CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kvass - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"670dc3a8-f066-42dd-ad8f-8804f60c5a6a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kvass","wgTitle":"Kvass","wgCurRevisionId":1258823276,"wgRevisionId":1258823276,"wgArticleId":16971,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2022","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with dead external links from May 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with dead external links from May 2022", "Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2022","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Belarusian-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles containing Latvian-language text","Articles containing Romanian-language text","Articles containing Hungarian-language text","Articles containing Serbian-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Finnish-language text","Articles containing Estonian-language text","Articles containing Latgalian-language text","Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Pages with Polish IPA","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021", "Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Fermented drinks","Rye-based drinks","Ukrainian drinks","Chinese drinks","Estonian drinks","Latvian drinks","Lithuanian drinks","Polish drinks","Belarusian drinks","Russian drinks","Serbian drinks","Soviet cuisine"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kvass","wgRelevantArticleId":16971,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q173773","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/1200px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/800px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/640px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kvass - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kvass rootpage-Kvass skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kvass" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kvass" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kvass" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kvass" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 By country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle By country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Belarus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Latvia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Lithuania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Estonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Nutritional composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cultural references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kvass</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_(drank)" title="Kwas (drank) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kwas (drank)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كفاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كفاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Квас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Квас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Квас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Квас (напитка) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квас (напитка)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kvass" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кăвас – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăвас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas" title="Kwas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kwas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_kl%C4%9Bbowy" title="Kwas klěbowy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kwas klěbowy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κβας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κβας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Поза – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Поза" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvaso" title="Kvaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کواس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کواس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4" title="크바스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크바스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Կվաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կվաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas_(pi%C4%87e)" title="Kvas (piće) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvas (piće)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvaso" title="Kvaso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kvaso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kvass" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BB" title="Къуымæл – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къуымæл" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1" title="קוואס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוואס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kvass" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ბურახი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბურახი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Квас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Квас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D3%A7%D1%88" title="Ырӧш – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ырӧш" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Квас – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Квас" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvass" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gira" title="Gira – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gira" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasz" title="Kvasz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvasz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كفاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كفاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B9" title="クワス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クワス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Шопо – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шопо" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D3%A7%D1%88" title="Ырӧш – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ырӧш" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_chlebowy" title="Kwas chlebowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas chlebowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvas" title="Cvas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cvas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Квас – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Квас" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Квас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kvass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas_(pija%C4%8Da)" title="Kvas (pijača) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvas (pijača)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A" title="Квасъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Квасъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas" title="Kwas – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kwas" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Квас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvassi" title="Kvassi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvassi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="குவாசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவாசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Квас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%A6%D9%89%DA%86%D9%89%D9%85%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83)" title="كاۋاس (ئىچىملىك) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاۋاس (ئىچىملىك)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas" title="Vas – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vas" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kvas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF" title="格瓦斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格瓦斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%AF" title="格華斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格華斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%97ra" title="Gėra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gėra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF" title="格瓦斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格瓦斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173773#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kvass" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kvass">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kvass">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kvass" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kvass" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&oldid=1258823276" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kvass&id=1258823276&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKvass">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKvass">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kvass&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kvass" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Kvass" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173773" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fermented cereal-based non-alcoholic beverage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gira" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gira_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gira (disambiguation)">Gira (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Kvass</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mint_bread_kvas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/250px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/375px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/500px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="1971" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">A mug of mint kvass and its ingredients</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">kvas, quass, quasse, quas, quash, kuass, kwas, gira</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Fermented low-alcoholic beverage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Course</th><td class="infobox-data">Beverage</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Region or state</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Northeastern Europe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China; <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Associated <a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">cuisine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-rbth_com-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur cuisine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Serving temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">Cold or room temperature</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">Rye bread</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rye_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Rye flour">rye flour</a> and rye malt, as well as water and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Ingredients generally used</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a>, fruits, <a href="/wiki/Herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs">herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Variations</th><td class="infobox-data">Beetroot kvass,<a href="#cite_note-Fermented_Food_Products-5">[5]</a> white kvass<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Food energy</a> (per serving)</div></th><td class="infobox-data nutrition">Circa 30–100 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">kcal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutritional value</a> (per serving)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:6.75em;padding-right:0.35em;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><0.15<a href="#cite_note-Foodbalt-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:6.75em;padding-right:0.35em;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><0.10<a href="#cite_note-Foodbalt-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:6.75em;padding-right:0.35em;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.90<a href="#cite_note-Foodbalt-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Kvass" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Kvass">Cookbook: Kvass</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kvass" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kvass">Media: Kvass</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kvass is a <a href="/wiki/Fermented" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented">fermented</a>, cereal-based, low-alcoholic beverage of cloudy appearance and sweet-sour taste. Kvass originates from northeastern Europe, where grain production was considered insufficient for beer to become a daily drink. The first written mention of kvass is found in <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, describing the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a>'s<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> baptism in 988.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the traditional method, kvass is made from a mash obtained from <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> bread or rye flour and malt soaked in hot water, fermented for about 12 hours with the help of sugar and <a href="/wiki/Bread_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread yeast">bread yeast</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">baker's yeast</a> at room temperature. In industrial methods, kvass is produced from <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> concentrate combined with various grain mixtures. It is a popular drink in Poland,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-rbth_com-3">[3]</a> Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, as well as some parts of Finland, Sweden, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and China. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The word kvass is ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> base <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kwh%E2%82%82et-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kwh₂et-">*kwh₂et-</a> ('to become sour').<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In English it was first mentioned in a text around 1553 as quass.