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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dorgon's_regency_(1643–1650)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dorgon's_regency_(1643–1650)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dorgon's regency (1643–1650)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dorgon's_regency_(1643–1650)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dorgon's regency (1643–1650) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dorgon's_regency_(1643–1650)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_quasi-emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_quasi-emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>A quasi-emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_quasi-emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settling_in_the_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settling_in_the_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Settling in the capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settling_in_the_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Ming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_Ming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Conquest of the Ming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Ming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_demotion_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_demotion_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Posthumous demotion and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_demotion_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myths_about_direct_descendants_of_Dorgon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths_about_direct_descendants_of_Dorgon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Myths about direct descendants of Dorgon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myths_about_direct_descendants_of_Dorgon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_of_Dorgon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_of_Dorgon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy of Dorgon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_of_Dorgon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Physical appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86" title="دورغون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورغون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏོའུ་ཨེར་ཏུན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏོའུ་ཨེར་ཏུན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4%EA%B3%A4" title="도르곤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도르곤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amavangus" title="Amavangus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amavangus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="तोर्कोन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तोर्कोन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доргон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Доргон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3" title="ドルゴン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドルゴン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Доргонь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доргонь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ตัวเอ๋อร์กุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวเอ๋อร์กุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dorgon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="دورگون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دورگون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a_Nh%C4%A9_C%E1%BB%95n" title="Đa Nhĩ Cổn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đa Nhĩ Cổn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="多爾袞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E8%A1%AE" title="多尔衮 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多尔衮" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多爾袞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多爾袞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q380573#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> is <i> Dorgon</i>. In accordance with Manchu custom, it should be used alone or with titles but not with the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">clan name</a> <i> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aisin-Gioro" title="House of Aisin-Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dorgon" title="Special:EditPage/Dorgon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dorgon%22">"Dorgon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dorgon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dorgon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dorgon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dorgon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dorgon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Dorgon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Prince Rui of the First Rank</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorgon,_the_Prince_Rui_(17th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter painted portrait of a thickly bearded man wearing a red hat adorned with a peacock feather and dressed with a dark long robe with dragon patterns. Clockwise from bottom left to bottom right, he is surrounded by a sheathed sword mounted on a wooden display, Manchu writing on the wall, a three-clawed dragon and a five-clawed dragon (also printed on the wall), and a wooden desk with an incense burner and a book on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dorgon%2C_the_Prince_Rui_%2817th_century%29.jpg/200px-Dorgon%2C_the_Prince_Rui_%2817th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dorgon%2C_the_Prince_Rui_%2817th_century%29.jpg/300px-Dorgon%2C_the_Prince_Rui_%2817th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dorgon%2C_the_Prince_Rui_%2817th_century%29.jpg/400px-Dorgon%2C_the_Prince_Rui_%2817th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="958" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Dorgon as regent in imperial regalia</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Prince Regent of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1643–1650</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-Regents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jirgalang" title="Jirgalang">Jirgalang</a> (1643–1644)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Assistant-Regents</th><td class="infobox-data">Jirgalang (1644–1647)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dodo_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodo (prince)">Dodo</a> (1647–1649)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rui_(%E7%9D%BF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rui (睿)">Prince Rui of the First Rank</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1636–1650</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Chunying</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1612-11-17</span>)</span>17 November 1612<br />Yenden (present-day <a href="/wiki/Xinbin_Manchu_Autonomous_County" title="Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County">Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a>, Liaoning, China)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1650<span style="display:none">(1650-12-31)</span> (aged 38)<br />Kharahotun (present-day <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a>, Hebei, China)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Borjigit<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Borjigit Batema</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(died 1650)<wbr /></div><br />Lady Tunggiya<br />Lady Borjigit<br />Lady Borjigit<br />Lady Borjigit<br /><a href="/wiki/Princess_Uisun" title="Princess Uisun">Princess Uisun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Donggo</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Aisin-Gioro Dorgon (愛新覺羅多爾袞)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Maode Xiudao Guangye Dinggong Anmin Lizheng Chengjing Yi (懋德修道廣業定功安民立政誠敬義皇帝) (revoked in 1651)<br />Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank (和碩睿忠親王) (granted in 1778)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Chengzong (成宗) (revoked in 1651)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aisin-Gioro" title="House of Aisin-Gioro">Aisin-Gioro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Abahai" title="Lady Abahai">Empress Xiaoliewu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Dorgon</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">多爾袞</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">多尔衮</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Duō'ěrgǔn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu script</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Transcription name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Transcription</th><td class="infobox-data">Dorgon</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/9px-Manju_gisun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/14px-Manju_gisun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/19px-Manju_gisun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="111" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Manchu" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Dorgon</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), was a <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> prince and regent of the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. Born in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aisin-Gioro" title="House of Aisin-Gioro">House of Aisin-Gioro</a> as the 14th son of <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> (the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a> dynasty, which was the predecessor of the Qing), Dorgon started his career in military campaigns against the Mongols, the Koreans, and the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> (his eighth brother) who succeeded their father. </p><p>After Hong Taiji's death in 1643, he was involved in a power struggle against Hong Taiji's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Prince_Su" title="Hooge, Prince Su">Hooge</a>, over the succession to the throne. Both of them eventually came to a compromise by backing out and letting Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, become the emperor; Fulin was installed on the throne as the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a>. Dorgon served as <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">Prince-Regent</a> from 1643 to 1650, throughout the Shunzhi Emperor's early reign. In 1645, he was given the honorary title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent" (皇叔父攝政王); the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" (皇父攝政王) in 1649. </p><p>Under Dorgon's regency, Qing forces occupied Beijing, the capital of the fallen Ming dynasty, and gradually conquered the rest of the Ming in a series of battles against <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Ming loyalists</a> and other opposing forces around China. Dorgon also introduced the policy of forcing all <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> men to shave the front of the heads and wear their hair in <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queues</a> just like the Manchus. He died in 1650 during a hunting trip and was posthumously honoured as an emperor even though he was never an emperor during his lifetime. A year after Dorgon's death, however, the Shunzhi Emperor accused Dorgon of several crimes, stripped him of his titles, and ordered his remains to be exhumed and flogged in public. Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated and restored of his honorary titles by the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> in 1778. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dorgon was born in the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> Aisin-Gioro clan as the 14th son of <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a> dynasty (the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>). His mother was Nurhaci's primary consort, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Abahai" title="Lady Abahai">Lady Abahai</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ajige" title="Ajige">Ajige</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodo,_Prince_Yu" title="Dodo, Prince Yu">Dodo</a> were his full brothers, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> was one of his half-brothers. Dorgon was one of the most influential among Nurhaci's sons, and his role was instrumental to the Qing occupation of Beijing, the capital of the fallen <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, in 1644. During Hong Taiji's reign, Dorgon participated in many military campaigns, including the conquests of Mongolia and Korea. He fought against the <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar Mongols</a> in 1628 and 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_860_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_860-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Hong Taiji died in 1643, Dorgon became involved in a power struggle with Hong Taiji's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Prince_Su" title="Hooge, Prince Su">Hooge</a>, over the succession to the throne. The conflict was resolved with a compromise – both backed out, and Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, ascended the throne as the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a>. Since the Shunzhi Emperor was only six years old at that time, Dorgon and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Jirgalang" title="Jirgalang">Jirgalang</a> were appointed co-regents. In 1645, Dorgon was conferred the title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent" (皇叔父攝政王). Later, in 1649, the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" (皇父攝政王). It was rumoured that Dorgon had a romantic affair with the Shunzhi Emperor's mother, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Xiaozhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang">Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang</a>, and even secretly married her, but there are also refutations. Whether they secretly married,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had a secret affair or kept their distance remains a controversy in Chinese history.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dorgon's_regency_(1643–1650)"><span id="Dorgon.27s_regency_.281643.E2.80.931650.29"></span>Dorgon's regency (1643–1650)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dorgon's regency (1643–1650)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_quasi-emperor">A quasi-emperor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A quasi-emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 February 1644, Jirgalang, who was a capable military leader but appeared uninterested in managing state affairs, willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an alleged plot by <a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Prince_Su" title="Hooge, Prince Su">Hooge</a> to undermine the regency was exposed on 6 May of that year, Hooge was stripped of his princely title and his co-conspirators were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorgon soon replaced Hooge's supporters (mostly from the Yellow Banners) with his own, thus gaining closer control of two more banners.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early June 1644, he was in firm control of the Qing government and its military.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1644, just as Dorgon and his advisors were pondering how to attack the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Empire</a>, peasant rebellions were dangerously approaching Beijing. On 24 April of that year, rebel forces led by <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a> breached the walls of the Ming capital. The last Ming emperor, the <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a>, hanged himself at <a href="/wiki/Jingshan_Park" title="Jingshan Park">a hill</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearing the news, Dorgon's Han Chinese advisors <a href="/wiki/Hong_Chengchou" title="Hong Chengchou">Hong Chengchou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_Wencheng" title="Fan Wencheng">Fan Wencheng</a> (范文程; 1597–1666) urged the prince to seize this opportunity to present themselves as avengers of the fallen Ming Empire and claim the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> for the Qing Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last obstacle between Dorgon and Beijing was <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a>, a former Ming general guarding the <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a> at the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall">Great Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass.png/280px-Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass.png/420px-Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass.png/560px-Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass.png 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Shanhai Pass in 1644; Dorgon was the commander of Qing army in this battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wu Sangui was caught between the Manchus and Li Zicheng's forces. He requested Dorgon's help in ousting the rebels and restoring the Ming Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Dorgon asked Wu Sangui to work for the Qing Empire instead, Wu had little choice but to accept.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aided by Wu Sangui's elite soldiers, who fought the rebel army for hours before Dorgon finally chose to intervene with his cavalry, the Qing army won a decisive victory against Li Zicheng at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a> on 27 May.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li Zicheng and his defeated troops looted Beijing for several days until they left the capital on 4 June with all the wealth they could carry.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settling_in_the_capital">Settling in the capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settling in the capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CircularMound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color photograph of a three-level stone structure with railings on each level, viewed from the outside, facing a staircase that leads to the top level." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CircularMound.jpg/220px-CircularMound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CircularMound.jpg/330px-CircularMound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CircularMound.jpg/440px-CircularMound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The circular mound of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Altar of Heaven</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> conducted sacrifices on 30 October 1644, ten days before being officially proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>. The ceremony marked the moment when the Qing dynasty seized the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After six weeks of mistreatment at the hands of rebel troops, the residents of Beijing sent a party of elders and officials to greet their liberators on 5 June.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were startled when, instead of meeting Wu Sangui and the Ming heir apparent, they saw Dorgon, a horse-riding Manchu with the front half of his head shaved, present himself as the <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">Prince-Regent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the midst of this upheaval, Dorgon installed himself as Prince-Regent in Wuying Palace (武英殿), the only building that remained more or less intact after Li Zicheng had set fire to the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> on 3 June.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banner troops were ordered not to loot; their discipline made the transition to Qing rule "remarkably smooth."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, at the same time, as he claimed to have come to avenge the Ming Empire, Dorgon ordered that all claimants to the Ming throne (including descendants of the last Ming emperor) should be executed along with their supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 June, just two days after entering the city, Dorgon issued special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population surrendered, the officials would be allowed to stay at their posts. Besides, all the men had to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had to repeal this command three weeks later after several peasant rebellions erupted around Beijing, threatening Qing control over the capital region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dorgon greeted the Shunzhi Emperor at the gates of Beijing on 19 October 1644.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 October the six-year-old monarch performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Altar of Heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern cadet branch of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>'s descendants who held the title <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy"><i>wujing boshi</i></a> and the northern branch 65th generation descendant of Confucius to hold the title <a href="/wiki/Duke_Yansheng" title="Duke Yansheng">Duke Yansheng</a> had their titles confirmed by the Shunzhi Emperor on 31 October.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A formal ritual of enthronement for the Shunzhi Emperor was held on 8 November, during which the young emperor compared Dorgon's achievements to those of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a>, a revered regent of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_860_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_860-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ceremony, Dorgon's official title was raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle and Prince Regent" (叔父攝政王), in which the Manchu term for "Uncle" (<i>ecike</i>) represented a rank higher than that of imperial prince.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later Dorgon's co-regent, <a href="/wiki/Jirgalang" title="Jirgalang">Jirgalang</a>, was demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" (輔政叔王).<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_1985_861_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_1985_861-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1645, Dorgon eventually decreed that all official documents should refer to him as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (皇叔父攝政王), leaving him one step short of claiming the throne for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_1985_861_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_1985_861-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dorgon gave a Manchu woman as a wife to the Han Chinese official Feng Quan,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had defected from the Ming to the Qing. The Manchu <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue hairstyle</a> was willingly adopted by Feng Quan before it was enforced on the Han population and Feng learned the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Board of Revenue</a> if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the Qing dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree was formulated by Dorgon.