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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_(and_abortion_and_other_medical)_tourism_among_the_United_States,_Canada,_and_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_(and_abortion_and_other_medical)_tourism_among_the_United_States,_Canada,_and_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Birth (and abortion and other medical) tourism among the United States, Canada, and Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_(and_abortion_and_other_medical)_tourism_among_the_United_States,_Canada,_and_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Paraguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_past_(stopped_by_changes_in_laws)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_past_(stopped_by_changes_in_laws)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In the past (stopped by changes in laws)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_past_(stopped_by_changes_in_laws)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the past (stopped by changes in laws) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_past_(stopped_by_changes_in_laws)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encouraged_by_jus-soli_countries_(in_the_past)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encouraged_by_jus-soli_countries_(in_the_past)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Encouraged by <i>jus-soli</i> countries (in the past)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encouraged_by_jus-soli_countries_(in_the_past)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth-_and_pregnancy_tourism_to_non-jus-soli_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth-_and_pregnancy_tourism_to_non-jus-soli_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Birth- and pregnancy tourism to <i>non-jus-soli</i> countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-_and_pregnancy_tourism_to_non-jus-soli_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زادگردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زادگردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourisme_de_naissance" title="Tourisme de naissance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tourisme de naissance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95_%EC%B6%9C%EC%82%B0" title="원정 출산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원정 출산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A3%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C" title="出産旅行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="出産旅行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turismo_de_parto" title="Turismo de parto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turismo de parto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="การท่องเที่ยวเพื่อคลอดบุตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การท่องเที่ยวเพื่อคลอดบุตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C" title="生育旅行 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生育旅行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4917041#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f0f0ff;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_status" title="Legal status">Legal status</a> of <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">persons</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Birthright" title="Birthright">Birthright</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_birth" title="Place of birth">Birthplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_aboard_aircraft_and_ships" title="Birth aboard aircraft and ships">Aboard aircraft and ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">Jus sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">Jus soli</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birth tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">missing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_citizenship" title="Transnational citizenship">transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ius_Doni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius Doni">Ius Doni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_citizenship" title="Oath of citizenship">Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_test" title="Citizenship test">Test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Lost citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">renounced</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">Enemy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_migration" title="Criminalization of migration">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_protection" title="Diplomatic protection">Diplomatic protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">Foreign worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_of_immigrants" title="Integration of immigrants">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_cleansing" title="Identity cleansing">Identity cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legal status of persons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jus_soli_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jus_soli_world.svg/300px-Jus_soli_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jus_soli_world.svg/450px-Jus_soli_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jus_soli_world.svg/600px-Jus_soli_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries by <a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">birthright citizenship</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Unconditional birthright citizenship for persons born in the country</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ccff; color:black;"> </span> Birthright citizenship with restrictions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccffff; color:black;"> </span> Birthright citizenship abolished</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0E0E0; color:black;"> </span> No birthright citizenship</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Birth tourism</b> is the practice of traveling to another country or city for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">giving birth</a> in that country. The main reason for birth tourism is to obtain citizenship for the child in a country with birthright citizenship (<i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-jussoli_1A_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jussoli_1A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a child is sometimes called an "<a href="/wiki/Anchor_baby" title="Anchor baby">anchor baby</a>" if their citizenship is intended to help their parents obtain <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residency</a> in the country. Other reasons for birth tourism include access to public schooling, healthcare, sponsorship for the parents in the future,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hedge against corruption and political instability in the children’s home country.