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Nowadays, the name of the drink is almost the same in most languages: in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: kwas chlebowy (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'bread kvass', to differentiate it from kwas, 'acid', originally from kwaśny, 'sour'); <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: квас, kvas; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: квас, kvas; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: квас/хлібний квас/сирівець, kvas/khlibny kvas/syrivets; <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: kvass; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: cvas; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: kvasz; <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: квас/kvas; Chinese: 格瓦斯/克瓦斯, géwǎsī/kèwǎsī; <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Finnish_dialects" title="Eastern Finnish dialects">Eastern Finnish</a>: vaasa. Non-<a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> kali, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> kalja, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> dzersis (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'beverage'), <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> dzyra (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'beverage', similar to Lithuanian gira), <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> gira (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'beverage', similar to Latvian dzira), and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> bröddricka (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'bread drink'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvas_on_fridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kvas_on_fridge.jpg/220px-Kvas_on_fridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kvas_on_fridge.jpg/330px-Kvas_on_fridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kvas_on_fridge.jpg/440px-Kvas_on_fridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Home fermentation of kvass in glass jars.</figcaption></figure> In the traditional method, either dried rye bread or a combination of <a href="/wiki/Rye_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Rye flour">rye flour</a> and rye <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> is used. The dried rye bread is extracted with hot water and incubated for 12 hours at room temperature, after which <a href="/wiki/Bread_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread yeast">bread yeast</a> and sugar are added to the extract and fermented for 12 hours at 20 °C (293 K; 68 °F). Alternatively, rye flour is boiled, mixed with rye malt, sugar, and <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">baker's yeast</a> and then fermented for 12 hours at 20 °C (293 K; 68 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Fermented_Food_Products-5">[5]</a> The simplest industrial method produces kvass from a <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> concentrate. The concentrate is warmed up and mixed with a water and sugar solution to create wort with a sugar concentration of 5–7% and <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurized</a> to stabilize it. After that, the wort is pumped into a fermentation tank, where <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">baker's yeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a> culture is added, and the solution is fermented for 12–24 hours at 12 to 30 °C (285 to 303 K; 54 to 86 °F). Only around 1% of the extract is fermented out into <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>. Afterwards, the kvass is cooled to 6 °C (279 K; 43 °F), clarified through either filtration or <a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">centrifugation</a>, and adjusted for sugar content, if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Hornsey-17">[17]</a> Initially, it was filled in large containers from which the kvass was sold on streets, but now, the vast majority of industrially produced kvass is filled and sold in 1–3-litre plastic bottles and has a <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> of 4–6 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Kvass is usually 0.5–1.0% alcohol by weight,<a href="#cite_note-Hornsey_2003_p._8-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> but may sometimes be as high as 2.0%.<a href="#cite_note-gazolsz-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_1791_-_1792_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_1791_-_1792_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6.jpg/180px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_1791_-_1792_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_1791_-_1792_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6.jpg/270px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_1791_-_1792_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_1791_-_1792_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6.jpg/360px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_1791_-_1792_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="2726" /></a><figcaption>A kvass vendor (kvasnik) in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> The exact origins of kvass are unclear, and whether it was invented by <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic people</a> or any other Eastern European ethnicity is unknown,<a href="#cite_note-Garshol-22">[22]</a> although some Polish sources claim that kvass was invented by Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-ministerstwo-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-gazolsz-21">[21]</a> Kvass has existed in the northeastern part of Europe, where grain production is thought to have been insufficient for beer to become a daily drink.<a href="#cite_note-Garshol-22">[22]</a> It has been known among the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a> since the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-ministerstwo-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-gazolsz-21">[21]</a> Likely invented in the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and known there since at least the 10th century, kvass has become one of the symbols of East Slavic cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-gazolsz-21">[21]</a> The first written mention of kvass is found in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, describing the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a>'s baptism in 988, when kvass along with <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> and food was given out to the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Kvass-making remained a daily household activity well into the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hornsey-17">[17]</a> In the second half of the 19th century, with military engagement, increasing industrialization, and large-scale projects, such as the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> creating a growing need to supply large numbers of people with foodstuff for extended periods of time, kvass became commercialized; more than 150 kvass varieties, such as apple, pear, mint, lemon, chicory, raspberry, and cherry were recorded. As commercial kvass producers began selling it in barrels on the streets, domestic kvass-making started to decline.<a href="#cite_note-Hornsey-17">[17]</a> For example, in the year ended 30 June 1912, there were 17 factories in the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a>, producing a total of 437,255 gallons of kvass.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the 1890s, the first scientific studies into the production of kvass were conducted in Kiev, and in the 1960s, commercial mass production technology of kvass was further developed by chemists in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Hornsey-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3767" data-file-height="2540" /></a><figcaption>A kvass street vendor in <a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, Russia, 2013.</figcaption></figure> Although the massive flood of western soft drinks after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a> substantially shrank the market share of kvass in Russia, in recent years it has regained its original popularity, often marketed as a national soft drink or "<a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">patriotic</a>" alternative to the famous Coca-Cola drink. For example, the Russian company Nikola has promoted its brand of kvass with an advertising campaign emphasizing "<a href="/wiki/Cocacolonization" title="Cocacolonization">anti-cola-nisation</a>." Moscow-based Business Analytica reported in 2008 that bottled kvass sales had tripled since 2005 and estimated that <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> kvass consumption in Russia would reach three litres in 2008. Between 2005 and 2007, cola's share of the Moscow soft drink market fell from 37% to 32%. Meanwhile, kvass's share more than doubled over the same time period, reaching 16% in 2007. In response, Coca-Cola launched its own brand of kvass in May 2008. This is the first time a foreign company has made an appreciable entrance into the Russian kvass market. Pepsi has also signed an agreement with a Russian kvass manufacturer to act as a distribution agent. The development of new technologies for storage and distribution, and heavy advertising, have contributed to this surge in popularity; three new major brands have been introduced since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-cola-nisation-26">[26]</a> Market shares for Russia (2014) <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Company</th> <th>Brand name</th> <th>Share [%]<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deka_(Russian_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deka (Russian company) (page does not exist)">Deka</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Дека (компания)">ru</a>]</td> <td>Никола Nikola</td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ochakovo_(company)" title="Ochakovo (company)">Ochakovo</a></td> <td>Очаковский Ochakovsky</td> <td>18.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a></td> <td>Русский дар Russky dar</td> <td>11.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Group" title="Carlsberg Group">Carlsberg Group</a></td> <td>Хлебный край Khlebny kray</td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Coca-Cola, Inc.">Coca-Cola, Inc.</a></td> <td>Кружка и бочка Kruzhka i bochka</td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td></td> <td>22.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Belarus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvass_in_Grodno,_Belarus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Kvass_in_Grodno%2C_Belarus.png/220px-Kvass_in_Grodno%2C_Belarus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Kvass_in_Grodno%2C_Belarus.png/330px-Kvass_in_Grodno%2C_Belarus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Kvass_in_Grodno%2C_Belarus.png/440px-Kvass_in_Grodno%2C_Belarus.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Kvass trailer in <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, Belarus (2019).</figcaption></figure> Belarus has several breweries producing kvass: <a href="/wiki/Alivaria_Brewery" title="Alivaria Brewery">Alivaria Brewery</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babrujski_Brovar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babrujski Brovar (page does not exist)">Babrujski Brovar</a> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="be:Бабруйскі бровар">be</a>; <a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="be-tarask:Бабруйскі бровар">be-tarask</a>], and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krinitsa_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krinitsa (company) (page does not exist)">Krinitsa</a> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80)" class="extiw" title="be:Крыніца (бровар)">be</a>; <a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80)" class="extiw" title="be-tarask:Крыніца (бровар)">be-tarask</a>]. It also has a variety of kvass tasting and entertainment festivals.<a href="#cite_note-wab-28">[28]</a> The largest show takes place in the city of <a href="/wiki/Lida" title="Lida">Lida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dib-29">[29]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-09-17_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belarusian white kvass, produced by Alivaria Brewery (Minsk, 2022)."><img alt="Belarusian white kvass, produced by Alivaria Brewery (Minsk, 2022)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/2022-09-17_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F.jpg/90px-2022-09-17_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/2022-09-17_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F.jpg/135px-2022-09-17_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/2022-09-17_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F.jpg/180px-2022-09-17_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Belarusian <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_kvass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White kvass (page does not exist)">white kvass</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Alivaria_Brewery" title="Alivaria Brewery">Alivaria Brewery</a> (Minsk, 2022).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwas_chlebowy_(EKO-NATURA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Kwas_chlebowy_%28EKO-NATURA%29.jpg/220px-Kwas_chlebowy_%28EKO-NATURA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Kwas_chlebowy_%28EKO-NATURA%29.jpg/330px-Kwas_chlebowy_%28EKO-NATURA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Kwas_chlebowy_%28EKO-NATURA%29.jpg/440px-Kwas_chlebowy_%28EKO-NATURA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3418" data-file-height="2727" /></a><figcaption>Varieties of natural kwas chlebowy.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogolnopolski_Festiwal_Dobrego_Smaku_2018_(Poznan)_(kwas_chlebowy).