Politics by Number: Indicators As Social Pressure in International Relations by Judith G. Kelley, Beth A. Simmons

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Kelley</span><i class='icon icon-gizmo-navigate-right' aria-hidden='true'></i></a><h2><A HREF=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=491025 target='_blank' title='View other papers by this author'>Judith G. Kelley</a></h2><p>Duke University</p><h2><A HREF=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=391287 target='_blank' title='View other papers by this author'>Beth A. Simmons</a></h2><p>University of Pennsylvania</p> </div> <p>Date Written: 2015</p> <div class="abstract-text"> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The ability to monitor state behavior has become a critical tool of international governance. Systematic monitoring allows for the creation of numerical indicators that can be used to rank, compare and essentially censure states. This article argues that the ability to disseminate such numerical indicators widely and instantly constitutes an exercise of social power, with the potential to change important policy outputs. It explores this argument in the context of the United States’ efforts to combat trafficking in persons and find evidence that monitoring has important effects: countries are more likely to criminalize human trafficking when they are included in the US annual Trafficking in Persons Report, while countries that are placed on a “watch list” are also more likely to criminalize. These findings have broad implications for international governance and the exercise of soft power in the global information age. <P></p> </div> <center> </center> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> human trafficking, international politics and governance, performance indicators, systematic monitoring, feedback, shaming, state policy outputs, social pressure theory, empirical analysis, criminalization</p> <div id="ssrn-paper-declarations-widget" data-papers-api-url="https://api.ssrn.com/papers" data-abstract-id="3362362"></div> <script type="module" src="https://cdn.ssrn.com/ssrn-paper-declarations-widget/app.bundle.js"></script> <p> <strong class="hidden-xs hidden-sm">Suggested Citation:</strong> <a href="#" class="suggested-citation-btn btn-link visible-xs visible-sm">Suggested Citation<i class="icon icon-gizmo-navigate-right"></i></a> </p> <div id="selectable" onclick="selectText('selectable')" class="suggested-citation"> Kelley, Judith Green and Simmons, Beth A., Politics by Number: Indicators As Social Pressure in International Relations (2015). American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 59, P. 55, 2015, Available at SSRN: <a href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3362362" target="_blank">https://ssrn.com/abstract=3362362</a> </div> <a href="#" class="show-contact-btn btn-link" role="button" aria-label="Show contact information"> <span aria-hidden="true"></span><i class="icon icon-gizmo-navigate-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <div class="contact-information"> <div class="author"> <h3><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=491025" target='_blank'>Judith Green Kelley</a></h3> <div class="block-quote"> <h4>Duke University ( <a href="javascript:void(0)" onClick=" appData.push({ event: 'conversionDriverClick', conversionDriver: { name: 'article-page:email' } }); window.open('GetAuthorEmail.cfm?abid=3362362&pag=papers','Author_Email','toolbar=no,menubar=no,scrollbars=yes,resizable=no,width=700,height=470')">email</a> )</h4> <p> <span>Durham, NC 27708-0204<br>United States<br></span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="author"> <h3><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=391287" target='_blank'>Beth A. 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Politics by Number: Indicators As Social Pressure in International Relations by Judith G. Kelley, Beth A. Simmons :: SSRN