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Taiwan_LS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Taiwan_LS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular destinations include the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Another target for birth tourism is <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, where some mainland Chinese citizens travel to give birth to gain <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">right of abode</a> for their children. </p><p>In an effort to discourage birth tourism, Australia, France, Pakistan, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom have modified their citizenship laws at different times, mostly by granting citizenship by birth only if at least one parent is a citizen of the country or a legal permanent resident who has lived in the country for several years. Germany has never granted unconditional birthright citizenship, but has traditionally used <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a></i>, so, by giving up the requirement of at least one citizen parent, Germany has softened rather than tightened <a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">its citizenship laws</a>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland</a> was enacted in 2004, no European country presently grants unconditional birthright citizenship;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, most countries in the Americas, e.g., the United States, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil do so. In Africa, Chad, Lesotho and Tanzania grant unconditional birthright citizenship,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as do some in the Asian-Pacific region including Fiji, Pakistan, and Tuvalu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States, Canada, and Mexico all grant unconditional birthright citizenship and allow dual citizenship. The United States taxes its citizens and green card holders worldwide, even if they have never lived in the country. In Mexico, only naturalized citizens can lose their Mexican citizenship again (e.g., by naturalizing in another country). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">Birthright citizenship in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which was ratified after the Civil War to ensure that the freed slaves along with their children would get American citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-jussoli_1A_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jussoli_1A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> guarantees <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">U.S. citizenship</a> to those born in the United States, provided the person is "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress has further extended birthright citizenship to all inhabited U.S. territories except <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>. (A person born in American Samoa becomes a <a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_US_national" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-citizen US national">non-citizen US national</a>). The parent(s) and child are still subject to <i>de jure</i> and <i>de facto</i> deportation, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, once they reach 21 years of age, American-born children, as birthright citizens, are able to sponsor their foreign families' U.S. citizenship and residency.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalreview.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalreview.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China_Taiwan_LS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Taiwan_LS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are no statistics about the 7,462 births to foreign residents in the United States in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-jussoli_1A_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jussoli_1A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most recent year for which statistics are available. That is a small fraction of the roughly 4.3 million total births that year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_think_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative think tank">conservative think tank</a>, estimated in 2012 that there were approximately 40,000 annual births to parents in the United States as birth tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center also estimated in 2012 that total births to temporary immigrants in the United States (e.g., tourists, students, guest workers) could be as high as 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Russian birth tourism to Florida to 'maternity hotels' in the 2010s is documented.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalreview.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalreview.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McFaddenBabyBoom_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFaddenBabyBoom-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SavadskiCitizens_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SavadskiCitizens-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birth tourism packages complete with lodging and medical care delivered in Russian begin at $20,000, and go as high as $84,700 for an apartment in Miami's Trump Tower II complete with a "gold-tiled bathtub and chauffeured Cadillac Escalade."<sup id="cite_ref-SavadskiCitizens_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SavadskiCitizens-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One option for mainland Chinese mothers to give birth is <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, where the cost is cheaper and travel does not require a <a href="/wiki/U.S._visa" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. visa">U.S. visa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scmpmu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmpmu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 70% of the newborns in Saipan have birth tourist PRC parents who take advantage of the 45-day visa-free visitation rules of the territory and the Covenant of the Northern Mariana Islands to ensure that their children can have American citizenship. There were 282 of these births in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> requests that women who are "observed to have a body size or shape resembling a pregnant woman" submit to a <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy test</a> before they are allowed to fly to <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> is considered a center of the maternity tourism industry, which caters mostly to Asian women from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-China_Taiwan_LS_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Taiwan_LS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authorities in the city there closed 14 maternity tourism "hotels" in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry is difficult to close down since it is not illegal for a pregnant woman to travel to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 3, 2015, Federal agents in Los Angeles conducted a series of raids on three "multimillion-dollar birth-tourism businesses" expected to produce the "biggest federal criminal case ever against the booming 'anchor baby' industry", according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anchB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anchB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous "maternity businesses" advise pregnant mothers to hide their pregnancies from officials and commit visa fraud—lying to customs agents about their true purpose in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once they give birth, several 'birth tourism' agencies aid the mothers in defrauding the U.S. hospital, taking advantage of discounts reserved for impoverished American mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mothers will refuse to pay the bill for the medical care received during their hospital stay.