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_478_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_478-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Examination_hall,_Peking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white picture of a stone-paved alley going from bottom right to top left leading to a three-roofed gate and bordered on the right by a line up of small roofed cubicles open on one side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Examination_hall%2C_Peking.jpg/220px-Examination_hall%2C_Peking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Examination_hall%2C_Peking.jpg/330px-Examination_hall%2C_Peking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Examination_hall%2C_Peking.jpg/440px-Examination_hall%2C_Peking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2485" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>Examination rooms in Beijing. In order to enhance their legitimacy among the Chinese elite, the Qing reestablished the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial civil service examinations</a> almost as soon as they seized Beijing in 1644.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Dorgon's first orders in the new Qing capital was to vacate the entire northern part of Beijing and give it to <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Bannermen</a>, including Han Chinese Bannermen.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_478_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_478-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yellow Banners were given the place of honor north of the palace, followed by the White Banners to the east, the Red Banners to the west, and the Blue Banners to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distribution complied with the order established in the Manchu homeland before the conquest and under which "each of the banners was given a fixed geographical location according to the points of the compass."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite tax remissions and large-scale building programmes designed to facilitate the transition, in 1648 many Chinese civilians still lived among the newly arrived Banner population and there was still animosity between the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agricultural land outside the capital was also delineated (<i>quan</i> 圈) and given to Qing troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Naquin_291_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naquin_291-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former landowners now became tenants who had to pay rent to their absentee Bannermen landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-Naquin_291_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naquin_291-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transition in land use caused "several decades of disruption and hardship."<sup id="cite_ref-Naquin_291_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naquin_291-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1646, Dorgon also ordered that the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial civil service examinations</a> for selecting government officials be reinstated. From then on, examinations were held every three years as under the Ming Empire. In the very first imperial examination held under Qing rule in 1646, candidates, most of whom were northern Chinese, were asked how the Manchus and Han Chinese could work together for a common purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1649 examination asked "how Manchus and Han Chinese could be unified so that their hearts were the same and they worked together without division."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Shunzhi Emperor's reign, the average number of graduates of the metropolitan examination per session was the highest of the Qing dynasty ("to win more Chinese support"), continuing until 1660 when lower quotas were established.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_the_Ming">Conquest of the Ming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest of the Ming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing conquest of the Ming">Qing conquest of the Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhou_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white print of an outdoor scene depicting a broken city wall and two destroyed houses, with several corpses lying on the ground (some beheaded), and two men with swords killing unarmed men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yangzhou_massacre.jpg/220px-Yangzhou_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Yangzhou_massacre.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>A late Qing dynasty woodblock print representing the <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre" title="Yangzhou massacre">Yangzhou massacre</a> of May 1645. Dorgon's brother, <a href="/wiki/Dodo,_Prince_Yu" title="Dodo, Prince Yu">Dodo</a>, ordered this massacre to scare other southern Chinese cities into submission. By the late 19th century, the massacre was used by anti-Qing revolutionaries to arouse <a href="/wiki/Anti-Manchu_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Manchu sentiment">anti-Manchu sentiment</a> among the Han Chinese population.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the reign of Dorgon – whom historians have called "the mastermind of the Qing conquest" and "the principal architect of the great Manchu enterprise" – the Qing subdued almost all of China and pushed loyalist "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a>" resistance into the far southwestern reaches of China. After repressing anti-Qing revolts in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> in the summer and fall of 1644, Dorgon sent armies to root out <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a> from the important city of <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> province), where Li had reestablished his headquarters after fleeing Beijing in early June 1644.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the pressure of Qing armies, Li was forced to leave Xi'an in February 1645. He was killed – either by his own hand or by a peasant group that had organised for self-defence during this time of rampant banditry – in September 1645 after fleeing though several provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From newly captured Xi'an, in early April 1645, the Qing forces mounted a campaign against the rich commercial and agricultural region of <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a> south of the lower <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, where in June 1644 the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yousong" title="Zhu Yousong">Prince of Fu</a> had established a regime loyal to the Ming.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factional bickering and numerous defections prevented the Southern Ming from mounting an efficient resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Qing armies swept south, taking the key city of <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> in early May 1645 and soon converging on <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, the main city on the Southern Ming's northern line of defence.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bravely defended by <a href="/wiki/Shi_Kefa" title="Shi Kefa">Shi Kefa</a>, who refused to surrender, Yangzhou fell to Qing artillery on 20 May after a one-week siege.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorgon's brother, <a href="/wiki/Dodo,_Prince_Yu" title="Dodo, Prince Yu">Dodo</a>, then ordered the <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre" title="Yangzhou massacre">slaughter of Yangzhou's entire population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As intended, this massacre terrorised other Jiangnan cities into surrendering to the Qing Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Nanjing surrendered without a fight on 16 June after its last defenders made Dodo promise he would not harm the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Struve_660_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struve_660-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing forces soon captured the Ming emperor (who died in Beijing the following year) and seized Jiangnan's main cities, including <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>; by early July 1645, the frontier between the Qing Empire and the Southern Ming regime had been pushed south to the <a href="/wiki/Qiantang_River" title="Qiantang River">Qiantang River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderly_Chinese_American_Man_with_Queue.close_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph from three-quarter back view of a man wearing a round cap and a long braided queue that reaches to the back of his right knee. His left foot is posed on the first step of a four-step wooden staircase. Bending forward to touch a cylindrical container from which smoke is rising, he is resting his left elbow on his folded left knee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Elderly_Chinese_American_Man_with_Queue.close_crop.jpg/220px-Elderly_Chinese_American_Man_with_Queue.close_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Elderly_Chinese_American_Man_with_Queue.close_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>A man in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco%27s_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco's Chinatown">San Francisco's Chinatown</a> around 1900. The old Chinese habit of wearing a queue came from Dorgon's July 1645 edict ordering all men to shave the front half of their head and wear the rest of their hair in a <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a> similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 July 1645, after Jiangnan had been superficially pacified, Dorgon issued a most inopportune edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queues</a> identical to those of the Manchus.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The punishment for non-compliance was death.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy of symbolic submission helped the Manchus distinguish friend from foe.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Han officials and literati, however, the new hairstyle was shameful and demeaning (because it breached a common <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> directive to preserve one's body intact), whereas for common folk cutting their hair was the same as losing their <a href="/wiki/Virility" title="Virility">virility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it united Chinese of all social backgrounds into resistance against Qing rule, the hair cutting command greatly hindered the Qing conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defiant population of <a href="/wiki/Jiading_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiading District">Jiading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songjiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songjiang District">Songjiang</a> was massacred by former Ming general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Chengdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Chengdong (page does not exist)">Li Chengdong</a> (李成東; d. 1649), respectively on 24 August and 22 September.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jiangyin" title="Jiangyin">Jiangyin</a> also held out against about 10,000 Qing troops for 83 days. When the city walls were finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Qing army led by the previous Ming defector <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Liangzuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Liangzuo (page does not exist)">Liu Liangzuo</a> (劉良佐; d. 1667) massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These massacres ended armed resistance against the Qing Empire in the Lower Yangtze.