CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="cv" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Йĕс — Википеди</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cvwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Кӑрлач","Нарӑс","Пуш","Ака","Ҫу","Ҫӗртме","Утӑ","Ҫурла","Авӑн","Юпа","Чӳк","Раштав"],"wgRequestId":"47469aef-6954-483d-907f-473ba59774ad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Йĕс","wgTitle":"Йĕс","wgCurRevisionId":831476,"wgRevisionId":831476,"wgArticleId":13380,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Википеди:Стильпе тĕрĕс мар статьясем","Хутăш шăранчăксем","Пăхăр","Цинк"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"cv","wgPageContentLanguage":"cv","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Йĕс","wgRelevantArticleId":13380,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"cv","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"cv"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q39782","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cv&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=cv&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cv&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tombac_ewer.JPG/1200px-Tombac_ewer.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tombac_ewer.JPG/800px-Tombac_ewer.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tombac_ewer.JPG/640px-Tombac_ewer.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Йĕс — Википеди"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//cv.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Тӳрлет" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Википеди (cv)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//cv.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cv"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Википеди - Atom хăю" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Йĕс rootpage-Йĕс skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Контент патне куҫ</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Тӗп меню" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Тӗп меню</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Тӗп меню</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">пытар</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Навигаци </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Тӗп страницӑна куҫ [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Тӗп страница</span></a></li><li id="n-index" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8"><span>А-Я индекс</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B"><span>Ҫӗнӗ страницӑсем</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Юлашки улшӑнусен йышӗ [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Улшăннисем</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ӑнсӑртран суйланӑ страницӑпа паллаш [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ăнсăртран лекнĕ страница</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хальхи пулӑмсем ҫинчен"><span>Хыпарсем</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Хутшăнасси" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Хутшăнасси" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Хутшăнасси </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Проект пирки, кунта мӗн тума май пулли ҫинчен, тата ӑҫта мӗн вырнаҫни пирки"><span>Портал</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%83"><span>Канашлу</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Ыйтса пӗлмелли вырӑн"><span>Пулăшу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Википеди" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cv.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cv.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Шырав [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Шырамалли</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Википеди сайтра шыра" aria-label="Википеди сайтра шыра" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Шырав [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Ятарлă:Поиск"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Шыра</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Ман хатĕрсем"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Курӑнакан калӑплав"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Курӑнакан калӑплав" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Курӑнакан калӑплав</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cv.wikipedia.org&uselang=cv" class=""><span>Нимелле пулӑшу</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C&returnto=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" title="Эпир сире, кӑна тума кирлех мар пулин те, аккаунт хатӗрлесе системӑна кӗме сӗнетпӗр" class=""><span>Аккаунт хатӗрле</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4&returnto=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" title="Аккаунт хатӗрлесе кӗрӗр, анчах ку кирлех мар [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Кӗр</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Анлӑрах опцисем" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ман хатĕрсем" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ман хатĕрсем</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Хутшӑнакан менюйӗ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cv.wikipedia.org&uselang=cv"><span>Нимелле пулӑшу</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C&returnto=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" title="Эпир сире, кӑна тума кирлех мар пулин те, аккаунт хатӗрлесе системӑна кӗме сӗнетпӗр"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Аккаунт хатӗрле</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4&returnto=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" title="Аккаунт хатӗрлесе кӗрӗр, анчах ку кирлех мар [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Кӗр</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Системӑна кӗменнисем валли хатӗрленӗ страницӑсем <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%88%D1%83:%D0%9F%D1%83%D2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%91%D1%88" aria-label="Тӳрлетесси пирки тӗплӗнрех"><span>ытларах пӗл</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ку IP адресран тунӑ тӳрлетӳсем [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Хывнӑ тӳпе</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%91_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="IP адресӑн сӳтсе яву страници [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Сӳтсе