of the Historian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=170.+Memorandum+From+the+President%27s+Assistant+for+National+Security+Affairs+%28Kissinger%29+to+President+Nixon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1969-76v24%2Fd170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LBJStateFuneral-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LBJStateFuneral_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonWitcover1973" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haynes_Johnson" title="Haynes Johnson">Johnson, Haynes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jules_Witcover" title="Jules Witcover">Witcover, Jules</a> (January 26, 1973). "LBJ Buried in Beloved Texas Hills". <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=LBJ+Buried+in+Beloved+Texas+Hills&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1973-01-26&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Haynes&rft.au=Witcover%2C+Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monthly-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monthly_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurka1979" class="citation web cs1">Burka, Paul (November 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/politics/the-truth-about-john-connally-2/">"The Truth About John Connally"</a>. <i>texasmonthly.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=texasmonthly.com&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+John+Connally&rft.date=1979-11&rft.aulast=Burka&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-truth-about-john-connally-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshman1974284–285-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshman1974284–285_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshman1974">Ashman 1974</a>, pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post;_May_13,_1977-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post;_May_13,_1977_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberdorfer1977" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Oberdorfer" title="Don Oberdorfer">Oberdorfer, Don</a> (May 13, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/13/nixon-says-he-saved-w-pakistan-and-sadat/afa301cf-c0ee-4d79-bdcd-769e72c7aed3/">"Nixon Says He Saved W. Pakistan and Sadat"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nixon+Says+He+Saved+W.+Pakistan+and+Sadat&rft.date=1977-05-13&rft.aulast=Oberdorfer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1977%2F05%2F13%2Fnixon-says-he-saved-w-pakistan-and-sadat%2Fafa301cf-c0ee-4d79-bdcd-769e72c7aed3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Aul-kAQHnToC&dat=19740729&printsec=frontpage">"The Deseret News - Google News Archive Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Deseret+News+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DAul-kAQHnToC%26dat%3D19740729%26printsec%3Dfrontpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19750404&id=jp8gAAAAIBAJ&pg=2402,511463">"Lewiston Evening Journal - Google News Archive Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewiston+Evening+Journal+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1913%26dat%3D19750404%26id%3Djp8gAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2402%2C511463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com">[2]</a> | AUG. 10, 1974 | Connally Pleads Not Guilty to Bribery, Perjury and Conspiracy in the Milk Case | ANTHONY RIPLEY | <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/10/archives/connally-pleads-not-guilty-to-bribery-perjury-and-conspiracyin-the.html">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.texasmonthly.com">[4]</a> | JUNE 1975 | Not Guilty | The jury in John Connally's trial had been the only silent players on the courtroom stage. Now, while everyone else waited, they talked | <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/not-guilty/">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Calhoun, "Agnich to head area Connally group," <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Times-Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Times-Herald">Dallas Times-Herald</a></i>, October 9, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post;_October_22,_1979-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post;_October_22,_1979_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1979" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Quinn" title="Sally Quinn">Quinn, Sally</a> (October 22, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/10/22/the-astrology-of-oil-and-the-art-of-survival/ec95cad0-4dd6-49b5-9844-744e1df698b7/">"The Astrology of Oil and The Art of Survival"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Astrology+of+Oil+and+The+Art+of+Survival&rft.date=1979-10-22&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1979%2F10%2F22%2Fthe-astrology-of-oil-and-the-art-of-survival%2Fec95cad0-4dd6-49b5-9844-744e1df698b7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespino2012" class="citation book cs1">Crespino, Joseph (2012-09-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCAPbSeruPEC&dq=%22strom+thurmond%22+%22John+Connally%22&pg=PT368"><i>Strom Thurmond's America: A History</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4548-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4548-6"><bdi>978-1-4299-4548-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strom+Thurmond%27s+America%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-4548-6&rft.aulast=Crespino&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCAPbSeruPEC%26dq%3D%2522strom%2Bthurmond%2522%2B%2522John%2BConnally%2522%26pg%3DPT368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reagan-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1980" class="citation news cs1">Cannon, Lou (26 March 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/03/26/reagan-gains-connally-endorsement/a7460abf-470e-4de7-a586-6501e565fe8b/">"Reagan Gains Connally Endorsement"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Washington, District of Columbia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Reagan+Gains+Connally+Endorsement&rft.date=1980-03-26&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1980%2F03%2F26%2Freagan-gains-connally-endorsement%2Fa7460abf-470e-4de7-a586-6501e565fe8b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-Adieu-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time-Adieu_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125105026/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921859,00.html">"Adieu, Big John"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. March 24, 1980. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921859,00.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Adieu%2C+Big+John&rft.date=1980-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C921859%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPI;_December_24,_1980-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPI;_December_24,_1980_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI;_December_24,_1980_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/12/24/John-Connally-rejected-the-position-of-energy-secretary-in/9122346482000/">"John Connally rejected the position of energy secretary in..."</a> <i>upi.com</i>. UPI. December 24, 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=upi.com&rft.atitle=John+Connally+rejected+the+position+of+energy+secretary+in...