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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_pilgrimages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_pilgrimages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Religious pilgrimages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_pilgrimages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_of_Guru_Angad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_of_Guru_Angad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Service of Guru Angad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_of_Guru_Angad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guruship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guruship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Guruship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Guruship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Guruship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Guruship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_organization_and_missionary_dissemination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_organization_and_missionary_dissemination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Religious organization and missionary dissemination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_organization_and_missionary_dissemination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banning_of_Sati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banning_of_Sati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Banning of Sati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banning_of_Sati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_the_Purdah_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_the_Purdah_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Opposing the Purdah system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_the_Purdah_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akbar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akbar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Akbar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akbar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals_in_Sikhism:_wedding,_festivals,_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals_in_Sikhism:_wedding,_festivals,_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Rituals in Sikhism: wedding, festivals, funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals_in_Sikhism:_wedding,_festivals,_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Goindwal_and_construction_of_the_Baoli_Sahib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Goindwal_and_construction_of_the_Baoli_Sahib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Founding of Goindwal and construction of the Baoli Sahib</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Goindwal_and_construction_of_the_Baoli_Sahib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_of_the_Golden_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_of_the_Golden_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Site of the Golden Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_of_the_Golden_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Scripture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choosing_a_successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choosing_a_successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Choosing a successor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choosing_a_successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Birth year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guru Amar Das</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="الغورو عمار داس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغورو عمار داس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Das" title="Amar Das – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6" title="গুরু অমর দাশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুরু অমর দাশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das_Ji" title="Guru Amar Das Ji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guru Amar Das Ji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Das" title="Amar Das – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γκουρού Αμάρ Ντας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουρού Αμάρ Ντας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%BA_Amar_Das" title="Gurú Amar Das – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gurú Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="گورو امرداس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورو امرداس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guru Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="गुरु अमर दास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरु अमर दास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guru Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amardasas" title="Amardasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amardasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗുരു അമർദാസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരു അമർദാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="गुरू अमरदास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरू अमरदास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeroe_Amar_Das" title="Goeroe Amar Das – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goeroe Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guru Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰਦਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰਦਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="گرو امر داس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرو امر داس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Das" title="Amar Das – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guru Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Амар Дас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амар Дас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="गुरु अमर दास – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुरु अमर दास" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guru Amar Das" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="குரு அமர் தாஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரு அமர் தாஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="คุรุอมรทาส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คุรุอมรทาส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Third Sikh guru from 1552 to 1574</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC600; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Guru Amar Das</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="pa">ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_century_painting_of_Guru_Amar_Das.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/18th_century_painting_of_Guru_Amar_Das.jpg/220px-18th_century_painting_of_Guru_Amar_Das.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/18th_century_painting_of_Guru_Amar_Das.jpg/330px-18th_century_painting_of_Guru_Amar_Das.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/18th_century_painting_of_Guru_Amar_Das.jpg/440px-18th_century_painting_of_Guru_Amar_Das.