явни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Тупмалли" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Тупмалли</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">пытар</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пуҫламӑш</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ятсем_пулса_кайни" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ятсем_пулса_кайни"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ятсем пулса кайни</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ятсем_пулса_кайни-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Физикăлла_палăрăмĕсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физикăлла_палăрăмĕсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Физикăлла палăрăмĕсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физикăлла_палăрăмĕсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Асăрхатарусем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Асăрхатарусем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Асăрхатарусем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Асăрхатарусем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Тупмалли" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Контента Курӑмлатас/Пытарас" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Контента Курӑмлатас/Пытарас</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Йĕс</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Урӑх чӗлхери статья патне куҫ. 109 чӗлхелли пур" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 чӗлхе</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelkoper" title="Geelkoper — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geelkoper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1" title="نحاس أصفر — арап" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحاس أصفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арап" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%B3n" title="Latón — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Latón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCr%C3%BCnc" title="Bürünc — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bürünc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDalvaris" title="Žalvaris — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žalvaris" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Латунь — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Латунь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Латунь — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Латунь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Месинг — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Месинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2" title="পিতল — бенгал" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিতল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laton" title="Laton — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesing" title="Mesing — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mesing" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гуулин — бурятский" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гуулин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="бурятский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaut%C3%B3" title="Llautó — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llautó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%B1" title="ᏣᏱ — чероки" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="чероки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="مسی سپی — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مسی سپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaz" title="Mosaz — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mosaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — нимӗҫ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нимӗҫ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ορείχαλκος — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορείχαλκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass" title="Brass — акӑлчан" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brass" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="акӑлчан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latuno" title="Latuno — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latuno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%B3n" title="Latón — испани" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Latón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letoi" title="Letoi — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Letoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC_(%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98)" title="برنج (آلیاژ) — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنج (آلیاژ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinki" title="Messinki — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Messinki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — выруский" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="выруский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiton" title="Laiton — франци" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laiton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="франци" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meesing" title="Meesing — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Meesing" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1s" title="Prás — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A0is" title="Pràis — гэльский" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pràis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="гэльский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%B3n" title="Latón — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Latón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96" title="פליז — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פליז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="पीतल — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीतल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjed" title="Mjed — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mjed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rgar%C3%A9z" title="Sárgaréz — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sárgaréz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Արույր — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արույր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laton" title="Laton — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Laton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningan" title="Kuningan — индонези" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuningan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонези" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latuno" title="Latuno — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latuno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1t%C3%BAn" title="Látún — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Látún" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottone_(lega)" title="Ottone (lega) — итали" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottone (lega)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%8A%85" title="黄銅 — япони" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄銅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="япони" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lastu" title="lastu — ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lastu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თითბერი — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თითბერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaru%C9%A3" title="Adaruɣ — кабильский" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adaruɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%9B%C9%9Bt%C9%94%C9%94_(Laiton)" title="Lɛɛtɔɔ (Laiton) — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɛɛtɔɔ (Laiton)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жез — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿತ್ತಾಳೆ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿತ್ತಾಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EB%8F%99" title="황동 — корей" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8E%D9%84" title="سَرتَل — кашмири" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَرتَل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмири" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — кёльнский" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="кёльнский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orichalcum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messeng" title="Messeng — люксембургский" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Messeng" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Дукни — лакский" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дукни" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="лакский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latton" title="Latton — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Latton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loton" title="Loton — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Loton" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDalvaris" title="Žalvaris — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žalvaris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Misiņš — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Misiņš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="पीतल — майтхили" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पीतल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahimavo" title="Varahimavo — малагасийский" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varahimavo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Той — луговомарийский" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Той" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="луговомарийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Месинг — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месинг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B3" title="പിത്തള — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിത്തള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B3" title="पितळ — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पितळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyang" title="Loyang — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Loyang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကြေးဝါ — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="पित्तल — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पित्तल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="ली — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing_(legering)" title="Messing (legering) — голланди" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Messing (legering)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голланди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing" title="Messing — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Messing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laton" title="Laton — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80_(%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Бур (æмтад) — осетинский" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бур (æмтад)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B2" title="ਪਿੱਤਲ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿੱਤਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosi%C4%85dz" title="Mosiądz — поляк" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mosiądz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%DD%AA" title="پتݪ — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پتݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A3o" title="Latão — португали" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Latão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam%C4%83" title="Alamă — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alamă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Латунь — вырӑс" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латунь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="вырӑс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttuni" title="Uttuni — сицилийский" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Uttuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bress" title="Bress — шотландский" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bress" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesing" title="Mesing — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mesing" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass" title="Brass — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosadz" title="Mosadz — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mosadz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med_(kemija)" title="Med (kemija) — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Med (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musafuri" title="Musafuri — шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Musafuri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunxhi" title="Tunxhi — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tunxhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Месинг — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningan_(logam)" title="Kuningan (logam) — сунданский" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kuningan (logam)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4ssing" title="Mässing — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mässing" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaba_nyeupe" title="Shaba nyeupe — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shaba nyeupe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesing" title="Mesing — силезский" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mesing" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="силезский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="பித்தளை — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பித்தளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="ఇత్తడి — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇత్తడి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ทองเหลือง — тай" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทองเหลือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansong_dilaw" title="Tansong dilaw — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tansong dilaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin%C3%A7_(ala%C5%9F%C4%B1m)" title="Pirinç (alaşım) — турккӑ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pirinç (alaşım)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турккӑ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Латунь — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латунь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84" title="پیتل — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیتل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jez" title="Jez — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_thau" title="Đồng thau — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng thau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djaene_keuve" title="Djaene keuve — валлонский" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djaene keuve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%93%9C" title="黄铜 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黄铜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%8A%85" title="黃銅 — китай" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黃銅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%82g-t%C3%A2ng" title="N̂g-tâng — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="N̂g-tâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%8A%85" title="黃銅 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黃銅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39782#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Чӗлхесем хушшинчи каҫӑсем" class="wbc-editpage">Каҫӑсене тӳрлет</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ятсен уҫлӑхӗ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" title="Статьяна пăх [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Страница</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B3%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8:%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" rel="discussion" title="Статьяна сӳтсе явасси [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Сӳтсе яв</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Чӗлхе вариантне улӑштар" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">чӑвашла</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Пурĕ пăхнă"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81"><span>Вула</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&veaction=edit" title="Кăна тӳрлет [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=edit" title="Править исходный текст этой страницы [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодне тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=history" title="Страницӑна улӑштарнин журналӗ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Истори</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Страницӑсен хатӗр-хӗтӗрӗ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Хатĕрсем" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Хатĕрсем</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Хатӗрсем</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">пытар</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Анлӑрах опцисем" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ӗҫсем </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81"><span>Вула</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&veaction=edit" title="Кăна тӳрлет [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=edit" title="Править исходный текст этой страницы [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодне тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=history"><span>Истори</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Пӗтӗмӗшле </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" title="Кунта куҫаракан мӗнпур страницӑн ят-йышӗ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Кунта каҫараканнисем</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81" rel="nofollow" title="Ку страницӑра кӑтартнӑ каҫӑсенче вырнаҫнӑ страницӑсенчи юлашки улшӑнусем [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Ҫыхӑннӑ улшӑнусем</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cv" title="Файлсене тиесси [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Файл тие</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Ятарлӑ страницӑсен йышӗ [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Ятарлă страницăсем</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&oldid=831476" title="Страницӑн ҫак версине кӑтартакан яланхи каҫӑ"><span>Яланхи вырăн</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=info" title="Ку страница ҫинчен тӗплӗнрех"><span>Страница ҫинчен</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&page=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&id=831476&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Ҫак эле мӗнле цитатӑласси"><span>Страницăна цитатăла</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2599%25C4%2595%25D1%2581"><span>Кӗске URL адреса ил</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2599%25C4%2595%25D1%2581"><span>QR-код уҫласа ил</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Пичет/экспорт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81"><span>Кĕнеке тумалли</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF пек уҫласа ил</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&printable=yes" title="Ҫак страницӑн пичет версийӗ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Пичет версийĕ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ытти проектсенче </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brass" hreflang="en"><span>Викисклад</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39782" title="Ссылка на связанный элемент репозитория данных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata элеменчӗ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Страницӑсен хатӗр-хӗтӗрӗ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Курӑнакан калӑплав"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Курӑнакан калӑплав</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">пытар</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">«Википеди» ирĕклĕ энциклопединчи материал</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Йĕс</b> — 60,5—97 % <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Пăхăр">пăхăра</a> тата 3—39,5 % <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">цинка</a> пĕрлештерсе тунă <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%C4%83%D1%88_%D1%88%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Хутăш шăранчăк">хутăш шăранчăк</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:Messing-figur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Messing-figur.jpg/300px-Messing-figur.