&rft.date=1980-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1980%2F12%2F24%2FJohn-Connally-rejected-the-position-of-energy-secretary-in%2F9122346482000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times;_March_19,_1982_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGailey1982" class="citation news cs1">Gailey, Phil (March 19, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/19/us/john-connally-s-big-interest-for-now-is-law.html">"JOHN CONNALLY'S BIG INTEREST, FOR NOW IS LAW"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=JOHN+CONNALLY%27S+BIG+INTEREST%2C+FOR+NOW+IS+LAW&rft.date=1982-03-19&rft.aulast=Gailey&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F03%2F19%2Fus%2Fjohn-connally-s-big-interest-for-now-is-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_2023-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2023_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2023_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(journalist)" title="Peter Baker (journalist)">Baker, Peter</a> (2023-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/us/politics/jimmy-carter-october-surprise-iran-hostages.html">"A Four-Decade Secret: One Man's Story of Sabotaging Carter's Re-election"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318200201/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/us/politics/jimmy-carter-october-surprise-iran-hostages.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Four-Decade+Secret%3A+One+Man%27s+Story+of+Sabotaging+Carter%27s+Re-election&rft.date=2023-03-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjimmy-carter-october-surprise-iran-hostages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/14/us/judge-denies-connally-subpoena-in-trial-of-3-alleged-mercenaries.html">"JUDGE DENIES CONNALLY SUBPOENA IN TRIAL OF 3 ALLEGED MERCENARIES"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. June 14, 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=JUDGE+DENIES+CONNALLY+SUBPOENA+IN+TRIAL+OF+3+ALLEGED+MERCENARIES&rft.date=1981-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F06%2F14%2Fus%2Fjudge-denies-connally-subpoena-in-trial-of-3-alleged-mercenaries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.2010" class="citation web cs1">H., Gray, Walter (12 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcosf">"Connally, John Bowden Jr"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connally%2C+John+Bowden+Jr.&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft.aulast=H.&rft.aufirst=Gray%2C+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffcosf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1993" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, Richard (June 16, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529193231/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1993/06/16/freewheeling-texas-governor-john-connally-dies/3c3fad8d-49b3-4c7f-a23a-aa68aa30268c/">"FREEWHEELING TEXAS GOVERNOR JOHN CONNALLY DIES"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1993/06/16/freewheeling-texas-governor-john-connally-dies/3c3fad8d-49b3-4c7f-a23a-aa68aa30268c/">the original</a> on May 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=FREEWHEELING+TEXAS+GOVERNOR+JOHN+CONNALLY+DIES&rft.date=1993-06-16&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1993%2F06%2F16%2Ffreewheeling-texas-governor-john-connally-dies%2F3c3fad8d-49b3-4c7f-a23a-aa68aa30268c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fragments-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fragments_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Matthew_P.1993" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Matthew P. (June 19, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JF4xAAAAIBAJ&pg=5611%2C1327061">"Wecht presses to recover Connally bullet fragments"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. Pittsburgh, PA USA. p. A-5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Wecht+presses+to+recover+Connally+bullet+fragments&rft.pages=A-5&rft.date=1993-06-19&rft.au=Smith%2C+Matthew+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DJF4xAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5611%252C1327061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Lardner_Jr.1993" class="citation news cs1">George Lardner Jr. (June 18, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/06/18/connally-takes-bullet-pieces-to-grave/1cab4644-c1be-4499-8d85-ed3bae858d17/">"Connally Takes Bullet Pieces to Grave"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Connally+Takes+Bullet+Pieces+to+Grave&rft.date=1993-06-18&rft.au=George+Lardner+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1993%2F06%2F18%2Fconnally-takes-bullet-pieces-to-grave%2F1cab4644-c1be-4499-8d85-ed3bae858d17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearst_Newspapers1993" class="citation news cs1">Hearst Newspapers (June 18, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1993-06-18-9306180244-story.html">"Connally Buried with Bullet Fragments"</a>. <i>Orlando Sentinel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Connally+Buried+with+Bullet+Fragments&rft.date=1993-06-18&rft.au=Hearst+Newspapers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fos-xpm-1993-06-18-9306180244-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/17/Mourners-pay-last-respects-to-former-Texas-Gov-John-Connally/1716740289600/">"Mourners pay last respects to former Texas Gov. John Connally"</a>. <i>UPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Mourners+pay+last+respects+to+former+Texas+Gov.+John+Connally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1993%2F06%2F17%2FMourners-pay-last-respects-to-former-Texas-Gov-John-Connally%2F1716740289600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://houstonartsfoundation.org/installation/john-b-connally/">"John B. Connally"</a>. <i>Houston Arts Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Arts+Foundation&rft.atitle=John+B.+Connally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhoustonartsfoundation.org%2Finstallation%2Fjohn-b-connally%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsl.texas.gov/jfk-exhibit-6.html">"Governor Connally's Suit"</a>. <i>tsl.texas.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tsl.texas.gov&rft.atitle=Governor+Connally%27s+Suit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsl.texas.gov%2Fjfk-exhibit-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarczyk2013" class="citation web cs1">Garczyk, Michael (October 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/jfk50/explore/20131016-suit-worn-by-gov.-john-connally-wounded-by-jfk-gunman-gets-rare-public-display-in-austin.ece">"Gov. John Connally's suit from JFK motorcade gets rare public display in Austin"</a>. <i>dallasnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dallasnews.com&rft.atitle=Gov.+John+Connally%27s+suit+from+JFK+motorcade+gets+rare+public+display+in+Austin&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft.aulast=Garczyk&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjfk50%2Fexplore%2F20131016-suit-worn-by-gov.-john-connally-wounded-by-jfk-gunman-gets-rare-public-display-in-austin.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Connally" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bergsten, C. Fred. "The Reincarnation of John Connally." <i>The International Economy</i> 35.3 (2021): 28–75.</li> <li>Glad, Betty, and Michael W. Link. "President Nixon's inner circle of advisers." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 26.1 (1996): 13–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551548">online</a></li> <li>Reston, James. <i>The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonestarlife00rest">online</a>, a standard biography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Connally, John with Mickey Herskowitz. <i>In History's Shadow: An American Odyssey</i> (Hyperion, 1993), autobiography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhistorysshadow00conn">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Connally" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Connally">John Connally</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcosf"><i>The Handbook of Texas</i> Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/search/?q=connally%2C+john&t=dc.subject">Photos of John Connally</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611084157/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/Connally/Connally.asp">Oral History Interviews with John Connally, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.uh.edu/u?