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Late 18th century painting of Guru Amar Das</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Amar Das</div><br />5 May 1479<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Basarke, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a><sup id="cite_ref-eosamardas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1574<span style="display:none">(1574-09-01)</span> (aged 95)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Goindwal_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindwal Sahib">Goindwal Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mansa_Devi_(Sikhism)" title="Mansa Devi (Sikhism)">Mansa Devi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Bhai Mohan (1507 - 1567) <br /> Bhai Mohri (1514 - 1569) <br />Bibi Dani (1526 - 1569)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mata_Bhani" title="Mata Bhani">Bibi Bhani</a> (1532 - 1598)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Tej Bhan & Mata Lachmi Devi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sahib" title="Anand Sahib">Anand Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Manji" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Manji">Sikh Manji</a> system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a>,</li> <li>Sikh congregations at <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li>Speaking against <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a> Pratha and <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a> system</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><i>Third Master</i><br /><i>Third Nanak</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based in</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period in office</th><td class="infobox-data">1552–1574</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ramdas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Ramdas">Guru Ramdas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikh gurus</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Selected revered saints</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Philosophy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kirat Karō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vand Chakkō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Charhdi Kalā</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Practices</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Scripture</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Places</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Takhts</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgun and Sargun (Sikhism)">Nirgun and Sargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikhism and other religions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Guru Amar Das</b> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[gʊɾuː<span class="wrap"> </span>əməɾᵊ<span class="wrap"> </span>d̯aːsᵊ]</a></span>; 5 May 1479 – 1 September 1574), sometimes spelled as <b>Guru Amardas</b>, was the third of <a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Gurus_of_Sikhism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ten Gurus of Sikhism">the Ten Gurus of Sikhism</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Guru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Guru">Sikh Guru</a> on 26 March 1552 at age 73.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before becoming a Sikh (Shishya from Sanskrit), on a pilgrimage after having been prompted to search for a <i>guru</i>, he heard his nephew's wife, Bibi Amro, reciting a hymn by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, and was deeply moved by it.<sup id="cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amro was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a>, the second and then current Guru of the Sikhs. Amar Das persuaded Amro to introduce him to her father <sup id="cite_ref-cole20_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1539, Amar Das, at the age of sixty, met the current Guru (Guru Angad) and became a Sikh, devoting himself to the Guru.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1552, before his death, guru Angad appointed Amar Das as the third Guru of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farhadian2015p342_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhadian2015p342-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guru Amar Das was an important innovator in the teachings of Guru who introduced a religious organization called the <a href="/wiki/Manji_(Sikhism)" title="Manji (Sikhism)">Manji system</a> by appointing trained clergy, a system that expanded and survives into the contemporary era.<sup id="cite_ref-cole20_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote and compiled hymns into a Pothi (book) that ultimately helped create the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a><i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenech2014p41_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenech2014p41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balslev2014p39_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balslev2014p39-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </i> </p><p>Amar Das remained the leader of the Sikhs till age 95, and named his son-in-law Bhai Jetha, later remembered by the name <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>, as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singha2000p14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singha2000p14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background">Family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amar Das was born to mother Bakht Kaur (also known as Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, or Rup Kaur<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and father Tej Bhan Bhalla on 5 May 1479 in Basarke village in what is now called Amritsar district of Punjab (India).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather was Hari Das.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family belonged to the Bhalla <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a> (clan) of the <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> tribe. Amar Das was the eldest child out of four sons.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amar Das worked as both an agriculturalist and a trader.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his early 20s, Amar Das married <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Devi_(Sikhism)" title="Mansa Devi (Sikhism)">Mansa Devi</a> and they had four children which they named Dani (daughter; born in 1530), Bhani (daughter; born 3 August 1533), Mohan (son; born 11 March 1536), and Mohri (son; born 2 June 1539).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eosamardas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhani was his favourite child of the four.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_pilgrimages">Religious pilgrimages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious pilgrimages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amar Das had followed the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> for much of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was reputed to have gone on some twenty annual pilgrimages into the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> on river <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a Hindu monk (<i><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhu</a></i>) who asked him why he did not have a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> (teacher, spiritual counselor) and Amar Das decided to get one.<sup id="cite_ref-eosamardas_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return from his twentieth pilgrimage to the Ganges River, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of the Sikh Guru Angad, singing a hymn by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amro had been acquainted with Amar Das through her in-laws, whom Amar Das was related to (Amro was married to the son of Amar Das' brother).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met the second Guru of Sikhism and adopted him as his spiritual Guru who was much younger than his own age.<sup id="cite_ref-eosamardas_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_of_Guru_Angad">Service of Guru Angad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Service of Guru Angad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun%2C_circa_pre-1688.jpg/220px-Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun%2C_circa_pre-1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun%2C_circa_pre-1688.jpg/330px-Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun%2C_circa_pre-1688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun%2C_circa_pre-1688.jpg/440px-Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun%2C_circa_pre-1688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Mural depicting Guru Angad and Guru Amar Das with attendants on a terrace from the Bhai Bahlo Darwaza of the Darbar of Ram Rai in Dehradun, circa 1676–1687</figcaption></figure> <p>Amar Das is famous in the Sikh tradition for his relentless service to Guru Angad, with legends about waking up in the early hours and fetching water for his Guru's bath, cleaning and cooking for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoting much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.