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Text in Composite pages, (URLs starting with 'routine' or 'syntax') can be edited by clicking on the link labeled 'in context', and editing the text there.</p> <p>Exit this popup by pressing <Escape>, or clicking on X or on the background.</p> </div> </div> <button class="modal-close is-large" aria-label="close"></button> </div> <div id="left-column" class="tile is-parent is-2 is-hidden"> <div id="left-col-inner"> <div class="tabs" id="tabs"> <ul> <li class="is-active" id="toc-tab"> <a>Table of Contents</a> </li> <li id="index-tab"> <a>Index</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="field"> <div class="control has-icons-right"> <input id="toc-filter" class="input" type="text" placeholder="Filter"> <span class="icon is-right has-text-grey"> <i class="fas fa-search is-medium"></i> </span> </div> </div> <div class="raku-sidebar"> <aside id="toc-menu" class="menu"> <ul class="menu-list"> <li><a href="#(IO::Handle)_method_open">In IO::Handle</a></li> <li><a href="#(IO::Path)_method_open">In IO::Path</a></li> <li><a href="#(IO::CatHandle)_method_open">In IO::CatHandle</a></li> <li><a href="#(Independent_routines)_sub_open">In Independent routines</a></li> </ul> </aside> <aside id="index-menu" class="menu is-hidden"> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-column" class="tile is-parent" style="overflow-x: hidden;"> <div id="main-col-inner"> <section class="raku page-header"> <div class="container px-4"> <div class="raku page-title has-text-centered"> open </div> <div class="raku page-subtitle has-text-centered"> Combined from primary sources listed below. </div> </div> </section> <section class="raku page-content"><div class="container px-4"><div class="columns one-col"> <h1 id="(IO::Handle)_method_open" class="raku-h1"><a href="#___top" title="go to top of document">In IO::Handle<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#(IO::Handle)_method_open">§</a></a></h1> <p> See primary documentation <a href="/type/IO/Handle#method_open">in context</a> for <b>method open</b>. </p><div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"><i class="far fa-clipboard"></i></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights"><span class="highlite-KEYWORD">method</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">open</span>(IO::Handle:D: <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$r</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$w</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$x</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$a</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$update</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$rw</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$rx</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$ra</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$mode</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$create</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$append</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$truncate</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$exclusive</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$bin</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$enc</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$chomp</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">=</span> <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$!chomp</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$nl-in</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">=</span> <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$!nl-in</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> Str:D <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$nl-out</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">=</span> <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$!nl-out</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">:</span><span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$out-buffer</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">is</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">copy</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> ) </pre> </div> </div> <p>Opens the handle in one of the modes. <a href="/routine/fail">Fails</a> with appropriate exception if the open fails.</p><p>See description of individual methods for the accepted values and behavior of <a href="/type/IO/Handle#method_chomp"><code>:$chomp</code></a>, <a href="/type/IO/Handle#method_nl-in"><code>:$nl-in</code></a>, <a href="/type/IO/Handle#method_nl-out"><code>:$nl-out</code></a>, and <a href="/type/IO/Handle#method_encoding"><code>:$enc</code></a>. The values for parameters default to the invocant's attributes and if any of them are provided, the attributes will be updated to the new values. Specify <code>:$bin</code> set to <code>True</code> instead of <code>:$enc</code> to indicate the handle should be opened in binary mode. Specifying undefined value as <code>:$enc</code> is equivalent to not specifying <code>:$enc</code> at all. Specifying both a defined encoding as <code>:$enc</code> and <code>:$bin</code> set to true will cause <code>X::IO::BinaryAndEncoding</code> exception to be thrown.</p><p>The open mode defaults to non-exclusive, read only (same as specifying <code>:r</code>) and can be controlled by a mix of the following arguments:</p> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"><i class="far fa-clipboard"></i></button> <label>｢text｣ without highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights"><pre class="nohighlights"> :r same as specifying :mode<ro> same as specifying nothing :w same as specifying :mode<wo>, :create, :truncate :a same as specifying :mode<wo>, :create, :append :x same as specifying :mode<wo>, :create, :exclusive :update same as specifying :mode<rw> :rw same as specifying :mode<rw>, :create :ra same as specifying :mode<rw>, :create, :append :rx same as specifying :mode<rw>, :create, :exclusive </pre> </pre> </div> </div> <p>Argument <code>:r</code> along with <code>:w</code>, <code>:a</code>, <code>:x</code> are exactly the same as the combination of both letters, shown in the three last rows in the table above. Support for combinations of modes <em>other</em> than what is listed above is implementation-dependent and should be assumed unsupported. That is, specifying, for example, <code>.open(:r :create)</code> or <code>.open(:mode<wo> :append :truncate)</code> might work or might cause the Universe to implode, depending on a particular implementation. This applies to reads/writes to a handle opened in such unsupported modes as well.</p><p>The mode details are:</p> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"><i class="far fa-clipboard"></i></button> <label>｢text｣ without highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights"><pre class="nohighlights"> :mode<ro> means "read only" :mode<wo> means "write only" :mode<rw> means "read and write" :create means the file will be created, if it does not exist :truncate means the file will be emptied, if it exists :exclusive means .open will fail if the file already exists :append means writes will be done at the end of file's current contents </pre> </pre> </div> </div> <p>Attempts to open a directory, write to a handle opened in read-only mode or read from a handle opened in write-only mode, or using text-reading methods on a handle opened in binary mode will fail or throw.