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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/220px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/330px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/440px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Folio 14 recto of the Vergilius Romanus contains an <a href="/wiki/Author_portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="Author portrait">author portrait</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif/220px-VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif/330px-VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif/440px-VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Folio 100 verso. <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Dido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> at the banquet</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Vergilius Romanus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apostolica" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Apostolica">Biblioteca Apostolica</a>, Cod. Vat. lat. 3867), also known as the <b>Roman Vergil</b>, is a 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated manuscript">illustrated manuscript</a> of the works of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>. It contains the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i>, and some of the <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i>. It is one of the oldest and most important Vergilian <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>. It is 332 by 323 mm with 309 <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> folios. It was written in <a href="/wiki/Rustic_capitals" title="Rustic capitals">rustic capitals</a> with 18 lines per page. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoration">Decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergilius_Romanus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vergilius Romanus is one of the few surviving illustrated classical manuscripts. As such, its importance to art history is hard to overstate. The manuscript has 19 surviving illustrations, painted by at least two artists, both of whom are anonymous. The style of both artists represents the beginning of a break with classical style. The human form becomes abstracted and flattened and the naturalistic depiction of space is abandoned. </p><p>The first artist painted a single miniature on folio 1 recto, an illustration for the First Eclogue. In it a cowherd, Tityrus, plays a flute while sitting under a tree. The heads of three cows look out from behind the tree. Meanwhile a standing goatherd, Meliboeus, leads a goat by its horns under a tree. More goats look out from behind that tree. This miniature shows some remnants of classical style. The cows and goats looking out from behind the trees are an attempt, albeit an unsuccessful one, at creating the appearance of space. The garments of the two men are draped naturally and the heads are shown in three quarter view. The miniature, unlike any miniature in this manuscript, is unframed which shows a connection to the tradition of papyrus roll illustration. </p><p>The second artist demonstrates a more radical break from the classical tradition in the remaining miniatures. All of these miniatures are framed in red and gold. The artist seems to have no real understanding of the portrayal of the human body, and is incapable of handling a contorted pose, such as is seen on <a href="/wiki/File:VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif" title="File:VergiliusRomanusFolio100v.gif">folio 100 verso</a>, where a reclining figure is portrayed in an utterly unconvincing manner. Faces are no longer portrayed in three quarter position but are either frontal or full profile. The clothing no longer drapes naturally but is instead reduced to rhythmic curving lines. The page is often divided into separate compartments (See, for example, <a href="/wiki/File:VergiliusRomanusFolio101r.gif" title="File:VergiliusRomanusFolio101r.gif">Folio 108r</a>). When a landscape is depicted there is no attempt to depict a three-dimensional space. There is no ground line and items are spread evenly over the field. Care is taken so that items do not overlap each other. The effect is remarkably similar to some Roman floor <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, which may have served as inspiration (see folios 44 verso and <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:VergiliusRomanusFolio45r.gif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:VergiliusRomanusFolio45r.gif (page does not exist)">45 recto</a>. </p><p>The manuscript contains three <a href="/wiki/Author_portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="Author portrait">author portraits</a> (Folios 3v, <a href="/wiki/File:VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif" title="File:VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif">9r</a>, and <a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg" title="File:RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg">14 r</a>). These portraits show a reliance on the early papyrus scroll tradition of manuscript portraits. They are inserted into the text column within a frame. The portraits show Vergil sitting on a chair between a lectern and a locked chest. The portrait on folio 3v has the lectern on Vergil's right on the chest on his left, which is reversed in the other two portraits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provenance">Provenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergilius_Romanus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Provenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vergilius Romanus was produced in an undetermined <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the Roman Empire">province</a>. Based on the style of some aspects of the illumination Martin Henig has suggested that it was produced in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is true it would make it the oldest surviving British codex. It was at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Abbey of St Denis</a> until the 15th century but it is not known how it came to be at St Denis or in the Vatican. </p><p>The Vergilius Romanus is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a> (Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica, Cod. Vat. lat. 3225) or the <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a>, other ancient Vergilian manuscripts in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apostolica" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Apostolica">Biblioteca Apostolica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergilius_Romanus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio006r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 6 recto"><img alt="Folio 6 recto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RomanVirgilFolio006r.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio006r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RomanVirgilFolio006r.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio006r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RomanVirgilFolio006r.