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_674_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_674-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few committed loyalists became hermits, hoping that for lack of military success, their withdrawal from the world would at least symbolise their continued defiance against Qing rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_674_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_674-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Nanjing, two more members of the Ming imperial household created new Southern Ming regimes: one centred in coastal <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> around the “Longwu Emperor” <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yujian" title="Zhu Yujian">Zhu Yujian, Prince of Tang</a>, – a ninth-generation descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>, the Ming dynasty's founder – and one in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> around "Regent" <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yihai,_Prince_of_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu">Zhu Yihai</a>, Prince of Lu.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the two loyalist groups failed to cooperate, making their chances of success even lower than they already were.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1646, a new southern campaign led by <a href="/wiki/Bolo_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolo (prince)">Bolo</a> sent Prince Lu's Zhejiang court into disarray and proceeded to attack the Longwu regime in Fujian.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu Yujian was caught and summarily executed in Tingzhou (western Fujian) on 6 October.<sup id="cite_ref-Struve_676_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struve_676-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His adoptive son <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Zheng Chenggong</a> fled to the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> with his fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-Struve_676_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struve_676-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally in November, the remaining centers of Ming resistance in Jiangxi province fell to the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_737_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_737-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white print of a man with small eyes and a thin mustache wearing a robe, a fur hat, and a necklace made with round beads, sitting cross-legged on a three-level platform covered with a rug. Behind him and much smaller are eight men (four on each side) sitting in the same position wearing robes and round caps, as well as four standing men with similar garb (on the left)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4704" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nieuhof" title="Johan Nieuhof">Johan Nieuhof</a>'s portrait of <a href="/wiki/Shang_Kexi" title="Shang Kexi">Shang Kexi</a>, who recaptured <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Ming loyalist forces</a> in 1650. He was one of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> generals the Qing government relied on to conquer and administer southern China. Entrenched in the south, he eventually took part in the anti-Qing rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Feudatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Feudatories">Three Feudatories</a> in 1673.</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1646, two more Southern Ming monarchs emerged in the southern province of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, reigning under the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuyue" title="Zhu Yuyue">Shaowu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Gui" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Gui">Yongli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_737_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_737-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short of official robes, the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuyue" title="Zhu Yuyue">Shaowu</a> court had to purchase from local theatre troupes.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_737_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_737-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647, when a small Qing force led by Li Chengdong captured Guangzhou, killed the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuyue" title="Zhu Yuyue">Shaowu Emperor</a>, and sent the Yongli court fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a> in Guangxi.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1648, however, Li mutinied against the Qing Empire, and the concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli Emperor to retake most of south China.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li's loyalist resurgence failed. New Qing armies managed to reconquer the central provinces of Huguang (present-day <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_767_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_767-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yongli Emperor had to flee again.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakeman_767_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_767-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally on 24 November 1650, Qing forces led by <a href="/wiki/Shang_Kexi" title="Shang Kexi">Shang Kexi</a> captured Guangzhou and massacred the city's population, killing as many as 70,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Dutch traveler <a href="/wiki/Johan_Nieuhof" title="Johan Nieuhof">Johan Nieuhof</a> who witnessed the event happened claimed only 8000 people were slaughtered<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in October 1646, Qing armies led by <a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Prince_Su" title="Hooge, Prince Su">Hooge</a> reached Sichuan, where their mission was to destroy the regime of bandit chief <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xianzhong" title="Zhang Xianzhong">Zhang Xianzhong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang was killed in a battle against Qing forces near <a href="/wiki/Xichong_County" title="Xichong County">Xichong</a> in central Sichuan on 1 February 1647.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also late in 1646 but further north, forces assembled by a Muslim leader known in Chinese sources as Milayin (米喇印) revolted against Qing rule in <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganzhou District">Ganzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>). He was soon joined by another Muslim named Ding Guodong (丁國棟).<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi_191_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi_191-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proclaiming that they wanted to restore the Ming, they occupied a number of towns in Gansu, including the provincial capital <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi_191_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi_191-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rebels' willingness to collaborate with non-Muslim Chinese suggests that they were not only driven by religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi_191_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi_191-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Qiaofang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meng Qiaofang (page does not exist)">Meng Qiaofang</a> (孟喬芳; 1595–1654) in 1648, and by 1650 the Muslim rebels had been crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>· </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dorgon" title="Special:EditPage/Dorgon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dorgon died on 31 December 1650, during a hunting trip in Kharahotun<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a>, Hebei), after sustaining injuries despite the presence of imperial doctors. He was posthumously granted the title "Emperor Yi" (義皇帝) and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> "Chengzong" (成宗), even though he was never emperor during his lifetime, which is unique in all history of feudal China when only direct ancestors and deceased heirs of a higher degree to an emperor (such as one's own older brothers, one's father's older brothers, or one's cousins born into such uncles) were posthumously granted the title of Emperor. The Shunzhi Emperor even bowed thrice in front of Dorgon's coffin during the funeral. </p><p>However, the suspicion that Dorgon was actually murdered by his political enemies while being away from the heavy protection afforded him inside the Forbidden City never went away. Dorgon had 25 years of experience of horse-riding and managed to survive, on horseback, numerous battles with the Koreans, Mongols, Han Chinese rebels, as well as regular Han Chinese armies. The official Qing history claim that he injured his leg while riding on his horse and that the injuries were so severe that he could not survive the trip back to the Forbidden City, despite the presence of imperial doctors, was dubious at best. In the dry winter of northern China, the ground was not wet. Or else, it would have easily caused horses to trip. Another cause for suspicion is that Dorgon's corpse was exhumed, flogged, and incinerated in the purge ordered by Emperor Shunzhi, a likely method camouflaged as the ultimate punishment for his alleged plot to take over the throne, in order to remove all evidence that Dorgon was murdered. </p><p>His death also took place when Emperor Shunzhi was about 13, an appropriate age for removing the regency over his head. That is, if Dorgon had died any earlier, Shunzhi would still need a regent to supervise the empire on his behalf. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #CCBBEE; color: #000066;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Dorgon, Prince Rui</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/220px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/330px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/440px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Imperial_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Imperial Highness">His Imperial Highness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Imperial Highness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rui_(%E7%9D%BF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rui (睿)">Prince Rui</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Regent">Prince Regent</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_demotion_and_restoration">Posthumous demotion and restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Posthumous demotion and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dorgon" title="Special:EditPage/Dorgon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1651, Dorgon's political enemies, led by his former co-regent <a href="/wiki/Jirgalang" title="Jirgalang">Jirgalang</a>, submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> a long memorial listing a series of crimes committed by Dorgon, which included: possession of yellow robes, which were strictly for use only by the emperor; plotting to seize the throne from the Shunzhi Emperor by calling himself "Emperor's Father"; killing <a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Prince_Su" title="Hooge, Prince Su">Hooge</a> and taking Hooge's wife for himself. It is difficult to prove verbal accusations made at the time when all records were ordered to be purged by the Qianlong Emperor in 1778 when he also ordered the