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ogolnopolski_Festiwal_Dobrego_Smaku_2018_%28Poznan%29_%28kwas_chlebowy%29.jpg/220px-Ogolnopolski_Festiwal_Dobrego_Smaku_2018_%28Poznan%29_%28kwas_chlebowy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ogolnopolski_Festiwal_Dobrego_Smaku_2018_%28Poznan%29_%28kwas_chlebowy%29.jpg/330px-Ogolnopolski_Festiwal_Dobrego_Smaku_2018_%28Poznan%29_%28kwas_chlebowy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ogolnopolski_Festiwal_Dobrego_Smaku_2018_%28Poznan%29_%28kwas_chlebowy%29.jpg/440px-Ogolnopolski_Festiwal_Dobrego_Smaku_2018_%28Poznan%29_%28kwas_chlebowy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Kvass tap at a festival in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwas_chlebowy,_kefir,_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg/220px-Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg/330px-Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg/440px-Kwas_chlebowy%2C_kefir%2C_ko%C5%82acz_i_korowaj_w_polskim_domu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2861" /></a><figcaption>Polish kvass served alongside <a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">kefir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolach_(bread)" title="Kolach (bread)">kolach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korovai" title="Korovai">korovai</a>.</figcaption></figure> Kvass may have appeared in Poland as early as the 10th century,<a href="#cite_note-ministerstwo-23">[23]</a> it quickly became a trendy beverage thanks to it easy and cheap method of production as well as its thirst-quenching and digestion-aiding qualities.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> By the time of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a>'s rule, kvass was universal.<a href="#cite_note-gazolsz-21">[21]</a> It was at first commonly drunk by peasants in the eastern parts of the country, but eventually the drink spread to the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gazolsz-21">[21]</a> One example of this is kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński, an old type of Polish kvass that is still sold as a contemporary brand. Its origins can be traced back to the 1500s, when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iwan_Semenowicz_Sapieha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iwan Semenowicz Sapieha (page does not exist)">Jan Sapieha</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Semenowicz_Sapieha" class="extiw" title="pl:Iwan Semenowicz Sapieha">pl</a>] founded the town of <a href="/wiki/Kode%C5%84" title="Kodeń">Kodeń</a> on land granted by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Poland">Polish king</a>. He then bought the mills and 24 villages of the surrounding areas from their previous landowners. Then, the taste of kvass became known among the Polish <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>, who used it for its supposed healing qualities. Throughout the 19th century, kvass remained popular among <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Poland">Austrian Galicia</a>, especially the inhabitants of rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-kchsk-31">[31]</a> Up until the 19th century, recipes for local variants of kvass remained well-guarded secrets of families, <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a>, and monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The beverage production in Poland on an industrial scale can be traced back to the more recent interwar period, when the Polish state regained independence as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. In interwar Poland, kvass was brewed and sold in mass numbers by magnates of the Polish drinks market like the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Varsovian</a> brewery <a href="/wiki/Haberbusch_i_Schiele" title="Haberbusch i Schiele">Haberbusch i Schiele</a> or the Karpiński company.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Kvass remained particularly popular in eastern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-kchsk-31">[31]</a> However, with the collapse of many prewar businesses and much of the Polish industry during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, kvass lost popularity following the aftermath of the war. It also gradually lost favour throughout the 20th century upon introducing mass-produced soft drinks and carbonated water into the Polish market.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ministerstwo-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-gazolsz-21">[21]</a> In the early 21st century, kvass experienced a renaissance in Poland due to the heightened interest in healthy diets, natural products, and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-ministerstwo-23">[23]</a> Kvass can be found in some supermarkets and grocery stores, where it is known in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> as kwas chlebowy (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[kvas xlɛbɔvɨ]</a>). Commercial bottled versions of the drink are the most common variant, as some companies specialise in manufacturing a more modern version of the drink (some variants are manufactured in Poland whilst others are imported from its neighbouring countries, Lithuania and Ukraine being the most popular source).<a href="#cite_note-gerima-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukrainski-36">[36]</a> However, old recipes for a traditional version of kvass exist. Some of them originate from eastern Poland;<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> others from more central regions include adding honey for flavour.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Although commercial kvass is much easier to find in Polish shops, Polish manufacturers of more natural and healthier variants of kvass have become increasingly popular both within and outside of the country's borders.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-ministerstwo-23">[23]</a> A less healthy alternative of quick-to-make variants using kvass concentrate can also be purchased in shops.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> One colloquial Polish name for kwas chlebowy is wiejska oranżada ('rural orangeade').<a href="#cite_note-gazolsz-21">[21]</a> In some Polish villages, such as <a href="/wiki/Za%C5%82awa" title="Zaława">Zaława</a> and its surroundings, kvass was traditionally produced on every farm.<a href="#cite_note-zaława-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latvia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_marchand_de_kwass,_en_Livonie._%E2%80%94_Dessin_de_d%27Henriet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Un_marchand_de_kwass%2C_en_Livonie._%E2%80%94_Dessin_de_d%27Henriet.jpg/220px-Un_marchand_de_kwass%2C_en_Livonie._%E2%80%94_Dessin_de_d%27Henriet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Un_marchand_de_kwass%2C_en_Livonie._%E2%80%94_Dessin_de_d%27Henriet.jpg/330px-Un_marchand_de_kwass%2C_en_Livonie._%E2%80%94_Dessin_de_d%27Henriet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Un_marchand_de_kwass%2C_en_Livonie._%E2%80%94_Dessin_de_d%27Henriet.jpg/440px-Un_marchand_de_kwass%2C_en_Livonie._%E2%80%94_Dessin_de_d%27Henriet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> by Dessin de d'Henriet depicting kvass vendors in <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Livonia.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvass-Jul77.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kvass-Jul77.png/220px-Kvass-Jul77.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kvass-Jul77.png/330px-Kvass-Jul77.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kvass-Jul77.png/440px-Kvass-Jul77.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>A kvass street vendor in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Rīga</a> (1977).</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, kvass was also called dzersis.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the street vendors disappeared from the streets of Latvia due to new health laws that banned its sale on the street. Economic disruptions forced many kvass factories to close. The Coca-Cola Company moved in and began quickly dominating the soft drink market. In 1998, the local soft drink industry adapted by selling bottled kvass and launching aggressive marketing campaigns. This surge in sales was stimulated by the fact that kvass sold for about half the price of Coca-Cola. In just three years, kvass constituted as much as 30% of the soft drink market in Latvia, while the market share of Coca-Cola fell from 65% to 44%. The Coca-Cola Company had losses in Latvia of about $1 million in 1999 and 2000. Coca-Cola responded by purchasing kvass manufacturers and producing kvass at their own soft drink plants.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On 30 September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a> (parliament) adopted quality and classification requirements for kvass, defining it as "a beverage obtained by fermenting a mixture of kvass wort with a yeast of microorganism cultures to which sugar and other food sources and food additives are added or not added after the fermentation" with a maximum ABV of 1.2 percent, and differentiating it from an unfermented non-alcoholic mixture of grain product extract, water, flavourings, preservatives, and other ingredients, which is designated as a "kvass (malt) beverage".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 2014, Latvian kvass producers won seven medals at the Russian Beverage exposition in Moscow, with <a href="/wiki/Ilgezeem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilgezeem">Ilgezeem</a>'s Porter Tanheiser kvass winning two gold medals.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2019, Iļģuciema kvass ranked second in the Most Loved Latvian Beverage Brand Top,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] and first in the subsequent 2020 top.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lithuania">edit</a>]</div> In Lithuania, kvass is known as gira and is widely available in bottles and drafts. The first written records of kvass and kvass recipes in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> appeared in the 16th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many restaurants in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> make their own kvass, which they sell on the premises. Some brands of mass-produced Lithuanian kvass are also sold on the Polish market.<a href="#cite_note-gerima-35">[35]</a> Strictly speaking, gira can be made from anything fermentable—such as <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a> tea, <a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">beetroot</a> juice, or berries—but it is made mainly from black bread, or barley or rye malt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Estonia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%B5ukogude-aegne_kaljavaat_N%C3%B5ukogude_aja_n%C3%A4itusel_Tallinnas_Rotermanni_kvartalis,_14._august_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/N%C3%B5ukogude-aegne_kaljavaat_N%C3%B5ukogude_aja_n%C3%A4itusel_Tallinnas_Rotermanni_kvartalis%2C_14._august_2011.jpg/220px-N%C3%B5ukogude-aegne_kaljavaat_N%C3%B5ukogude_aja_n%C3%A4itusel_Tallinnas_Rotermanni_kvartalis%2C_14._august_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/N%C3%B5ukogude-aegne_kaljavaat_N%C3%B5ukogude_aja_n%C3%A4itusel_Tallinnas_Rotermanni_kvartalis%2C_14._august_2011.jpg/330px-N%C3%B5ukogude-aegne_kaljavaat_N%C3%B5ukogude_aja_n%C3%A4itusel_Tallinnas_Rotermanni_kvartalis%2C_14._august_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/N%C3%B5ukogude-aegne_kaljavaat_N%C3%B5ukogude_aja_n%C3%A4itusel_Tallinnas_Rotermanni_kvartalis%2C_14._august_2011.jpg/440px-N%C3%B5ukogude-aegne_kaljavaat_N%C3%B5ukogude_aja_n%C3%A4itusel_Tallinnas_Rotermanni_kvartalis%2C_14._august_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A street <a href="/wiki/Kvass_barrel" title="Kvass barrel">kvass barrel</a> used during the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian SSR">Estonian SSR</a></figcaption></figure> In Estonia, kvass is known as kali. Initially, it was made from either <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_spent_grain" title="Brewer's spent grain">brewer's spent grain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> left to ferment in a closed container, but later, special kvass bread (kaljaleib) or industrially produced malt concentrate started to be used. Nowadays, kali generally is industrially produced with the use of <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a>, the addition of <a href="/wiki/Preservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservatives">preservatives</a>, and artificial <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> In Finland, a fermented drink made from a mixture of rye flour and rye malt was ubiquitous in parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Finland">Eastern Finland</a> and was heated in the oven. It was called kalja (which can also be used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">small beer</a>) or vaasa (in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Finnish_dialects" title="Eastern Finnish dialects">Eastern Finnish</a>), while nowadays the drink is often known as kotikalja (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'home kalja') and is available in many work canteens, gas stations, and lower-end restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-Garshol-22">[22]</a> Traditionally, kalja was usually made in households once a week from a mixture of malted and unmalted rye grains. Other grains, such as oats or barley, were also sometimes used; occasionally, leftover potatoes or pieces of bread were added. Everything was mixed with water in a metal cauldron or a clay pot and kept warm in the oven or by the stove for at least six hours for the mixture to darken and sweeten. Sometimes, the grain solids were filtered out through <a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">lautering</a>. In Eastern Finland, the mixture was formed into large loaves and briefly baked for the crust to turn brown. The porridge or pieces of the malt bread were mixed into a wooden cask with water and fermented for one or two days with a previous batch, a sourdough starter, <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous fermentation">spontaneously</a> or in more recent times with commercial baker's yeast. In the early 20th century, with sugar becoming more readily available, it started replacing the <a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">malting</a> process, and modern kalja is made from dark rye malt, sugar, and baker's yeast.