</p><p>In <strong>6.c</strong> language, it's possible to open path <code>'-'</code>, which will cause <code>open</code> to open (if <code>closed</code>) the <code>$*IN</code> handle if opening in read-only mode or to open the <code>$*OUT</code> handle if opening in write-only mode. All other modes in this case will result in exception being thrown.</p><p>As of <strong>6.d</strong> language version, the use of path <code>'-'</code> is deprecated and it will be removed in future language versions entirely.</p><p>The <code>:out-buffer</code> controls output buffering and by default behaves as if it were <a href="/type/Nil"><code>Nil</code></a>. See method <a href="/routine/out-buffer">out-buffer</a> for details.</p><p><strong>Note (Rakudo versions before 2017.09): Filehandles are NOT flushed or closed when they go out of scope</strong>. While they <em>will</em> get closed when garbage collected, garbage collection isn't guaranteed to get run. This means <em>you should</em> use an explicit <code>close</code> on handles opened for writing, to avoid data loss, and an explicit <code>close</code> is <em>recommended</em> on handles opened for reading as well, so that your program does not open too many files at the same time, triggering exceptions on further <code>open</code> calls.</p><p><strong>Note (Rakudo versions 2017.09 and after):</strong> Open filehandles are automatically closed on program exit, but it is still highly recommended that you <code>close</code> opened handles explicitly.</p> <h1 id="(IO::Path)_method_open" class="raku-h1"><a href="#___top" title="go to top of document">In IO::Path<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#(IO::Path)_method_open">§</a></a></h1> <p> See primary documentation <a href="/type/IO/Path#method_open">in context</a> for <b>method open</b>. </p><div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"><i class="far fa-clipboard"></i></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights"><span class="highlite-KEYWORD">method</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">open</span>(IO::Path:D: <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">*</span><span class="highlite-NAME_HASH">%opts</span>)</pre> </div> </div> <p>Opens the path as a file; the named options control the mode, and are the same as the <a href="/routine/open">open</a> function accepts.</p> <h1 id="(IO::CatHandle)_method_open" class="raku-h1"><a href="#___top" title="go to top of document">In IO::CatHandle<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#(IO::CatHandle)_method_open">§</a></a></h1> <p> See primary documentation <a href="/type/IO/CatHandle#method_open">in context</a> for <b>method open</b>. </p><div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"><i class="far fa-clipboard"></i></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights"><span class="highlite-KEYWORD">method</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">open</span>(IO::CatHandle:D: <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">--></span> IO::CatHandle:D)</pre> </div> </div> <p>Returns the invocant. The intent of this method is to merely make CatHandle workable with things that open <a href="/type/IO/Handle"><code>IO::Handle</code></a>. You never have to call this method intentionally.</p> <h1 id="(Independent_routines)_sub_open" class="raku-h1"><a href="#___top" title="go to top of document">In Independent routines<a class="raku-anchor" title="direct link" href="#(Independent_routines)_sub_open">§</a></a></h1> <p> See primary documentation <a href="/type/independent-routines#sub_open">in context</a> for <b>sub open</b>. </p><div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"><i class="far fa-clipboard"></i></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights"><span class="highlite-KEYWORD">multi</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">open</span>(<span class="highlite-TYPE">IO</span>() <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$path</span><span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> |<span class="highlite-ROUTINE">args</span> <span class="highlite-KEYWORD">--></span> IO::Handle:D)</pre> </div> </div> <p>Creates <a href="/type/IO/Handle">a handle</a> with the given <code>$path</code>, and calls <a href="/type/IO/Handle#method_open"><code>IO::Handle.open</code></a>, passing any of the remaining arguments to it. Note that <a href="/type/IO/Path"><code>IO::Path</code></a> type provides numerous methods for reading and writing from files, so in many common cases you do not need to <code>open</code> files or deal with <a href="/type/IO/Handle"><code>IO::Handle</code></a> type directly.</p> <div class="raku-code raku-lang"> <button class="copy-code" title="Copy code"><i class="far fa-clipboard"></i></button> <label>Raku highlighting</label> <div> <pre class="nohighlights"><span class="highlite-KEYWORD">my</span> <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$fh</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">=</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">open</span> :w<span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> <span class="highlite-STRING_DELIMITER">'</span><span class="highlite-STRING">/tmp/some-file.txt</span><span class="highlite-STRING_DELIMITER">'</span>; <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$fh</span>.say: <span class="highlite-STRING_DELIMITER">'</span><span class="highlite-STRING">I ♥ writing Raku code</span><span class="highlite-STRING_DELIMITER">'</span>; <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$fh</span>.<span class="highlite-ROUTINE">close</span>; <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$fh</span> <span class="highlite-OPERATOR">=</span> <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">open</span> <span class="highlite-STRING_DELIMITER">'</span><span class="highlite-STRING">/tmp/some-file.txt</span><span class="highlite-STRING_DELIMITER">'</span>; <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">print</span> <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$fh</span>.readchars: 4; <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$fh</span>.seek: 7<span class="highlite-OPERATOR">,</span> SeekFromCurrent; <span class="highlite-ROUTINE">say</span> <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$fh</span>.readchars: 4; <span class="highlite-NAME_SCALAR">$fh</span>.<span class="highlite-ROUTINE">close</span>; <span class="highlite-COMMENT"># OUTPUT: «I ♥ Raku» </span></pre> </div> </div></div></div></section> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer main-footer"> <div class="container px-4"> <nav class="level"> <div class="level-left"> <div class="level-item"> <a href="/about">About</a> </div> <div class="level-item"> <a id="toggle-theme">Toggle theme</a> </div> </div> <div class="level-right"> <div class="level-item"> <a href="/license">License</a> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </footer> </body> </html>