<sup id="cite_ref-eosamardas_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to his selfless devotion to the second guru, Angad nominated Amar Das as his spiritual successor on 29 March 1552.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guruship">Guruship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Guruship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After eleven years most devoted service of the Guru and the sangats, Amar Das was nominated the third guru. Guru Amar Das moved to <a href="/wiki/Goindwal" title="Goindwal">Goindwal</a> situated not far away from Khadur on the bank of river Beas on the high road to Lahore, about 8 kilometres from Kapurthala and 45 kms. from Amritsar. He did so to avoid the pending conflict with Guru Angad's sons who had not approved of their supersession. Even at Goindwal he was harassed by Angad's son Datu. He went to Goindwal and said: "Only yesterday thou wert a water-carrier in our house, and today thou sittest as a Guru. "Saying this he kicked the Guru off his seat. Amar Das humbly said: "O great king, pardon me. Thou must have hurt thy foot." The Guru retired from Goindwal and hid himself in a house at Basarke, his home village. Datu set himself up as the Guru. Amar Das was persuaded by <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a> to return, and Datu, finding no following, went back to <a href="/wiki/Khadur_Sahib" title="Khadur Sahib">Khadur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachings">Teachings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png/220px-Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png/330px-Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png/440px-Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Fresco depiction of Guru Amar Das from Baoli Sahib, Goindwal</figcaption></figure> <p>Guru Amar Das taught with his own life the meaning of Guru Service, also known in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> religious parlance as Guru <i>Sewa</i>. (also spelt <i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a>)</i>. Amar Das emphasized both spiritual pursuits as well as an ethical daily life. He encouraged his followers to wake up before dawn, do their ablutions and then meditate in silent seclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-eosamardas_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good devotee, taught Amar Das, should be truthful, keep his mind in control, eat only when hungry, seek the company of pious men, worship the Lord, make an honest living, serve holy men, not covet another's wealth and never slander others. He recommended holy devotion with Guru's image in his follower's hearts.<sup id="cite_ref-eosamardas_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guru Amar Das was also a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a> (a Hindu custom).<sup id="cite_ref-eosamardas_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> people to fight in order to protect people and for the sake of justice, stating this is <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sambhi2005p29_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sambhi2005p29-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promoted <a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">inter-caste marriages</a>, going against the traditional Punjabi social orthodoxy at the time by doing-so.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also promoted the remarriage of widows.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promulgated <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> as the ideal romantic relationship type.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_organization_and_missionary_dissemination">Religious organization and missionary dissemination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religious organization and missionary dissemination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guru Amar Das started the tradition of appointing <i>manji</i> (zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called <i>sangatias,</i> whom were both men and women),<sup id="cite_ref-cole20_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced the <i>dasvandh</i> ("the tenth" of income) system of revenue collection in the name of Guru and as pooled community religious resource,<sup id="cite_ref-Farhadian2015p342_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhadian2015p342-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the famed <i><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a></i> tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating.<sup id="cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HaarKalsi2009p21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also started and inaugurated the 84-level <a href="/wiki/Step_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Step well">step well</a> called <i>baoli</i> at <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindval</a> with a resting place, modeled along the lines of the Indian tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala_(type_of_building)" title="Dharamshala (type of building)">dharmsala</a></i>, which then became a Sikh pilgrimage (<i>tirath</i>) center.<sup id="cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singha2000p14_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singha2000p14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HaarKalsi2009p21_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another organization analogous of the Manji was the <i><a href="/wiki/Piri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Piri System">Piri</a>,</i> which involved an appointed preaching official and missionary for Sikh assemblies and congregations whom were all women and instructed to <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">spread Sikhism amongst womankind</a> (especially women belonging to Muslim backgrounds).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to W. Owen Cole, establishment of the manji and piri systems may have been motivated by the large amounts of new converts coming into the Sikh faith, especially in the Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of these converts brought in beliefs and practices of their original faith, so the preachers were appointed to instruct them on proper Sikh orthodoxy and orthopraxy, essentially motivating them to choose the Sikh faith and all that comes with it, even if it involves discarding their old ways of spirituality in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed women to become the congregation leaders of the jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women appointed for leading the Piri system of disseminating Sikhism to women were Bhani (his younger daughter), Bibi Dani (his elder daughter), and Bibi Pal, all of whom were intellectual types.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Piri system also educated womenfolk in social plus religious norms and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863%E2%80%931879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi%2C_Kanak_Mandi%2C_Amritsar%2C_ca.1863%E2%80%931879.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi%2C_Kanak_Mandi%2C_Amritsar%2C_ca.1863%E2%80%931879.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi%2C_Kanak_Mandi%2C_Amritsar%2C_ca.1863%E2%80%931879.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Fresco depicting a Sikh <i><a href="/wiki/Ragi_(Sikhism)" title="Ragi (Sikhism)">ragi jatha</a></i> musically performing using traditional instruments in the presence of Guru Amar Das from Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879</figcaption></figure> <p>Amar Das personally patronized the education of his son-in-law Jetha (future Guru Ram Das) in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">North Indian classical music</a>, and Bhai Gurdas, in various languages and religious literature.