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> Kvass was also made in Sweden, where it was known as bröddricka (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'bread drink'). However, it was very likely limited only to areas where rye bread was the standard bread as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Crispbread" title="Crispbread">crispbread</a>, which was more common in Western Sweden and did not go stale. Bröddricka was still being made in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a> farms up until 1935.<a href="#cite_note-Garshol-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urumqi_Kvass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Urumqi_Kvass.jpg/220px-Urumqi_Kvass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Urumqi_Kvass.jpg/330px-Urumqi_Kvass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Urumqi_Kvass.jpg/440px-Urumqi_Kvass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Kavas served in a restaurant in Ürümqi, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the mid-19th century, kvass was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, where it became known as kavas (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 格瓦斯; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: géwǎsī) and eventually became one of the region's signature drinks.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> It is usually consumed cold together with <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 1900, Russian merchant Ivan Churin founded <a href="/wiki/Churin_and_Qiulin" title="Churin and Qiulin">Harbin Churin Food</a> (秋林 Qiulin) in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, offering kvass and other specialities, and by 2009, the company was already producing 5,000 tons of kvass a year, making up 90% of the local market. In 2011, it moved its kvass factory to <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, increasing its sales to 20,000 tons in the first year.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> Following the influx of immigrants in the UK due to the <a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004 enlargement of the European Union</a>, several stores selling cuisine and beverages from Eastern Europe were established, many of which stock imported (primarily pasteurised) kvass. As a result, since then a number of different flavours of not-pasteurised kvass, fermented using sourdough starter culture, have also become available in the UK in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In recent years, kvass has also become more popular in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2017, a version of kvass from carrots or beets was developed in California by the producer Biotic Ferments.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_composition">Nutritional composition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nutritional composition">edit</a>]</div> Naturally fermented kvass contains 5.9%±0.02 carbohydrates, of which 5.7%±0.02 are sugars (mostly <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a>), as well as 0.71±0.09, 1.28±0.12, and 18.14±0.48 mg/100 g of <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">niacin</a> respectively. In addition to that, 19 different aroma volatile compounds have also been identified in naturally fermented kvass, most notably 4-penten-2-ol (10.05×107 PAU), which has a fruity odour; <a href="/wiki/Carvone" title="Carvone">carvone</a> (2.28×107 PAU) originating from <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a> fruits used as an ingredient in rye bread; and <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_octanoate" title="Ethyl octanoate">ethyl octanoate</a> (1.03×107 PAU), which has an odour of fruit and fat.<a href="#cite_note-Foodbalt-7">[7]</a> Traditional kvass made from rye wholemeal bread has been found to have, on average, twice the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary fibre">dietary fibre</a> content, 60% more <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> activity (due to the addition of <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a> to the bread), and three times less <a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing sugars">reducing sugar</a> content than industrially produced kvass.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (ABV) of kvass varied depending on the ingredients, microbial flora, as well as temperature and length of fermentation,<a href="#cite_note-Hornsey-17">[17]</a> but nowadays it is usually not higher than 1.5%. The wide availability and consumption of kvass, including by children of all ages, together with the lacking indication of ABV for kvass on the labels and in advertisements, has been named a possible contributor to <a href="/wiki/Chronic_alcoholism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic alcoholism">chronic alcoholism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use">edit</a>]</div> Apart from drinking, kvass is also used by families as the basis for many dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi-59">[59]</a> Traditional cold summertime soups of <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian cuisine</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Okroshka" title="Okroshka">okroshka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Botvinya" class="mw-redirect" title="Botvinya">botvinya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyurya" title="Tyurya">tyurya</a>, are based on kvass. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_1862.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_1862.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_1862.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Vassiliy Kalistov, Street vending of kvass (1862), <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvash State Art Museum</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> The name of <a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a>, a wise being in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, is possibly related to kvass.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> There is a Russian expression, Перебиваться с хлеба на квас (literally 'to clamber from bread to kvass'), which means 'to live from hand to mouth' or to 'scrape by'<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> referring to the frugal practice amongst the poor peasants of making kvass from stale leftovers of <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">rye bread</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Another kvass-related term in Russian is "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass_patriotism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvass patriotism (page does not exist)">kvass patriotism</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Квасной патриотизм">ru</a>]" (квасной патриотизм) dating back to an 1823 letter by the Russian poet <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Pyotr Vyazemsky</a> who defined it as "unqualified praise of everything that is your own".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>, several traditional sayings that reference kwas chlebowy exist.<a href="#cite_note-zaława-41">[41]</a> There is also an old Polish folk rhyming song. It shows the history of kvass in the country as having been drunk by generations of Polish <a href="/wiki/Reaper#Hand_reaping" title="Reaper">reapers</a> as a thirst-quenching beverage used during periods of hard work during the harvest season, long before it became popular as a medicinal drink among the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>. The song goes as follows:<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Original Polish lyrics </th> <th scope="col">English translation </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="pl" class="poem"> Od dawien dawna słynie napój zdrowy: kwas chlebowy, pajda chleba za pazuchę, bukłak kwasu i chłop gotów w pole. W gorącą posuchę. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> A healthy drink has long been renowned: bread kvass, a chunk of bread below the armpit, a goatskin of kvass and the peasant is ready for the fields. Into a hot drought. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> In the Polish village of <a href="/wiki/Za%C5%82awa" title="Zaława">Zaława</a>, there is a customary game known as wulkan ('volcano') that is associated with the beverage. The fermentation of sugars makes kvass slightly carbonated, thus, when shaken or heated, it can cause the liquid to suddenly and rapidly rise out of an open vessel. Playing wulkan consists of vigorously shaking a bottle of kvass shortly before handing it to someone else who is going to drink it; the sudden "shooting out" of the beverage onto the person opening the bottle is a source of entertainment for the youth of Zaława and a well-known prank during regional festivities.<a href="#cite_note-zaława-41">[41]</a> In Tolstoy's <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a>, French soldiers are aware of kvass on entering Moscow, enjoying it but referring to it as "pig's lemonade".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem" title="Sholem Aleichem">Sholem Aleichem</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Motl,_Peysi_the_Cantor%27s_Son" title="Motl, Peysi the Cantor's Son">Motl, Peysi the Cantor's Son</a>, diluted kvass is the focus of one of Motl's older brother's <a href="/wiki/Get-rich-quick_scheme" title="Get-rich-quick scheme">get-rich-quick schemes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/28px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/42px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/56px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bor%C8%99_(bran)" title="Borș (bran)">Borș (bran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brottrunk" title="Brottrunk">Brottrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_(soft_drink)" title="Malta (soft drink)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mors_(drink)" title="Mors (drink)">Mors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podpiwek" title="Podpiwek">Podpiwek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvelac" title="Rejuvelac">Rejuvelac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivella" title="Rivella">Rivella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginger Ale">Ginger Ale</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuchnia.wp.pl/co-warto-wiedziec-o-kwasie-chlebowym-6054630961177729g/2">"Co warto wiedzieć o kwasie chlebowym"</a> (in Polish). WP Kuchnia. 8 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022043155/https://kuchnia.wp.pl/co-warto-wiedziec-o-kwasie-chlebowym-6054630961177729g/2">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Co+warto+wiedzie%C4%87+o+kwasie+chlebowym&rft.pub=WP+Kuchnia&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuchnia.wp.pl%2Fco-warto-wiedziec-o-kwasie-chlebowym-6054630961177729g%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302020748/https://jordanrussiacenter.org/event-recaps/kvas-patriotism-in-russia-cultural-problems-cultural-myths/">"Kvas Patriotism in Russia: Cultural Problems, Cultural Myths"</a>. NYU Jordan Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jordanrussiacenter.org/event-recaps/kvas-patriotism-in-russia-cultural-problems-cultural-myths/">the original</a> on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kvas+Patriotism+in+Russia%3A+Cultural+Problems%2C+Cultural+Myths&rft.pub=NYU+Jordan+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjordanrussiacenter.org%2Fevent-recaps%2Fkvas-patriotism-in-russia-cultural-problems-cultural-myths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbth_com-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbth_com_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbth_com_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/334126-brief-history-drink-kvass">"A brief history of Kvass, Russia's 'bread in a bottle'"</a>. Russia Beyond. 23 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130164552/https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/334126-brief-history-drink-kvass">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Kvass%2C+Russia%27s+%27bread+in+a+bottle%27&rft.pub=Russia+Beyond&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Frussian-kitchen%2F334126-brief-history-drink-kvass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sergiev-kanon.ru/azbuka_zdorov_ya/istoriya_kvasa_i_ego_poleznye_svoystva.html">"История кваса и его полезные свойства"</a> (in Russian). Сергиев Канон. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130164553/https://www.sergiev-kanon.ru/azbuka_zdorov_ya/istoriya_kvasa_i_ego_poleznye_svoystva.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sergiev-kanon.ru%2Fazbuka_zdorov_ya%2Fistoriya_kvasa_i_ego_poleznye_svoystva.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fermented_Food_Products-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fermented_Food_Products_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fermented_Food_Products_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaresanAyyaduraiDhanasekaran2020" class="citation book cs1">Amaresan, Natarajan; Ayyadurai, Sankaranarayanan; Dhanasekaran, Dharumadurai, eds. (2020). Fermented Food Products. Taylor & Francis. pp. 287–292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-22422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-22422-6"><bdi>978-0-367-22422-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fermented+Food+Products&rft.pages=287-292&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-367-22422-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarasevich2013" class="citation web cs1">Tarasevich, Grigory (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/arts/2013/09/04/white_kvass_an_old_drink_with_a_new_taste_29499.html">"White kvass: An old drink with a new taste"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russia_Beyond" title="Russia Beyond">Russia Beyond</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720030933/https://www.rbth.com/arts/2013/09/04/white_kvass_an_old_drink_with_a_new_taste_29499.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=White+kvass%3A+An+old+drink+with+a+new+taste&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.aulast=Tarasevich&rft.aufirst=Grigory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Farts%2F2013%2F09%2F04%2Fwhite_kvass_an_old_drink_with_a_new_taste_29499.