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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geological history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuban (river)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%8A" title="Псыжъ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Псыжъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%8A" title="Псыжъ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Псыжъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نهر الكوبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر الكوبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1" title="Kuban çayı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuban çayı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کوبان چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوبان چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0)" title="Ҡобан (йылға) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡобан (йылға)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Кубань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кубань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кубан (река) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кубан (река)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouban_(st%C3%AAr)" title="Kouban (stêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kouban (stêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Kuban" title="Riu Kuban – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riu Kuban" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Кубань (юханшыв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кубань (юханшыв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban%27_(suba_sa_Rusya,_lat_45,33,_long_37,40)" title="Kuban' (suba sa Rusya, lat 45,33, long 37,40) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kuban' (suba sa Rusya, lat 45,33, long 37,40)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kub%C3%A1%C5%88_(%C5%99eka)" title="Kubáň (řeka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kubáň (řeka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kuban" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuban" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuban" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Kub%C3%A1n" title="Río Kubán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Kubán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubano_(rivero)" title="Kubano (rivero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kubano (rivero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_(ibaia)" title="Kuban (ibaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuban (ibaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouban_(fleuve)" title="Kouban (fleuve) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kouban (fleuve)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Къобанхий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Къобанхий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%B0%98%EA%B0%95" title="쿠반강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠반강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_(rijeka)" title="Kuban (rijeka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuban (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvio_Kuban" title="Fluvio Kuban – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fluvio Kuban" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%86%C3%A6%D1%83%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Хъобан (цæугæдон) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъобан (цæугæдон)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban%27" title="Kuban' – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kuban'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F_(%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8)" title="קובאן (נהר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קובאן (נהר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83)" title="Къобан (суу) – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къобан (суу)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94)" title="ყუბანი (მდინარე) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყუბანი (მდინარე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Қобан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қобан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Кубань (дарыя) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кубань (дарыя)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypanis" title="Hypanis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hypanis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba%C5%86a" title="Kubaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kubaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban%C4%97" title="Kubanė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kubanė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Cuban" title="Rio Cuban – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Cuban" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kub%C3%A1n_(foly%C3%B3)" title="Kubán (folyó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kubán (folyó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кубањ (река) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кубањ (река)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="कुबान नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुबान नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نهر الكوبان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر الكوبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeban_(rivier)" title="Koeban (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koeban (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9D" title="クバン川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クバン川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_Struum" title="Kuban Struum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kuban Struum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kuban" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kuban" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%8D%D2%A5%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Кубань (эҥер) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кубань (эҥер)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuban" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کوبان دریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوبان دریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba%C5%84" title="Kubań – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kubań" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Cub%C3%A3" title="Rio Cubã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Cubã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_(d%C3%A1rya)" title="Kuban (dárya) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kuban (dárya)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kuban" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кубань (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кубань (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kub%C3%A1%C5%88_(rieka)" title="Kubáň (rieka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kubáň (rieka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9A_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кубањ (река) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кубањ (река)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_(joki)" title="Kuban (joki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuban (joki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_(flod)" title="Kuban (flod) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kuban (flod)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кубан елгасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кубан елгасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="แม่น้ำคูบัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำคูบัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_Nehri" title="Kuban Nehri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuban Nehri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кубань (річка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кубань (річка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دریائے کوبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے کوبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban%27_(jogi)" title="Kuban' (jogi) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kuban' (jogi)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Kuban" title="Sông Kuban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Kuban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E7%8F%AD%E6%B2%B3" title="库班河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库班河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%8F%AD%E6%B2%B3" title="庫班河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庫班河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82308#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuban_(river)&params=45_20_N_37_24_E_region:RU_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.333°N 37.