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Banning_of_Sati">Banning of Sati</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Banning of Sati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guru Amar Das was a strong opponent of <i><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a></i>, the practice of widowed wives being immolated on the funeral pyre of their deceased husband during the latter's cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states the following regarding the practice:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Women are not Satis, who burn themselves with their husband's corpse. <br />Rather they are Satis who die by the mere shock of separation from their husband <br />And, they, too, ought to be considered as Satis, who abide in modesty and contentment, <br />Who wait upon their Lord and rising in the morn ever remember him."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Amar Das, <i>Var Suhi</i> of the <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i> (page 787), translation from <i>Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages</i> (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar</cite></div></blockquote> <p>He further states:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Women are burnt in the fire with their husbands<br />They undergo sufficient pain by their death.<br />And if they appreciated not their husbands<br />Nanak, why should they be burnt at all?"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Amar Das, translation from <i>Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages</i> (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposing_the_Purdah_system">Opposing the Purdah system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opposing the Purdah system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a></i> is a traditional custom of women obscuring their face and bodies when in the company of men and secluding themselves from the company of men. Guru Amar Das was vehemently against this custom and is said to have once reprimanded the visiting <i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a></i> (king) of Haripur and his wives when the latter observed the custom around him.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the queens of the raja refused to part ways with veiling herself, in which the Guru responded: "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why halt thou come hither."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akbar">Akbar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Akbar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg/330px-Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg/440px-Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>19th century painting of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> meeting Guru Amar Das in 1567 at <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindwal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> met Guru Amar Das. According to the Sikh legend, he neither received Akbar nor was Akbar directly ushered to him, rather the Guru suggested that Akbar like everyone sit on the floor and eat in the <i>langar</i> with everyone before their first meeting. Akbar, who sought to encourage tolerance and acceptance across religious lines, readily accepted the suggestion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conclusion of the Langar, Akbar sat in the congregation with the rest of the sangat and asked the Guru a question.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh hagiographies called <i>janam-sakhis</i> mention that Guru Amar Das persuaded Akbar to repeal the tax on Hindu pilgrims going to Haridwar.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rituals_in_Sikhism:_wedding,_festivals,_funeral"><span id="Rituals_in_Sikhism:_wedding.2C_festivals.2C_funeral"></span>Rituals in Sikhism: wedding, festivals, funeral</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rituals in Sikhism: wedding, festivals, funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amar Das composed the rapturous hymn called <i>Anand</i> and made it a part of the ritual of Sikh marriage called "<a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a>", which literally means "blissful event".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruether2006p700_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruether2006p700-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amar Das believed that a successful marriage was one in which the souls of the husband and wife became one metaphorically:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"They are not husband and wife who sit together. Rather are they wife and husband who have one sprit in two bodies"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Amar Das, translation from <i>Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages</i> (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <i>Anand</i> hymn is sung, in contemporary times, not only during Sikh weddings but also at major celebrations. Parts of the "Anand hymn" are recited in Sikh temples (<i>Gurdwara</i>) every evening, at the naming of a Sikh baby, as well as during a Sikh funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-fenech35_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenech35-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sahib" title="Anand Sahib">Anand Sahib</a></i> composition of Guru Amar Das, printed on pages 917 to 922 of the <i>Adi Granth</i> and set to the "Ramkali" raga.<sup id="cite_ref-fenech35_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenech35-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mandair2013p89_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p89-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guru Amar Das's entire <i>Anand Sahib</i> composition is a linguistic mix of Panjabi and Hindi languages, reflecting Guru Amar Das' upbringing and background. The hymn celebrates the freedom from suffering and anxiety, the union of the soul with the divine, describing a devotee's bliss achieved through the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> with inner devotion and by repeating the Name of the Creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandair2013p89_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p89-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymn states in stanza 19 that the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> teach "the Name is supreme", in stanza 27 that <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastra</a> discuss the good and the bad but are unreal because they lack a Guru and that it is the grace of the Guru which awakens the heart and the devotion to the Name. The hymn celebrates the life of a householder and constant inner devotion to the One, ending each stanza with the characteristic "says Nanak".<sup id="cite_ref-Mandair2013p89_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p89-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ColeSambhi1993_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColeSambhi1993-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guru Amar Das is also credited in the Sikh tradition to have encouraged building of temples and places where Sikhs could gather together on festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singha2005p101_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singha2005p101-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richman2001p403_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richman2001p403-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He required his disciples to gather together for prayers and communal celebrations in autumn for Diwali and in spring for Vaisakhi, both post harvest ancient festivals of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Sambhi2005p29_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sambhi2005p29-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founding_of_Goindwal_and_construction_of_the_Baoli_Sahib">Founding of Goindwal and construction of the Baoli Sahib</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Founding of Goindwal and construction of the Baoli Sahib"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guru Amar Das was responsible for establishing a new centre of Sikh authority at Goindwal and erecting a stepwell known as Baoli Sahib at the location.