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It grew out of his wish to establish priority for the species theory he had spent over twenty years researching. Darwin never intended to write Origin, and had resisted suggestions in 1856 that he publish a short version of his theory. Instead, he believed that his views on transmutation needed to be presented" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/node/598" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Darwin Correspondence Project" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Origin" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Darwin’s most famous work, Origin, had an inauspicious beginning. It grew out of his wish to establish priority for the species theory he had spent over twenty years researching. Darwin never intended to write Origin, and had resisted suggestions in 1856 that he publish a short version of his theory. Instead, he believed that his views on transmutation needed to be presented together with supporting evidence, and to this end was steadily writing a work he called his ‘big book’." /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2020-04-01T18:30:37+01:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Origin%20cover_1859.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Origin" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-02-11T23:18:15+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-02-11T23:18:15+00:00" /> <title>Origin | Darwin Correspondence Project</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/system/system.base.css?sh7yfi"); @import 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itemprop="title">Origin</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="campl-page-title">Darwin Correspondence Project</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-page-header"> <div class="campl-wrap"> <div class="region region-horizontal-navigation"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block"> <div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix campl-local-navigation"><div class="campl-local-navigation-container"><ul class="campl-unstyled-list"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-198"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2309"><a href="/about-darwin">About Darwin</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2309"><a href="/about-darwin">About Darwin overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-869"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life">Family life</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-869"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life">Family life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1125"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-childhood">Darwin on childhood</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1038"><a href="/tags/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-marriage">Darwin on marriage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1258"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-s-observations-his-children">Darwin’s observations on his children</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2295"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-and-fatherhood">Darwin and fatherhood</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1039"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/death-anne-elizabeth-darwin">The death of Annie Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1051"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/visiting-darwins">Visiting the Darwins</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3416"><a href="/commentary/voyage-hms-beagle" title="">Voyage of HMS Beagle</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1035"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1035"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1130"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-student-booklist">Darwin’s student booklist</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-933"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/books-beagle">Books on the Beagle</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1036"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-reading-notebooks">Darwin’s reading notebooks</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1059"><a href="/about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1059"><a href="/about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1060"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/writing-origin">The writing of "Origin"</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1084"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/abstract-darwin-s-theory">Abstract of Darwin’s theory</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1093"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/alfred-russel-wallace-s-essay-varieties">Alfred Russel Wallace’s essay on varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1094"><a href="/charles-darwin-and-his-publisher">Charles Darwin and his publisher</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1147"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/review-origin-species">Review: The Origin of Species</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1126"><a href="/people/about-darwin/darwins-health">Darwin’s health</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-2917"><a href="/tags/darwin/darwin-on-his-health">Darwin's notes for his physician, 1865</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1128"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-s-photographic-portraits">Darwin’s photographic portraits</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2896"><a href="/have-you-read-one-about">Have you read the one about....</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2654"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said – and one he did</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2654"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said – and one he did overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2892"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said/evolution-misquotation">The evolution of a misquotation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3673"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3673"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3676"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/11-ellen-sharples-pastel">1.1 Ellen Sharples pastel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3709"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/12-george-richmond-marriage-portrait">1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3718"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/13-thomas-herbert-maguire-lithograph">1.3 Thomas Herbert Maguire, lithograph</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3721"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/14-samuel-laurence-drawing-1">1.4 Samuel Laurence drawing 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3724"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/15-samuel-laurence-drawing-2">1.5 Samuel Laurence drawing 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3727"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/16-ouless-oil-portrait">1.6 Ouless oil portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3730"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/17-ouless-replica">1.7 Ouless replica</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3733"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/18-anonymous-drawing-after-ouless">1.8 anonymous drawing, after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3736"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/19-rajon-etching-after-ouless">1.9 Rajon, etching after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3679"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/110-rajon-etching-variant-state">1.10 Rajon etching, variant state</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3682"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/111-laura-russell-oil">1.11 Laura Russell, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3685"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/112-marian-huxley-drawing">1.12 Marian Huxley, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3688"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/113-louisa-nash-drawing">1.13 Louisa Nash, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3691"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/114-william-richmond-oil">1.14 William Richmond, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3694"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/115-albert-goodwin-watercolour">1.15 Albert Goodwin, watercolour</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3697"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/116-alphonse-legros-drypoint">1.16 Alphonse Legros, drypoint</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3700"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/117-alphonse-legros-drawing">1.17 Alphonse Legros drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3703"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/118-john-collier-oil-linnean">1.18 John Collier, oil in Linnean</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3706"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/119-john-collier-oil-npg">1.19 John Collier, oil in NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3712"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/120-leopold-flameng-etching-after-collier">1.20 Leopold Flameng etching, after Collier</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3715"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/121-window-christs-college-cambridge">1.21 window at Christ's College Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3739"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/21-thomas-woolner-bust">2.1 Thomas Woolner bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3772"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/22-thomas-woolner-metal-plaque">2.2 Thomas Woolner metal plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3802"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/23-wedgwood-medallions">2.3 Wedgwood medallions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3805"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/24-wedgwood-plaque">2.4 Wedgwood plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3808"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/25-wedgwood-medallions-2nd-type">2.5 Wedgwood medallions, 2nd type</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3811"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/26-adolf-von-hildebrand-bust">2.6 Adolf von Hildebrand bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3814"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/27-joseph-moore-midland-union-medal">2.7 Joseph Moore, Midland Union medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3817"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/28-alphonse-legros-medallion">2.8 Alphonse Legros medallion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3820"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/29-legros-medallion-plaster-model">2.9 Legros medallion, plaster model</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3742"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/210-moritz-klinkicht-print-legros">2.10 Moritz Klinkicht, print from Legros</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3745"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/211-christian-lehr-plaster-bust">2.11 Christian Lehr, plaster bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3748"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/212-allan-wyon-royal-society-medal">2.12 Allan Wyon, Royal Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3751"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/213-edgar-boehm-statue-nhm">2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3754"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/214-boehm-westminster-abbey-roundel">2.14 Boehm, Westminster Abbey roundel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3757"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/215-boehm-terracotta-bust-npg">2.15 Boehm terracotta bust (NPG)</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3760"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/216-horace-montford-statue-shrewsbury">2.16 Horace Montford statue, Shrewsbury</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3763"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/217-montford-statuette">2.17 Montford, statuette</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3766"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/218-montford-carnegie-bust">2.18 Montford, Carnegie bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3769"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/219-montford-bust-royal-society">2.19 Montford, bust at the Royal Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3775"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/220-montford-terracotta-bust-npg">2.20 Montford, terracotta bust, NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3778"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/221-montford-relief-christs-college">2.21 Montford, relief at Christ's College</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3781"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/222-l-j-chavalliaud-statue-liverpool">2.22 L.