rehabilitation of Dorgon. The last charge that Dorgon took Hooge's wife was mostly contrived, as the Manchu tradition dating from the 12th century had allowed a male relative to marry the deceased person's wife almost as a charitable act to save her and her children from being starved to death in the minus 20, merciless winters of the northeastern tip of China, known nowadays as Manchuria. </p><p>Jirgalang was an ally of Hooge in the 1643 bitter fight against Dorgon, who allied with his biological brothers for succession to the throne. Jirgalang had been expelled by Dorgon from the joint regency in 1646. This time, Jirgalang succeeded in convincing Emperor Shunzhi that even Dorgon's descendants could become a threat to the throne. As a result, Shunzhi posthumously stripped Dorgon of his titles and even had Dorgon's corpse exhumed and flogged in public. In the February 1651 imperial edict trying to justify the ultimate punishment to a dead person as well as a key member of the imperial clan, Shunzhi ordered that not only Dorgon's name be removed from the scrolls of the imperial ancestral temple. His biological mother, Empress Xiaoliewu, got the same treatment. It was a political act to remove the legitimacy for succession to the throne by any future heir descended from Empress Xiaoliewu. </p><p>Execution of all of Dorgon's heirs was also ordered but intentionally not recorded in official Qing history. Dorgon had two biological brothers: Ajige, the eighth son of Nurhaci and Dodo, the 15th. With Dodo dying of smallpox a few months prior to the death of Dorgon in December 1650 and the death of Ajige after he was arrested by Jirgalang's forces and put in jail, the 1651 purge was meant to permanently eliminate the potential that a future prince descending from Empress Xiaolewu would repeat the two Dorgon competitions for succession to the throne happening in 1626, upon the death of Nurhaci, and 1643, upon the death of Hongtaiji. </p><p>However, Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated during the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>'s reign. In 1778, the Qianlong Emperor granted Dorgon a posthumous name <i>zhong</i> (忠; "loyal"), so Dorgon's full posthumous title became "Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank" (和碩睿忠親王). The word "loyal" was intentionally picked. It starkly testified that the charges made by Jirgalang in 1651 were all trumped up. The Qianlong Emperor, either intentionally or inadvertently, contradicted the records of the imperial ancestral temple left behind by Shunzhi when he ordered that the words "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" (后嗣废绝) be included into official Qing history to indicate why Dorbo, a fifth generation descendant of Dodo, was designated to inherit the iron-cap princely title of Dorgon. The expression "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" (后嗣废绝) does not carry the same meaning as "Dorgon never had a son." Regardless, after a lapse of 128 years, the Qianlong Emperor could no longer find the heirs of Dorgon. The Qianlong Emperor also ordered that the rehabilitation of Dorgon be accompanied by a destruction of all the records related to the elimination of the heirs of Dorgon. This was an inglorious chapter not only of Qing history but also the history of the imperial clan of Aisin-Gioro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myths_about_direct_descendants_of_Dorgon">Myths about direct descendants of Dorgon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Myths about direct descendants of Dorgon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dorgon" title="Special:EditPage/Dorgon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the March 1651 purge of Dorgon, Shunzhi also ordered that the ancestral temple records be written to indicate that no woman had ever conceived a son for Dorgon (not that all of his sons had died due to infant mortality or some other reasons), to conceal this political conspiracy against Dorgon and his two biological brothers, who had conquered more than half of China for the young Qing empire since 1644. The extermination of Dorgon's heirs did not include his daughter, whose birth year of 1650, the same year when Dorgon died, was allowed to be left on records. Dorgon had married at least 10 wives and concubines over a period of 25 years or more. Records in the imperial ancestral temple indicate that none of his 10 wives and concubines was able to conceive a son for Dorgon over a period of 25 years, whereas only a daughter was born at the end of this 25-year period, in the same year when he died. These records do not suggest that Dorgon was infertile. </p><p>In the midst of the 1651 purge, a son of Dorgon managed to escape from execution. He fled Beijing with the active assistance of a key member of the White Banner under the command of Dorgon when he was alive. This heir of Dorgon ran all the way to modern-day Zhongshan, Guangdong province, the southern tip of China fronting the South China Sea, where there was no more way to maximize the distance between his hiding place and the Forbidden City. He changed his family name from Aisin-Gioro to Yuan 袁 (or Yuen in the Cantonese dialect). As a Chinese character, Yuan 袁 (Yuen) substantially resembles the word "Gon 袞" as in "Dorgon 多尔袞" in the written form. After successfully escaping execution, the camouflage to re-emerge as a Han Chinese person was considered perfect, as Yuan 袁 (Yuen) was also the family name of Yuan Chonghuan 袁崇煥 the Han Chinese general who fatally wounded Nurhaci in the 1626 Battle of Ningyuan, making it highly unlikely that pursuing forces from the Forbidden City would suspect that he and/or his descendants were members of the Dorgon clan. He named the large piece of land where he finally settled Haizhou 海洲, a combination of Haixi 海西，the tribal native place of Empress Xiaoliewu, his grandmother; and Jianzhou 建洲, the tribal native place of Nurhaci, his grandfather. The village where his descendants have sprung up since 1651 was named "Revelation of the Dragon 顯龍", indicating his hope that one day someone in his line would be able to reclaim the throne, which never happened through the remaining years of the Qing dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_of_Dorgon">Legacy of Dorgon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy of Dorgon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Dorgon led Manchu and Han Chinese troops loyal to him into Beijing on 6 June 1644, he immediately ordered restoration of order, as well as penalties for extortion and corruption activities conducted by any member of the imperial clan and other officials. Later, he declared that all Ming officials would be re-employed and the restoration of the civil service system to look for talents nationwide. </p><p>Dorgon is usually considered a good, devoted politician but he is also blamed for "Six Bad Policies (六大弊政)".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were policies designed to bolster the rule of the Qing conquerors, but which caused considerable disturbance and bloodshed in China, and included: </p> <ul><li>Forced head-shaving (剃发) and adopting Manchu clothing (易服): Chinese men were compelled to shave the front half of their heads and tie their hair in <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queues</a> after the Manchu fashion, on pain of death. Massacres occurred in southern Chinese cities whose inhabitants resisted the imposition of the law.</li> <li>Land enclosure (圈地) and requisitioning of homes (占房): to provide economic bases for the Bannermen, they were allowed to enclose 'wasteland without owners' for their use; this law was however abused to take farmlands and estates which were already inhabited, with military force.</li> <li>Forced slavery (投充) and anti-escapee (逃人) laws: in the wake of the enclosure of vast agricultural estates, the manpower was provided by allowing Bannermen to seize commoners and enslave them. This in turn necessitated decrees to tackle the problem of escapees, including <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> of people harbouring escaped slaves and hanging for repeated escapees.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the account of Japanese travellers, Dorgon was a 34- or 35-year-old man with slightly dark skin complexion and sharp eyes. He was handsome, tall and slim, and had a shiny and beautiful <a href="/wiki/Beard" title="Beard">beard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Primary Consort</b> </p> <ul><li>Consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin#Khorchin_Mongols" title="Borjigin">Khorchin Borjigit</a> clan (嫡福晉博爾濟吉特氏)</li> <li>First primary consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin#Khorchin_Mongols" title="Borjigin">Khorchin Borjigit</a> clan (嫡福晉博爾濟吉特氏; d. January 1650), personal name Batema (巴特瑪), posthumously honoured as Empress Jingxiaoyi (敬孝義皇后)</li> <li>Second primary consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Tunggiya" title="Tunggiya">Tunggiya</a> clan (嫡福晉佟佳氏)</li> <li>Third primary consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin#Zha'ermang_(扎爾莽)_Mongols" title="Borjigin">Zha'ermang Borjigit</a> clan (嫡福晉博爾濟吉特氏)</li> <li>Fourth primary consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin#Khorchin_Mongols" title="Borjigin">Khorchin Borjigit</a> clan (嫡福晉博爾濟吉特氏)</li> <li>Fifth primary consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin#Khorchin_Mongols" title="Borjigin">Khorchin Borjigit</a> clan (嫡福晉博爾濟吉特氏)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Uisun" title="Princess Uisun">Princess Uisun</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Yi_clan_of_Jeonju" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi clan of Jeonju">Yi clan of Jeonju</a> (義順公主全州李氏; 1635–1662), personal name Aesuk (愛淑)</li></ul> <p><b>Secondary Consort</b> </p> <ul><li>Secondary consort, of the <a href="/wiki/Yi_clan_of_Jeonju" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi clan of Jeonju">Yi clan of Jeonju</a> (側福晉全州李氏) <ul><li>First daughter (b. 1638), personal name Donggo (東莪)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="ahnentafel" style="font-size:88%;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;"><a href="/wiki/Giocangga" title="Giocangga">Giocangga</a> (1526–1583)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Taksi" title="Taksi">Taksi</a> (1543–1583)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">Empress Yi</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> (1559–1626)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">Agu</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Empress Xuan (d. 1569)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">Dorgon (1612–1650)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="16" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">Bugan</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Mantai (d. 1596)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Abahai" title="Lady Abahai">Empress Xiaoliewu</a> (1590–1626)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Portrayed by Yoo Jong-keun in the 1981 <a href="/wiki/KBS1" title="KBS1">KBS1</a> TV Series <i><a href="/wiki/Daemyeong" title="Daemyeong">Daemyeong</a></i>.</li> <li>Portrayed by <i><a href="/wiki/Park_Ki-woong" title="Park Ki-woong">Park Ki-woong</a></i> in the 2011 film <i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Arrows" title="War of the Arrows">War of the Arrows</a></i>.</li> <li>While he does not appear in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/TvN" class="mw-redirect" title="TvN">tvN</a> TV Series <i><a href="/wiki/Captivating_the_King" title="Captivating the King">Captivating the King</a></i>, he is heavily-mentioned throughout the series as <i>Prince Rui</i>.