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 18, 2014, the North American Chinese language <i>Daily World Journal</i> reported that for several weeks the immigration authorities at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">LAX</a> had been closely questioning pregnant Chinese women arriving there from China, and in many cases denying them entry to the United States and repatriating them within 12 hours, often on the same airplane on which they had flown to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2015, federal agents conducted raids on a series of large-scale maternity tourism operations bringing thousands of mainland Chinese women intent on giving their children American citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congressional representatives such as <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gingrey" title="Phil Gingrey">Phil Gingrey</a>, who have tried to put an end to birth tourism, said these people are "<a href="/wiki/Gaming_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming the system">gaming the system</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2015, the issue was discussed among U.S. presidential candidates, including <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a>. </p><p>In January 2019, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement#Homeland_Security_Investigations_(HSI)" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement investigations</a> led to the arrest of three southern California operators of "multimillion-dollar birth-tourism businesses" catering primarily to Chinese nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-CrackdownJanuary2019NYTJordan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrackdownJanuary2019NYTJordan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective January 24, 2020, a new policy was adopted that made it more difficult for pregnant foreign women to come to the US to give birth on US soil to ensure their children become US citizens. The country will no longer issue temporary B-1/B-2 visitor visas to applicants seeking to enter the United States for birth tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeera_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeera-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, federal prosecutors charged six <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> residents who were operating a birth tourism scheme that cost U.S. taxpayers over $2 million. The suspects submitted over 99 <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> claims for different women, assisting the births of about 119 children who now have U.S. citizenship. The suspects were charged with conspiracy to commit <a href="/wiki/Health_care_fraud" title="Health care fraud">health care fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_fraud" title="Visa fraud">visa fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud" title="Mail and wire fraud">wire fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Worldwide_taxation_of_U.S._citizens_and_permanent_residents">Worldwide taxation of U.S. citizens and permanent residents</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Worldwide taxation of U.S. citizens and permanent residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg/300px-Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg/450px-Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg/600px-Individual_Taxation_Systems.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>Systems of taxation on personal income <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> No income tax on individuals</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0080ff; color:black;"> </span> Territorial</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;"> </span> Residential</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff00ff; color:black;"> </span> Citizenship-based</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The United States and Eritrea are currently the only two countries in the world to tax their citizens worldwide, even if they have never lived in the country and were born to citizens living abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-irs.gov_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irs.gov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Need source that Eritrea taxes citizens worldwide, and US and Eritrea are only two that do so (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A U.S.-born person is, as a citizen, automatically subject to U.S. taxation. This is true even if both parents are non-U.S. citizens, their child holds multiple citizenships, and the family leaves the U.S. right after the child's birth and never returns again. Children born to U.S. citizens living abroad are also automatically subject to U.S. taxation, even if he/she never enters the U.S. </p><p>U.S. permanent residents are also subject to worldwide taxation. Worldwide taxation is often cited as a reason for U.S. citizens or permanent residents to relinquish their citizenship or residency status.