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio006r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 6 recto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 9 recto. Second author portrait"><img alt="Folio 9 recto. Second author portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif/200px-VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif/300px-VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif/400px-VergiliusRomanusFolio9r.gif 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 9 recto. Second author portrait</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio011r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 11 recto"><img alt="Folio 11 recto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/RomanVirgilFolio011r.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio011r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/RomanVirgilFolio011r.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio011r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/RomanVirgilFolio011r.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio011r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1095" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 11 recto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio016r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 16 recto"><img alt="Folio 16 recto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RomanVirgilFolio016r.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio016r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RomanVirgilFolio016r.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio016r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RomanVirgilFolio016r.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio016r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 16 recto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 44 verso"><img alt="Folio 44 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg/200px-Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg/300px-Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg/400px-Vergilius_rom_44v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 44 verso</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio074v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 74 verso"><img alt="Folio 74 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RomanVirgilFolio074v.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio074v.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RomanVirgilFolio074v.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio074v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RomanVirgilFolio074v.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio074v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 74 verso</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio078r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 78 recto"><img alt="Folio 78 recto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/RomanVirgilFolio078r.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio078r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/RomanVirgilFolio078r.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio078r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/RomanVirgilFolio078r.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio078r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 78 recto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio101r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 101 recto"><img alt="Folio 101 recto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RomanVirgilFolio101r.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio101r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RomanVirgilFolio101r.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio101r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RomanVirgilFolio101r.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio101r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 101 recto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio163r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 163 recto"><img alt="Folio 163 recto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RomanVirgilFolio163r.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio163r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RomanVirgilFolio163r.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio163r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RomanVirgilFolio163r.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio163r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 163 recto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio188v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 188 verso"><img alt="Folio 188 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/RomanVirgilFolio188v.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio188v.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/RomanVirgilFolio188v.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio188v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/RomanVirgilFolio188v.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio188v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 188 verso</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio234v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 234 verso"><img alt="Folio 234 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RomanVirgilFolio234v.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio234v.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RomanVirgilFolio234v.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio234v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RomanVirgilFolio234v.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio234v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 234 verso</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio235v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 235 verso"><img alt="Folio 235 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RomanVirgilFolio235v.jpg/200px-RomanVirgilFolio235v.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RomanVirgilFolio235v.jpg/300px-RomanVirgilFolio235v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RomanVirgilFolio235v.jpg/400px-RomanVirgilFolio235v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 235 verso</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergilius_Romanus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshbee1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ashbee, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba32/Ba32feat.html">"Centuries of Roman survival in the West"</a>. <i>British Archaeology</i>. <b>32</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Centuries+of+Roman+survival+in+the+West&rft.volume=32&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ashbee&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britarch.ac.uk%2Fba%2Fba32%2FBa32feat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVergilius+Romanus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergilius_Romanus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_Vergil" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roman Vergil">Roman Vergil</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Rosenthal, Erwin. <i>The Illuminations of the Vergilius Romanus (Cod. Vat. Lat. 3867). A Stylistic and Iconographic Analysis.</i> Zürich 1972</li> <li>Walther, Ingo F. and Norbert Wolf. <i>Codices Illustres: The world's most famous illuminated manuscripts, 400 to 1600</i>. Köln, <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>, 2005.</li> <li>Weitzmann, Kurt. <i>Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination</i>. New York: George Braziller, 1977. p. 11 and pgs. 52-59.