</li> <li>Portrayed by Qu Chuxiao in the 2017 Chinese TV Series <i><a href="/wiki/Rule_the_World_(TV_series)" title="Rule the World (TV series)">Rule the World</a></i></li> <li>Portryaed by Geng Le in Chinese TV Series <i>The Legend of Xiao Zhuang</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rui_(%E7%9D%BF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rui (睿)">Prince Rui (睿)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty#Male members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_imperial_consorts_in_China#Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks of imperial consorts in China">Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing conquest of the Ming">Qing conquest of the Ming</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: <span title="Manchu-language text"><span lang="mnc" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ</span></span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">badger</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanchuwayeightba00ellipagen267_p._242]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanchuwayeightba00ellipagen267_p._242]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Manchu custom, a widowed woman can marry her brother-in-law. However, according to Han Chinese custom, such a marriage was taboo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorgon's brother Dodo received the command to lead this "southern expedition" (<i>nan zheng</i> 南征) on 1 April (<a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 521). He set out from Xi'an on that very day (<a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 657). The prince had been crowned as the Hongguang Emperor on 19 June 1644 (<a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 346; <a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 644).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> is cited as "a person's body and hair, being gifts from one's parents, are not to be damaged: this is the beginning of filial piety" (身體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也). Prior to the Qing dynasty, adult Han Chinese men customarily did not cut their hair, but instead wore it in a topknot.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanchuwayeightba00ellipagen267_p._242]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmanchuwayeightba00ellipagen267_p._242]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2001">Elliott 2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manchuwayeightba00elli/page/n267">p. 242</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_860-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_860_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_860_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman1985" class="citation book cs1">Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). <i>The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China</i>. University of California Press. p. 860. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+The+Manchu+Reconstruction+of+Imperial+Order+in+Seventeenth-century+China&rft.pages=860&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04804-1&rft.au=Frederic+E.+Wakeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.sina.com.cn/excerpt/sz/rw/2010-01-13/1331265392.shtml">清朝秘史：孝庄太后到底嫁没嫁多尔衮(图)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301055803/http://book.sina.com.cn/excerpt/sz/rw/2010-01-13/1331265392.shtml">Archived</a> 1 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 300, note 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennerline2002">Dennerline 2002</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoth_Li2002">Roth Li 2002</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 304; <a href="#CITEREFDennerline2002">Dennerline 2002</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 311–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 313; <a href="#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 314 (were all expecting Wu Sangui and the heir apparent) and 315 (reaction to seeing Dorgon instead).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaquin2000">Naquin 2000</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 818.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 416; <a href="#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 420–422 (which explains these matters and claims that the order was repealed by edict on 25 June). <a href="#CITEREFGong_宫2010">Gong 宫 2010</a>, p. 84 gives the date as 28 June.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 858.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman1985" class="citation book cs1">Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). <i>The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China</i>. University of California Press. p. 858. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+The+Manchu+Reconstruction+of+Imperial+Order+in+Seventeenth-century+China&rft.pages=858&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04804-1&rft.au=Frederic+E.+Wakeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 858, 860 ("According to the emperor's speechwriter, who was probably Fan Wencheng, Dorgon even 'surpassed' (<i>guo</i>) the revered Duke of Zhou because 'The Uncle Prince also led the Grand Army through Shanhai Pass to smash two hundred thousand bandit soldiers, and then proceeded to take Yanjing, pacifying the Central Xia. He invited us to come to the capital and received him as a great guest'.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 860–861, & p. 861, note 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakeman_1985_861-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_1985_861_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_1985_861_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 861.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman1985" class="citation book cs1">Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). <i>The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China</i>. University of California Press. pp. 872–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+The+Manchu+Reconstruction+of+Imperial+Order+in+Seventeenth-century+China&rft.pages=872-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04804-1&rft.au=Frederic+E.+Wakeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman1985" class="citation book cs1">Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). <i>The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China</i>. University of California Press. pp. 868–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+The+Manchu+Reconstruction+of+Imperial+Order+in+Seventeenth-century+China&rft.pages=868-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04804-1&rft.au=Frederic+E.+Wakeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111230216/http://www.chss.iup.edu/chr/CHR-2004Fall-11-WANG-research%20notes-final.pdf">Wang 2004, pp. 215–216 & 219–221.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walthall 2008, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_478-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_478_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frederic_E._Wakeman_1985_478_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman1985" class="citation book cs1">Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). <i>The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China</i>. University of California Press. pp. 478–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+The+Manchu+Reconstruction+of+Imperial+Order+in+Seventeenth-century+China&rft.pages=478-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04804-1&rft.au=Frederic+E.+Wakeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See maps in <a href="#CITEREFNaquin2000">Naquin 2000</a>, p. 356 and <a href="#CITEREFElliott2001">Elliott 2001</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaquin2000">Naquin 2000</a>, pp. 289–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naquin_291-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naquin_291_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naquin_291_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naquin_291_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaquin2000">Naquin 2000</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElman2002">Elman 2002</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <a href="#CITEREFElman2002">Elman 2002</a>, pp. 389–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMan-Cheong2004">Man-Cheong 2004</a>, p. 7, Table 1.1 (number of graduates per session under each Qing reign); <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 954 (reason for the high quotas); <a href="#CITEREFElman2001">Elman 2001</a>, p. 169 (lower quotas in 1660).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZarrow2004a">Zarrow 2004a</a>, passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 483 (Li reestablished headquarters in Xi'an) and 501 (Hebei and Shandong revolts, new campaigns against Li).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 501–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For examples of the factional struggles that weakened the Hongguang court, see <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 523–543. Some defections are explained in <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 543–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 522 (taking of Xuzhou; <a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 657; converging on Yangzhou).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinnane1993">Finnane 1993</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 657 (purpose of the massacre was to terrorise Jiangnan); <a href="#CITEREFZarrow2004a">Zarrow 2004a</a>, passim (late-Qing uses of the <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre" title="Yangzhou massacre">Yangzhou massacre</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Struve_660-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Struve_660_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 660 (capture of Suzhou and Hangzhou by early July 1645; new frontier); <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 580 (capture of the emperor around 17 June, and later death in Beijing).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 647; <a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 662; <a href="#CITEREFDennerline2002">Dennerline 2002</a>, p. 87 (which calls this edict "the most untimely promulgation of [Dorgon's] career.)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn1990">Kuhn 1990</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 647 ("From the Manchus' perspective, the command to cut one's hair or lose one's head not only brought rulers and subjects together into a single physical resemblance; it also provided them with a perfect loyalty test").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 648–649 (officials and literati) and 650 (common men).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, pp. 662–663 ("broke the momentum of the Qing conquest"); <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1975">Wakeman 1975</a>, p. 56 ("the hair-cutting order, more than any other act, engendered the Kiangnan [Jiangnan] resistance of 1645"); <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 650 ("the rulers' effort to make Manchus and Han one unified 'body' initially had the effect of unifying upper- and lower-class natives in central and south China against the interlopers").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1975">Wakeman 1975</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1975">Wakeman 1975</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakeman_674-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_674_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_674_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 674.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, pp. 665 (on the Prince of Tang) and 666 (on the Prince of Lu).