Accelerators

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</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-11-06T11:00:02Z">6 November, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191152" id="preview-card--2" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern news_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern news_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/news/cern/estonian-flag-raised-cern"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/news/cern/estonian-flag-raised-cern" hreflang="en" title="Estonian flag raised at CERN"> <span> Estonian flag raised at CERN </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-17T12:33:54Z">17 October, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191124" id="preview-card--3" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern news_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/Picture%201.jpg?itok=YeI6iEmy') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/Picture%201.jpg?itok=YeI6iEmy" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern news_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/press-release/physics/particle-physicists-chart-course-future"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/press-release/physics/particle-physicists-chart-course-future" hreflang="en" title="Particle physicists chart a course to the future"> <span> Particle physicists chart a course to the fut... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Physics </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-11T09:08:31Z">11 October, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191077" id="preview-card--4" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern news_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern news_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks" hreflang="en" title="Blowing out 70 candles: CERN celebrates seven decades of discoveries and looks ahead to a brilliant future of science and innovation"> <span> Blowing out 70 candles: CERN celebrates seven... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-01T10:00:00Z">1 October, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <p class="cern-btn"><a class="cern-btn" href="/news?audience=23">Latest news</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-0 col-sm-0 col-md-6 col-lg-6 col-item-megamenu"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 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Andrew Hara" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201511-212-8/file?size=large"/> </a> <figcaption> The linear accelerator Linac4 under construction <span> (Image: CERN)</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <span class="component-header__scroll"></span> </div> <a class="endof-cern-header-blocks"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <h1>What is an accelerator?</h1> </div> </div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>An accelerator propels charged particles, such as protons or electrons, at high speeds, close to the speed of light. They are then smashed either onto a target or against other particles circulating in the opposite direction. By studying these collisions, physicists are able to probe the world of the infinitely small.</p> <p>When the particles are sufficiently energetic, a phenomenon that defies the imagination happens: the energy of the collision is transformed into matter in the form of new particles, the most massive of which existed in the early Universe. This phenomenon is described by Einstein鈥檚 famous equation E=mc<sup>2</sup>, according to which matter is a concentrated form of energy, and the two are interchangeable.</p> <p>The <a href="/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> is the most powerful accelerator in the world. It boosts particles, such as protons, which form all the matter we know. Accelerated to a speed close to that of light, they collide with other protons. These collisions produce massive particles, such as the Higgs boson or the top quark. By measuring their properties, scientists increase our understanding of matter and of the origins of the Universe. These massive particles only last in the blink of an eye, and cannot be observed directly. Almost immediately they transform (or decay) into lighter particles, which in turn also decay. The particles emerging from the successive links in this decay chain are identified in the layers of the detector.</p> </div> </div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <figure class="cds-video" id="CERN-VIDEO-2015-024-001"> <p class="column-left image-breakout"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" height="450" src="//cds.cern.ch/video/CERN-VIDEO-2015-024-001?start=0&end=84" width="100%"></iframe></p> <figcaption> <p class="column-left image-breakout">Animation showing the path of the particles in the accelerator complex up to their collisions in the LHC.<span> (Video: Daniel Dominguez/CERN)</span></p> </figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-medium" ></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <h1>How does an accelerator work?</h1> </div> </div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>Accelerators use electromagnetic fields to accelerate and steer particles. <a href="/science/engineering/accelerating-radiofrequency-cavities">Radiofrequency cavities</a> boost the particle beams, while magnets focus the beams and bend their trajectory.</p> <p>In a circular accelerator, the particles repeat the same circuit for as long as necessary, getting an energy boost at each turn. In theory, the energy could be increased over and over again. However, the more energy the particles have, the more powerful the <a href="/science/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets">magnetic fields</a> have to be to keep them in their circular orbit.</p> <p>A linear accelerator, on the contrary, is exclusively formed of accelerating structures since the particles do not need to be deflected, but they only benefit from a single acceleration pass. In this case, increasing the energy means increasing the length of the accelerator.</p> <p>As physicists have explored higher and higher energies, accelerators have become larger and larger: the size of an accelerator is a compromise between energy, the radius of curvature (if it鈥檚 circular), the feasibility and the cost.</p> <p>Colliders are accelerators that generate head-on collisions between particles. Thanks to this technique, the collision energy is higher because the energy of the two particles is added together.</p> <p>The <a href="/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline">Large Hadron Collider</a> is the largest and most powerful collider in the world. It boosts the particles in a loop 27 kilometres in circumference at an energy of 6.5 TeV (teraelectronvolts), generating collisions at an energy of 13 TeV.</p> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--4" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-048-8/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-048-8/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/how-accelerator-works"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/how-accelerator-works" title="How it works"> <span style="color:"> How it works </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--5" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2018-10/RF-%2800889%29_0.jpg') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/2018-10/RF-%2800889%29_0.jpg" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/engineering/accelerating-radiofrequency-cavities"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/engineering/accelerating-radiofrequency-cavities" title="The accelerating cavities"> <span style="color:"> The accelerating cavities </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--6" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2018-10/9402027-A4-at-144-dpi_1.jpg') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/2018-10/9402027-A4-at-144-dpi_1.jpg" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets" title="The magnets"> <span style="color:"> The magnets </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <h2>What are the characteristics of an accelerator?