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weitzmann" title="Kurt Weitzmann">Weitzmann, Kurt</a>, ed., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533">Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century</a></i>, no. 204 & 225, 1979, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870991790" title="Special:BookSources/9780870991790">9780870991790</a>; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries</li> <li>Wright, David H. <i>The Roman Vergil and the Origins of Medieval Book Design</i>. Toronto, University of Toronto Press 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImhkP2VUd6UC&pg=PP11">part-online via google books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520054923/http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/VaticanCity/treasures_en.xml">Treasure 3 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana</a>, displayed via <a href="/wiki/The_European_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Library">The European Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergilius_Romanus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.3867">Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica, MS Vat. lat. 3867 (Complete Reproduction)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elmss.nuigalway.ie/catalogue/24">More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> (19 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alecto" title="Alecto">Alecto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crinisus" title="Crinisus">Crinisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberinus_(god)" title="Tiberinus (god)">Tiberinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trojans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achates_(Aeneid)" title="Achates (Aeneid)">Achates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneads" title="Aeneads">Aeneads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletes_(Aeneid_character)" title="Aletes (Aeneid character)">Aletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caieta" title="Caieta">Caieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capys" title="Capys">Capys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonius" title="Clonius">Clonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynaeus" title="Corynaeus">Corynaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(wife_of_Aeneas)" title="Creusa (wife of Aeneas)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Dardanus (son of Zeus)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymus_(mythology)" title="Elymus (mythology)">Elymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entellus" title="Entellus">Entellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyas" title="Gyas">Gyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocoon" title="Hippocoon">Hippocoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilioneus" title="Ilioneus">Ilioneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(Aeneid)" title="Mimas (Aeneid)">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misenus" title="Misenus">Misenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnestheus" title="Mnestheus">Mnestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Nisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornytus" title="Ornytus">Ornytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus">Palinurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthous" title="Panthous">Panthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(Prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (Prince of Troy)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripheus" title="Ripheus">Ripheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergestus" title="Sergestus">Sergestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theona" title="Theona">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymoetes" title="Thymoetes">Thymoetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucalegon" title="Ucalegon">Ucalegon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phoenicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acerbas" title="Acerbas">Acerbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belus_(Tyre)" title="Belus (Tyre)">Belus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattan_I" title="Mattan I">Mattan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_of_Tyre" title="Pygmalion of Tyre">Pygmalion of Tyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acestes" title="Acestes">Acestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenides" title="Achaemenides">Achaemenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actor_(mythology)" title="Actor (mythology)">Actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amata" title="Amata">Amata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgeus_(Aeneid)" title="Androgeus (Aeneid)">Androgeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventinus_(mythology)" title="Aventinus (mythology)">Aventinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butes" title="Butes">Butes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_(mythology)" title="Camilla (mythology)">Camilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catillus" title="Catillus">Catillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydon" title="Cydon">Cydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonians">Cydonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erulus" title="Erulus">Erulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander of Pallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaesus" title="Halaesus">Halaesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iarbas" title="Iarbas">Iarbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juturna" title="Juturna">Juturna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausus" title="Lausus">Lausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macar" title="Macar">Macar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapus" title="Messapus">Messapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabus" title="Metabus">Metabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(son_of_Evander)" title="Pallas (son of Evander)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salius" title="Salius">Salius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufens" title="Ufens">Ufens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbro_(priest)" title="Umbro (priest)">Umbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venulus" title="Venulus">Venulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Avenger_(1962_film)" title="The Avenger (1962 film)">The Avenger</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eneide_(TV_serial)" title="Eneide (TV serial)">Eneide</a></i> (1971–2)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eneyida_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eneyida (film) (page does not exist)">Eneyida</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 828</span> history of Britain)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27En%C3%A9as" title="Roman d'Enéas">Roman d'Enéas</a></i> (1160 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(play)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (play)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1593</span> play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(novel)" title="Amelia (novel)">Amelia</a></i> (1751 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dunciad" title="The Dunciad">The