/p15195coll6,227">Photos of Jonn Connally from University of Houston Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?15535">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?10319-1/lone-star-life-john-connally"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with James Reston Jr. on <i>The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally</i>, December 17, 1989.</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Franke" title="William B. Franke">William B. Franke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a> </b><br />1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korth" title="Fred Korth">Fred Korth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Price Daniel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> </b><br />1963–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">Preston Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1971–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_P._Shultz" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Shultz">George P. Shultz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Price Daniel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1962_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Texas gubernatorial election">1962</a>, <a href="/wiki/1964_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1964 Texas gubernatorial election">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/1966_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Texas gubernatorial election">1966</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">Preston Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a> </b><br />1965–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hughes" title="Harold Hughes">Harold Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:USSecNavy" title="Template:USSecNavy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecNavy" title="Template talk:USSecNavy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecNavy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecNavy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_the_Navy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States secretaries of the Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet-level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Stoddert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">S Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">L. Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kirke_Paulding" title="James Kirke Paulding">Paulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Henshaw_(American_politician)" title="David Henshaw (American politician)">Henshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ballard_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ballard Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Dobbin" title="James C. Dobbin">Dobbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Toucey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_E._Borie" title="Adolph E. Borie">Borie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Robeson" title="George M. Robeson">Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Thompson" title="Richard W. Thompson">R Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Goff_Jr." title="Nathan Goff Jr.">Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney" title="William Collins Whitney">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Tracy" title="Benjamin F. Tracy">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Morton_(politician)" title="Paul Morton (politician)">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_H._Newberry" title="Truman H. Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._Wilbur" title="Curtis D. Wilbur">Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_III" title="Charles Francis Adams III">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Dept. of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Sullivan_(United_States_Navy)" title="John L. Sullivan (United States Navy)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Matthews" title="Francis P. Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_A._Kimball" title="Dan A. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_(Secretary_of_the_Navy)" title="Charles Thomas (Secretary of the Navy)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Franke" title="William B. Franke">Franke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korth" title="Fred Korth">Korth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Nitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chafee" title="John Chafee">Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Middendorf" title="J. William Middendorf">Middendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr." title="W. Graham Claytor Jr.">Claytor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hidalgo" title="Edward Hidalgo">Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lehman" title="John Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Ball" title="William L. Ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Garrett_III" title="Henry L. Garrett III">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Dalton" title="John Howard Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Danzig" title="Richard Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._England" title="Gordon R. England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Winter" title="Donald C. Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mabus" title="Ray Mabus">Mabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Spencer" title="Richard V. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Braithwaite" title="Kenneth Braithwaite">Braithwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Del_Toro" title="Carlos Del Toro">Del Toro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/80px-US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/120px-US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/160px-US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/80px-US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/120px-US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/160px-US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Under Secretary of the Navy">Under<br />Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Austin_Bard" title="Ralph Austin Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemus_Gates" title="Artemus Gates">A. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Sullivan_(United_States_Navy)" title="John L. Sullivan (United States Navy)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._John_Kenney" title="W. John Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_A._Kimball" title="Dan A. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Whitehair" title="Francis P. Whitehair">Whitehair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_(Secretary_of_the_Navy)" title="Charles Thomas (Secretary of the Navy)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Franke" title="William B. Franke">Franke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_A._Bantz" title="Fred A. Bantz">Bantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Fay" title="Paul B. Fay">Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._B._Baldwin" title="Robert H. B. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Baird" title="Charles F. Baird">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Sanders" title="Frank P. Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Middendorf" title="J. William Middendorf">Middendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Potter" title="David S. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Macdonald" title="David R. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">Woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Murray" title="Robert J. Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Goodrich" title="James F. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Garrett_III" title="Henry L. Garrett III">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Daniel_Howard" title="J. Daniel Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Danzig" title="Richard Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_MacArthur_Hultin" title="Jerry MacArthur Hultin">Hultin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Pirie_Jr." title="Robert B. Pirie Jr.">Pirie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Livingstone" title="Susan Livingstone">Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionel_M._Aviles" title="Dionel M. Aviles">Aviles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Work" title="Robert O. Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janine_A._Davidson" title="Janine A. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Modly" title="Thomas Modly">Modly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Raven" title="Erik Raven">Raven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant<br />Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pre–1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Fox" title="Gustavus Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faxon" title="William Faxon">Faxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Soley" title="James R. Soley">Soley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McAdoo_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="William McAdoo (New Jersey politician)">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Hackett" title="Frank W. Hackett">Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hial_Darling" title="Charles Hial Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_H._Newberry" title="Truman H. Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Satterlee" title="Herbert L. Satterlee">Satterlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekman_Winthrop" title="Beekman Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Woodbury" title="Gordon Woodbury">G. Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">T. Roosevelt Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Douglas_Robinson" title="Theodore Douglas Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Jahncke" title="Ernest L. Jahncke">Jahncke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Roosevelt" title="Henry L. Roosevelt">H. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Compton" title="Lewis Compton">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Austin_Bard" title="Ralph Austin Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Struve_Hensel" title="H. Struve Hensel">Hensel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._John_Kenney" title="W. John Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Andrews" title="Mark E. Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koehler" title="John T. Koehler">Koehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_R._Askins" title="Herbert R. Askins">Askins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_H._Fogler" title="Raymond H. Fogler">Fogler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post–1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Financial_Management_and_Comptroller)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller)">Financial Management and Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Energy,_Installations_and_Environment)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Energy, Installations and Environment)">Energy, Installations and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Manpower_and_Reserve_Affairs)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)">Manpower and Reserve Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Research,_Development_and_Acquisition)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition)">Research, Development and Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Counsel_of_the_Navy" title="General Counsel of the Navy">General Counsel of the Navy</a></li> <li>defunct: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(AIR)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Installations_and_Logistics)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Logistics)">Installations and Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Material)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Material)">Material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(AIR)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)">Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(AIR)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)">Research, Engineering and Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Shipbuilding_and_Logistics)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Shipbuilding and Logistics)">Shipbuilding and Logistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Texas" title="Template:Governors of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Governors of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Pinckney_Henderson" title="J. Pinckney Henderson">J. P. Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyler_Wood" title="George Tyler Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hansborough_Bell" title="Peter Hansborough Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Henderson" title="James W. Henderson">J. W. Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_M._Pease" title="Elisha M. Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_Richard_Runnels" title="Hardin Richard Runnels">Runnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(governor)" title="Edward Clark (governor)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lubbock" title="Francis Lubbock">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Murrah" title="Pendleton Murrah">Murrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Hamilton" title="Andrew Jackson Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Throckmorton" title="James W. Throckmorton">Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_M._Pease" title="Elisha M. Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._Davis" title="Edmund J. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coke" title="Richard Coke">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Hubbard" title="Richard B. Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran_Milo_Roberts" title="Oran Milo Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(politician)" title="John Ireland (politician)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Sullivan_Ross" title="Lawrence Sullivan Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hogg" title="Jim Hogg">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Sayers" title="Joseph D. Sayers">Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._W._T._Lanham" title="S. W. T. Lanham">Lanham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_Campbell" title="Thomas Mitchell Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Branch_Colquitt" title="Oscar Branch Colquitt">Colquitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Ferguson" title="James E. Ferguson">J. Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby" title="William P. Hobby">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Morris_Neff" title="Pat Morris Neff">Neff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson" title="Miriam A. Ferguson">M. Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Moody" title="Dan Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_S._Sterling" title="Ross S. Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson" title="Miriam A. Ferguson">M. Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burr_V_Allred" class="mw-redirect" title="James Burr V Allred">Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">O'Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_R._Stevenson" title="Coke R. Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauford_H._Jester" title="Beauford H. Jester">Jester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Shivers" title="Allan Shivers">Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolph_Briscoe" title="Dolph Briscoe">Briscoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_White_(Texas_politician)" title="Mark White (Texas politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="528" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg/60px-Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg/90px-Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg/120px-Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="505" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant<br />governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Clinton_Horton" title="Albert Clinton Horton">Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Greer" title="John Alexander Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Henderson" title="James W. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Catchings_Dickson" title="David Catchings Dickson">Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_Richard_Runnels" title="Hardin Richard Runnels">Runnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lubbock" title="Francis Lubbock">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(governor)" title="Edward Clark (governor)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McClannahan_Crockett" title="John McClannahan Crockett">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Stockdale" title="Fletcher Stockdale">Stockdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Texas_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Texas politician)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Flanagan" title="J. W. Flanagan">J. W. Flanagan</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Campbell_(Texas_politician)" title="Donald Campbell (Texas politician)">Campbell</a> (ex officio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Flanagan" title="Webster Flanagan">W. Flanagan</a> (ex officio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jennings_Fountain" title="Albert Jennings Fountain">Fountain</a> (ex officio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bradford_Pickett" title="Edward Bradford Pickett">Pickett</a> (ex officio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Hubbard" title="Richard B. Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Sayers" title="Joseph D. Sayers">Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Jefferson_Storey" title="Leonidas Jefferson Storey">Storey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion_Martin" title="Francis Marion Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_Gibbs" title="Barnett Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Benton_Wheeler" title="Thomas Benton Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pendleton" title="George C. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McNulty_Crane" title="Martin McNulty Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_Jester" title="George Taylor Jester">Jester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Browning_(Texas_politician)" title="James Browning (Texas politician)">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Neal" title="George D. Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbury_Bascom_Davidson" title="Asbury Bascom Davidson">A. B. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harding_Mayes" title="William Harding Mayes">Mayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby" title="William P. Hobby">Hobby Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Arnold_Johnson" title="Willard Arnold Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Davidson" title="Lynch Davidson">L. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whitfield_Davidson" title="Thomas Whitfield Davidson">T. W. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Miller_(politician)" title="Barry Miller (politician)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_E._Witt" title="Edgar E. Witt">Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frank_Woodul" title="Walter Frank Woodul">Woodul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_R._Stevenson" title="Coke R. Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Smith" title="John Lee Smith">J. L. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Shivers" title="Allan Shivers">Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ramsey_(politician)" title="Ben Ramsey (politician)">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">P. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Barnes_(Texas_politician)" title="Ben Barnes (Texas politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Jr." title="William P. Hobby Jr.">Hobby Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bullock" title="Bob Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ratliff" title="Bill Ratliff">Ratliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dewhurst" title="David Dewhurst">Dewhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Patrick_(politician)" title="Dan Patrick (politician)">Patrick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecTreas" title="Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecTreas" title="Template talk:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecTreas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States secretaries of the treasury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">Woodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Paulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Geithner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Mnuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template talk:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/100px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/150px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/200px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Connally</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1972–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a> (1969–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Clifford M. Hardin</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Harlow" title="Bryce Harlow">Bryce Harlow</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1970–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1976)_1980_United_States_presidential_election_(1984_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1976)_1980_United_States_presidential_election_(1984_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">← 1976</a>) <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1980_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Connally</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">Phil Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die" title="The Dream Shall Never Die">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Ron Dellums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Candidate</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a></b></dd> <dt>Running mate</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lucey" title="Patrick Lucey">Patrick