<sup id="cite_ref-irs.gov_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irs.gov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fee_for_renunciation_of_U.S._citizenship">Fee for renunciation of U.S. citizenship</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fee for renunciation of U.S. citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the fee for renunciation of U.S. citizenship was raised by 422%. It went from US$450 to $2,350 and is the highest fee for the renunciation of a citizenship worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canadian nationality law</a></div> <p>Canada's citizenship law has, since 1947, generally conferred Canadian citizenship at birth to anyone born in Canada, regardless of the citizenship or immigration status of the parents. The only exception is for children born in Canada to representatives of foreign governments or international organizations. The Canadian government has considered limiting <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i> citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> continues to debate the issue<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has not yet changed this part of Canadian law. </p><p>Some expectant Chinese parents who have already had one child travel to Canada to give birth in order to circumvent China's <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ocp-canada_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocp-canada-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additionally acquiring Canadian citizenship for the child and applying for a passport before returning to China. </p><p>A Québec birth certificate entitles a student enrolled in that province to pay university tuition at the lower in-province rate;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on average this was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">$</a>3760/year in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birth_tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Birth tourism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mexicans who are citizens by birth are individuals that were born in Mexican territory regardless of parents' nationality or immigration status in Mexico. Individuals born on Mexican merchant or Navy ships or Mexican-registered aircraft, regardless of parents' nationality, are still considered Mexican citizens. Only naturalized Mexicans can lose their Mexican citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_(and_abortion_and_other_medical)_tourism_among_the_United_States,_Canada,_and_Mexico"><span id="Birth_.28and_abortion_and_other_medical.29_tourism_among_the_United_States.2C_Canada.2C_and_Mexico"></span>Birth (and abortion and other medical) tourism among the United States, Canada, and Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birth (and abortion and other medical) tourism among the United States, Canada, and Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birth_tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Birth tourism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–US border</a> region, the way to a hospital in the neighboring country is sometimes shorter than to a hospital in the patient's own country. So, Canadian women sometimes give birth to their children in U.S. hospitals, and U.S. women in Canadian hospitals. These children (sometimes called <i>"border babies"</i>) are usually dual citizens of both the country of their parents and their birth country. </p><p>Canada has entered the medical tourism field.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison to U.S. health costs, medical tourism patients can save 30 to 60 percent on health costs in Canada. </p><p>Mexican women sometimes engage in birth tourism to the United States or Canada to give their children U.S. or Canadian citizenship. </p><p>While some non-legal obstacles exist, Canada is one of only a few countries without legal restrictions on abortion. Regulations and accessibility vary between provinces. </p><p>In the United States, different states have different abortion laws, so that women in states with restrictive laws sometimes engage in abortion tourism, either to the U.S. states with more liberal laws or to Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birth_tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Birth tourism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most South American countries grant unconditional birthright citizenship and allow dual citizenship, however, some countries have strict abortion laws that make them risky birth-tourism destinations in case of complications during the pregnancy. In Brazil, abortion is illegal with exception to cases of rape, incest or if the mother's life is in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-BRlaws_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRlaws-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health, health, rape, or fetal defects. In Chile, abortion was forbidden completely, even if the pregnant woman's life is in danger until 2017. Current law allows abortion in Chile only if the mother's life is in danger, if the fetus is inviable and in rape cases. </p><p>Some countries do not allow their citizens to renounce their citizenship or only if the citizenship was acquired by birth there to non-citizen parents. In Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay, voting is compulsory for citizens. In Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, Paraguay, and Venezuela, military service is mandatory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any person born in Argentine territory acquires Argentine citizenship at birth,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> excepting children of persons in the service of a foreign government (e.g. foreign diplomats). This can be also applied to people born in the Falkland Islands, a disputed territory between Argentina and the United Kingdom. Argentine citizens cannot renounce their Argentine citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A person born in Brazil acquires Brazilian citizenship at birth, regardless of their parents' ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said Brazilian citizens cannot renounce their Brazilian citizenship, but it is possible to renounce it through a requirement made in the Brazilian consulate if they already have acquired another citizenship voluntarily. Foreign tourists, parents of a Brazilian child, may apply for permanent residency in Brazil based on their child's nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2023, all children born in Chile acquire Chilean citizenship at birth, the only exception being children born of people working for foreign diplomatic missions. Chilean Supreme Court ruled that children of irregular immigrants are not to be considered "Transient foreigners" and therefore receive Chilean citizenship as well.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Paraguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any person born in Paraguay territory acquires Paraguayan citizenship at birth. The only exception applies to children of persons in the service of a foreign government (like foreign diplomats). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">Right of abode in Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Birth tourism in Hong Kong">Birth tourism in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>As a non-sovereign territory, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> does not have its own citizenship; the status akin to citizenship in Hong Kong is the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">right of abode</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_resident" title="Hong Kong resident">permanent residence</a>. Hong Kong permanent residents regardless of citizenship are accorded all rights normally associated with citizenship, with few exceptions such as the right to a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">HKSAR passport</a> and the eligibility to be elected as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">chief executive</a> which are only available to Chinese citizens with right of abode in Hong Kong. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a>, Chinese citizens born in Hong Kong have the right of abode in the territory. The 2001 court case <i><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Immigration_v._Chong_Fung_Yuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen">Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen</a></i> affirmed that this right extends to the <a href="/wiki/Birth_tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Birth tourism in Hong Kong">children of mainland Chinese parents who themselves are not residents of Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, there has been an influx of mainland mothers giving birth in Hong Kong in order to obtain right of abode for the child. In 2009, 36% of babies born in Hong Kong were born to parents originating from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mamas_without_borders_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mamas_without_borders-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in backlash from some circles in Hong Kong to increased potential stress on the territory's social welfare net and education system.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to restrict benefits from such births have been struck down by the territory's courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Mamas_without_borders_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mamas_without_borders-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of the Hong Kong population has reacted negatively to the phenomenon, which has exacerbated social and cultural tensions between Hong Kong and mainland China. The situation came to a boiling point in <a href="/wiki/Early_2012_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2012 Hong Kong protests">early 2012</a>, with Hong Kongers taking to the street to protest the influx of birth tourism from mainland China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This information was found in the Immigration Department of Hong Kong, Immigration Department=immd.gov (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_past_(stopped_by_changes_in_laws)"><span id="In_the_past_.28stopped_by_changes_in_laws.29"></span>In the past (stopped by changes in laws)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In the past (stopped by changes in laws)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malta changed the principle of citizenship to jus sanguinis on 1 August 1989 in a move that also relaxed restrictions against multiple citizenships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of an enormous population<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, India abolished <i>jus soli</i> on 3 December 2004. This was in response to the fear of having mass immigration from Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-im_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-im-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jus soli</i> had already been progressively weakened in India since 1987. </p><p>India allows a form of "<a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">overseas citizenship</a>", but no real dual citizenship. In 2005, India introduced a new category of permanent residency which allowed people of Indian descent to live and work in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">Irish nationality law</a> conveyed birthright citizenship to anyone born anywhere on the <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">island of Ireland</a> (including in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) until the 27th Amendment was passed by referendum in 2004. The amendment was preceded by media reports of heavily pregnant women <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">claiming political asylum</a>, who expected that, even if their application was rejected, they would be allowed to remain in the country if their new baby was a citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancini_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancini-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish birthright citizenship could also serve for immigration purposes abroad: the case of <a href="/wiki/Chen_v_Home_Secretary" title="Chen v Home Secretary">Chen v Home Secretary</a> involved a <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> woman living temporarily in the UK who travelled to <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> to give birth, for the purpose of using her daughter's Irish (and thus <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>) citizenship to obtain the permanent right to reside in the UK as a parent of a dependent <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">EU citizen</a>. Until 2004, Ireland was the last European country to grant unconditional birthright citizenship. </p><p>Ireland retains <i>jus soli</i> citizenship for people born anywhere on the island of Ireland with at least one parent who is (i) Irish; (ii) British; (iii) has the right to live permanently in Ireland or Northern Ireland (e.g. EU citizens); or (iv) has resided legally in Ireland or Northern Ireland for at least 3 of the 4 years preceding the child's birth (time spent as an asylum seeker does not count). The island of Ireland is expected to become an attractive birth tourism destination post-Brexit for British people from England, Wales and Scotland since the child is entitled to Irish citizenship and thus EU citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitutional court of the Dominican Republic reaffirmed in TC 168-13 that children born in the Republic from individuals that were "in transit" are excluded from Dominican citizenship as per the Dominican Republic's constitution. The "in-transit" clause includes those individuals residing in the country without legal documentation, or with expired documentation. TC 168-13 also required the civil registry to be cleaned from abnormalities going as far back as 1929, when the "in-transit" clause was first put in place in the constitution. The Dominican government does not consider it a retroactive decision but only a reaffirmation of a clause that has been present in every revision of the Dominican constitution as far back as 1929. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encouraged_by_jus-soli_countries_(in_the_past)"><span id="Encouraged_by_jus-soli_countries_.28in_the_past.29"></span>Encouraged by <i>jus-soli</i> countries (in the past)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Encouraged by jus-soli countries (in the past)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In former times, some countries (Latin American countries and Canada) advertised their policy of unconditional birthright citizenship to become more attractive for immigrants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="contradictory to this exact paragraph (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth-_and_pregnancy_tourism_to_non-jus-soli_countries">Birth- and pregnancy tourism to <i>non-jus-soli</i> countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Birth- and pregnancy tourism to non-jus-soli countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birth_tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Birth tourism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maternidad_subrogada_situaci%C3%B3n_legal.