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, pp. 667–669 (for their failure to cooperate), 669–674 (for the deep financial and tactical problems that beset both regimes).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Struve_676-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Struve_676_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Struve_676_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1988">Struve 1988</a>, p. 676.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakeman_737-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_737_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_737_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_737_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 737.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 765–766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakeman_767-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_767_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakeman_767_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 767.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 767–768.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《广东通志》、《广州市志》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《"庚寅之劫"——1650年广州大屠杀》，大洋網，2010年7月13日。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDai2009">Dai 2009</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDai2009">Dai 2009</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossabi_191-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi_191_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi_191_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi_191_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossabi1979">Rossabi 1979</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsenNumata1943">Larsen & Numata 1943</a>, p. 572 (Meng Qiaofang, death of rebel leaders); <a href="#CITEREFRossabi1979">Rossabi 1979</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">阎崇年，《清十二帝疑案》</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDai2009" class="citation cs2">Dai, Yingcong (2009), <i>The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing</i>, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98952-5"><bdi>978-0-295-98952-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sichuan+Frontier+and+Tibet%3A+Imperial+Strategy+in+the+Early+Qing&rft.place=Seattle+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98952-5&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=Yingcong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennerline2002" class="citation cs2">Dennerline, Jerry (2002), "The Shun-chih Reign", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), <i>Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800</i>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3"><bdi>0-521-24334-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shun-chih+Reign&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Vol.+9%2C+Part+1%3A+The+Ch%27ing+Dynasty+to+1800&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=73-119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-24334-3&rft.aulast=Dennerline&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Elliott_(historian)" title="Mark Elliott (historian)">Elliott, Mark C.</a> (2001), <i>The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China</i>, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4_684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4 684-2"><bdi>0-8047-4 684-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manchu+Way%3A+The+Eight+Banners+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-4684-2&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElman2001" class="citation cs2">Elman, Benjamin A. (2001), <i>A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China</i>, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21509-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21509-5"><bdi>0-520-21509-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Civil+Examinations+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-520-21509-5&rft.aulast=Elman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElman2002" class="citation cs2">Elman, Benjamin A. (2002), "The Social Roles of Literati in Early to Mid-Ch'ing", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), <i>Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800</i>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 360–427, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3"><bdi>0-521-24334-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Social+Roles+of+Literati+in+Early+to+Mid-Ch%27ing&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Vol.+9%2C+Part+1%3A+The+Ch%27ing+Dynasty+to+1800&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=360-427&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-24334-3&rft.aulast=Elman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFang1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fang, Chao-ying (1943). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Šarhûda"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/%C5%A0arh%C3%BBda">"Šarhûda" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. p. 632.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%A0arh%C3%BBda&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pages=632&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Chao-ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnane1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Finnane" title="Antonia Finnane">Finnane, Antonia</a> (1993), "Yangzhou: A Central Place in the Qing Empire", in Cooke Johnson, Linda (ed.), <i>Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China</i>, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 117–50</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yangzhou%3A+A+Central+Place+in+the+Qing+Empire&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Jiangnan+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=117-50&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Finnane&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGong_宫2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gong 宫, Baoli 宝利 (2010), <i>Shunzhi Shidian </i>顺治事典<i> [</i>Events of the Shunzhi reign<i>] (in Chinese (China)), Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe 紫禁城出版社 ["Forbidden City Press"], <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5134-0018-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5134-0018-3"><bdi>978-7-5134-0018-3</bdi></a></i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shunzhi+Shidian+%E9%A1%BA%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Zijincheng+chubanshe+%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%5B%22Forbidden+City+Press%22%5D&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-7-5134-0018-3&rft.aulast=Gong+%E5%AE%AB&rft.aufirst=Baoli+%E5%AE%9D%E5%88%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo1962" class="citation cs2">Ho, Ping-ti (1962), <i>The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368–1911</i>, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05161-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05161-1"><bdi>0-231-05161-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ladder+of+Success+in+Imperial+China%3A+Aspects+of+Social+Mobility%2C+1368%E2%80%931911&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-231-05161-1&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Ping-ti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Philip_A._Kuhn" title="Philip A. Kuhn">Kuhn, Philip A.</a> (1990), <i>Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-82152-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-82152-1"><bdi>0-674-82152-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soulstealers%3A+The+Chinese+Sorcery+Scare+of+1768&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-674-82152-1&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsenNumata1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Larsen, E. S.; Numata, Tomoo (1943). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Mêng Ch'iao-fang"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/M%C3%AAng_Ch%27iao-fang">"Mêng Ch'iao-fang" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. p. 572.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C3%AAng+Ch%27iao-fang&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rft.au=Numata%2C+Tomoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan-Cheong2004" class="citation cs2">Man-Cheong, Iona D. (2004), <i>The Class of 1761: Examinations, State, and Elites in Eighteenth-Century China</i>, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4146-8"><bdi>0-8047-4146-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Class+of+1761%3A+Examinations%2C+State%2C+and+Elites+in+Eighteenth-Century+China&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8047-4146-8&rft.aulast=Man-Cheong&rft.aufirst=Iona+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Mote" title="Frederick W. Mote">Mote, Frederick W.</a> (1999), <i>Imperial China, 900–1800</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%2C+900%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaquin2000" class="citation cs2">Naquin, Susan (2000), <i>Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900</i>, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21991-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21991-0"><bdi>0-520-21991-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peking%3A+Temples+and+City+Life%2C+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-520-21991-0&rft.aulast=Naquin&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxnam1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Oxnam" title="Robert Oxnam">Oxnam, Robert B.</a> (1975), <i>Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669</i>, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-64244-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-64244-5"><bdi>0-226-64244-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+from+Horseback%3A+Manchu+Politics+in+the+Oboi+Regency%2C+1661%E2%80%931669&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-226-64244-5&rft.aulast=Oxnam&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawski1998" class="citation cs2">Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), <i>The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions</i>, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22837-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22837-5"><bdi>0-520-22837-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Emperors%3A+A+Social+History+of+Qing+Imperial+Institutions&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-520-22837-5&rft.aulast=Rawski&rft.aufirst=Evelyn+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1979" class="citation cs2">Rossabi, Morris (1979), "Muslim and Central Asian Revolts", in Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, John E. Jr. (eds.), <i>From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China</i>, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 167–99, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02672-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02672-2"><bdi>0-300-02672-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muslim+and+Central+Asian+Revolts&rft.btitle=From+Ming+to+Ch%27ing%3A+Conquest%2C+Region%2C+and+Continuity+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=167-99&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-300-02672-2&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth_Li2002" class="citation cs2">Roth Li, Gertraude (2002), "State Building Before 1644", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), <i>Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1:The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800</i>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3"><bdi>0-521-24334-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Building+Before+1644&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Vol.