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foresight of the Guru building a headquarters at the central location of Goindwal in the Punjab on the bank of the Beas River, being intersected by the three major cultural regions of the area (<a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a>), may have facilitated the fast-spread of Sikhism throughout the three main regions of Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baoli Sahib was the first truly Sikh pilgrimage site and it helped attract new prospective members to the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Site_of_the_Golden_Temple">Site of the Golden Temple</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Site of the Golden Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg/220px-Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg/330px-Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg/440px-Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Guru Amar Das picked the site for <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harimandir Sahib</a> (Golden Temple).<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal2010p139_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p139-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Guru Amar Das selected the site in Amritsar village for a special temple, that Guru Ram Das began building, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> completed and inaugurated, and the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> gilded. This temple has evolved into the contemporary "Harimandir Sahib", or the temple of Hari (God), also known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arshi1989p5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arshi1989p5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalal2010p139_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p139-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most sacred pilgrimage site in Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Festivals">Festivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Pashaura_Singh_(Sikh_scholar)" title="Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)">Pashaura Singh</a>, Louis E. Fenech and William McLeod state that Guru Amar Das was influential in introducing "distinctive features, pilgrimages, festivals, temples and rituals" that ever since his time have been an integral part of Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenech2014p41_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenech2014p41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was responsible for solidifying the dates of Vaisakhi and Diwali as biannual affairs where Sikhs could gather together and meet directly with their guru.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scripture">Scripture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg/220px-Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg/330px-Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg/440px-Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Folios from the Pinjore recension of the Goindwal Pothi, circa 1570's</figcaption></figure> <p>Amar Das is also remembered as the innovator who began the collection of hymns now known as <i>Goindwal Pothi</i> or <i>Mohan Pothi</i>, the precursor to what became the <i><a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a></i> – the first edition of Sikh scripture – under the fifth Sikh Master, which finally emerged as the <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i> under the tenth Sikh Master.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenech2014p41_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenech2014p41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearly 900 hymns composed by Guru Amar Das constitute the third largest part, or about 15%, of the <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balslev2014p39_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balslev2014p39-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choosing_a_successor">Choosing a successor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Choosing a successor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons%2C_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri%2C_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg/220px-Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons%2C_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri%2C_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons%2C_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri%2C_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg/330px-Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons%2C_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri%2C_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons%2C_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri%2C_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg/440px-Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons%2C_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri%2C_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Gilded panel depicting Guru Amar Das with his sons, Baba Mohan and Baba Mohri, from Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib</figcaption></figure> <p>Amar Das had four people in mind that would succeed him as the next Guru:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Ramu, his son-in-law<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Jetha</a>, his son-in-law<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mohan, his elder son</li> <li>Mohri, his younger son</li></ol> <p>He devised four tests for them all to undertake to decide who will inherit the guruship.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that only Jetha passed them all.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been postulated that he may have considered his own daughter, Bhani, as a possible successor for the guruship at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before his <a href="/wiki/Joti_Jot" title="Joti Jot">death</a>, it is recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/Ramkali_Sadu" title="Ramkali Sadu">Ramkali Sadu</a></i> (composed by his great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a>), that he called upon all of his familial relatives to acknowledge the new Guru, Ram Das, and personally placed the sandal paste on Bhai Jetha's forehead to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gaddi" title="Guru Gaddi">anoint him</a> as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 1574, in Goindwal Sahib, and like other Sikh Gurus he was cremated, with the "flowers" (remaining bones and ash after the cremation) immersed into <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">harisar</i></span> (flowing waters). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_year">Birth year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Birth year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst the most commonly accepted and recorded date for Guru Amar Das' birth year is 1479, many sources give a much later date of 1509.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources that affirm the 1479 year of birth for the guru are: <a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_(historian)" title="Ganda Singh (historian)">Ganda Singh's</a> <i>Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Karam_Singh_(historian)" title="Karam Singh (historian)">Karam Singh's</a> <i>Gurpurab Nirnay</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kahn_Singh_Nabha" title="Kahn Singh Nabha">Kahn Singh Nabha's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Kosh" title="Mahan Kosh">Mahan Kosh</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Arthur_Macauliffe" title="Max Arthur Macauliffe">Max Arthur MaCauliffe</a>'s <i>The Sikh Religion</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Giani_Gian_Singh" title="Giani Gian Singh">Giani Gian Singh's</a> <i>Panth Prakash</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Twarikh_Guru_Khalsa" title="Twarikh Guru Khalsa">Twarikh Guru Khalsa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources that give a later year of 1509 as the birth year for the guru are: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Davey_Cunningham" title="Joseph Davey Cunningham">Joseph Davey Cunningham's</a> <i>History of the Sikhs</i> and Kesar Singh Chibber's <i>Bansavalinama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kavi_Santokh_Singh" title="Kavi Santokh Singh">Kavi Santokh Singh</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Suraj_Prakash" title="Suraj Prakash">Suraj Prakash</a></i> gives an even earlier year of birth of 1469, coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Guru Amardas</i> is a 1979 <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>, directed by Prem Prakash and produced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Films_Division_of_India" title="Films Division of India">Films Division</a>, covering his life and teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800%E2%80%931810.