-J. Chavalliaud statue in Liverpool</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3784"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/223-hope-pinker-statue-oxford-museum">2.23 Hope Pinker statue, Oxford Museum</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3787"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/224-herbert-hampton-statue-lancaster">2.24 Herbert Hampton statue, Lancaster</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3790"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/225-henry-pegram-statue-birmingham">2.25 Henry Pegram statue, Birmingham</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3793"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/226-linnean-society-medal">2.26 Linnean Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3796"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/227-william-couper-bust-new-york">2.27 William Couper bust, New York</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3799"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/228-couper-bust-cambridge">2.28 Couper bust in Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3823"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/31-antoine-claudet-daguerreotype">3.1 Antoine Claudet, daguerreotype</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3856"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/32-maull-and-polyblank-photo-1">3.2 Maull and Polyblank photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3865"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/33-maull-and-polyblank-photo-2">3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3868"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/34-william-darwin-photo-1">3.4 William Darwin, photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3871"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/35-william-darwin-photo-2">3.5 William Darwin, photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3874"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/36-william-darwin-photo-3">3.6 William Darwin, photo 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3877"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/37-leonard-darwin-photo-verandah">3.7 Leonard Darwin, photo on verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3880"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/38-leonard-darwin-interior-photo">3.8 Leonard Darwin, interior photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3883"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/39-leonard-darwin-photo-horseback">3.9 Leonard Darwin, photo on horseback</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3826"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/310-ernest-edwards-men-eminence">3.10 Ernest Edwards, 'Men of Eminence'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3829"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/311-edwards-illustrated-london-news">3.11 Edwards, in Illustrated London News</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3832"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/312-edwards-second-group-photos">3.12 Edwards, second group of photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3835"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/313-edwards-representative-men">3.13 Edwards 'Representative Men'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3838"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/314-julia-margaret-cameron-photos">3.14 Julia Margaret Cameron, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3841"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/315-george-charles-wallich-photo">3.15 George Charles Wallich, photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3844"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/316-oscar-rejlander-photos">3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3847"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/317-lock-and-whitfield-men-mark">3.17 Lock and Whitfield, 'Men of Mark'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3850"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/318-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1869-1871">3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3853"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/319-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1880-1">3.19 Elliott and Fry photos c.1880-1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3859"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/320-elliott-and-fry-c1880-1-verandah">3.20 Elliott and Fry, c.1880-1, verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3862"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/321-herbert-rose-barraud-photos">3.21 Herbert Rose Barraud, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3886"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/41-albert-way-comic-drawings">4.1 Albert Way, comic drawings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3919"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/42-augustus-earle-caricature-drawing">4.2 Augustus Earle, caricature drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3952"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/43-alfred-crowquill-caricature">4.3 Alfred Crowquill, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3985"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/44-thomas-huxley-caricature-sketch">4.4 Thomas Huxley, caricature sketch</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4018"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/45-william-beard-comic-painting">4.5 William Beard, comic painting</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4051"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/46-thomas-nast-cartoon">4.6 Thomas Nast, cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4054"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/47-vanity-fair-caricature">4.7 'Vanity Fair', caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4057"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/48-vanity-fair-preliminary-study">4.8 'Vanity Fair', preliminary study</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4060"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/49-graphic-cartoon">4.9 'Graphic', cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3889"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/410-hornet-caricature-darwin">4.10 'Hornet' caricature of Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3892"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/411-fun-cartoon-little-lecture">4.11 'Fun' cartoon, 'A little lecture'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3895"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/412-fun-wedding-procession">4.12 'Fun', Wedding procession</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3898"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/413-fun-cartoon-griset-emotional">4.13 'Fun' cartoon by Griset, 'Emotional'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3901"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/414-fun-cartoon-troubles">4.14 'Fun' cartoon, 'That troubles'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3904"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/415-george-cruikshank-comic-drawing">4.15 George Cruikshank, comic drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3907"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/416-joseph-simms-physiognomy">4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3910"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/417-figaro-unidentifiable-1871">4.17 'Figaro', unidentifiable 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3913"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/418-figaro-chromolithograph-1">4.18 'Figaro' chromolithograph 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3916"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/419-george-montbard-caricature">4.19 George Montbard, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3922"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/420-frederick-waddy-caricature">4.20 Frederick Waddy, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3925"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/421-gegeef-our-national-church-1">4.21 Gegeef, 'Our National Church', 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3928"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/422-gegeef-et-al-our-national-church-2">4.22 Gegeef et al., 'Our National Church', 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3931"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/423-gegeef-battle-field-science">4.23 Gegeef, 'Battle Field of Science'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3934"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/424-daily-graphic-nast-satire">4.24 'Daily Graphic', Nast satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3937"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/425-punch-1877-re-cambridge-doctorate">4.25 'Punch' 1877 re. Cambridge doctorate</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3940"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/426-christmas-card-caricature-monkeys">4.26 Christmas card caricature, monkeys</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3943"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/427-four-founders-darwinismus">4.27 'Four founders of Darwinismus'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3946"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/428-english-celebrities-montage">4.28 'English celebrities' montage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3949"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/429-richard-grant-white-fall-man">4.29 Richard Grant White, 'Fall of man'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3955"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/430-la-petite-lune-gill-cartoon">4.30 'La Petite Lune', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3958"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/431-la-lune-rousse-gill-cartoon">4.31 'La Lune Rousse', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3961"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/432-anis-liqueur-label">4.32 Anis liqueur label</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3964"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/433-harpers-weekly-bellew-caricature">4.33 'Harper's Weekly', Bellew caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3967"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/434-punch-sambourne-cartoon-1">4.34 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3970"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/435-frederick-sem-caricature">4.35 Frederick Sem, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3973"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/436-sem-chistmas-card">4.36 Sem, Chistmas card</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3976"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/437-mosquito-satire">4.37 'Mosquito' satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3979"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/438-franz-goedecker-caricature">4.38 Franz Goedecker, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3982"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/439-moonshine-magazine-cartoon">4.39 'Moonshine' magazine cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3988"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/440-phrenological-magazine">4.40 'Phrenological Magazine'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3991"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/441-punch-sambourne-cartoon-2">4.41 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3994"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/442-punch-sambourne-cartoon-3">4.42 'Punch' Sambourne cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3997"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/443-illustrated-london-news-article">4.43 'Illustrated London News' article</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4000"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/444-puck-cartoon-1">4.44 'Puck' cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4003"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/445-puck-cartoon-2">4.45 'Puck' cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4006"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/446-puck-cartoon-3">4.46 'Puck' cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4009"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/447-puck-cartoon-4">4.47 'Puck' cartoon 4</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4012"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/448-puck-cartoon-5">4.48 'Puck', cartoon 5</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4015"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/449-alfred-bryan-caricature">4.49 Alfred Bryan, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4021"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/450-cigar-box-lid-design">4.50 Cigar box lid design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4024"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/451-frederick-holder-life-and-work">4.51 Frederick Holder 'Life and Work'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4027"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/452-wasp-caricature">4.52 'Wasp' caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4030"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/453-claud-warren-outlines-hands">4.53 Claud Warren, 'Outlines of Hands'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4033"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/454-jubilees-queen-victoria">4.54 jubilees of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4036"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/455-harry-furniss-caricature">4.55 Harry Furniss caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4039"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/456-larks-cartoon">4.56 'Larks' cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4042"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/457-silhouette-cartoon">4.57 silhouette cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4045"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/458-simian-savage-drawings">4.58 'Simian, savage' . . . drawings</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4048"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/459-simplicissimus-cartoon">4.59 'Simplicissimus' cartoon</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4066"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4066"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4069"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/what-experiment">What is an experiment?