</h2> </div> </div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>The type of particles, the energy of the collisions and the luminosity are among the important characteristics of an accelerator.</p> <p>An accelerator can circulate a lot of different particles, provided that they have an electric charge so that they can be accelerated with an electromagnetic field. The CERN accelerator complex accelerates protons, but also nuclei of ionized atoms (ions), such as the nuclei of lead, argon or xenon atoms. Some LHC runs are thus dedicated to lead-ion collisions. The <a href="/node/484/">ISOLDE</a> facility accelerates beams of exotic nuclei for nuclear physics studies.</p> <p>The energy of a particle is measured in electronvolts. One electronvolt is the energy gained by an electron that accelerates through a one-volt electrical field. As they race around the LHC, the protons acquire an energy of 6.5 million million electronvolts, known as 6.5 tera-electronvolts or TeV. It is the highest energy reached by an accelerator, but in everyday terms, this is a ridiculously tiny energy; roughly the energy of a safety pin dropped from a height of just two centimetres. But an accelerator concentrates that energy at the infinitesimal scale to obtain very high concentrations of energy close to those that existed just after the Big Bang.</p> <p>Luminosity is a key indicator of an accelerator鈥檚 performance: it indicates the number of potential collisions per surface unit over a given period of time. The instantaneous luminosity is expressed in cm<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> and the integrated luminosity, corresponding to the number of collisions that can occur over a given period, is measured in inverse femtobarn. One inverse femtobarn corresponds to 100 million millions (potential) collisions.</p> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--9" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2018-10/Light_shining2_2.JPG') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/2018-10/Light_shining2_2.JPG" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/opinion/cern/luminosity-why-dont-we-just-say-collision-rate"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/news/opinion/cern/luminosity-why-dont-we-just-say-collision-rate" title="What is luminosity?"> <span style="color:"> What is luminosity? </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--10" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-030-10/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-030-10/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/engineering/restarting-lhc-why-13-tev"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/engineering/restarting-lhc-why-13-tev" title="Why 13 TeV ?"> <span style="color:"> Why 13 TeV ? </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-medium" ></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none" data-title="CERN accelerators"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <h2>What type of accelerators are at CERN?</h2> </div> </div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>CERN operates a complex of nine accelerators and two decelerators. These accelerators supply experiments or are used as injectors, accelerating particles for larger accelerators. Some, such as the Proton Synchrotron (PS) or Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) do both at once, preparing particles for experiments that they supply directly and injecting into larger accelerators.</p> <p>The Large Hadron Collider is supplied with protons by a chain of four accelerators that boost the particles and divide them into bunches.</p> <p>The accelerators are controlled by operators 24 hours a day from the CERN Control Centre.</p> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--12" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-AC-1111289-01/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-AC-1111289-01/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/accelerator-complex"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/accelerator-complex" title="CERN's accelerators"> <span style="color:"> CERN's accelerators </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_background_parallax"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <h2 id="current-accelerators">Current accelerators</h2> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--24" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern portrait landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-030-6/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-030-6/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern portrait landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider" title="LHC"> <span style="color:"> LHC </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--25" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201704-093-2/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201704-093-2/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/linear-accelerator-4"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/linear-accelerator-4" title="Linac4"> <span style="color:"> Linac4 </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--26" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201405-098-5/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201405-098-5/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/proton-synchrotron-booster"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/proton-synchrotron-booster" title="PS Booster"> <span style="color:"> PS Booster </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--27" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-AC-1011246-19/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-AC-1011246-19/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/linear-accelerator-3"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/linear-accelerator-3" title="Linac3"> <span style="color:"> Linac3 </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--28" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-EX-0509046-01/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-EX-0509046-01/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/low-energy-ion-ring"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/low-energy-ion-ring" title="LEIR"> <span style="color:"> LEIR </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--29" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-048-9/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201802-048-9/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/super-proton-synchrotron"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/super-proton-synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron"> <span style="color:"> Super Proton Synchrotron </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--30" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201504-064-4/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201504-064-4/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/tags/hie-isolde"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/tags/hie-isolde" title="HIE-ISOLDE"> <span style="color:"> HIE-ISOLDE </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--31" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2019-028-44/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2019-028-44/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/clear"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/clear" title="CLEAR"> <span