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foodbalt-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foodbalt_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foodbalt_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foodbalt_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foodbalt_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLīdumsKārkliņaĶirseŠabovics2017" class="citation journal cs1">Līdums, Ivo; Kārkliņa, Daina; Ķirse, Asnate; Šabovics, Mārtiņš (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llufb.llu.lv/conference/foodbalt/2017/FoodBalt_2017_Conference_Proceedings.pdf#page=61">"Nutritional value, vitamins, sugars and aroma volatiles in naturally fermented and dry kvass"</a> (PDF). Foodbalt. <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Food_Technology,_Latvia_University_of_Life_Sciences_and_Technologies" title="Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies">Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies</a>: 61–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22616%2Ffoodbalt.2017.027">10.22616/foodbalt.2017.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2501-0190">2501-0190</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104205221/https://llufb.llu.lv/conference/foodbalt/2017/FoodBalt_2017_Conference_Proceedings.pdf#page=61">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foodbalt&rft.atitle=Nutritional+value%2C+vitamins%2C+sugars+and+aroma+volatiles+in+naturally+fermented+and+dry+kvass&rft.pages=61-65&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22616%2Ffoodbalt.2017.027&rft.issn=2501-0190&rft.aulast=L%C4%ABdums&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft.au=K%C4%81rkli%C5%86a%2C+Daina&rft.au=%C4%B6irse%2C+Asnate&rft.au=%C5%A0abovics%2C+M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fllufb.llu.lv%2Fconference%2Ffoodbalt%2F2017%2FFoodBalt_2017_Conference_Proceedings.pdf%23page%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danceshistoricalmiscellany.com/vladimir-great-pagan-philanderer-saint/">"Vladimir the Great: From Pagan Philanderer to Christian Saint"</a>. Dance's Historical Miscellany. 8 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130164554/https://www.danceshistoricalmiscellany.com/vladimir-great-pagan-philanderer-saint/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vladimir+the+Great%3A+From+Pagan+Philanderer+to+Christian+Saint&rft.pub=Dance%27s+Historical+Miscellany&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danceshistoricalmiscellany.com%2Fvladimir-great-pagan-philanderer-saint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/vladimir-adopts-christianity">"Vladimir Adopts Christianity"</a>. Christian History Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205191835/https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/vladimir-adopts-christianity">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vladimir+Adopts+Christianity&rft.pub=Christian+History+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianhistoryinstitute.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fvladimir-adopts-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rskrf.ru/tips/eksperty-obyasnyayut/pavel-syutkin-kvas-bez-prikras-pravda-i-mify-o-traditsionnom-russkom-napitke/">"Павел Сюткин: Квас без прикрас – правда и мифы о традиционном русском напитке"</a> (in Russian). Российский Союз Потребителей (Росконтроль). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130164554/https://rskrf.ru/tips/eksperty-obyasnyayut/pavel-syutkin-kvas-bez-prikras-pravda-i-mify-o-traditsionnom-russkom-napitke/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%3A+%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81+%E2%80%93+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B+%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frskrf.ru%2Ftips%2Feksperty-obyasnyayut%2Fpavel-syutkin-kvas-bez-prikras-pravda-i-mify-o-traditsionnom-russkom-napitke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuchnia.wp.pl/co-warto-wiedziec-o-kwasie-chlebowym-6054630961177729g/2">"Co warto wiedzieć o kwasie chlebowym"</a> (in Polish). WP Kuchnia. 8 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022043155/https://kuchnia.wp.pl/co-warto-wiedziec-o-kwasie-chlebowym-6054630961177729g/2">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Co+warto+wiedzie%C4%87+o+kwasie+chlebowym&rft.pub=WP+Kuchnia&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuchnia.wp.pl%2Fco-warto-wiedziec-o-kwasie-chlebowym-6054630961177729g%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zywienie.medonet.pl/produkty-spozywcze/napoje/kwas-chlebowy-i-jego-znaczenie-dla-zdrowia-przepis-na-kwas-chlebowy/9qs84h4">"Kwas chlebowy i jego znaczenie dla zdrowia. Przepis na kwas chlebowy"</a> (in Polish). Medonet. 19 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130164553/https://zywienie.medonet.pl/produkty-spozywcze/napoje/kwas-chlebowy-i-jego-znaczenie-dla-zdrowia-przepis-na-kwas-chlebowy/9qs84h4">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwas+chlebowy+i+jego+znaczenie+dla+zdrowia.+Przepis+na+kwas+chlebowy&rft.pub=Medonet&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzywienie.medonet.pl%2Fprodukty-spozywcze%2Fnapoje%2Fkwas-chlebowy-i-jego-znaczenie-dla-zdrowia-przepis-na-kwas-chlebowy%2F9qs84h4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sergiev-kanon.ru/azbuka_zdorov_ya/istoriya_kvasa_i_ego_poleznye_svoystva.html">"История кваса и его полезные свойства"</a> (in Russian). Сергиев Канон. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130164553/https://www.sergiev-kanon.ru/azbuka_zdorov_ya/istoriya_kvasa_i_ego_poleznye_svoystva.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sergiev-kanon.ru%2Fazbuka_zdorov_ya%2Fistoriya_kvasa_i_ego_poleznye_svoystva.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/19826">"Palaeolexicon – The Proto-Indo-European word *kwat-"</a>. palaeolexicon.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081425/http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/19826">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=palaeolexicon.com&rft.atitle=Palaeolexicon+%E2%80%93+The+Proto-Indo-European+word+%2Akwat-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2FWord%2FShow%2F19826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kvass">"kvass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102034902/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kvass">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kvass&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fkvass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Kvass in Oxford English Dictionary. c 1553 Chancelour Bk. Emp. Russia in Hakluyt Voy. (1886) III. 51 Their drinke is like our peny Ale, and is called Quass. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornsey-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hornsey_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornsey_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornsey_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornsey_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornsey_17-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsey2012" class="citation book cs1">Hornsey, Ian Spencer (2012). Alcohol and its Role in the Evolution of Human Society. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. pp. 296–300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-161-4"><bdi>978-1-84973-161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+its+Role+in+the+Evolution+of+Human+Society&rft.pages=296-300&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84973-161-4&rft.aulast=Hornsey&rft.aufirst=Ian+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobbettiGänzle2013" class="citation book cs1">Gobbetti, Marco; Gänzle, Michael, eds. (2013). Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. pp. 272–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-5424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-5424-3"><bdi>978-1-4614-5424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Sourdough+Biotechnology&rft.pages=272-274&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-5424-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornsey_2003_p._8-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Hornsey_2003_p._8_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsey2003" class="citation book cs1">Hornsey, I.S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqnvNsgas20C&pg=PA8">A History of Beer and Brewing</a>. RSC paperbacks. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-630-0"><bdi>978-0-85404-630-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2022. <q>A similar, low alcohol (0.5–1.0%) drink, kvass… may be a 'fossil beer'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Beer+and+Brewing&rft.series=RSC+paperbacks&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-630-0&rft.aulast=Hornsey&rft.aufirst=I.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqnvNsgas20C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDlusskayaJänschSchwabGänzle2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dlusskaya, Elena; Jänsch, André; Schwab, Clarissa; Gänzle, Michael G. (1 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-007-0719-4">"Microbial and chemical analysis of a kvass fermentation"</a>. European Food Research and Technology. 227 (1): 261–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00217-007-0719-4">10.1007/s00217-007-0719-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1438-2385">1438-2385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84724879">84724879</a>. <q>The predominant carbohydrates are maltose, maltotriose, glucose, and fructose, the ethanol content is 1% or less [2]. Kvass is considered to be spoiled if ethanol accumulates to higher levels.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Food+Research+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Microbial+and+chemical+analysis+of+a+kvass+fermentation&rft.volume=227&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=261-266&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84724879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1438-2385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00217-007-0719-4&rft.aulast=Dlusskaya&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=J%C3%A4nsch%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Schwab%2C+Clarissa&rft.au=G%C3%A4nzle%2C+Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00217-007-0719-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazolsz-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazolsz_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazolsz_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazolsz_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazolsz_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazolsz_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazolsz_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazolsz_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazolsz_21-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnopkow2021" class="citation web cs1">Snopkow, Paweł (23 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetaolsztynska.pl/775533,Kwas-chlebowy-Zapomniany-skarb-polskiej-kuchni.html">"Kwas chlebowy. Zapomniany skarb polskiej kuchni"</a>. gazetaolsztynska.pl. <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Olszty%C5%84ska" title="Gazeta Olsztyńska">Gazeta Olsztyńska</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208222140/https://gazetaolsztynska.pl/775533,Kwas-chlebowy-Zapomniany-skarb-polskiej-kuchni.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gazetaolsztynska.pl&rft.atitle=Kwas+chlebowy.+Zapomniany+skarb+polskiej+kuchni&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft.aulast=Snopkow&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetaolsztynska.pl%2F775533%2CKwas-chlebowy-Zapomniany-skarb-polskiej-kuchni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garshol-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garshol_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garshol_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garshol_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garshol_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarshol2020" class="citation book cs1">Garshol, Lars Marius (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KDgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">Historical Brewing Techniques: The Lost Art of Farmhouse Brewing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brewers_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewers Publications">Brewers Publications</a>. pp. 254–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938-46955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-938-46955-8"><bdi>978-1-938-46955-8</bdi></a>. <q>Nobody knows who invented kvass, or when. The first written mention of it is in Nestor's Primary Chronicle, compiled in Kiev in the early twelfth century. At that time there was no Russia as we understand it today, and whether it was a Slavic people or some other eastern European ethnicity that invented kvass will probably never be known.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Brewing+Techniques%3A+The+Lost+Art+of+Farmhouse+Brewing&rft.pages=254-257&rft.pub=Brewers+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-938-46955-8&rft.aulast=Garshol&rft.aufirst=Lars+Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KDgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ministerstwo-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ministerstwo_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ministerstwo_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ministerstwo_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ministerstwo_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ministerstwo_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ministerstwo_23-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMucha2018" class="citation web cs1">Mucha, Sławomir (3 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy">"Kwas chlebowy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)">Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106154352/https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwas+chlebowy&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development+of+Poland&rft.date=2018-06-03&rft.aulast=Mucha&rft.aufirst=S%C5%82awomir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Frolnictwo%2Fkwas-chlebowy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf">"The Early History of Kiev"</a> (PDF). Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119193746/http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Kiev&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.press.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs5285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mU3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA114">Daily Consular and Trade Reports</a>. Vol. 1. Washington: <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. 1913. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Consular+and+Trade+Reports&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mU3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cola-nisation-26"><a href="#cite_ref-cola-nisation_26-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10521125">Russia's patriotic kvass drinkers say no to cola-nisation.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. BUSINESS; General. 12 July 2008. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pivnoe-delo.info/2014/09/18/kvas-nikola-stal-markoj-1-v-prodazhax-kvasa-po-rezultatam-letnego-sezona/">"Россия. Квас "Никола" стал маркой № 1 в продажах кваса по результатам летнего сезона"</a>. Пивное дело. 18 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023040519/http://www.pivnoe-delo.info/2014/09/18/kvas-nikola-stal-markoj-1-v-prodazhax-kvasa-po-rezultatam-letnego-sezona/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81+%22%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%22+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%E2%84%96+1+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pivnoe-delo.info%2F2014%2F09%2F18%2Fkvas-nikola-stal-markoj-1-v-prodazhax-kvasa-po-rezultatam-letnego-sezona%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wab-28"><a href="#cite_ref-wab_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbBeaumont2016" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Tim; Beaumont, Stephen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_OpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148">World Atlas of Beer: THE ESSENTIAL NEW GUIDE TO THE BEERS OF THE WORLD</a>. Hachette UK. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784722524" title="Special:BookSources/9781784722524"><bdi>9781784722524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Atlas+of+Beer%3A+THE+ESSENTIAL+NEW+GUIDE+TO+THE+BEERS+OF+THE+WORLD&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781784722524&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Beaumont%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_OpCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dib-29"><a href="#cite_ref-dib_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803003349/https://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/cuisine/drinks">"Drinks in Belarus"</a>. belarus.by. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/cuisine/drinks">the original</a> on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belarus.by&rft.atitle=Drinks+in+Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belarus.by%2Fen%2Fabout-belarus%2Fcuisine%2Fdrinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieczorek2006" class="citation book cs1">Wieczorek, K. (2006). Młyn na Stawkach. Nad Czarną. Lubiaszów.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C5%82yn+na+Stawkach.+Nad+Czarn%C4%85&rft.place=Lubiasz%C3%B3w&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wieczorek&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-kchsk-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kchsk_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kchsk_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy-sapiezynski-kodenski">"Kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)">Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland</a>. 2 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209114722/https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy-sapiezynski-kodenski">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwas+chlebowy+sapie%C5%BCy%C5%84ski+kode%C5%84ski&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development+of+Poland&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Frolnictwo%2Fkwas-chlebowy-sapiezynski-kodenski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekowski1968" class="citation journal cs1">Dekowski, J.P. (1968). "Z badań nad pożywieniem ludu łowickiego (1880-1939)". Seria Etnograficzna (12). Łódź.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seria+Etnograficzna&rft.atitle=Z+bada%C5%84+nad+po%C5%BCywieniem+ludu+%C5%82owickiego+%281880-1939%29&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dekowski&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelorme1999" class="citation journal cs1">Delorme, Andrzej (1–15 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zb.eco.pl/zb/140/zdrowie.htm">"Alternatywa dla Coca Coli?"</a>. Pismo Ekologów (14(140)/99). Zielone Brygady. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1231-2126">1231-2126</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909013816/http://zb.eco.pl/zb/140/zdrowie.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pismo+Ekolog%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Alternatywa+dla+Coca+Coli%3F&rft.issue=14%28140%29%2F99&rft.date=1999-10-01%2F1999-10-15&rft.issn=1231-2126&rft.aulast=Delorme&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzb.eco.pl%2Fzb%2F140%2Fzdrowie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kwaschlebowy.eu/produkt/kwas-chlebowy-tradycyjny/">"Historia kwasu chlebowego"</a>. kwaschlebowy.eu. Eko-Natura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517014316/https://www.kwaschlebowy.eu/produkt/kwas-chlebowy-tradycyjny/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022. <q>W wieku XX kwas został zapomniany, wyparty przez wody gazowane i inne słodkie napoje.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kwaschlebowy.eu&rft.atitle=Historia+kwasu+chlebowego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwaschlebowy.eu%2Fprodukt%2Fkwas-chlebowy-tradycyjny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gerima-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gerima_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gerima_35-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerima.pl/index.html">Gerima dystrybutor kwasu chlebowego w Polsce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016154516/http://gerima.pl/index.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Gerima – distributor of kvass in Poland. (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-ukrainski-36"><a href="#cite_ref-ukrainski_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812155338/http://www.zdrowozmiksowani.pl/kwas-chlebowy-z-ukrainy-dlaczego-warto-go-kupic/">"Kwas chlebowy z Ukrainy – dlaczego warto go kupić?"</a>. zdrowozmiksowani.pl. Zdrowo Zmiksowani. 22 October 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdrowozmiksowani.pl/kwas-chlebowy-z-ukrainy-dlaczego-warto-go-kupic/">the original</a> on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zdrowozmiksowani.pl&rft.atitle=Kwas+chlebowy+z+Ukrainy+%E2%80%93+dlaczego+warto+go+kupi%C4%87%3F&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdrowozmiksowani.pl%2Fkwas-chlebowy-z-ukrainy-dlaczego-warto-go-kupic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016163658/http://www.lubelskie.pl/?pid=647">"Kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński"</a> [Sapieżyński Kodeński kvass]. lubelskie.pl (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin Voivodeship</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lubelskie.pl/?pid=647">the original</a> on 16 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lubelskie.pl&rft.atitle=Kwas+chlebowy+sapie%C5%BCy%C5%84ski+kode%C5%84ski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lubelskie.pl%2F%3Fpid%3D647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMucha2019" class="citation web cs1">Mucha, Sławomir (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy-na-miodzie-z-grebkowa">"Kwas chlebowy na miodzie z Grębkowa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)">Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526225154/https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy-na-miodzie-z-grebkowa">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwas+chlebowy+na+miodzie+z+Gr%C4%99bkowa&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development+of+Poland&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Mucha&rft.aufirst=S%C5%82awomir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Frolnictwo%2Fkwas-chlebowy-na-miodzie-z-grebkowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeziorska2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jeziorska, Jolanta (8 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzienniklodzki.pl/ich-kwas-chlebowy-podbija-rynek/ar/160252?cookie=1">"Ich kwas chlebowy podbija rynek"</a> [Their kvass conquers the market]. <a href="/wiki/Dziennik_%C5%81%C3%B3dzki" title="Dziennik Łódzki">Dziennik Łódzki</a> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102034905/https://dzienniklodzki.pl/ich-kwas-chlebowy-podbija-rynek/ar/160252?cookie=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dziennik+%C5%81%C3%B3dzki&rft.atitle=Ich+kwas+chlebowy+podbija+rynek&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft.aulast=Jeziorska&rft.aufirst=Jolanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzienniklodzki.pl%2Fich-kwas-chlebowy-podbija-rynek%2Far%2F160252%3Fcookie%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">S. Orgelbranda Encyklopedja Powszechna. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Akcyjnego Odlewni Czcionek i Drukarni S. Orgelbranda Synów. 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Orgelbranda+Encyklopedja+Powszechna&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Towarzystwa+Akcyjnego+Odlewni+Czcionek+i+Drukarni+S.+Orgelbranda+Syn%C3%B3w&rft.date=1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaława-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zaława_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaława_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaława_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy-z-zalawy">"Kwas chlebowy z Załawy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)">Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland</a>. 10 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319194515/https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy-z-zalawy">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwas+chlebowy+z+Za%C5%82awy&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development+of+Poland&rft.date=2020-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Frolnictwo%2Fkwas-chlebowy-z-zalawy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latvianeats.com/what-and-how-latvians-used-to-eat-acorn-coffee-beer-sugar-and-sweets/">"What and How Latvians Used to Eat. Acorn Coffee, Beer, Sugar and Sweets"</a>. Latvia Eats. 11 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727235812/https://latvianeats.com/what-and-how-latvians-used-to-eat-acorn-coffee-beer-sugar-and-sweets/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latvia+Eats&rft.atitle=What+and+How+Latvians+Used+to+Eat.+Acorn+Coffee%2C+Beer%2C+Sugar+and+Sweets.&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatvianeats.com%2Fwhat-and-how-latvians-used-to-eat-acorn-coffee-beer-sugar-and-sweets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2002" class="citation news cs1">Lyons, J. Michael (31 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/03/31/soviet-brew-is-back-this-time-in-bottles/066718dc-feb1-4382-85fa-c3eb36d2bcb3/">"Soviet Brew Is Back, This Time, in Bottles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Soviet+Brew+Is+Back%2C+This+Time%2C+in+Bottles&rft.date=2002-03-31&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2002%2F03%2F31%2Fsoviet-brew-is-back-this-time-in-bottles%2F066718dc-feb1-4382-85fa-c3eb36d2bcb3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Benjamin (7 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB968266405767974068">"In Latvia, Forces of Globalism Ferment Market for Traditional Soft-Drink Brew"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204125730/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB968266405767974068">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Latvia%2C+Forces+of+Globalism+Ferment+Market+for+Traditional+Soft-Drink+Brew&rft.date=2002-09-07&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB968266405767974068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/218950-quality-and-classification-requirements-for-kvass-and-kvass-malt-beverage">"Quality and Classification Requirements for Kvass and Kvass (Malt) Beverage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Likumi.lv" class="mw-redirect" title="Likumi.lv">likumi.lv</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229231131/https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/218950-quality-and-classification-requirements-for-kvass-and-kvass-malt-beverage">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=likumi.lv&rft.atitle=Quality+and+Classification+Requirements+for+Kvass+and+Kvass+%28Malt%29+Beverage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flikumi.lv%2Fta%2Fen%2Fen%2Fid%2F218950-quality-and-classification-requirements-for-kvass-and-kvass-malt-beverage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/economy/latvian-kvass-takes-awards-at-moscow-beverage-expo.a96725/">"Latvian kvass takes awards at Moscow beverage expo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">Public Broadcasting of Latvia</a>. 1 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221121643/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/economy/latvian-kvass-takes-awards-at-moscow-beverage-expo.a96725/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvian+kvass+takes+awards+at+Moscow+beverage+expo&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+of+Latvia&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Feconomy%2Feconomy%2Flatvian-kvass-takes-awards-at-moscow-beverage-expo.a96725%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilgezeem.lv/en/ilguciema-kvass-won-the-2nd-place-in-the-latvias-most-loved-drink-top/">"Iļģuciema kvass won the 2nd place in The Latvia's Most Loved Drink top"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ilgezeem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilgezeem">Ilgezeem</a>. 