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4081"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/morphology-movement-observation-and-experiment">From morphology to movement: observation and experiment</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4078"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/fools-experiments">Fool's experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4075"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/experimenting-emotions">Experimenting with emotions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4072"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/animals-ethics-and-progress-science">Animals, ethics, and the progress of science</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3366"><a href="/fake-darwin">Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3402"><a href="/darwins-bad-days">Darwin's bad days</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3644"><a href="/people/about-darwin/darwin-s-first-love">Darwin’s first love</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="/letters" title="" class="active-trail campl-selected">The letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="/letters" title="" class="active-trail">The letters overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2080"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters">Darwin's life in letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2080"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters">Darwin's life in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1097"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3394"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-3384"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's works in letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-3384"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's works in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3385"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3386"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/living-and-fossil-cirripedia">Living and fossil cirripedia</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3400"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3400"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’ overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3401"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book/dates-composition-darwins-manuscript-species">Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-3406 campl-current-page"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin" class="active-trail active">Origin</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3407"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3407"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3412"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/how-old-earth">How old is the earth?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3411"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/whale-bear">The whale-bear</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3413"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/origin-lost-changes-second-german">Origin: the lost changes for the second German edition</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3404"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3662"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3387"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/descent">Descent</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3388"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/expression">Expression</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3389"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3663"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/forms-flowers">Forms of flowers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4084"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/cross-and-self-fertilisation">Cross and self fertilisation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3405"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/life-erasmus-darwin">Life of Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3665"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/movement-plants">Movement in Plants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2264"><a href="/letters/about-letters">About the letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2408"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2408"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2411"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film/editing-letter">Editing a Letter</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2409"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film/working-darwin-archive">Working in the Darwin archive</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2296"><a href="/letters/capturing-darwin-s-voice-audio-selected-letters">Capturing Darwin’s voice: audio of selected letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2266"><a href="/letters/correspondence-women">Correspondence with women</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-878"><a href="/hunt-new-letters">The hunt for new letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1136"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1136"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3646"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice/full-notes-editorial-policy">Full notes on editorial policy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2263"><a href="/letters/symbols-and-abbreviations">Symbols and abbreviations</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2905"><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline">Darwin's letters: a timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2909"><a href="/world-map">Darwin's letters: World Map</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3364"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/have-you-read-one-about" title="">Have you read the one about...</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4183"><a href="/letters/charles-darwin-life-letters">Charles Darwin: A Life in Letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4158"><a href="/darwin-conversation-exhibition">Darwin in Conversation exhibition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4099"><a href="/letters/diagrams-and-drawings-letters">Diagrams and drawings in letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4105"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters">Favourite Letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4105"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters">Favourite Letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4162"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/be-envious-ripe-oranges-w-d-fox-may-1832">Be envious of ripe oranges: To W. D. Fox, May 1832</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4111"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/monstrous-stain-j-m-herbert-2-june-1833">That monstrous stain: To J. M. Herbert, 2 June 1833</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4166"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/my-most-solemn-request-emma-darwin-5-july-1844">My most solemn request: To Emma Darwin, 5 July 1844</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4178"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/our-poor-dear-dear-child-emma-darwin-23-april-1851">Our poor dear dear child: To Emma Darwin, [23 April 1851]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4174"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/i-beg-million-pardons-john-lubbock-3-september-1862">I beg a million pardons: To John Lubbock, [3 September 1862]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4129"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/prize-possessions-henry-denny-17-january-1865">Prize possessions: To Henry Denny, 17 January [1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4114"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/how-manage-it-j-d-hooker-17-june-1865">How to manage it: To J. D. Hooker, [17 June 1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4117"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/fly-flower-hermann-m-ller-23-october-1867">A fly on the flower: From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4138"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/reading-my-roommate-s-illustrious-ancestor-t-h-huxley-10-june-1868">Reading my roommate’s illustrious ancestor: To T. H. Huxley, 10 June 1868</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4169"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/beginning-something-j-d-hooker-22-january-1869">A beginning, & that is something: To J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4135"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/perfect-copper-plate-hand-adolf-reuter-30-may-1869">Perfect copper-plate hand: From Adolf Reuter, 30 May 1869</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4132"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/darwin-s-favourite-photographer-o-g-rejlander-30-april-1871">Darwin’s favourite photographer: From O. G. Rejlander, 30 April 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4172"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/your-letter-eternalized-us-n-d-doedes-27-march-1873">Your letter eternalized before us: From N. D. Doedes, 27 March 1873</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4120"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/lost-translation-auguste-forel-12-november-1874">Lost in translation: From Auguste Forel, 12 November 1874</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4182"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/i-never-trusted-drosera-e-f-lubbock-after-2-july-1875">I never trusted Drosera: From E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 July] 1875</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4126"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/argus-pheasant-mivart-r-wallace-17-june-1876">From Argus pheasant to Mivart: To A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4141"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/wearing-his-knowledge-lightly-fritz-m-ller-5-april-1878">Wearing his knowledge lightly: From Fritz Müller, 5 April 1878</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4123"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/terms-engagement-julius-wiesner-25-october-1881">Terms of engagement: To Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4108"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/intellectual-capacities-caroline-kennard-26-december-1881">Intellectual capacities: From Caroline Kennard, 26 December 1881</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4144"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays">Darwin plays</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4144"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays">Darwin plays overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4150"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/emma-audio-play">'Emma' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4147"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/frank-audio-play">'Frank' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4153"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/confessing-murder-audio-play">'Like confessing a murder' audio play</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2294"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2294"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1134"><a href="/commentary/religion/re-design-dramatisation/dramatisation-script">Dramatisation script</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3377"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?sort=date&keyword=darwin&f1-document-type=letter" title="">Browse all Darwin letters in date order</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3391"><a href="/letters/list-correspondents">List of correspondents</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-824"><a href="/commentary">Commentary</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-824"><a href="/commentary">Commentary overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2269"><a href="/commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2269"><a href="/commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2262"><a href="/commentary/evolution/natural-selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2293"><a href="/commentary/evolution/sexual-selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2299"><a href="/commentary/evolution/inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2298"><a href="/commentary/evolution/divergence">Divergence</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3410"><a href="/commentary/evolution/correlation-growth-deaf-blue-eyed-cats-pigs-and-poison">Correlation of growth: deaf blue-eyed cats, pigs, and poison</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3414"><a href="/commentary/evolution/natural-selection-trouble-terminology-part-i">Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3415"><a href="/commentary/evolution/survival-fittest-trouble-terminology-part-ii">Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3671"><a href="/commentary/evolution/darwin-s-species-notebooks-i-think">Darwin’s species notebooks: ‘I think . . .’