Dunciad</a></i> (1729 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneida</a></i> (1798 mock epic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)" title="Lavinia (novel)">Lavinia</a></i> (2008 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_(opera)" title="Didone (opera)">Didone</a></i> (1641 Cavalli)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achille_et_Polyx%C3%A8ne" title="Achille et Polyxène">Achille et Polyxène</a></i> (1687 Lully/Collasse)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1688 Purcell)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Desmarets)" title="Didon (Desmarets)">Didon</a></i> (1693 Desmarets)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata" title="Didone abbandonata">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 libretto Metastasio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarro)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarro)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 Sarro)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Albinoni)" title="Didone abbandonata (Albinoni)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 Albinoni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Vinci)" title="Didone abbandonata (Vinci)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1726 Vinci)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarti)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarti)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1762 Sarti)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Piccinni)" title="Didon (Piccinni)">Didon</a></i> (1783 Piccinni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(opera)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (opera)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (1792 Storace)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i> (1858 Berlioz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote" title="Book of Ballymote">Book of Ballymote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_31" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vergilius Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_astra_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad astra (phrase)">Ad astra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experto_crede" title="Experto crede">Experto crede</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_favours_the_bold" title="Fortune favours the bold">Fortune favours the bold</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacrimae_rerum" title="Lacrimae rerum">Lacrimae rerum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_over_matter" title="Mind over matter">Mind over matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obscuris_vera_involvens" title="Obscuris vera involvens">Obscuris vera involvens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quos_ego" title="Quos ego">Quos ego</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beware_of_Greeks_bearing_gifts" title="Beware of Greeks bearing gifts">Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (25 BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneas,_Anchises,_and_Ascanius" title="Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius">Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius</a></i> (1619)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Aeneas_(Salvator_Rosa)" title="The Dream of Aeneas (Salvator Rosa)">The Dream of Aeneas</a></i> (1660–65)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Ascanius_Shooting_the_Stag_of_Sylvia" title="Landscape with Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia">Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia</a></i> (1689)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage" title="Dido building Carthage">Dido building Carthage</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(painting)" title="The Golden Bough (painting)">The Golden Bough</a></i> (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/And_Then_There_Was_Silence" title="And Then There Was Silence">And Then There Was Silence</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Fire_(album)" title="Gates of Fire (album)">Gates of Fire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aposiopesis" title="Aposiopesis">Aposiopesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneados" title="Eneados">Eneados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Bough (mythology)">The Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commentary_of_the_Aeneid" title="Political commentary of the Aeneid">Political commentary of the <i>Aeneid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Apollinaris" title="Sulpicius Apollinaris">Sulpicius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virgil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgil" title="Template:Virgil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgil" title="Template talk:Virgil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virgil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eclogue_1" title="Eclogue 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_2" title="Eclogue 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_3" title="Eclogue 3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_4" title="Eclogue 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_5" title="Eclogue 5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_6" title="Eclogue 6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_7" title="Eclogue 7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_8" title="Eclogue 8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_9" title="Eclogue 9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_10" title="Eclogue 10">10</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Appendix Vergiliana</a></i> (spurious)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vergilius Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_interpretations_of_Virgil%27s_Eclogue_4" title="Christian interpretations of Virgil's Eclogue 4">Christian interpretations of <i>Eclogue</i> 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgilian_Progression" title="The Virgilian Progression">The Virgilian Progression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante" title="The Barque of Dante">Dante and Virgil in Hell</a></i> (1822 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_in_Hell" title="Dante in Hell">Dante, led by Virgil, Consoles the Souls of the Envious</a></i> (1835 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_and_Paolo_Malatesta_Appraised_by_Dante_and_Virgil" title="Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil">Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil</a></i> (1835 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_and_Virgil" title="Dante and Virgil">Dante and Virgil</a></i> (1850 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante_(Manet)" title="The Barque of Dante (Manet)">The Barque of Dante</a></i> (1858 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virgil" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Virgil"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virgil" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Virgil"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Virgil" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Virgil"><b>Wikisource texts</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969916#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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