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Messing-figur.jpg/450px-Messing-figur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Messing-figur.jpg/600px-Messing-figur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Йĕс кĕлетеке</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:Tombac_ewer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tombac_ewer.JPG/300px-Tombac_ewer.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tombac_ewer.JPG/450px-Tombac_ewer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tombac_ewer.JPG/600px-Tombac_ewer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Йĕсрен тунă япаласем. Турци, 1870. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей">Музейрен</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style"> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:Broom_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Стиль ыйтавĕсем"><img alt="Стиль ыйтавĕсем" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/40px-Broom_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/60px-Broom_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/80px-Broom_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> </td> <td class="ambox-text"><b>Çак статьян е секцин стилĕ энциклопедиллĕ мар е чăваш чĕлхин виçине пăсать.</b><div class="ambox-text-small">Статьяна (секцие) <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%99%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC#Чĕлхе_тата_стиль" title="Википеди:Йĕркесем тата кăтартусем">Википедин стилистика йĕркисемпе</a> килĕшӳллĕ тӳрлетмелле.</div> </td> <td class="widthhack"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Тачăлăхĕ — 8450—8700 кг/м³, шăрану температури — 900—1050 °C. Йĕсĕн чылай таврашсенче тутăхлăха хирĕç çирĕп тăрать. </p><p>Йĕсĕн тĕрлĕ тĕсĕсене <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Прибортăвасси (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">прибор</a> тата <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%83_%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Машинă тăвасси (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">машинă тăвасси</a> промăçлăра, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Теплотехника (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">теплотехникăра</a>, радиатор тата конденсатор пăрăхĕсене, йĕсмесене, лентăсене хурçăна плакиламалли чух (плакирование), <a href="/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Ылтăн">ылтăн</a> ылмаштăрăвĕ вырăнĕнче уйăру паллисене тата ӳнерлĕ япаласене тунă чух, автомобиль тата сехет тăвас промăçлăра, çаплах сантехника хатĕресене тăвас ĕçре усă кураççĕ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ятсем_пулса_кайни"><span id=".D0.AF.D1.82.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC_.D0.BF.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.81.D0.B0_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.BD.D0.B8"></span>Ятсем пулса кайни</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Ятсем пулса кайни пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать код раздела «Ятсем пулса кайни»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style"> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:Broom_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Стиль ыйтавĕсем"><img alt="Стиль ыйтавĕсем" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/40px-Broom_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/60px-Broom_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/80px-Broom_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> </td> <td class="ambox-text"><b>Çак статьян е секцин стилĕ энциклопедиллĕ мар е чăваш чĕлхин виçине пăсать.</b><div class="ambox-text-small">Статьяна (секцие) <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%99%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC#Чĕлхе_тата_стиль" title="Википеди:Йĕркесем тата кăтартусем">Википедин стилистика йĕркисемпе</a> килĕшӳллĕ тӳрлетмелле.</div> </td> <td class="widthhack"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Цинк ХИМИ элементне XVI ӗмӗрте кӑна уҫнӑ пулин те, латунь пирӗн эрӑчченхи паллӑ пулнӑ. Ӑна мессиянкӑсем цинк рудаллӑ пӑхӑр шӑратса илнӗ. Англире латунь пӑхӑра тимӗр цинкпа шӑратмалли мелпе пӗрремӗш хут усӑ курнӑ, ҫак меслете 1781 ҫулхи июлӗн 13-мӗшӗнче Джеймс Эмерсон (британи патенчӗ) юсанӑ№ 1297). XIX ӗмӗрте Хӗвеланӑҫ Европӑра Тата Раҫҫейре латунь подданнӑй ылтӑнпа усӑ курнӑ. </p><p>Август Вӑхӑтӗнче Римра латунь тесе орихалк тенӗ (147 кун кӑтартман) (лат. aurichalcum-сӑмахран сӑмаха куҫарсан, ӑна сестрасемпе дупондире чекланӑ. Орихалка ылтӑн тӗслӗ шӑранчӑк тӗслӗ шӑранчӑк ятне илнӗ. Анчах Та Рим империйӗнче пӗрремӗш ӗмӗрте Британи ҫӗнсе иличчен латунь туса кӑларман, мӗншӗн тесен римлянсен цинка ҫӑлкуҫӗсем патне (вӗсем британи провинцине вӗреннӗ хыҫҫӑн кӑна империри составра ӗҫлеме пуҫланӑ), унччен цинк эллинсемпе римсен сутуҫисем ҫеҫ туртма пултарнӑ, хӑйӗн тупӑшӗпе вӑл континентлӑ Европӑра тата Вӑтаҫӗр Тинӗсре ҫеҫ пулман. </p><p>Латунне туса хатӗрлемелли пӗтӗм тӗнчери пӗтӗмӗшле кирлӗ япалапа хальхи вӑхӑтра 2,1 млн яхӑн т танлашать,Ҫав Хушӑрах производствӑра 1 млн т малтанхи цинкӑпа, 600 пин тинпа, производствӑри каяшсенчен илнӗ цинкӑпа, 0,5 млн иккӗмӗш чӗр таварпа (ҫӑлкуҫне 1068 куна кӑтартман) усӑ кураҫҫӗ. Ҫапла вара латунь туса кӑларакан хакӑн 50 процент ытла каяшран илеҫҫӗ. Техника латунӗсене цинкӑн 48-50 проценчӗ таран тытса тӑраҫҫӗ. Цинка содержанийӗпе килӗшӳллӗн альф-латуня тата альф+бет-латуня уйрӑлса тӑраҫҫӗ. Пӗр фазӑллӑ альфа-латунь (цинкӑн 35 проценчӗ таран) вӗри те сулхӑнра лайӑх йӗркеленеҫҫӗ. Хӑй черетӗнче икӗ фазӑллӑ альф+бет-латунни (цинкӑн 47-50 проценчӗ таран) сивӗре сахал чӗлхеллӗ. Вӗсене ялан тенӗ пекех альф - е альф+бет-фаз температурӑсем хӗснипе хӗрӳ хистеҫҫӗ. Альф-латуньпе танлаштарсан, икӗ фазӑллӑ латуньпе танлаштарсан, сахалтан та ҫирӗпрех тата ҫирӗпрех. Икӗ хут латунь час-часах алюмини, тимӗр, магни, тӑхлан тата ытти элементсемпе усӑ кураҫҫӗ. Ҫавӑн пек латунсене ятарлӑ е нумай компонентлӑ теҫҫӗ. Час ҫаврӑнакан элементсем (тӑхлансӑр пуҫне) ҫирӗплӗхе (ҫирӗплӗхе) ӳстереҫҫӗ, анчах латунь пластинлӑхне чакараҫҫӗ. Латунь тӑхланӗн (4 процент таран) содержанийӗ резанипе усӑ курма ҫӑмӑллатать тата антифрик свойствисене лайӑхлатать. Алюмини, цинк, кремни тата никель латунӗн коррози чӑтӑмне ӳстереҫҫӗ. Тимӗр, никель тата магни хушса пани унӑн ҫирӗплӗхне ӳстерет. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Физикăлла_палăрăмĕсем"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BA.C4.83.D0.BB.D0.BB.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.BB.C4.83.D1.80.C4.83.D0.BC.C4.95.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Физикăлла палăрăмĕсем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Физикăлла палăрăмĕсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать код раздела «Физикăлла палăрăмĕсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Тачӑлӑх — 8500-8700 кг/м3.</li> <li>20 °С — 0,377 кг·кг−1−Мӗш Кадж·ҫумӗнчи <уйрӑм ӑшши?>-1.</li> <li>Пайлавла электро хирĕçтăру — (0,07-0,08),10-6 Ом·.</li> <li>Ферромагнетик мар.</li></ul> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style"> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:Broom_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Стиль ыйтавĕсем"><img alt="Стиль ыйтавĕсем" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/40px-Broom_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/60px-Broom_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Broom_icon.svg/80px-Broom_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> </td> <td class="ambox-text"><b>Çак статьян е секцин стилĕ энциклопедиллĕ мар е чăваш чĕлхин виçине пăсать.</b><div class="ambox-text-small">Статьяна (секцие) <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%99%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC#Чĕлхе_тата_стиль" title="Википеди:Йĕркесем тата кăтартусем">Википедин стилистика йĕркисемпе</a> килĕшӳллĕ тӳрлетмелле.</div> </td> <td class="widthhack"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Латуня ишмелли Температура составран 880-950 °С. ҫитет, унта шывра ишмелли цинка тытса тӑрас ӗҫе пысӑклатса пырать. Латунь тӗрлӗ сваркӑсемпе, ҫав шутра газпа дуг хутлӑхӗнче хӳтӗлекен газсемпе те, самаях шӑранать. Латунь технологийӗсене тивӗҫлӗ литературӑра ҫырса кӑтартнӑ. Латунь ҫиеле лакпа витмен пулсан та, сывлӑшра хура курӑнать, анчах массӑра вӑл пӑхӑртан лайӑхрах атмосфера тума пултарать. Сарӑ тӗслӗ, питӗ лайӑх шӑваратпӑр.</li> <li>Висмутпа тӑхлан латунь ҫине сиенлӗ витӗм кӳреҫҫӗ, мӗншӗн тесен деформацие вӗри вӑхӑтра ҫитерме пултараймаҫҫӗ. Апла пулин те тӑхланпа леговани савалас тесе усӑ кураҫҫӗ, ҫакӑ вара ӑна касма ҫӑмӑллатать.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Асăрхатарусем"><span id=".D0.90.D1.81.C4.83.D1.80.D1.85.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.83.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Асăрхатарусем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Асăрхатарусем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&action=edit&section=3" title="Редактировать код раздела «Асăрхатарусем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cu-prum.ru/latun.html">Латунӗн тӗп палăрăмĕсем</a></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Çăлкуç — «<a dir="ltr" href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Йĕс&oldid=831476">https://cv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Йĕс&oldid=831476</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Ятарлă:Категории">Категорисем</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%C4%83%D1%88_%D1%88%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категори:Хутăш шăранчăксем (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Хутăш шăранчăксем</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Категори:Пăхăр">Пăхăр</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Категори:Цинк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Цинк</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Пытарнă категори: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D1%82%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Категори:Википеди:Стильпе тĕрĕс мар статьясем">Википеди:Стильпе тĕрĕс мар статьясем</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ку страницăна юлашки хут 21 Ҫу уйӑхӗн 2024 05:49 улӑштарнӑ.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ru">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike лицензипе</a> сарӑлать, хӑшпӗр чухне хушма условисем пулма пултараҫҫӗ. Тӗплӗнрех <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Условия_использования">Усӑ курмалли условисем</a> пӑх.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/ru">Конфиденциальность йĕркисем</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD">Википеди çинчен</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D3%91%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8">Яваплӑха илменни</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Кодекс поведения</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Разработчиксем</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/cv.wikipedia.org">Статистика</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Кукес пирки пӗлтерни</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//cv.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Мобильлӗ верси</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b5stz","wgBackendResponseTime":221,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.040","walltime":"0.634","ppvisitednodes":{"value":102,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":3265,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":628,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":7,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":151,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 6.844 1 -total"," 97.50% 6.673 3 Шаблон:Стиль"," 52.92% 3.622 1 Шаблон:Ambox"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-54f95c77b8-b5q68","timestamp":"20241112132655","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u0419\u0115\u0441","url":"https:\/\/cv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%81","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39782","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39782","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-03-02T19:34:54Z","dateModified":"2024-05-21T05:49:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Tombac_ewer.JPG"}</script> </body> </html>