</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-871"><a href="/commentary/geology" title="">Geology</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-871"><a href="/commentary/geology" title="">Geology overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2259"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-geology">Darwin and geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1127"><a href="/topics/geology/darwin-s-introduction-geology">Darwin’s introduction to geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1270"><a href="/commentary/geology/geology-beagle-voyage">The geology of the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1122"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-coral-reefs">Darwin and coral reefs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2258"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-s-earthquakes">Darwin’s earthquakes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2257"><a href="/topics/geology/darwin-geological-society" title="">Darwin and the Geological Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1123"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-glen-roy">Darwin and Glen Roy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1087"><a href="/topics/geology/bibliography-darwin-s-geological-publications">Bibliography of Darwin’s geological publications</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2247"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2247"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1117"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1117"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1149"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-s-hothouse-and-lists-hothouse-plants">Darwin’s hothouse and lists of hothouse plants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4087"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/species-and-varieties">Species and varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1058"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/evolution-honeycomb">The evolution of honeycomb</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1083"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/tale-two-bees">A tale of two bees</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1088"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1088"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1055"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed/mauro-galetti-profile-ecologist">Mauro Galetti: profile of an ecologist</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2261"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/casting-about-darwin-worms">Casting about: Darwin on worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1081"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/was-darwin-ecologist">Was Darwin an ecologist?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3641"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/dipsacus-and-drosera-frank-s-favourite-carnivores">Dipsacus and Drosera</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2318"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2318"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2317"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles/darwin-s-study-cirripedia">Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2280"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2280"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2284"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-draft-petition">Vivisection: draft petition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2285"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-baas-committee-report">Vivisection: BAAS committee report</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2286"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-first-sketch-bill">Vivisection: first sketch of the bill</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2287"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-darwins-testimony-royal-commission">Vivisection: Darwin's testimony</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2288"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/appeal-against-animal-cruelty">'An Appeal' against animal cruelty</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2916"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/biodiversity-and-its-histories">Biodiversity and its histories</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-873"><a href="/commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-873"><a href="/commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2604"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/darwin-human-evolution">Darwin on human evolution</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1269"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1269"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1262"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1262"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1263"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment/results-darwin-online-emotions">Results of the Darwin Online Emotions Experiment</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2256"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/face-emotion">Face of emotion</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2292"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/darwin-s-queries-expression">Darwin’s queries on expression</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1052"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1052"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1053"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-key-letters">Language: key letters</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1153"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-interview-gregory-radick">Language: Interview with Gregory Radick</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1140"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/darwin-and-human-nature-film-series">Film series podcasts</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-874"><a href="/commentary/religion" title="">Religion</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-874"><a href="/commentary/religion" title="">Religion overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1033"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-design">Darwin and design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1288"><a href="/commentary/religion/what-did-darwin-believe">What did Darwin believe?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1034"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church">Darwin and the Church</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1089"><a href="/commentary/religion/british-association-meeting-1860">British Association meeting 1860</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1121"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-religion-america">Darwin and religion in America</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1045"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1045"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2271"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/darwiniana-preface">Darwiniana – Preface</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2272"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-design-versus-necessity">Essay: Design versus necessity</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1046"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-natural-selection-natural-theology">Essay: Natural selection & natural theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1146"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolution-theology">Essay: Evolution and theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2273"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-what-darwinism">Essay: What is Darwinism?</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2274"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolutionary-teleology">Essay: Evolutionary teleology</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2249"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2249"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2250"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-emily-ballou">Interview with Emily Ballou</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2251"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-simon-conway-morris">Interview with Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2252"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-john-hedley-brooke">Interview with John Hedley Brooke</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2253"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-randal-keynes">Interview with Randal Keynes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2254"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens">Interview with Tim Lewens</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2255"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-pietro-corsi">Interview with Pietro Corsi</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-3395"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3395"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4155"><a href="/commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4096"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-family">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4093"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments">Darwin’s plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4090"><a href="/commentary/curious/behind-scenes">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3664"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks">Darwin’s Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3643"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3403"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3409"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3396"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3397"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwins-illness">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3398"><a href="/commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home">Plant or animal? (Or: Don’t try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3399"><a href="/commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-823"><a href="/people">People</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-823"><a href="/people">People overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2150"><a href="/commentary/key-correspondents" title="">Key correspondents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2153"><a href="/commentary/beagle-voyage-networks" title="">Beagle voyage networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2152"><a href="/commentary/family-and-friends" title="">Family and friends</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2159"><a href="/commentary/darwins-scientific-network" title="">Darwin's scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2155"><a href="/tags/readers-and-critics" title="">Readers and critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2162"><a href="/tags/publishers-artists-and-illustrators" title="">Publishers, artists and illustrators</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3381"><a href="/correspondents-alphabetical" title="">People pages in alphabetical order</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3367"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3367"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3372"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-german-and-austrian-scientists">Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3371"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-dutch-admirers">Photograph album of Dutch admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3370"><a href="/german-poems-presented-darwin">German poems presented to Darwin</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3380"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?text=%22%22;f1-document-type=people;sort=name" title="">List of all people mentioned in letters</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-825"><a href="/learning-resources" title="">Learning</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-825"><a href="/learning-resources" title="">Learning overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1739"><a href="/learning/7-11">Ages 7-11</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1739"><a href="/learning/7-11">Ages 7-11 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2601"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwin-the-collector">Darwin The Collector</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2602"><a href="/learning/7-11/detecting-darwin">Detecting Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2603"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwin-and-evolution">Darwin And Evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2600"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwins-fantastical-voyage">Darwin's Fantastical Voyage</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3408"><a href="/learning/7-11/home-learning-7-11-years">Home learning: 7-11 years</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1744"><a href="/learning/11-14">Ages 11-14</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1744"><a href="/learning/11-14">Ages 11-14 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2899"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwin-and-religion">Darwin and Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2898"><a href="/learning/11-14/doing-darwins-experiments">Doing Darwin’s Experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2900"><a href="/learning/11-14/how-dangerous-was-darwin">How dangerous was Darwin?