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maternidad_subrogada_situaci%C3%B3n_legal.PNG/450px-Maternidad_subrogada_situaci%C3%B3n_legal.PNG" decoding="async" width="450" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maternidad_subrogada_situaci%C3%B3n_legal.PNG/675px-Maternidad_subrogada_situaci%C3%B3n_legal.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maternidad_subrogada_situaci%C3%B3n_legal.PNG/900px-Maternidad_subrogada_situaci%C3%B3n_legal.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Legal regulation of surrogacy in the world: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;"> </span> Both gainful and altruistic forms are legal</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4682B4; color:black;"> </span> No legal regulation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:black;"> </span> Legal only altruistically</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DA70D6; color:black;"> </span> Allowed between relatives up to second degree of consanguinity</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD5C5C; color:black;"> </span> Banned</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> Unregulated or uncertain situation</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Some women engage in birth tourism not to give their children a foreign citizenship, but because the other country has a better or cheaper medical system or allows procedures that are forbidden in the women's home countries (e.g. in-vitro fertilization, special tests on fetuses and embryos, or <a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">surrogacy</a>). </p><p>But this may lead to legal problems for the babies in the home country of their future parents. For example, Germany, like 14 other EU countries, forbids surrogacy, and a baby born abroad to a foreign surrogate mother has no right to German citizenship. According to German law, the woman who gives birth to a baby is its legal mother, even if it is not genetically related to her, and if the foreign surrogate mother is married, her husband is regarded as the legal father. </p><p>Many women travel abroad only for some procedures forbidden in their home countries, but then return to their home countries to give birth to their children ("pregnancy tourism"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/birth_tourism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/birth tourism">birth tourism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_baby" title="Anchor baby">Anchor baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_results_of_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic results of migration">Economic results of migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_tourism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rockcenter.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/10/28/8511587-born-in-the-usa-birth-tourists-get-instant-us-citizenship-for-their-newborns">the original</a> on 8 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Rock+Center+with+Brian+Williams+-+Born+in+the+U.S.A.%3A+Birth+tourists+get+instant+U.S.+citizenship+for+their+newborns&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frockcenter.msnbc.msn.com%2F_news%2F2011%2F10%2F28%2F8511587-born-in-the-usa-birth-tourists-get-instant-us-citizenship-for-their-newborns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrackdownJanuary2019NYTJordan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrackdownJanuary2019NYTJordan_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiriam_Jordan2019" class="citation web cs1">Miriam Jordan (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/us/anchor-baby-birth-tourism.html">"3 Arrested in Crackdown on Multimillion-Dollar 'Birth Tourism' Businesses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>Grand jury indictments unsealed Thursday in Federal District Court in Los Angeles brought the total number of people charged in the schemes to 19, including both business operators and clients. But some of those targeted in the indictments were not presently in the United States, investigators said. ... The number of businesses in operation is undoubtedly much larger than the three agencies targeted in the latest indictments in the Los Angeles area, said Mark Zito, assistant special agent in charge of Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Homeland Security Investigations in Los Angeles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=3+Arrested+in+Crackdown+on+Multimillion-Dollar+%27Birth+Tourism%27+Businesses&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.au=Miriam+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F01%2F31%2Fus%2Fanchor-baby-birth-tourism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeera-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeera_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/1/23/us-imposes-new-birth-tourism-visa-rules-for-pregnant-women">"US imposes new 'birth tourism' visa rules for pregnant women"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>Applicants will be denied tourist visas if they are determined by consular officers to be coming to the US primarily to give birth, according to the rules in the Federal Register.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=US+imposes+new+%27birth+tourism%27+visa+rules+for+pregnant+women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F1%2F23%2Fus-imposes-new-birth-tourism-visa-rules-for-pregnant-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/23/politics/us-new-rules-restricting-travel-fearing-birth-tourism/index.html">US issues new rules restricting travel by pregnant foreigners, fearing the use of 'birth tourism'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/six-charged-birth-tourism-scheme-cost-u-s-taxpayers-millions-n1249755">"6 charged in 'birth tourism' scheme that cost U.S. taxpayers millions"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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M.; Graham Finlay (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/2325/1/JM_citizenship.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Citizenship Matters": Lessons from the Irish Citizenship Referendum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 575–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.0.0034">10.1353/aq.0.