Lucey</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_independent_and_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1980">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Ed Clark</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF90;"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/LaDonna_Harris" title="LaDonna Harris">LaDonna Harris</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (United States)">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Smith" title="Maureen Smith">Maureen Smith</a></b></li> <li><b>VP Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cervantes_Barron" title="Elizabeth Cervantes Barron">Elizabeth Cervantes Barron</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bubar_Jr." title="Benjamin Bubar Jr.">Ben Bubar</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Diane_Drufenbrock" title="Diane Drufenbrock">Diane Drufenbrock</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominees</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Congress" title="Richard Congress">Richard Congress</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Griswold" title="Deirdre Griswold">Deirdre Griswold </a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gavrielle_Holmes" title="Gavrielle Holmes">Gavrielle Holmes</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Spannaus" title="Warren Spannaus">Warren Spannaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1980 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1980 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:Assassination of John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:Assassination of John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assassination of John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle" title="John F. Kennedy assassination rifle">Assassination rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Tippit" title="J. D. Tippit">J. D. Tippit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Connally" title="Nellie Connally">Nellie Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy">Pink Chanel suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tague" title="James Tague">James Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greer" title="William Greer">William Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kellerman" title="Roy Kellerman">Roy Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Hill_(Secret_Service)" title="Clint Hill (Secret Service)">Clint Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapruder_film" title="Zapruder film">Zapruder film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zapruder" title="Abraham Zapruder">Abraham Zapruder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Floor_Museum_at_Dealey_Plaza" title="Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza">Sixth Floor Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital" title="Parkland Memorial Hospital">Parkland Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Witnesses_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Altgens" title="Ike Altgens">Ike Altgens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Bowers" title="Lee Bowers">Lee Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hill" title="Jean Hill">Jean Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Muchmore" title="Marie Muchmore">Marie Muchmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Nix" title="Orville Nix">Orville Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_tramps" title="Three tramps">Three tramps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babushka_Lady" title="Babushka Lady">Babushka Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moorman" title="Mary Moorman">Mary Moorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_man_(JFK_assassination)" title="Umbrella man (JFK assassination)">Umbrella man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Autopsy of John F. Kennedy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby_Shoots_Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald">Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubenstein_v._State" title="Rubenstein v. State">Ruby v. Texas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_Dictabelt_recording" title="John F. Kennedy assassination Dictabelt recording">Dictabelt recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._McClelland" title="Robert N. McClelland">Robert N. McClelland (surgeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Baxter" title="Charles R. Baxter">Charles Baxter (physician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Perry_(physician)" title="Malcolm Perry (physician)">Malcolm Perry (physician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Rose_(coroner)" title="Earl Rose (coroner)">Earl Rose (coroner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a>'</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badge_Man" title="Badge Man">Badge Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-bullet_theory" title="Single-bullet theory">Single-bullet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992" title="President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992">1992 Assassination Records Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">Foreign dignitaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Burial site and Eternal Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Black Jack (horse)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" title="Trial of Clay Shaw">Jim Garrison investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">House Select Committee on Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Researchers_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Researchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Paine_Home" title="Ruth Paine Home">Ruth Paine Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_Rooming_House" title="Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House">Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311293#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311293#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311293#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114443564">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54276769">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/58469/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8FB3yxjB6hbmpjyxRrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118925547">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80097483">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12894231g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12894231g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p082045208">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90396965">Norway</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118925547.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/134081757">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569402">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6794hs4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/21px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/42px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/19px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/29px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/38px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&oldid=1257971875">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Connally&oldid=1257971875</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_births" title="Category:1917 births">1917 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1993_deaths" title="Category:1993 deaths">1993 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_lawyers" title="Category:20th-century American lawyers">20th-century American 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