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2901"><a href="/learning/11-14/offer-of-a-lifetime">Offer of a lifetime</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2903"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwin-and-slavery">Darwin and slavery</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2902"><a href="/learning/11-14/beagle-voyage">Beagle Voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2904"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwins-scientific-women">Darwin’s scientific women</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1154"><a href="/case-studies-using-darwin%E2%80%99s-letters-classroom">Schools Gallery: Using Darwin’s letters in the classroom</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-833"><a href="/learning/universities">Universities</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-833"><a href="/learning/universities">Universities overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1063"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1063"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2276"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-networks">Scientific networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2277"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-practice">Scientific practice</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2278"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/controversy">Controversy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2279"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/religion">Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1066"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/discussion-questions-and-essay-questions">Discussion questions and essay questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1286"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1550"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1550"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2144"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/early-days">Early days</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1086"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/barnacles">Barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-932"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1287"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/variation-under-domestication">Variation under domestication</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1259"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1150"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/instinct-and-evolution-mind">Instinct and the evolution of mind</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1048"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1095"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1141"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/floral-dimorphism">Floral dimorphism</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1260"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/power-movement-plants">Power of movement in plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1135"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/earthworms">Earthworms</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1132"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/dining-down-house">Dining at Down House</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2314"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2314"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1155"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/moral-nature">Moral nature</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1261"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/race-civilization-and-progress">Race, civilization, and progress</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2281"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/women-s-scientific-participation">Women’s scientific participation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1290"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/women-scientific-audience">Women as a scientific audience</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1041"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/referencing-women-s-work">Referencing women’s work</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2312"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-public-and-private">Darwin in public and private</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2283"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-mentor">Darwin as mentor</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2313"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2311"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2897"><a href="/learning-resources/timeline" title="">Darwin timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3668"><a href="/learning-resources/exploring-evolution">Teacher training</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-4186"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4186"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4189"><a href="/commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition" title="">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4192"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-family" title="">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4195"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments" title="">Darwin’s plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4198"><a href="/commentary/curious/behind-scenes" title="">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4201"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks" title="">Darwin’s Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4204"><a 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datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content campl-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-file field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div id="file-940" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg"> <h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/origin-cover1859jpg">Origin cover_1859.jpg</a></h2> <div class="content"> <a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Origin%20cover_1859.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" class="campl-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Origin%20cover_1859.jpg" width="444" height="699" alt="Origin of species book cover, 1859" title="Origin of species book cover, 1859" /></a><div class="field field-name-field-file-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Origin of species book cover, 1859</div></div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Darwin’s most famous work, <em>Origin, </em>had an inauspicious beginning. It grew out of his wish to establish priority for the species theory he had spent over twenty years researching. Darwin never intended to write <em>Origin, </em>and had resisted suggestions in 1856 that he publish a short version of his theory. Instead, he believed that his views on transmutation needed to be presented together with supporting evidence, and to this end was steadily writing <a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">a work he called his ‘big book’</a>. His progress was abruptly halted when he received a manuscript essay outlining a similar  theory by Alfred Russel Wallace in June 1858. In the aftermath of the first public presentation of documents relating to Darwin’s species theory together with Wallace’s essay at the Linnean Society of London, Darwin was in need of a rest. In addition to the shock of receiving Wallace’s essay in mid-June, Darwin had suffered ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2302.xml">death & illness & misery</a>’ among his children and he intended to remove the family from Down for a few weeks to the Isle of Wight.</p> <p>Although Darwin and Wallace’s papers were <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2303.xml">published in the Linnean Society’s journal</a>, Joseph Dalton Hooker <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2309.xml">urged Darwin to prepare a longer abstract of his species theory</a>. On 5 July 1858, Darwin stated his intention to start work on this abstract while on the Isle of Wight, but doubted whether he would manage to <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2306.xml">restrict the length to just 30 pages of the Linnean Journal</a>. In reply, Hooker provided reassurance by suggesting that Darwin might be able to have 100 to 150 pages in a ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2307.xml">separate supplemental number</a>’ of the journal. By this point, Hooker had also read the draft section of the big book on large and small genera, and was able to tell Darwin ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2307.xml">you overrate the extent of my opposition to your method. My great desire was to put every possible objection as strongly as I could. I did not feel myself a dissenter from or opponent to your views, so much as a non consenter to them in the present state of my knowledge, nor till you had weighed my objections, wh. I thought of greater weight than I now do.</a>’ </p> <p>Even with this endorsement, Darwin’s spirits remained low. ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2310.xml">We are too old & feeble a party for anywhere but home</a>’, he wrote from the King’s Head Hotel in Sandown on 18 July. Just two days later, he told his cousin William Darwin Fox ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2312.xml">After all, I am now beginning to prepare an abstract of my Species Theory</a>’. Perhaps because Fox had been instrumental in persuading Darwin <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-1967.xml">not to publish an abstract in 1856</a>, Darwin explained to whole affair to him:</p> <p style="margin-left:56.7px;"><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2312.xml">By an odd coincidence, M<sup>r</sup> Wallace in the Malay Archipelago sent to me an Essay containing my exact theory; & asking me to show it to Lyell. The latter & Hooker have taken on themselves to publish it in Linnean Journal, together some notes of mine written very many years ago; & both of them have urged me so strongly to publish a fuller abstract, that I have resolved to do it, & shall do nothing till completed: it will be published, probably, in Journal of Linn. Soc<sup>y</sup>. & I shall have separate copies & will send you one</a>.</p> <p>Darwin’s weariness in anticipation of the work this would cost him, and his disappointment in not being able to provide the full evidence for his theory, was evident when he complained of how it was ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2312.xml">impossible in abstract to do justice to subject.</a>’</p> <h4>Abstracting and skeletonizing</h4> <p>By 30 July, now more comfortably settled in a house on the Isle of Wight, and having started work on his abstract, Darwin was in an altogether more positive frame of mind. ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2314.xml">I pass my time by doing daily a couple of hours of my Abstract & I find it amusing & improving work</a>’ he told Hooker. ‘I hated the thought of the job’, he confessed, but now appreciated that publishing an abstract would allow him to finish his big book ‘with greater ease & leisure’. Although he thought it ‘a queer plan to give an abstract of an unpublished work’, he was extremely glad he had ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2314.xml">begun in earnest on it</a>’.</p> <p>When work on the big book was interrupted by the arrival of Wallace’s essay, he had only just started his analysis of his experiments on pigeons.  Moreover, he had not yet resolved how to account for the cell-making instincts of bees, a challenge to his theory of natural selection, in his chapter on the ‘mental powers and instincts of animals’. Correspondence on both <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2319.xml">pigeons</a> and <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2317.xml">bees</a> continued in August, while he was still away from Down. Darwin knew that these puzzles had to be resolved before he published his abstract. While still on the Isle of Wight, Darwin also heard from John Stevens Henslow, his old mentor and Hooker’s father-in-law, who clearly had seen the  Linnean Society papers. ‘I sh<sup>d</sup>. be extremely glad (& grateful) to hear your objections to my species speculations’, Darwin wrote to Henslow, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2320.xml">The difficulties which I can see are many & grave. I am now writing a pretty full abstract of all my notions on this subject.</a>’ Darwin evidently continued to fret about the length of his abstract and was relieved to learn from the Linnean Society that he could be a little more expansive. ‘I will try not to be too diffusive’ he assured Hooker, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2313.xml">I fear it will spoil all interest in my Book, whenever published.</a>’ It was clear that the big book remained Darwin’s focus of attention for the full exposition of his theory. </p> <p>On Darwin’s return to Down in mid August, he recommenced his work on pigeons and spent a nearly a month skeletonising them and completing his ‘Pigeon M.S.’ (<a href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=70&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&viewtype=side" target="_blank">Darwin's Journal</a>) ‘At last, thank God, I have done with my Pigeons, & have just killed all the scores of cross-breds’, he told W. B. Tegetmeier on 8 September, inviting him to take any of the pure birds that were left. Although Darwin looked forward to the visit and expressed his hope that Tegetmeier would bring a bee hive ‘with incipient cells’ as well as a ‘comb with a cylindrical cell’, he warned that his health was bad and that he was ’<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2325.xml">incapable of talking for long</a>’. Despite his poor health, Darwin recommenced working on his abstract, telling his eldest son, William, on 22 September that he was hard at work on the abstract of his Book, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2328.xml">which will make a large-sized pamphlet.</a>’ On the 4 October, in a letter to T. C. Eyton explaining his change of plans regarding publication, he complained that the work of writing the abstract was ‘too great’ for him, but that ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2333.xml">three-fourth</a>’ was done. He fretted that it was growing to an ‘inordinate length’ and about his rate of work, but by early October he had begun to see its advantages: ‘You cannot imagine what a service you have done me in making me make this abstract’, he told Hooker, ’<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2335.xml">for though I thought I had got all clear, it has clarified my brains much, by making me weigh relative importance of the several elements.</a>’ Darwin continued to write until the end of October when he took the water cure for a week because his stomach was ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2341.xml">horridly bad</a>’. By this point he had drafted six sections. </p> <p>As Darwin completed his chapters, he actively sought criticism from trusted readers like Hooker, Lyell, and Thomas Henry Huxley. He chided himself for having asked Hooker not to be too severe against natural selection, claiming in his defence that he had become so used to ‘opposition & even contempt’ that he momentarily forgot that Hooker was the ‘one living soul’ who was sympathetic to his aims. Nonetheless, he had not suspected that his ‘speculations were a “<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2345.xml">jam pot</a>”’ to Hooker. Indeed, when Hooker was writing his essay on the flora of Australia in December 1858, he asked to borrow Darwin’s ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2382.xml">Chapter on transmigration of forms across tropics</a>’. When Hooker’s essay was published in 1859, it was one of the <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2493.xml">first publications to draw on Darwin’s theory</a>.