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6490">1080-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145757112">145757112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Citizenship+Matters%22%3A+Lessons+from+the+Irish+Citizenship+Referendum&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=575-599&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145757112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.0.0034&rft.aulast=Mancini&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Graham+Finlay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.maynoothuniversity.ie%2F2325%2F1%2FJM_citizenship.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irishbaby.uk/index.php/2019/09/25/the-law-how-it-works/">"How birth in Northern Ireland enables dual nationality"</a>. 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+birth+in+Northern+Ireland+enables+dual+nationality&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firishbaby.uk%2Findex.php%2F2019%2F09%2F25%2Fthe-law-how-it-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirth+tourism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourism" title="Template:Tourism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourism" title="Template talk:Tourism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_tourism" title="Category:Types of tourism">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_tourism" title="Accessible tourism">Accessible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agritourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_tourism" title="Alternative tourism">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_tourism" title="Atomic tourism">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(travel)" title="Backpacking (travel)">Backpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachgoing" title="Beachgoing">Beachgoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_tourism" title="Business tourism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_tourism" title="Culinary tourism">Culinary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enotourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotourism">Enotourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_tourism" title="Archaeological tourism">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_tourism" title="Film tourism">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_tourism" title="Literary tourism">Literary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookstore_tourism" title="Bookstore tourism">Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_tourism" title="Tolkien tourism">Tolkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_tourism" title="Music tourism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_tourism" title="Disaster tourism">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_tourism" title="Holocaust tourism">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_tourism" title="War tourism">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_tourism" title="Domestic tourism">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_travel" title="Experiential travel">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_tourism" title="Extreme tourism">Extreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_tourism" title="Fashion tourism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_tourism" title="Genealogy tourism">Genealogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_tourism" title="Heritage tourism">Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_tourism" title="Identity tourism">Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotourism" title="Geotourism">Geotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_tourism" title="Industrial tourism">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_tourism" title="International tourism">International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_volunteering" title="International volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_tourism" title="Jungle tourism">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_tourism" title="Justice tourism">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT tourism">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MICE_tourism" title="MICE tourism">MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_tourism" title="Nautical tourism">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage_tourism" title="Orphanage tourism">Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Recreational drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_tourism" title="Red tourism">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tourism" title="Christian tourism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal_tourism" title="Halal tourism">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tourism" title="Kosher tourism">Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_tourism" title="Science tourism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_tourism" title="Sensory tourism">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_tourism" title="Slum tourism">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_tourism" title="Smart tourism">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Lunar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_tourism" title="Sports tourism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_tourism" title="Urban tourism">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tour" title="Virtual tour">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_friends_and_relatives" title="Visiting friends and relatives">Visiting friends and relatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellness_tourism" title="Wellness tourism">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">Bed and breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutique_hotel" title="Boutique hotel">Boutique hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">Convention center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_spa" title="Destination spa">Destination spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptionist" title="Receptionist">Front desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_house" title="Guest house">Guest house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuhotel" title="Heuhotel">Heuhotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">Homestay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_management_studies" title="Hospitality management studies">Hospitality management studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">Hostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_manager" title="Hotel manager">Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motel" title="Motel">Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_(lodging)" title="Pension (lodging)">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referral_chain" title="Referral chain">Referral chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">Resort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resort_hotel" title="Resort hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_island" title="Resort island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">Seaside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_tour" title="College