style="color:"> CLEAR </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--32" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201405-164-2/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201405-164-2/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/proton-synchrotron"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/proton-synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron"> <span style="color:"> Proton Synchrotron </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--33" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-EX-1105131-08/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-EX-1105131-08/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/antiproton-decelerator"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/antiproton-decelerator" title="Antiproton Decelerator"> <span style="color:"> Antiproton Decelerator </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--34" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201611-300-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201611-300-1/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/antiproton-decelerator"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/antiproton-decelerator" title="ELENA"> <span style="color:"> ELENA </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-medium" ></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none" data-title="Future accelerators"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <h2 id="future">Future accelerators</h2> <p>Imagining, developing and building an accelerator takes several decades. For example, the former <a href="/science/accelerators/large-electron-positron-collider">LEP</a> electron-positron accelerator had not even begun operation when CERN scientists were already imagining replacing it with a more powerful accelerator. That was in 1984, twenty-four years before the <a href="/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">LHC</a> started.</p> <p>Since 2010, scientists have been working on the LHC鈥檚 successor, the <a href="/science/accelerators/high-luminosity-lhc">High-Luminosity LHC</a>. Approved by the CERN Council in 2016, this second generation LHC is expected to start after 2025. CERN scientists are also working on accelerator studies for beyond 2040, such as the <a href="/science/accelerators/future-circular-collider">Future Circular Collider (FCC)</a>, the <a href="/science/accelerators/compact-linear-collider">Compact Linear Collider (CLIC)</a> and the <a href="/science/accelerators/muon-collider">Muon Collider</a>. Work is also being done on alternative acceleration techniques for example with the <a href="/science/accelerators/awake">AWAKE</a> experiment.</p> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--40" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern portrait landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2017-010-2/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2017-010-2/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern portrait landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/high-luminosity-lhc"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/high-luminosity-lhc" title="High-Luminosity LHC"> <span style="color:"> High-Luminosity LHC </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--41" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201804-088-3/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201804-088-3/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/future-circular-collider"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/future-circular-collider" title="Future Circular Collider"> <span style="color:"> Future Circular Collider </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--42" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201501-010-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201501-010-1/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/compact-linear-collider"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/compact-linear-collider" title="Compact Linear Collider"> <span style="color:"> Compact Linear Collider </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--43" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2023-02/CCMayJun_muons_fig5.jpg') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/2023-02/CCMayJun_muons_fig5.jpg" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/muon-collider"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/muon-collider" title="Muon Collider"> <span style="color:"> Muon Collider </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--44" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201910-349-7/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201910-349-7/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/awake"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/awake" title="AWAKE"> <span style="color:"> AWAKE </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none" data-title="Past accelerators"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <h2>Past accelerators</h2> <p>Many accelerators developed several decades ago are still in operation. The oldest of these is the Proton Synchrotron (PS), commissioned in 1959. Others have been closed down, with some of their components being reused for new machines, at CERN or elsewhere. Travel back into the past of CERN accelerators.</p> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--52" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern portrait landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-AC-9107040-16/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-AC-9107040-16/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern portrait landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/large-electron-positron-collider"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/large-electron-positron-collider" title="Large Electron-Positron Collider"> <span style="color:"> Large Electron-Positron Collider </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--53" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern portrait landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HI-7505285-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HI-7505285-1/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern portrait landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/synchrocyclotron"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/synchrocyclotron" title="Synchrocyclotron"> <span style="color:"> Synchrocyclotron </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--54" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-EX-0511018-01/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-EX-0511018-01/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/cern-neutrinos-gran-sasso"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/cern-neutrinos-gran-sasso" title="CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso"> <span style="color:"> CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--55" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-8309528-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-8309528-1/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/science/accelerators/low-energy-antiproton-ring"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/science/accelerators/low-energy-antiproton-ring" title="Low-energy Antiproton ring"> <span style="color:"> Low-energy Antiproton ring </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--56" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display landing_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2018-10/8004012.jpg') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/2018-10/8004012.jpg" 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