<b> </b>Darwin must have been further buoyed up in January 1859, when he received a (now lost) letter from Wallace, expressing satisfaction with the joint publication of his species theory with Darwin’s by the Linnean Society. ‘I never felt very sure what he would say’, Darwin admitted, adding that Wallace ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2403.xml">must be an amiable man.</a>’ Wallace evidently asked whether his and Darwin’s species theory had had any effect on Lyell. ‘I think he is somewhat staggered,’ Darwin replied, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2405.xml">but does not give in, & speaks with horror often to me, of what a thing it would be & what a job it would be for the next Edition of Principles, if he were “perverted”.— But he is most candid & honest & I think will end by being perverted</a>.’ The effect of Darwin of Hooker’s views were apparent when he reported to Wallace that ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2405.xml">D<sup>r</sup>. Hooker has become almost as heteredox as you or I.—and I look at Hooker as by far the most capable judge in Europe.</a>’ By April 1859, he was able to tell Wallace that ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2449.xml">Huxley is changed & believes in mutation of species: whether a <em>convert</em> to us, I do not quite know.— We shall live to see all the <em>younger</em> men converts. My neighbour & excellent naturalist J. Lubbock is enthusiastic convert.</a>’</p> <h4>Making the book</h4> <p>By mid-October 1858, Darwin had expected that his abstract would ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2339.xml">run into a small volume, which will have to be published separately</a>’. By mid-November, Darwin realised that his ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2361.xml">everlasting Abstract</a>’ would not be finished until around April 1859. But this was an optimistic estimate. Despite the support of his confidants and only two more chapters to write, the work proved too much for Darwin. From 5 to 19 February, he again took the water cure to ease his ‘severe vomiting’ and ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2412.xml">distressing swimming of the head</a>’. Although the treatment was less efficacious than usual, Darwin resumed work, and by the end of March thought he might go to press with his ‘little volume’ in early May. His concern now was to find a suitable publisher, and once again Lyell came to his aid. In late March, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2437.xml">Lyell had a word with his own publisher, John Murray,</a> who had already published the second edition of Darwin’s <em><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a>.</em><strong> </strong>Publishing with Murray (well known as the publisher of the conservative <em>Quarterly Review </em>as well as travel and scientific works) would convey to potential readers the respectability and seriousness of Darwin’s work. In light of this, Darwin asked Lyell whether he should ‘tell Murray that my Book is not more <em>un</em>-orthodox, than the subject makes inevitable’ or ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2437.xml">had I better say <em>nothing</em> to Murray, & assume that he cannot object to this much unorthodoxy, which in fact is not more than any Geological Treatise, which runs slap counter to Genesis.</a>’</p> <p> Even before seeing Darwin’s manuscript, Murray objected to the terms ‘abstract’ and ‘<a href="/letter/DCP-LETT-2437.xml">natural selection</a>’ in the title; Darwin gave way on the first objection (although he felt the term explained the absence of references and facts in full), but held firm about natural selection. ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2439.xml">I hope to retain it with Explanation, somewhat as thus,— “Through Natural Selection or the preservation of favoured races”</a>’, he told Lyell. On 31 March 1859, Darwin wrote to Murray describing his work on the origin of species, how much was left to do, the projected length, and the terms he expected; he also acknowledged that Murray wished to see the manuscript before ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2441.xml">deciding and offering any terms</a>’. The following day Murray told Darwin ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2443.xml">I can have no hesitation in swerving from my usual routine & in stating at once even without seeing the MS. that I shall be most happy to publish it for you on the same terms as those on which I publish for Sir Charles Lyell</a>’. Darwin was uneasy. Murray, he thought, should see the manuscript before deciding. ‘My volume cannot be mere light reading,’ h explained, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2445.xml">& some parts must be dry & some rather abstruse; <em>yet as far I can judge perhaps very falsely</em>, it will be interesting to all (& they are many) who care for the curious problem of the origin of all animate forms.’</a> Moreover, Darwin warned Murray, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2445.xml">it would be a stigma on my work for you to advertise it, & then not publish it.</a>’ He emphasised that Murray ‘or anyone’ could not judge his book without reading the whole, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2445.xml">as the whole is one long argument.</a>’</p> <p>Reading Darwin’s first three chapters was sufficient for Murray to <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2452.xml">confirm his offer on 10 April</a>. But then there was a slip up. The fair copies of the chapters on geographical distribution that Darwin had sent to Hooker for comments were accidentally placed in the drawer in which Hooker’s wife kept paper for the children to draw on. At least a quarter of the chapter was gone before the mistake was discovered. Hooker was mortified because he knew this loss would cost Darwin time in having the chapters copied again. Darwin, however, bemoaned the loss of Hooker’s comments more than the time, although he admitted that had he not kept the old draft ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2453.xml">the loss would have killed me!</a>’ Although Murray was committed to publishing <em>Origin, </em>he sought the opinion of the editor of the <em>Quarterly Review, </em>Whitwell Elwin, and that of his friend George Frederick Pollock. The former, in a long letter to Murray, believed that Darwin should ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2457A.xml">re-consider the propriety of sending forth his treatise in its present form</a>’, while the latter not only recommended publication but advised Murray to increase the print run from 500 to 1000 (Haynes 1916, p. 233).<strong> </strong>Darwin dismissed Elwin’s suggestion as ‘impractical’, and robustly stated: ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2459.xml">I have done my best. Others might, I have no doubt, done the job better, if they had my materials; but that is no help.</a>’ Even Huxley’s pointing to a flaw in Darwin’s hypothesis in early June could not shake Darwin’s confidence, evident in his reply. </p> <p style="margin-left:56.7px;"><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2466.xml">You speak of finding a flaw in my hypothesis, & this shows you do not understand its nature. It is a mere rag of an hypothesis with as many flaws & holes as sound parts.— My question is whether the rag is worth anything? I think by careful treatment I can carry in it my fruit to market for a short distance over a gentle road; but I fear that you will give the poor rag such a devil of a shake that it will fall all to atoms; & a poor rag is better than nothing to carry one’s fruit to market in—</a></p> <p>The only thing that did shake Darwin while checking page proofs was his ‘incredibly bad’ writing style. ‘<a href="http://letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2469.xml">I am extremely sorry to say, on account of expence, & loss of time for me, that the corrections are very heavy,—as heavy as possible</a>’, he told Murray on 14 June. He tried to make the text ‘clear & striking’, but feared that he had failed. Correcting proofs proved so onerous that Darwin lost his ability to judge his work. ‘You say you dreamt that my Book was <em>entertaining</em>’, he wrote to Hooker, ‘<a href="http://letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2471.xml">that dream is pretty well over with me, & I begin to fear that the Public will find it intolerably dry & perplexing. But I will never give up that a better man could have made a splendid book out of the materials.</a>’ As the work of correcting proofs continued over the summer of 1859, Darwin had to take the water cure two more times. By 1 September, he was ‘becoming as weak as a child’, incapable of anything except his ‘<a href="http://letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2485.xml">3 hours daily work at Proof-sheets</a>’. Darwin completed this work on 1 October, noting in his journal that the ‘Abstract on Origin of species’ had taken 13 months and 10 days (<a href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=72&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&viewtype=side" target="_blank">Darwin's Journal</a>). The very next day, he set out for two months rest at a hydropathic establishment in Yorkshire.</p> <h4>Reception</h4> <p>As Darwin began to anticipate the reception of his book, he shared the proofs with Lyell. ‘I cannot too strongly express my conviction of the general truth of my doctrines, & God knows I have never shirked a difficulty’, he told Lyell on 20 September 1859, ‘<a href="http://letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2492.xml">I am foolishly anxious for your verdict. Not that I shall be disappointed if you are not converted; for I remember the long years it took me to come round; but I shall be most deeply delighted if you do come round, especially if I have a fair share in the conversion. I shall then feel that my career is run, & care little whether I ever am good for anything again in this life.</a>’ ‘I have just finished your volume’, Lyell told Darwin on 3 October, ‘& right glad I am that I did my best with Hooker to persuade you to publish it without waiting for a time which probably could never have arrived tho’ you lived till the age of 100, when you had prepared all your facts on which you ground so many grand generalizations.’ Lyell not only thought Darwin’s book ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2501.xml">a splendid case of close reasoning & long sustained argument</a>’ but had also publicly praised Darwin’s species work at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting held in Aberdeen from 14 to 21 September 1859. Darwin was confident that in time Lyell would be ‘<strong>per</strong>verted’, telling him that ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2503.xml">if you ever are, I shall know that the theory of Nat. Selection is in the main safe</a>’.</p> <p>Darwin reassured Lyell on 11 October that he was aware that his theory of natural selection included ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2503.xml">many errors, even though he could not see them</a>’. This echoed Darwin’s statement made after correcting the last proof sheets. ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2496.xml">Looking back, I think it was more difficult to see what the problems were than to solve them, as far as I have succeeded in doing</a>’. By late October, Hooker assured Darwin that Lyell was becoming a convert. Darwin was ‘exceedingly’ pleased. ‘I remember thinking above a year ago’, he wrote in reply, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2509.xml">that if ever I lived to see Lyell, yourself & Huxley come round, partly by my Book & partly by their own reflexions, I sh<sup>d</sup>. feel that the subject was safe; & all the world might rail, but that ultimately the theory of Natural Selection (though no doubt imperfect in its present condition, & embracing many errors) would prevail.</a>’</p> <p>As the trade publication day of 22 November approached, Murray sent Darwin a bound ‘specimen copy’ of <em>On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life,</em> and proposed that the work be priced at fourteen shillings. With a print run of 1250, this would yield a profit of £240, of which <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2513A.xml">Darwin would receive two thirds</a>. Darwin declared himself ‘<em>i<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2514.xml">nfinitely</a></em><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2514.xml"> pleased & proud at the appearance of my child</a>’, and agreed to Murray’s proposed price. According to Darwin’s wish, presentation copies of <em>Origin </em>were distributed before the publication date. Among the earliest responses was one that must have amused Darwin; it came from his elder brother, Erasmus Alvey Darwin. ‘For myself I really think it is the most interesting book I ever read,’ Eramus wrote on 23 November, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2545.xml">& can only compare it to the first knowledge of chemistry, getting into a new world or rather behind the scenes. To me the geographical distribution I mean the relation of islands to continents is the most convincing of the proofs, & the relation of the oldest forms to the existing species. I dare say I dont feel enough the absence of varieties, but then I dont in the least know if every thing now living were fossilized whether the palæontologists could distinguish them. In fact the a priori reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me that if the facts wont fit in, why so much the worse for the facts is my feeling</a>’. On the same day Darwin wrote to Lyell, stating ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2543.xml">I have been thinking that if I am much execrated as atheist &c, whether the admission of doctrine of natural Selection could injure your Works; but I hope & think not; for as far as I can remember the virulence of bigotry is expended on first offender, & those who adopt his views are only pitied, as deluded, by the wise & cheerful bigots.</a>’</p> <p>After finishing <em>Origin, </em>Darwin told Lyell on 20 October that his <a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">‘larger book’</a> would have to be ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2507.xml">wholly rewritten, & not merely present volume expanded; so that I want to waste as little time over this volume as possible, if another Edition be called for; but I fear subject will be too perplexing, as I have treated it, for general public</a>.’ Nonetheless, he thanked Lyell on 23 November for his criticisms of O<em>rigin, </em>which, he stated, ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2543.xml">if there be 2<sup>d</sup>. Edit. I will attend to.</a>’ Darwin was confounded to hear from Murray on 24 November that the ‘whole Edition’ of <em>Origin </em>sold on the first day, and that a new edition was wanted ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2550.xml">instantly</a>’. As Darwin began preparing a <a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/origin-later-editions">second edition</a><em>,</em> responses, both positive and negative, to his work flowed in. By early December 1859, he admitted that he needed to ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2565.xml">think less of myself & my book.</a>’ After all, in March of 1859, he had stated to his cousin Fox ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2536.xml">You do me injustice when you think that I work for fame: I value it to a certain extent; but, if I know myself, I work from a sort of instinct to try to make out truth.’</a> By the end of the year Darwin could begin to see the impact his work was having, and the fulfilment of his stated aim in July 1858 when he began to write his abstract: ‘<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2306.xml">Whenever naturalists can look at species changing as certain, what a magnificent field will be open,—on all the laws of variation,—on the genealogy of all living beings,—on their lines of migration &c &c.</a>’</p> <p> </p> <h4>Reference:</h4> <p>Haynes, E. S. P. 1916. Master George Pollak.<i> Cornhill Magazine</i> n.s. 41: 232–7.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-term-related-letters field-type-text field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Related letters: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">2302</div><div class="field-item odd">2303</div><div class="field-item even">2309</div><div class="field-item odd">2307</div><div class="field-item even">2310</div><div class="field-item odd">2312</div><div class="field-item even">1967</div><div class="field-item odd">2314</div><div class="field-item even">2317</div><div class="field-item odd">2319</div><div class="field-item even">2320</div><div class="field-item odd">2313</div><div class="field-item even">2325</div><div class="field-item odd">2328</div><div class="field-item even">2333</div><div class="field-item odd">2335</div><div class="field-item even">2345</div><div class="field-item odd">2382</div><div class="field-item even">2403</div><div class="field-item odd">2405</div><div class="field-item even">2449</div><div class="field-item odd">2339</div><div class="field-item even">2361</div><div class="field-item odd">2412</div><div class="field-item even">2437</div><div class="field-item odd">2439</div><div class="field-item even">2441</div><div class="field-item odd">2443</div><div class="field-item even">2445</div><div class="field-item odd">2452</div><div class="field-item even">2453</div><div class="field-item odd">2457A</div><div class="field-item even">2459</div><div class="field-item odd">2466</div><div class="field-item even">2469</div><div class="field-item odd">2471</div><div class="field-item even">2485</div><div class="field-item odd">2492</div><div class="field-item even">2501</div><div class="field-item odd">2503</div><div class="field-item even">2496</div><div class="field-item odd">2509</div><div class="field-item even">2513A</div><div class="field-item odd">2514</div><div class="field-item even">2545</div><div class="field-item odd">2543</div><div class="field-item even">2507</div><div class="field-item odd">2543</div><div class="field-item even">2550</div><div class="field-item odd">2565</div><div class="field-item even">2436</div><div class="field-item odd">2306</div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-secondary-content "> <div class="region region-sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>In this section:</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-3"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-3385 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Barrier%20reef.jpg?itok=2F1QJpfK)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3386 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Nomenclature%20of%20the%20valves.jpg?itok=IPSwrW5J)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/living-and-fossil-cirripedia">Living and fossil cirripedia</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-3400 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Natural%20Selection%20page.jpg?itok=3t8mZVx1)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-3406 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Origin%20cover_1859.jpg?itok=eUmxW2gz)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin" class="active-trail active">Origin</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-3407 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Origin-Spines.jpg?itok=jHvAD6fT)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3404 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/orchids_cover3.jpg?itok=kMlJZfRP)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3662 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Solanum%20jasminoides.jpg?itok=FqrfKrMP)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3387 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DAR_225_178.jpg?itok=Zc3lfCgr)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/descent">Descent</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3388 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DAR%2053.1%20C125r.jpg?itok=D-Wc1iAl)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/expression">Expression</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3389 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Drosera-rotundiflora.jpg?itok=ybw7Urdy)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3663 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Long%20and%20short%20styled%20form.jpg?itok=4k9jJCMj)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/forms-flowers">Forms of flowers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4084 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Cross%20and%20Self%20Diagram.jpg?itok=WOMOPSji)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/cross-and-self-fertilisation">Cross and self fertilisation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3405 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Erasmus%20Darwin.jpg?itok=4asdQNd3)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/life-erasmus-darwin">Life of Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3665 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00209-00015-000-00089c.jpg?itok=7_bZSSKt)"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/movement-plants">Movement in Plants</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-cudl-related-letters" class="block block-cudl"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Related letters</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-1967.xml">To W. D. Fox 3 October [1856]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Finds his grief over his daughter Anne’s death still strong.</p><p>Is following Lyell’s advice about publishing his species doctrine. It is not to be a sketch, however, but as perfect as his 19 years of work will allow. His work on pigeons has been invaluable on many points. "No subject gives me so much trouble as means of dispersal of terrestrial production in the oceanic islands."</p><p>Finds "most remarkable differences" in skeletons of rabbits.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2302.xml">To Asa Gray 4 July 1858</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Believes that, in <i>Dicentra</i>, <i>Fumaria</i> and <i>Corydalis</i>, flower structures are related directly to visits from bees. Flower stigmas generally are placed in the path of bees.</p><p>Has received paper from Wallace on natural selection; has sent abstract of his notions, with Wallace’s paper, to Linnean Society.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2303.xml">To J. D. Hooker 5 July [1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Thanks JDH for his report on the reading of the Wallace and Darwin papers at the Linnean Society [read 1 July 1858; <i>Collected papers</i> 2: 3–19]. Considers how to publish his work. Offers to forward a note from JDH to Wallace.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2306.xml">To J. D. Hooker 13 [July 1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>JDH’s letter to Wallace perfect. CD’s feelings about priority. Without Lyell’s and JDH’s intervention CD would have given up all claims to Wallace. Now planning 30-page abstract for a journal.</p><p>Observations on floral structure</p><p>and slave-making ants.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2307.xml">From J. D. Hooker 13–15 July 1858</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Sends proofs [of "On the tendency of species to form varieties … ", read 1 July 1858, <i>Collected papers</i> 2: 3–19]. CD could publish his abstract [later the <i>Origin</i>] as a separate supplemental number of [Journal of the Linnean Society].</p><p>JDH has studied in detail CD’s manuscript on variable species in large and small genera and concurs with its consequences. Discusses methodological idiosyncrasies of systematists, e.g., Bentham, Robert Brown, and C. C. Babington, which complicate CD’s tabulations.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2310.xml">To J. D. Hooker [18 July 1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Regards from Isle of Wight.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2309.xml">To Charles Lyell 18 July [1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Thanks for abstract of Etna paper [<i>Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.</i> 148 (1858): 703–86]. Never expected to see Élie de Beaumont’s theory ["craters of elevation"] so completely upset. "He must have picked out favourable cases for measurement."</p><p>More than satisfied by what was done at Linnean Society [joint reading of CD’s and Wallace’s papers: "Tendency of species to form varieties", <i>Collected papers</i> 2: 3–19]. Intends to prepare longer abstract.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2312.xml">To W. D. Fox 21 [July 1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>After all, CD is now beginning to prepare an abstract of his species theory. Recounts the events leading to joint paper with A. R. Wallace at Linnean Society. Lyell and Hooker urge strongly that he publish a fuller abstract. It is impossible to do justice to subject in an abstract.</p><p>His sister, Marianne Parker, has died.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2314.xml">To J. D. Hooker 30 [July 1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Six children have died of scarlet fever in Down village.</p><p>Writing abstract is amusing and improving work. Thanks JDH and Lyell for setting him to it.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2317.xml">From G. R. Waterhouse 2 August 1858</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Bees’ cells; is the hexagonal shape deliberate or merely the result of lateral pressure on cylinders?</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2319.xml">To T. C. Eyton 4 August [1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Has finished arranging his pigeons’ skeletons. May consult TCE on them.</p><p>CD is at work on an abstract of his conclusions on species and varieties [<i>Origin</i>]. His "bigger book" [<i>Natural selection</i>] will take two or three more years.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2320.xml">To J. S. Henslow 4 August [1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>CD and his family have come to the seashore, driven from home by scarlet fever at Down, death [of Charles Waring Darwin], and other family illness. Sorry to miss seeing JSH.</p><p>Would be grateful to hear his objections to CD’s species speculations.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2313.xml">To J. D. Hooker [5 August 1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Working on abstract, which now is to consist of a number of sections each to be read at Linnean Society and to be published as a unit. Has finished section on variation under domestication.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2325.xml">To W. B. Tegetmeier 8 September [1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Has finished with and is disposing of his pigeons.</p><p>Invites WBT to Down; would like to see his bees’ cells.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2328.xml">To W. E. Darwin 22 [September 1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Discusses domestic affairs.</p><p>Is working at the abstract of his book [<i>Origin</i>].</p><p>Asks WED to examine birds’ feet for dirt sticking to them, as this may represent a means of seed dispersal across seas.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2333.xml">To T. C. Eyton 4 October [1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Comments on TCE’s skeletons.</p><p>Must get advice from Hugh Falconer on names of some bones.</p><p>Preparing his abstract [<i>Origin</i>].</p><p>Asks about colours of horses and stripes on asses.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2335.xml">To J. D. Hooker 6 October [1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Abstract growing to inordinate length.</p><p>Writing in support of S. Passell as assistant at Linnean Society.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2339.xml">To J. D. Hooker 12 [October 1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Abstract will run into a small volume.</p><p>Urges JDH not to reject natural selection until he has read abstract.</p><p>[Enclosed are CD’s comments on a ?JDH manuscript that perhaps belong elsewhere.]</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2345.xml">To J. D. Hooker 20 [October 1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Fertilisation of papilionaceous flowers [<i>Collected papers</i> 2: 19–25].