tour">College tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">Convention (meeting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_marketing_organization" title="Destination marketing organization">Destination marketing organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorted_tour" title="Escorted tour">Escorted tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excursion" title="Excursion">Excursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_tour" title="Factory tour">Factory tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_shop" title="Gift shop">Gift shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">Honeymoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_planner" title="Journey planner">Journey planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tour" title="Package tour">Package tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_traveler" title="Perpetual traveler">Perpetual traveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_trip" title="Road trip">Road trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_attraction" title="Roadside attraction">Roadside attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">Souvenir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staycation" title="Staycation">Staycation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_bus_service" title="Tour bus service">Tour bus service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_guide" title="Tour guide">Tour guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_operator" title="Tour operator">Tour operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_region" title="Tourism region">Tourism region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">Tourist attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_gateway" title="Tourist gateway">Tourist gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_trap" title="Tourist trap">Tourist trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touron" title="Touron">Touron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_behavior" title="Travel behavior">Travel behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_survey" title="Travel survey">Travel survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_technology" title="Travel technology">Travel technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_warning" title="Travel warning">Travel warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacation" title="Vacation">Vacation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitor_center" title="Visitor center">Visitor center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travel literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_book" title="Guide book">Guide book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourism_journals" title="List of tourism journals">Tourism journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_travel_magazines" title="List of travel magazines">Travel magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bus_Association" title="American Bus Association">American Bus Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Hotel_and_Lodging_Association" title="American Hotel and Lodging Association">American Hotel and Lodging Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Hotel_%26_Lodging_Educational_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute">American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEST_Education_Network" title="BEST Education Network">BEST Education Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Tourism_Organization" title="Caribbean Tourism Organization">Caribbean Tourism Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Travel_Commission" title="European Travel Commission">European Travel Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Archive_on_Tourism" title="Historical Archive on Tourism">Historical Archive on Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Beyond_Tourism" title="Life Beyond Tourism">Life Beyond Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musement" title="Musement">Musement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia_Travel_Association" title="Pacific Asia Travel Association">Pacific Asia Travel Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_Tourism_Organisation" title="South-East Asian Tourism Organisation">South-East Asian Tourism Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_Radio" title="Tourism Radio">Tourism Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIJET" title="FIJET">World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">World Tourism rankings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Travel_Monitor" title="World Travel Monitor">World Travel Monitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">Trade fairs</a> and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akwaaba_African_Travel_Market" title="Akwaaba African Travel Market">Akwaaba African Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Travel_Market" title="Arabian Travel Market">Arabian Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_of_the_Kings" title="Cruise of the Kings">Cruise of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_del_Viaggio" title="Festival del Viaggio">Festival del Viaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFEMA" title="IFEMA">FITUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITB_Berlin" title="ITB Berlin">ITB Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Day" title="World Tourism Day">World Tourism Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Impacts of tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakage_effect" title="Leakage effect">Leakage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtourism" title="Overtourism">Overtourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_improvement_district" title="Tourism improvement district">Tourism improvement district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_tax" title="Tourist tax">Tourist tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_tourisms" title="List of adjectival tourisms">Adjectival tourisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tourist_attractions" title="Lists of tourist attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_tourism" title="Bibliography of tourism">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casino_hotels" title="List of casino hotels">Casino hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos" title="List of casinos">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">Cities by international visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convention_and_exhibition_centers" title="List of convention and exhibition centers">Convention and exhibition centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruise_lines" title="List of cruise lines">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lists_of_hotels" title="List of lists of hotels">Hotels</a> <ul><li><a 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