9 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619034801/https://ilgezeem.lv/en/ilguciema-kvass-won-the-2nd-place-in-the-latvias-most-loved-drink-top/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema+kvass+won+the+2nd+place+in+The+Latvia%27s+Most+Loved+Drink+top&rft.pub=Ilgezeem&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filgezeem.lv%2Fen%2Filguciema-kvass-won-the-2nd-place-in-the-latvias-most-loved-drink-top%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilgezeem.lv/en/ilguciema-kvass-won-1st-place-in-the-most-loved-latvian-beverage-brand-top/">"Iļģuciema kvass won 1st place in the Most Loved Latvian Beverage Brand top!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ilgezeem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilgezeem">Ilgezeem</a>. 21 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924154636/https://ilgezeem.lv/en/ilguciema-kvass-won-1st-place-in-the-most-loved-latvian-beverage-brand-top/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema+kvass+won+1st+place+in+the+Most+Loved+Latvian+Beverage+Brand+top%21&rft.pub=Ilgezeem&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filgezeem.lv%2Fen%2Filguciema-kvass-won-1st-place-in-the-most-loved-latvian-beverage-brand-top%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSõukandKalle2016" class="citation book cs1">Sõukand, Renata; Kalle, Raivo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOF0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Changes in the Use of Wild Food Plants in Estonia 18th – 21st Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33949-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33949-8"><bdi>978-3-319-33949-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changes+in+the+Use+of+Wild+Food+Plants+in+Estonia+18th+%E2%80%93+21st+Century&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-33949-8&rft.aulast=S%C3%B5ukand&rft.aufirst=Renata&rft.au=Kalle%2C+Raivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOF0DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitinenMosher2019" class="citation book cs1">Laitinen, Mika; Mosher, Randy (2019). Viking Age Brew: The Craft of Brewing Sahti Farmhouse Ale. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Review_Press" title="Chicago Review Press">Chicago Review Press</a>. pp. 98–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-641-60047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-641-60047-7"><bdi>978-1-641-60047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Age+Brew%3A+The+Craft+of+Brewing+Sahti+Farmhouse+Ale&rft.pages=98-104&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-641-60047-7&rft.aulast=Laitinen&rft.aufirst=Mika&rft.au=Mosher%2C+Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inf.news/en/food/b383650d5c91981b8bb06217f2ca505f.html">"Xinjiang native beer-kvass"</a>. INFNews. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xinjiang+native+beer-kvass&rft.pub=INFNews&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finf.news%2Fen%2Ffood%2Fb383650d5c91981b8bb06217f2ca505f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYike2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Yike, Wang (22 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/beverages-of-xinjiang/MTA1NA==">"Beverages of Xinjiang"</a>. Youlin Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018113306/https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/beverages-of-xinjiang/MTA1NA==">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Youlin+Magazine&rft.atitle=Beverages+of+Xinjiang&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.aulast=Yike&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youlinmagazine.com%2Farticle%2Fbeverages-of-xinjiang%2FMTA1NA%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldsea.com/Text/index.php?id=14389">"Chinese Thirst for Kvass Draws Wahaha into Russian Niche"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goldsea" title="Goldsea">Goldsea</a>. 15 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929020922/http://goldsea.com/Text/index.php?id=14389">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Goldsea&rft.atitle=Chinese+Thirst+for+Kvass+Draws+Wahaha+into+Russian+Niche&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldsea.com%2FText%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D14389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzorjov" class="citation web cs1">Puzorjov, Anton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quasdrinks.co.uk/blogs/posts/genuine-kvass-benefits-varieties-comparison-with-other-drinks">"The Genuine Kvass: Benefits, Varieties and Comparison With Other Drinks"</a>. Quas Drinks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210145632/https://quasdrinks.co.uk/blogs/posts/genuine-kvass-benefits-varieties-comparison-with-other-drinks">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quas+Drinks&rft.atitle=The+Genuine+Kvass%3A+Benefits%2C+Varieties+and+Comparison+With+Other+Drinks&rft.aulast=Puzorjov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquasdrinks.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fposts%2Fgenuine-kvass-benefits-varieties-comparison-with-other-drinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBills2017" class="citation web cs1">Bills, John William (12 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/serbia/articles/heres-what-to-drink-if-youre-going-to-serbia/">"Here's What to Drink if You're Going to Serbia"</a>. Culture Trip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512112151/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/serbia/articles/heres-what-to-drink-if-youre-going-to-serbia/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=Here%27s+What+to+Drink+if+You%27re+Going+to+Serbia&rft.date=2017-11-12&rft.aulast=Bills&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Fserbia%2Farticles%2Fheres-what-to-drink-if-youre-going-to-serbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bioticferments.com/whykvass">"Why Kvass?"</a>. Biotic Ferments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315223815/https://www.bioticferments.com/whykvass">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biotic+Ferments&rft.atitle=Why+Kvass%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioticferments.com%2Fwhykvass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambuśMickowskaBartonAugustyn2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gambuś, Halina; Mickowska, Barbara; Barton, Henryk J.; Augustyn, Grażyna (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15414%2Fjmbfs.2015.4.special3.34-39">"Health benefits of kvass manufactured from rye wholemeal bread"</a>. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 4 (3 (special issue)). <a href="/wiki/Slovak_University_of_Agriculture" title="Slovak University of Agriculture">Slovak University of Agriculture</a>: 34–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15414%2Fjmbfs.2015.4.special3.34-39">10.15414/jmbfs.2015.4.special3.34-39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1338-5178">1338-5178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Microbiology%2C+Biotechnology+and+Food+Sciences&rft.atitle=Health+benefits+of+kvass+manufactured+from+rye+wholemeal+bread&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3+%28special+issue%29&rft.pages=34-39&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15414%2Fjmbfs.2015.4.special3.34-39&rft.issn=1338-5178&rft.aulast=Gambu%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Halina&rft.au=Mickowska%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Barton%2C+Henryk+J.&rft.au=Augustyn%2C+Gra%C5%BCyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15414%252Fjmbfs.2015.4.special3.34-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJargin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jargin, Sergei V. (September–October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagp055">"Kvass: A Possible Contributor to Chronic Alcoholism in the Former Soviet Union—Alcohol Content Should Be Indicated on Labels and in Advertising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Alcoholism" title="Alcohol and Alcoholism">Alcohol and Alcoholism</a>. 44 (5): 529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagp055">10.1093/alcalc/agp055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19734161">19734161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+and+Alcoholism&rft.atitle=Kvass%3A+A+Possible+Contributor+to+Chronic+Alcoholism+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union%E2%80%94Alcohol+Content+Should+Be+Indicated+on+Labels+and+in+Advertising&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=529&rft.date=2009-09%2F2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagp055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19734161&rft.aulast=Jargin&rft.aufirst=Sergei+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Falcalc%252Fagp055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMucha2018" class="citation web cs1">Mucha, Sławomir (10 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy">"Kwas chlebowy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)">Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106154352/https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/kwas-chlebowy">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwas+chlebowy&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development+of+Poland&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.aulast=Mucha&rft.aufirst=S%C5%82awomir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Frolnictwo%2Fkwas-chlebowy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandor_Katz" title="Sandor Katz">Katz, Sandor</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildfermentation00katz">Wild Fermentation: The Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-Culture Foods</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_River_Junction,_Vermont" title="White River Junction, Vermont">White River Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VA</a>: Chelsea Green. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildfermentation00katz/page/n137">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931498-23-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-931498-23-7"><bdi>1-931498-23-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Fermentation%3A+The+Flavor%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Craft+of+Live-Culture+Foods&rft.place=White+River+Junction%2C+VA&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-931498-23-7&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Sandor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildfermentation00katz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Александр Николаевич Афанасьев (1865–1869). Поэтические воззрения славян на природу. Директ-медиа (2014) том. 1, стр. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-d3BAAAQBAJ&q=квасир">260</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4458-9827-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4458-9827-6">978-5-4458-9827-6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Afanasyev" title="Alexander Afanasyev">Alexander Afanasyev</a>. The Poetic Outlook of Slavs about Nature, 1865–1869; reprinted 2014, p. 260; in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Joseph_Simrock" title="Karl Joseph Simrock">Karl Joseph Simrock</a>. Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie mit Einschluss der nordischen, 1st edition (1855), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EhxBAAAAcAAJ_2/page/n99">272</a> or 2nd edition (1864), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089074793;view=1up;seq=258">244</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428173934/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089074793;view=1up;seq=258">Archived</a> 28 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bonn, Marcus. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="/wiki/J.J._Mikkola" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J. Mikkola">Jooseppi Julius Mikkola</a>. Bidrag till belysning af slaviska lånord i nordiska språk. <a href="/wiki/Arkiv_f%C3%B6r_nordisk_filologi" title="Arkiv för nordisk filologi">Arkiv för nordisk filologi</a>, vol. 19 (1903), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/anf/1903/0339.html">331</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616015631/http://runeberg.org/anf/1903/0339.html">Archived</a> 16 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a> (1974). Gods of the Ancient Northmen, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rurD1yd0Ok0C&q=kvas%20kvasir">21</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030024132/https://books.google.com/books?id=rurD1yd0Ok0C&q=kvas%20kvasir">Archived</a> 30 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03507-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03507-2">978-0-520-03507-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">Jan de Vries</a> (2000). Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=so8eAAAAIAAJ&q=kvasir&pg=PA319">336</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030024129/https://books.google.com/books?id=so8eAAAAIAAJ&q=kvasir&pg=PA319">Archived</a> 30 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 4th edition, Leiden (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubensky2013" class="citation book cs1">Lubensky, Sophia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOh0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA695">Russian-English Dictionary of Idioms</a> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 695. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300162271" title="Special:BookSources/9780300162271"><bdi>9780300162271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian-English+Dictionary+of+Idioms&rft.pages=695&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780300162271&rft.aulast=Lubensky&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOh0AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Svyatoslav_Loginov" title="Svyatoslav Loginov">Svyatoslav Loginov</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusf.ru/loginov/books/story07.htm">"We Used to Bake Blini..." ("Бывало пекли блины...")