+9%2C+Part+1%3AThe+Ch%27ing+Dynasty+to+1800&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=9-72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-24334-3&rft.aulast=Roth+Li&rft.aufirst=Gertraude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruve1988" class="citation cs2">Struve, Lynn (1988), "The Southern Ming", in Frederic W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (eds.), <i>Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644</i>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 641–725, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24332-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24332-7"><bdi>0-521-24332-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Ming&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+7%2C+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1368%E2%80%931644&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=641-725&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-24332-7&rft.aulast=Struve&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeman1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman" title="Frederic Wakeman">Wakeman, Frederic</a> (1985), <i>The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China</i>, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04804-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04804-0"><bdi>0-520-04804-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+The+Manchu+Reconstruction+of+Imperial+Order+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-520-04804-0&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>. In two volumes.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeman1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman" title="Frederic Wakeman">Wakeman, Frederic</a> (1975), "Localism and Loyalism During the Ch'ing Conquest of Kiangnan: The Tragedy of Chiang-yin", in Frederic Wakeman, Jr.; Carolyn Grant (eds.), <i>Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China</i>, Berkeley, CA: Center of Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 43–85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02597-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02597-0"><bdi>0-520-02597-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Localism+and+Loyalism+During+the+Ch%27ing+Conquest+of+Kiangnan%3A+The+Tragedy+of+Chiang-yin&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Control+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=43-85&rft.pub=Center+of+Chinese+Studies%2C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-520-02597-0&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeman1984" class="citation cs2">Wakeman, Frederic (1984), "Romantics, Stoics, and Martyrs in Seventeenth-Century China", <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>, <b>43</b> (4): 631–65, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2057148">10.2307/2057148</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2057148">2057148</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163314256">163314256</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Romantics%2C+Stoics%2C+and+Martyrs+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=631-65&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163314256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2057148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2057148&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills1984" class="citation cs2">Wills, John E. (1984), <i>Embassies and Illusions: Dutch and Portuguese Envoys to K'ang-hsi, 1666–1687</i>, Cambridge (Mass.) and London: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-24776-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-24776-0"><bdi>0-674-24776-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embassies+and+Illusions%3A+Dutch+and+Portuguese+Envoys+to+K%27ang-hsi%2C+1666%E2%80%931687&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Mass.%29+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-674-24776-0&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu1979" class="citation cs2">Wu, Silas H. L. 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(2004b), "Qianlong's inscription on the founding of the Temple of the Happiness and Longevity of Mt Sumeru (Xumifushou miao)", <i>New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde</i>, translated by Zarrow, Peter, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 185–87, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32006-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32006-2"><bdi>0-415-32006-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qianlong%27s+inscription+on+the+founding+of+the+Temple+of+the+Happiness+and+Longevity+of+Mt+Sumeru+%28Xumifushou+miao%29&rft.btitle=New+Qing+Imperial+History%3A+The+Making+of+Inner+Asian+Empire+at+Qing+Chengde&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=185-87&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-32006-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2009" class="citation cs2">Zhou, Ruchang [周汝昌] (2009), <i>Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber</i>, edited by Ronald R. 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Ferrara, translated by Liangmei Bao and Kyongsook Park<i><span></span></i>, New York, NY: Peter Lang, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0407-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0407-7"><bdi>978-1-4331-0407-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Noble+and+Humble%3A+Cao+Xueqin+and+the+Dream+of+the+Red+Chamber%2C+edited+by+Ronald+R.+Gray+and+Mark+S.+Ferrara%2C+translated+by+Liangmei+Bao+and+Kyongsook+Park&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0407-7&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Ruchang+%5B%E5%91%A8%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorgon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List of emperors of the Qing dynasty</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: lightsteelblue;;width:1%">Empresses dowager</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhuangwen" title="Empress Xiaozhuangwen">Zhaosheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Ci%27an" title="Empress Dowager Ci'an">Ci'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Cixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Longyu" title="Empress Dowager Longyu">Longyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: lightsteelblue;;width:1%">Appointed regents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonin_(regent)" title="Sonin (regent)">Sonin</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboi" title="Oboi">Oboi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebilun" title="Ebilun">Ebilun</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suksaha" title="Suksaha">Suksaha</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushun_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Sushun (Qing dynasty)">Sushun</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanhua" title="Duanhua">Duanhua</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiyuan" title="Zaiyuan">Zaiyuan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong" title="Prince Gong">Yixin (Prince Gong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaifeng,_Prince_Chun" title="Zaifeng, Prince Chun">Zaifeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: lightsteelblue;"><div>Asterisk (*) denotes that regent was part of a regency council.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Abatai">Abatai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degelei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degelei (page does not exist)">Degelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajige" title="Ajige">Ajige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirgalang" title="Jirgalang">Jirgalang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dudu_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dudu (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Dudu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaisangg%C5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaisanggū (page does not exist)">Jaisanggū</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodo,_Prince_Yu" title="Dodo, Prince Yu">Dodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoto_(prince)" title="Yoto (prince)">Yoto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0oto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šoto (page does not exist)">Šoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaliyan" title="Sahaliyan">Sahaliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Prince_Su" title="Hooge, Prince Su">Hooge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Tiancong</a> era<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(before 1636)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai%C5%A1an" title="Daišan">Daišan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatai" title="Abatai">Abatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajige" title="Ajige">Ajige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirgalang" title="Jirgalang">Jirgalang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dudu_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dudu (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Dudu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodo,_Prince_Yu" title="Dodo, Prince Yu">Dodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoto_(prince)" title="Yoto (prince)">Yoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaliyan" title="Sahaliyan">Sahaliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Prince_Su" title="Hooge, Prince Su">Hooge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Chongde</a> era<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1636)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">commanders of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Banner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai%C5%A1an" title="Daišan">Daišan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirgalang" title="Jirgalang">Jirgalang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodo,_Prince_Yu" title="Dodo, Prince Yu">Dodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooge,_Prince_Su" title="Hooge, Prince Su">Hooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoto_(prince)" title="Yoto (prince)">Yoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajige" title="Ajige">Ajige</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dudu_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dudu (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Dudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatai" title="Abatai">Abatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaliyan" title="Sahaliyan">Sahaliyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380573#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380573#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380573#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000389350914">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/282753359">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/262154/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBpCC9vhF4wQR3PF7bVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88237964">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p190055359">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462034505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&oldid=1249786160">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorgon&oldid=1249786160</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1612_births" title="Category:1612 births">1612 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1650_deaths" title="Category:1650 deaths">1650 deaths</a></li><li><a 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