</p><p>JDH’s reactions to CD’s theory.</p><p>Discussed human fossil evidence with Hugh Falconer.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2361.xml">To J. D. Hooker 14 November [1858]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Hermaphrodite trees are enough to "knock" CD down. Can JDH observe <i>Eucalyptus</i> to see whether pollen and stigma mature at same time?</p><p>JDH’s facts showing European plants are more common in southern Australia than in South America are disturbing because they are improbable on CD’s views of migration.</p><p>JDH said he would give examples of Australian forms that have migrated north along the mountains of the Malay Archipelago.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2382.xml">From J. D. Hooker 22 December 1858</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Would appreciate loan of CD’s chapter on transmigration across tropics, which may help with the difficulties of Australian distribution.</p><p>Still regards plant types as older than animal types.</p><p>The Cape of Good Hope and Australian temperate floras cannot be connected by the highlands of Abyssinia.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2403.xml">To J. D. Hooker 23 January [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Wallace has written and is well satisfied with the joint presentation.</p><p>CD requests some facts to make case in his abstract for former glacial action in Himalayas.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2405.xml">To A. R. Wallace 25 January [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Expresses pleasure and relief at ARW’s response to joint publication of their pieces about natural selection.</p><p>Plans for the "abstract" [<i>Origin</i>].</p><p>Birds’ nests as evidence of variation of instincts.</p><p>Their collection of bees’ combs.</p><p>Praises ARW’s article.</p><p>Lyell’s and Hooker’s views [of species issue].</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2412.xml">To W. D. Fox [12 February 1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Undergoing hydropathic treatment for his old ailment.</p><p>The "Abstract" [<i>Origin</i>] is the cause. Only two chapters to do.</p><p>His satisfaction that he believes he has convinced Hooker and Huxley and staggered Lyell.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2436.xml">To W. D. Fox 24 [March 1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Is correcting chapters [of <i>Origin</i>] for press.</p><p>Health has been wretched of late.</p><p>He values fame to a certain extent, but "if I know myself, I work from a sort of instinct to try to make out truth".</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2437.xml">To Charles Lyell 28 March [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Has heard that CL has spoken to John Murray about publication [of <i>Origin</i>]. Encloses prospective title-page. Asks whether he ought to tell John Murray about unorthodoxy of the book.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2439.xml">To Charles Lyell 30 March [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>CD is grateful to CL for his help in arranging with Murray for publication [of <i>Origin</i>]. Sorry Murray objects to term "abstract" in title, but will defer to him and CL.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2441.xml">To John Murray 31 March [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>CD has heard from Lyell that JM is inclined to publish his work on the origin of species. Will send some chapters as soon as copyist has finished. Sends list of 12 chapters. It will be a popular abstract of more than 20 years’ work. It ought to be popular with scientific and semi-scientific readers.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2443.xml">From John Murray 1 April 1859</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>On the strength of CD’s details about his work on species and his knowledge of CD’s former publications, JM offers to publish [<i>Origin</i>] without seeing the MS.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2445.xml">To John Murray 2 April [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Accepts JM’s terms for publication of <i>Origin</i>. If, on reading the MS, JM thinks it will not sell, CD frees him from the offer. Will send chapters soon so he can judge. Though some parts are dry and abstruse, CD thinks it will be interesting to "those who care for the curious problem of the origin of all animate forms".</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2449.xml">To A. R. Wallace 6 April 1859</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>First part of <i>Origin</i> MS is with Murray;</p><p>CD hopes he has noticed ARW’s work fairly.</p><p>ARW is right in thinking that CD was led to believe that selection was the principle of change from studying domesticated productions and that after reading Malthus he "saw at once how to apply this principle". Geographical distribution and geological relations of extinct and recent inhabitants of S. America first led him to the subject, "Especially case of Galapagos Islds". Hooker and Lubbock are full converts and Huxley now believes in species mutation. "We shall live to see all the <i>younger</i> men converts."</p><p>Praises ARW’s work and spirit.</p><p>CD had actually written a letter to ARW stating he would not publish before him but was persuaded by Lyell and Hooker to allow them to act "as they thought fair & honourably".</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2452.xml">To J. D. Hooker 11 April [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Murray has read first three chapters of <i>Origin</i> and abides by his offer to publish.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2453.xml">To J. D. Hooker 12 [April 1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>CD agrees cultivated plants may begin to vary after some time and then may vary suddenly, but cautions JDH on lack of evidence. His explanation is that small variations are ignored until they accumulate.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2457A.xml">From Whitwell Elwin to John Murray 3 May 1859</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Charles Lyell has asked WE to pass his opinions on the MS of <i>Origin</i> to CD via Murray. WE is convinced of the value of CD’s researches but "to put forth the theory without the evidence", as in the MS, "would do grievous injustice to his views". The omission of these facts reduces both the philosophical and popular value of the work, by virtue of its dryness.</p><p>Supports Charles Lyell’s suggestion that CD should first publish his observations on pigeons with a theoretical outline, for "[e]very body is interested in pigeons". Such a work would generate wider interest and be better understood. A subsequent, larger book would then be approached with impartiality "not to say favour" by a wider public.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2459.xml">To John Murray 6 May [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>CD is convinced that the suggestions [for the <i>Origin</i>?] of both Lyell and Whitwell Elwyn are impracticable.</p><p>Will send first six chapters of MS next week. Has taken such pains with it that he hopes corrections will not be heavy.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2466.xml">To T. H. Huxley 2 June [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>THH should understand that CD’s hypothesis [natural selection] has as many flaws and holes as sound parts. The question is whether CD’s rag of a hypothesis is worth anything. A poor rag is better than nothing to carry one’s fruit to market.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2469.xml">To John Murray 14 June [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Finds style [of <i>Origin</i>] incredibly bad; corrections are very heavy. Supposes it was due to his attention being fixed on general lines of argument and not on detail. Wishes to share expense of corrections.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2471.xml">To J. D. Hooker 22 [June 1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>CD making extensive corrections on proofs of <i>Origin</i>. Worries that style is too dry.</p><p>Doubts about Joseph Prestwich’s discovery [of flint tools].</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2485.xml">To J. D. Hooker 1 September [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>All but last two chapters of <i>Origin</i> proofs corrected.</p><p>Praise for JDH’s introductory essay [to <i>Flora Tasmaniae</i>].</p><p>Very ill and sick of work.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2492.xml">To Charles Lyell 20 September [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Thanks CL for his favourable remarks to the Geological Section of the BAAS concerning the forthcoming publication of the <i>Origin</i>. Hopes CL will accept his view of species.</p><p>Comments on CL’s paper ["On the occurrence of works of human art in post-Pliocene deposits", <i>Rep. BAAS</i> 29 (1859): 93–5].</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2496.xml">To Charles Lyell 30 September [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Is sending off last proof-sheets of <i>Origin</i>.</p><p>Asks CL’s opinion of final chapter. Mentions difficulties of his argument.</p><p>Is too unwell to start for Ilkley.</p><p>Murray’s printing of 1250 copies seems too large to CD.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2501.xml">From Charles Lyell 3 October 1859</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Praises the <i>Origin</i>: a "splendid case of close reasoning".</p><p>Objects to CD’s having ignored Lamarck and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.</p><p>Thinks CD should omit mentioning problem of explaining the eye at the beginning of chapter 14. Suggests rewording several passages.</p><p>Thinks want of peculiar birds in Madeira a difficulty, considering presence of them in Galapagos.</p><p>Has always felt that the case of man and his races is one and the same with animals and plants.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2503.xml">To Charles Lyell 11 October [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>CL’s comments on <i>Origin</i>. Mentions corrections to last chapter suggested by CL.</p><p>Comments on lack of peculiar bird species on Madeira and Bermuda. Emphasises importance of American types in Galapagos.</p><p>Denies necessity of continued creation of primitive "Monads".</p><p>Denies need for new powers and any principle of improvement.</p><p>Discusses gradations of intellectual powers.</p><p>Adaptive inferiority and extinction of groups of species and genera.</p><p>Asserts that climate is less important than the struggle with other organisms.</p><p>Suggests an experiment involving primroses and cowslips.</p><p>The chapter on hybridisation.</p><p>Rudimentary organs.</p><p>Gives opinion of Lamarck’s work.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2507.xml">To Charles Lyell 20 October [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Comments on CL’s letters.</p><p>Discusses foreign animals naturalised in Australia and elsewhere.</p><p>Affirms man’s capacity to survive in Eocene climate.</p><p>Comments on American types.</p><p>Denies necessity for "continued intervention of creative power".</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2509.xml">To J. D. Hooker [23 October 1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Congratulates JDH on finishing his introductory essay [to <i>Flora Tasmaniae</i>].</p><p>Lyell’s position on mutability appears more positive in his letters to JDH than in those to CD. Considers JDH a convert.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2513A.xml">From John Murray 2 November 1859</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>By this post he sends for approval specimen copy of CD’s book [<i>Origin of species</i>]. At 14 <i>s.</i>, 1250 copies will yield £240, two-thirds of which will go to author. Arrangements for early copies.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2514.xml">To John Murray [3 November 1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Infinitely pleased and proud of the appearance of his "child" [<i>Origin</i>, 1st ed.]. Thinks JM has been overgenerous in paying for his corrections. Offers to divide cost and regrets sending such badly composed copy.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2545.xml">From E. A. Darwin 23 November [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Writes of "the Dr’s" [Henry Holland’s] mixed reactions to the book.</p><p>Adds a personal opinion, "it is the most interesting book I ever read".</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2543.xml">To Charles Lyell 23 November [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Thanks CL for his decision to accept CD’s "doctrine of modification" [in <i>Elements of geology</i>, 6th ed. (1865)]. Believes it "<i>morally impossible</i> that investigators of truth, like you and Hooker, can be wholly wrong". Does not think CL’s decision will injure his works.</p><p>Thinks CL overrates importance of multiple origin of dogs.</p><p>Mentions sending copy of <i>Origin</i> to Herschel. Asks CL about Herschel’s reaction.</p></div> </div><div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2550.xml">To T. H. Huxley 24 [November 1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Murray has sold out <i>Origin</i>; wants a new edition immediately.</p><p>Asks THH to check whether Geoffroy <i>de</i> St Hilaire is correct [form of name].</p><p>Would be grateful for THH’s impressions on the truth of natural selection.</p></div> </div><div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-2565.xml">To Charles Lyell 2 December [1859]</a></h3> <div class="summary"><p>Comments on note from Charles Kingsley saying CD’s theory is not opposed to a high conception of the Deity.</p><p>Mentions negative views of <i>Origin</i> of Sedgwick, John Crawfurd, Roderick Murchison, John Phillips, and Joseph Prestwich.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-views-my-sidebar-block" class="block block-views"> <div> <div class="view view-my-sidebar view-id-my_sidebar view-display-id-block view-dom-id-fc6ba782f89fff8a64e3bea4375065f7"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd 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