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104200432/http://rusf.ru/loginov/books/story07.htm">Archived</a> 4 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatour2018" class="citation web cs1">Latour, Abby (29 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302020748/https://jordanrussiacenter.org/event-recaps/kvas-patriotism-in-russia-cultural-problems-cultural-myths/">"Kvas Patriotism in Russia: Cultural Problems, Cultural Myths"</a>. Jordan Center for the Advanced Study of Russia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jordanrussiacenter.org/event-recaps/kvas-patriotism-in-russia-cultural-problems-cultural-myths/">the original</a> on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kvas+Patriotism+in+Russia%3A+Cultural+Problems%2C+Cultural+Myths&rft.pub=Jordan+Center+for+the+Advanced+Study+of+Russia&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft.aulast=Latour&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjordanrussiacenter.org%2Fevent-recaps%2Fkvas-patriotism-in-russia-cultural-problems-cultural-myths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚliwińska2017" class="citation web cs1">Śliwińska, Jolanta (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smakuj.lubelskie.pl/en/lista-produktow-tradycyjnych?p_p_id=122_INSTANCE_JEMP7Dvbq5jo&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_564233524_resetCur=true&p_r_p_564233524_categoryId=369008">"Kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński"</a>. Smakuj Lubelskie. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smakuj+Lubelskie&rft.atitle=Kwas+chlebowy+sapie%C5%BCy%C5%84ski+kode%C5%84ski&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=%C5%9Aliwi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Jolanta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmakuj.lubelskie.pl%2Fen%2Flista-produktow-tradycyjnych%3Fp_p_id%3D122_INSTANCE_JEMP7Dvbq5jo%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1%26p_r_p_564233524_resetCur%3Dtrue%26p_r_p_564233524_categoryId%3D369008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>. Book 10, chapter 29, Pennsylvania State University translation. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVered2012" class="citation news cs1">Vered, Ronit (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-restaurants-a-touch-of-kvass-1.5198468">"A Touch of Kvass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142628/https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-restaurants-a-touch-of-kvass-1.5198468">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=A+Touch+of+Kvass&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.aulast=Vered&rft.aufirst=Ronit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F.premium-restaurants-a-touch-of-kvass-1.5198468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvass" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvass&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kvass" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kvass">Kvass</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kvass" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:kvass">kvass</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beer_styles_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beer_styles" title="Template:Beer styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beer_styles" title="Template talk:Beer styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beer_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beer styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beer_styles_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Beer_style" title="Beer style">Beer styles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_styles" title="List of beer styles">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altbier" title="Altbier">Altbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber ale">Amber ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_pale_ale" title="American pale ale">American pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pale_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian pale ale">Australian pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_ale" title="Brown ale">Brown ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_ale" title="Burton ale">Burton ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_ale" title="Copper ale">Copper ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_ale" title="Cream ale">Cream ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbel" title="Dubbel">Dubbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse_ale" title="Farmhouse ale">Farmhouse ale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re_de_Garde" title="Bière de Garde">Bière de Garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisette_(beer)" title="Grisette (beer)">Grisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saison" title="Saison">Saison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_pale_ale" title="India pale ale">India pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_red_ale" title="Irish red ale">Irish red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gose" title="Gose">Gose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodziskie" title="Grodziskie">Grodziskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_common_beer" title="Kentucky common beer">Kentucky common beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_ale" title="Mild ale">Mild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_ale" title="Old ale">Old ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">Pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="Porter (beer)">Porter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic porter">Baltic porter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_ale" title="Pumpkin ale">Pumpkin ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupel" title="Quadrupel">Quadrupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahti" title="Sahti">Sahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch ale">Scotch ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_ale" title="Strong ale">Strong ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripel" title="Tripel">Tripel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">Lager</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lager" title="American lager">American lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_lager" title="Australian lager">Australian lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmunder_Export" title="Dortmunder Export">Dortmunder Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellerbier" title="Kellerbier">Kellerbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">Pale lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoigl" title="Zoigl">Zoigl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sour_beer" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sour_beer" title="Sour beer">Sour beer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_wild_ale" title="American wild ale">American wild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Weisse" title="Berliner Weisse">Berliner Weisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_red_ale" title="Flanders red ale">Flanders red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">Lambic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framboise" title="Framboise">Framboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueuze" title="Gueuze">Gueuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriek_lambic" title="Kriek lambic">Kriek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud_bruin" title="Oud bruin">Oud bruin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_beer" title="Corn beer">Corn beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_beer" title="Fruit beer">Fruit beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_soda" title="Hard soda">Hard soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_beer" title="Ice beer">Ice beer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kvass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podpiwek" title="Podpiwek">Podpiwek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_beer" title="Light beer">Light beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_beer" title="Malt beer">Malt beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_beer" title="Millet beer">Millet beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pito_(beer)" title="Pito (beer)">Pito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">Rye beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">Smoked beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer#Bamberg_Rauchbier" title="Smoked beer">Rauchbier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_beer" title="Spruce beer">Spruce beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_beer" title="Steam beer">Steam beer / California Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tella" title="Tella">Tella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_beers" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey beers">Abbey beers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuncts" title="Adjuncts">Adjuncts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">Barrel-aged beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ale" title="Real ale">Real ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_beer" title="Seasonal beer">Seasonal beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/16px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/24px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/32px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173773#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173773#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173773#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/989502/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4811808-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85073528">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548472305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvass&oldid=1258823276">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvass&oldid=1258823276</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fermented_drinks" title="Category:Fermented drinks">Fermented drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rye-based_drinks" title="Category:Rye-based drinks">Rye-based drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_drinks" title="Category:Ukrainian drinks">Ukrainian drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_drinks" title="Category:Chinese drinks">Chinese drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonian_drinks" title="Category:Estonian drinks">Estonian drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latvian_drinks" title="Category:Latvian drinks">Latvian drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lithuanian_drinks" title="Category:Lithuanian drinks">Lithuanian drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_drinks" title="Category:Polish drinks">Polish drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarusian_drinks" title="Category:Belarusian drinks">Belarusian drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_drinks" title="Category:Russian drinks">Russian drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serbian_drinks" title="Category:Serbian drinks">Serbian drinks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_cuisine" title="Category:Soviet cuisine">Soviet cuisine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2022">Articles with dead external links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)">Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2024">Articles with dead external links from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2022">Articles with dead external links from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2022">Use dmy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Belarusian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Belarusian-language text">Articles containing Belarusian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latvian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latvian-language text">Articles containing Latvian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text">Articles containing Romanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Serbian-language text">Articles containing Serbian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Finnish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Finnish-language text">Articles containing Finnish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Estonian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Estonian-language text">Articles containing Estonian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latgalian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latgalian-language text">Articles containing Latgalian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Polish IPA">Pages with Polish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 20:47 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvass&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pvdvh","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.168","walltime":"1.428","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8242,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":206560,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9455,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":259056,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1232.272 1 -total"," 39.07% 481.390 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.58% 204.346 35 Template:Cite_web"," 12.76% 157.278 47 Template:Lang"," 10.29% 126.861 2 Template:Infobox"," 8.82% 108.674 1 Template:Infobox_food"," 7.03% 86.686 1 Template:Beer_styles"," 6.94% 85.484 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.09% 74.995 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.60% 69.007 12 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.672","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18917062,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nsrkh","timestamp":"20241122141519","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kvass","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kvass","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q173773","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q173773","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T20:47:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/97\/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg","headline":"fermented cereal-based non-alcoholic or low alcoholic beverage"}</script> </body> </html>