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810."><img alt="Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Guru_Amar_Das%2C_painting_from_ca.1800%E2%80%931810.jpg/77px-Guru_Amar_Das%2C_painting_from_ca.1800%E2%80%931810.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Guru_Amar_Das%2C_painting_from_ca.1800%E2%80%931810.jpg/115px-Guru_Amar_Das%2C_painting_from_ca.1800%E2%80%931810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Guru_Amar_Das%2C_painting_from_ca.1800%E2%80%931810.jpg/154px-Guru_Amar_Das%2C_painting_from_ca.1800%E2%80%931810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Amar Das miniature painting."><img alt="Guru Amar Das miniature painting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg/90px-Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg/135px-Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg/180px-Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Amar Das miniature painting.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji" class="mw-redirect" title="Japji">Japji</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as Bhai Rama, he was married to his elder daughter, Dani.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He was married to his younger daughter, Bhani.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Amar_Das&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eosamardas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKushwant_Singh" class="citation web cs1">Kushwant Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103">"Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Sikhism</i>. Punjab University Patiala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.atitle=Amar+Das%2C+Guru+%281479-1574%29&rft.au=Kushwant+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d%2Fpage%2Fn103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Sikhism%3A+Guru+Angad+Dev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fsikhism%2Fpeople%2Fangaddev.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkeda2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ikeda, Atsushi (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112145054/https://sikhresearchjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/articles/SRJ-Cultural_Negotiation_in_Early-Sikh%20Imagery_by_Atsushi_Ikeda_Sept2019.pdf">"Cultural Negotiation in Early Sikh Imagery: Portraiture of the Sikh Gurus to 1849"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sikh Research Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sikhresearchjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/articles/SRJ-Cultural_Negotiation_in_Early-Sikh%20Imagery_by_Atsushi_Ikeda_Sept2019.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) is the third Guru and was inaugurated in 1552 at the age of 73.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Cultural+Negotiation+in+Early+Sikh+Imagery%3A+Portraiture+of+the+Sikh+Gurus+to+1849&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2019-09&rft.aulast=Ikeda&rft.aufirst=Atsushi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsikhresearchjournal.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2FSRJ-Cultural_Negotiation_in_Early-Sikh%2520Imagery_by_Atsushi_Ikeda_Sept2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cole20-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cole20_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole20_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole20_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22"><i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.au=William+Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <i>Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farhadian2015p342-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farhadian2015p342_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farhadian2015p342_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_E._Farhadian2015" class="citation book cs1">Charles E. Farhadian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VV-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT342"><i>Introducing World Religions</i></a>. Baker Academic. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4650-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4650-9"><bdi>978-1-4412-4650-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+World+Religions&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4650-9&rft.au=Charles+E.+Farhadian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VV-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenech2014p41-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenech2014p41_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenech2014p41_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenech2014p41_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balslev2014p39-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balslev2014p39_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balslev2014p39_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnindita_N._Balslev2014" class="citation book cs1">Anindita N. Balslev (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wO2ICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39"><i>On World Religions: Diversity, Not Dissension</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-174-9"><bdi>978-93-5150-174-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+World+Religions%3A+Diversity%2C+Not+Dissension&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-174-9&rft.au=Anindita+N.+Balslev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwO2ICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singha2000p14-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singha2000p14_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singha2000p14_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Singha2000" class="citation book cs1">H. S. Singha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C"><i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)</i></a>. Hemkunt Press. pp. 14–17, 52–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism+%28over+1000+Entries%29&rft.pages=14-17%2C+52-56&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.au=H.+S.+Singha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2003" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Harish C. (2003). <i>The Making of Punjab</i>. Unistar Books. pp. 272–273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Punjab&rft.pages=272-273&rft.pub=Unistar+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Harish+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghMandair2023" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2023). "Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)". <i>The Sikh World</i>. Routledge Worlds. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429848384" title="Special:BookSources/9780429848384"><bdi>9780429848384</bdi></a>. <q>A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guru+Amar+Das+%281479%E2%80%931574%29&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+World&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780429848384&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal_Singh1971" class="citation book cs1">Gopal Singh (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zc7wSs3R880C&pg=PA11"><i>The Religion of the Sikhs</i></a>. Allied. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-210-22296-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-210-22296-6"><bdi>978-0-210-22296-6</bdi></a>. <q>Amar Das was a farmer-trader and a strong Vaishnavite before he met Guru Angad at a fairly advanced age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Allied&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-210-22296-6&rft.au=Gopal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZc7wSs3R880C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.ITheSikhGurus1469-1708"><i>History Of The Sikhs Vol. 1 The Sikh Guru's 1469-1708</i></a>. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+The+Sikhs+Vol.+1+The+Sikh+Guru%27s+1469-1708&rft.pages=129&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfTheSikhsVol.ITheSikhGurus1469-1708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2004" class="citation book cs1">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2004). <i>Sikhism</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1779-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-1779-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9&rft.au=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sambhi2005p29-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sambhi2005p29_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sambhi2005p29_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi2005" class="citation book cs1">W. Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79760-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Sikhism%3A+Sikh+Religion+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79760-7&rft.au=W.+Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvcSRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghShankar1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gurbachan; Shankar, Sondeep (1998). <i>The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk</i>. Lustre Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174360373" title="Special:BookSources/9788174360373"><bdi>9788174360373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Faith%2C+Philosophy+%26+Folk&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Lustre+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788174360373&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurbachan&rft.au=Shankar%2C+Sondeep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p21-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaarKalsi2009p21_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaarKalsi2009p21_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristen_HaarSewa_Singh_Kalsi2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21"><i>Sikhism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0647-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2&rft.au=Kristen+Haar&rft.au=Sewa+Singh+Kalsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOI1nB_zTyAC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2004" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen (2004). <i>Understanding Sikhism</i>. Understanding Faith. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906716912" title="Special:BookSources/9781906716912"><bdi>9781906716912</bdi></a>. <q>Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Sikhism&rft.series=Understanding+Faith&rft.pub=Dunedin+Academic+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781906716912&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruthi2004" class="citation book cs1">Pruthi, Raj K. (2004). <i>Sikhism and Indian Civilization</i>. Culture and civilization series (1st ed.). Discovery Publishing House. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171418794" title="Special:BookSources/9788171418794"><bdi>9788171418794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Indian+Civilization&rft.series=Culture+and+civilization+series&rft.pages=104-105&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788171418794&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.aufirst=Raj+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIftikhar2016" class="citation book cs1">Iftikhar, Rukhsana (2016). <i>Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages</i> (1st ed.). Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386073730" title="Special:BookSources/9789386073730"><bdi>9789386073730</bdi></a>. <q>Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Feminism%3A+Class%2C+Gender+%26+Identity+in+Medieval+Ages&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789386073730&rft.aulast=Iftikhar&rft.aufirst=Rukhsana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIftikhar2016" class="citation book cs1">Iftikhar, Rukhsana (2016). <i>Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages</i> (1st ed.). Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386073730" title="Special:BookSources/9789386073730"><bdi>9789386073730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Feminism%3A+Class%2C+Gender+%26+Identity+in+Medieval+Ages&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789386073730&rft.aulast=Iftikhar&rft.aufirst=Rukhsana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22"><i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.au=William+Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm">"Noor-E-Ilahi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noor-E-Ilahi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srigurugranthsahib.org%2Fguru-amar-das%2Fnoor-e-ilahi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22"><i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.au=William+Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2005" class="citation book cs1">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYucLFfEIsC&pg=PA189"><i>The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6583-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-6583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Khalsa%3A+A+Feminist+Re-Memory+of+Sikh+Identity&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6583-7&rft.au=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsYucLFfEIsC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The name of the wedding ceremony, anand karaj (anand = bliss, karaj = event), is derived from Guru Amar Das's rapturous hymn Anand (bliss)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruether2006p700-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruether2006p700_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosemary_Skinner_KellerRosemary_Radford_RuetherMarie_Cantlon2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosemary Skinner Keller; Rosemary Radford Ruether; Marie Cantlon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA700"><i>Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 700. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34687-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34687-8"><bdi>0-253-34687-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Religion+in+North+America&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-253-34687-8&rft.au=Rosemary+Skinner+Keller&rft.au=Rosemary+Radford+Ruether&rft.au=Marie+Cantlon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPILfbtT5tQC%26pg%3DPA700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenech35-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenech35_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenech35_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p89-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p89_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p89_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p89_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89"><i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45108-9"><bdi>978-1-136-45108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.pages=89-91%2C+for+a+translation+of+his+complete+Anand+hymn+see+pp.+92-101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45108-9&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Arvind+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dftdcvmviy_8C%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColeSambhi1993-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColeSambhi1993_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi1993" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1993). <i>Derived Religions?</i>. pp. 10–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-23049-5_2">10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-54107-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-54107-4"><bdi>978-0-333-54107-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derived+Religions%3F&rft.pages=10-24&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-23049-5_2&rft.isbn=978-0-333-54107-4&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawandha2010" class="citation book cs1">Jawandha, Major Nahar Singh (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQeKTUXphPMC&q=guru+amar+das+maghi&pg=PA29"><i>Glimpses of Sikhism</i></a>. Sanbun Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380213255" title="Special:BookSources/9789380213255"><bdi>9789380213255</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Sanbun+Publishers&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=9789380213255&rft.aulast=Jawandha&rft.aufirst=Major+Nahar+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQeKTUXphPMC%26q%3Dguru%2Bamar%2Bdas%2Bmaghi%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singha2005p101-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singha2005p101_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._H.S._Singha2005" class="citation book cs1">Dr. H.S. Singha (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA101"><i>Sikh Studies</i></a>. Hemkunt Press. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8"><bdi>978-81-7010-245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-245-8&rft.au=Dr.+H.S.+Singha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRodBu9seiIC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richman2001p403-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richman2001p403_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaula_Richman2001" class="citation book cs1">Paula Richman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA403"><i>Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 403 with note 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22074-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22074-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22074-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questioning+Ramayanas%3A+A+South+Asian+Tradition&rft.pages=403+with+note+14&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22074-4&rft.au=Paula+Richman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RW6MrAiJ-0C%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Mayled2002" class="citation book cs1">Jon Mayled (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5"><i>Sikhism</i></a></span>. Heinemann. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5/page/36">36</a>–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33627-1"><bdi>978-0-435-33627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-435-33627-1&rft.au=Jon+Mayled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhism0000mayl_l1v5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amar-Das">Amar Das: Sikh Guru</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalal2010p139-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p139_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p139_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA139"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arshi1989p5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arshi1989p5_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardeep_Singh_Arshi1989" class="citation book cs1">Pardeep Singh Arshi (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcmfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Golden Temple: history, art, and architecture</i></a>. Harman. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85151-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85151-25-0"><bdi>978-81-85151-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Temple%3A+history%2C+art%2C+and+architecture&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Harman&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85151-25-0&rft.au=Pardeep+Singh+Arshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcmfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Christine_FairSumit_Ganguly2008" class="citation book cs1">C. Christine Fair; Sumit Ganguly (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2E1NpYuOrsC&pg=PA17"><i>Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971189-5"><bdi>978-0-19-971189-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treading+on+Hallowed+Ground%3A+Counterinsurgency+Operations+in+Sacred+Spaces&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971189-5&rft.au=C.+Christine+Fair&rft.au=Sumit+Ganguly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2E1NpYuOrsC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (1996), <i>Scriptural Adaptation in the Adi Granth</i>, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Oxford University Press, Volume 64, Number 2 (Summer 1996), pages 337–357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Prithi Pal (2006). <i>The History of Sikh Gurus</i>. Lotus Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788183820752" title="Special:BookSources/9788183820752"><bdi>9788183820752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sikh+Gurus&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788183820752&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prithi+Pal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrubshurow2009" class="citation book cs1">Urubshurow, Victoria Kennick (2009). <i>Introducing World Religions</i>. Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980163308" title="Special:BookSources/9780980163308"><bdi>9780980163308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+World+Religions&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Journal+of+Buddhist+Ethics+Online+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780980163308&rft.aulast=Urubshurow&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Kennick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsh2003" class="citation book cs1">Jakobsh, Doris R. (2003). <i>Relocating Gender in Sikh History: Transformation, Meaning and Identity</i>. Oxford India paperbacks. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195663150" title="Special:BookSources/9780195663150"><bdi>9780195663150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relocating+Gender+in+Sikh+History%3A+Transformation%2C+Meaning+and+Identity&rft.series=Oxford+India+paperbacks&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195663150&rft.aulast=Jakobsh&rft.aufirst=Doris+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauhan2006" class="citation book cs1">Chauhan, G.S. (2006). "Chapter 17: Baba Sunder ji". <i>Bani of Bhagats</i>. Hemkunt Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170103561" title="Special:BookSources/9788170103561"><bdi>9788170103561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17%3A+Baba+Sunder+ji&rft.btitle=Bani+of+Bhagats&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788170103561&rft.aulast=Chauhan&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhillon1988" class="citation book cs1">Dhillon, Dalbir Singh (1988). <i>Sikhism: Origin and Development</i>. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+Origin+and+Development&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Dhillon&rft.aufirst=Dalbir+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). "Appendix III: Date of Birth of Guru Amar Das". <i>History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469-1606 C.E</i>. Vol. 1. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp. 457–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126908578" title="Special:BookSources/9788126908578"><bdi>9788126908578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+III%3A+Date+of+Birth+of+Guru+Amar+Das&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1469-1606+C.E&rft.pages=457-59&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788126908578&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas">"GURU AMARDAS | Films Division"</a>. <i>filmsdivision.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=filmsdivision.org&rft.atitle=GURU+AMARDAS+%7C+Films+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmsdivision.org%2Fshop%2Fguru-amardas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Amar+Das" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh Guru</a> </b><br />26 March 1552 – 1 September 1574 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" 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