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.333; 37.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_River&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban River</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in the North Caucasus of Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Kuban River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuban_River.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kuban_River.png/250px-Kuban_River.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kuban_River.png/375px-Kuban_River.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kuban_River.png/500px-Kuban_River.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouban-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kouban-fr.svg/220px-Kouban-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kouban-fr.svg/330px-Kouban-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kouban-fr.svg/440px-Kouban-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuban (river) is located in Krasnodar Krai"><img alt="Kuban (river) is located in Krasnodar Krai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Relief_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai.png/240px-Relief_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Relief_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai.png/360px-Relief_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Relief_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai.png/480px-Relief_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="846" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.675%;left:23.333%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kuban (river)"><img alt="Kuban (river)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Krasnodar Krai</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_laea_location_map_(Crimea_disputed).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuban (river) is located in European Russia"><img alt="Kuban (river) is located in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/European_Russia_laea_location_map_%28Crimea_disputed%29.jpg/240px-European_Russia_laea_location_map_%28Crimea_disputed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/European_Russia_laea_location_map_%28Crimea_disputed%29.jpg/360px-European_Russia_laea_location_map_%28Crimea_disputed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/European_Russia_laea_location_map_%28Crimea_disputed%29.jpg/480px-European_Russia_laea_location_map_%28Crimea_disputed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.728%;left:36.579%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kuban (river)"><img alt="Kuban (river)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of European Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_rel_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuban (river) is located in Russia"><img alt="Kuban (river) is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/240px-Russia_rel_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/360px-Russia_rel_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/480px-Russia_rel_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.477%;left:3.813%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kuban (river)"><img alt="Kuban (river)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuban (river) is located in Black Sea"><img alt="Kuban (river) is located in Black Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/240px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/360px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/480px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="643" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.089%;left:68.593%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kuban (river)"><img alt="Kuban (river)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Black Sea</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Main_Caucasian_Range" title="Main Caucasian Range">Main Caucasian Range</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3,400 m (11,200 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuban_(river)&params=45_20_N_37_24_E_region:RU_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.333°N 37.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.333; 37.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">870 km (540 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">57,900 km<sup>2</sup> (22,400 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">425 m<sup>3</sup>/s (15,000 cu ft/s) (maximum near <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urup_(river)" title="Urup (river)">Urup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laba_(river)" title="Laba (river)">Laba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belaya_(Kuban)" title="Belaya (Kuban)">Belaya</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Kuban Delta: Group of limans between Kuban & Protoka Rivers</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">674<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Kuban Delta: Akhtaro-Grivenskaya group of limans</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">675<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <br /><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="6" data-overlays="["_508834d16d92d84553bb3cb376c1598ae9940f9a"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kuban_%28river%29&revid=1252775522&groups=_508834d16d92d84553bb3cb376c1598ae9940f9a" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kuban_%28river%29&revid=1252775522&groups=_508834d16d92d84553bb3cb376c1598ae9940f9a 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kuban</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a river in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> that flows through the <a href="/wiki/Western_Caucasus" title="Western Caucasus">Western Caucasus</a> and drains into the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. The Kuban runs mostly through <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> for 660 kilometres (410 mi), but also in the <a href="/wiki/Karachay%E2%80%93Cherkessia" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay–Cherkessia">Karachay–Cherkess Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Adygea">Republic of Adygea</a>. </p><p>The Kuban flows 870 kilometres (540 mi) north and west from its source near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, eventually reaching <a href="/wiki/Temryuk_Bay" title="Temryuk Bay">Temryuk Bay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. It is navigable up to <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>. Major cities on the river are <a href="/wiki/Karachayevsk" title="Karachayevsk">Karachayevsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevinnomyssk" title="Nevinnomyssk">Nevinnomyssk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armavir,_Russia" title="Armavir, Russia">Armavir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novokubansk" title="Novokubansk">Novokubansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin,_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai">Kropotkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ust-Labinsk" title="Ust-Labinsk">Ust-Labinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temryuk" title="Temryuk">Temryuk</a>. Despite its name, <a href="/wiki/Slavyansk-on-Kuban" title="Slavyansk-on-Kuban">Slavyansk-on-Kuban</a> lies not on the Kuban River, but on its <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributary</a> the Protoka. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_hydrology">Geography and hydrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(river)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and hydrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krasnodar_Kuban.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Krasnodar_Kuban.JPG/220px-Krasnodar_Kuban.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Krasnodar_Kuban.JPG/330px-Krasnodar_Kuban.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Krasnodar_Kuban.JPG/440px-Krasnodar_Kuban.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Kuban River in Krasnodar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachayevsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Karachayevsk.jpg/220px-Karachayevsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Karachayevsk.jpg/330px-Karachayevsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Karachayevsk.jpg/440px-Karachayevsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The confluence of Teberda and Kuban near Karachayevsk</figcaption></figure> <p>The river originates on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> and forms at the merger of its two tributaries, the Ullukam and Uchkulam; from the source of the Ullukam to the delta, it has a length of 906 kilometres (563 mi). Between the source and <a href="/wiki/Nevinnomyssk" title="Nevinnomyssk">Nevinnomyssk</a> the river flows mostly in the deep and narrow <a href="/wiki/Gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorge">gorge</a>, has many thresholds and rapidly changes its elevation. Near Nevinnomyssk a dam supplies water to the Nevinnomyssk channel. In its central part, until the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Laba" title="Bolshaya Laba">Bolshaya Laba</a>, the Kuban River flows in a wide flat valley with terraced slopes. Then it bends to the west and develops a left-bank floodplain, which is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide near Ust-Labinsk. There it is winding and has many shoals and rapids. Below the mouth of Laba the river widens up to 20 kilometres (12 mi). Between the mouths of the rivers Laba and Afips the Adyghe marshes cover an area of about 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi), and below the river Afips, about 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) is occupied by the Zakubanskie marshes. At 116 kilometres (72 mi) from the mouth, the Kuban converges with a major tributary, the Protoka, which is 130 kilometres (81 mi) long. Near its mouth the Kuban narrows to 3 to 4 kilometres (1.9 to 2.5 mi) and then forms a delta covering about 4,300 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi). The delta contains numerous <a href="/wiki/Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">limans</a>, some of which have gradually separated from the river. Until the 19th century the Kuban River discharged into both the Black and the Azov seas. However later, the rising grounds redirected the river entirely to the Azov Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the upper stream the river is mostly fed by glaciers and high-mountain snow (49%). Near Krasnodar, this contribution drops to 32%; meanwhile, the water supply from the subsoil water increases from 21% to 32%, and that of rainwater from 27% to 32%. The river does not freeze over because of a relatively warm climate and rapid flow in the upper part. The Kuban River is characterized by numerous (6–7 through the year) floods due to rains and thaws, both in the winter and summer. The water level used to fluctuate by up to 5 metres (16 ft), with the maximum in July and the minimum in February. The amplitude of these fluctuations was reduced by construction of the Nevinnomyssk channel and the Tschikskoe, Krasnodar and Shapsug reservoirs. These measures also provided water for <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a> and rice fields.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> of the Kuban River is at its maximum near <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a> at about 425 cubic metres per second (15,000 cu ft/s). It was formerly higher by some 30 cubic metres per second (1,100 cu ft/s) but was lowered by the reservoir construction. The average discharge near Armavir is 163 cubic metres per second (5,800 cu ft/s), and it formerly varied between 0.95 and 1,160 cubic metres per second (34 and 40,965 cu ft/s) before the filling of the Krasnodar Reservoir in the 1980s. The annual outflow to the Azov Sea is about 12 to 13 cubic kilometres (2.9 to 3.1 cu mi) of water, 8 million tonnes of sediments and 4 million tonnes of dissolved salts.<sup id="cite_ref-r2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average turbidity is 682 g/m<sup>3</sup>. Water salinity increases toward the delta; it normally varies between 50 and 400 mg/L and may reach 1000 mg/L in some areas. All major tributaries flow into the Kuban from the left and originate in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. Those tributaries include the Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Maly Zelenchuk, Urup, Laba, Belaya and Pshish.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main tributaries of the Kuban are, from source to mouth: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teberda_(river)" title="Teberda (river)">Teberda</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maly_Zelenchuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maly Zelenchuk (page does not exist)">Maly Zelenchuk</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Zelenchuk" title="Bolshoy Zelenchuk">Bolshoy Zelenchuk</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urup_(river)" title="Urup (river)">Urup</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laba_(river)" title="Laba (river)">Laba</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaya_(Kuban)" title="Belaya (Kuban)">Belaya</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshish" title="Pshish">Pshish</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apchas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apchas (page does not exist)">Apchas</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psekups_(river)" title="Psekups (river)">Psekups</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afips (page does not exist)">Afips</a> (left)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(river)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SagittariaSagittifoliaLeaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/SagittariaSagittifoliaLeaves.jpg/220px-SagittariaSagittifoliaLeaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/SagittariaSagittifoliaLeaves.jpg/330px-SagittariaSagittifoliaLeaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/SagittariaSagittifoliaLeaves.jpg/440px-SagittariaSagittifoliaLeaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria" title="Sagittaria">Arrowhead</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The river flows through three types of landscape: mixed forests of the Caucasus in the south, Crimean Submediterranean forests in the central part, and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> in the north. The <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">Caucasus mixed forests</a> are rich in tree species; at mid-elevation, they are dominated by Georgian oak (<i>Quercus iberica</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a> (<i>Carpinus caucasica</i>), sweet chestnut (<i><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Castanea sativa</a></i>) and Oriental beech (<i><a href="/wiki/Fagus_orientalis" title="Fagus orientalis">Fagus orientalis</a></i>). Higher forests are coniferous and consist of fir (<i><a href="/wiki/Abies_nordmanniana" title="Abies nordmanniana">Abies nordmanniana</a></i>) and spruce (<i><a href="/wiki/Picea_orientalis" title="Picea orientalis">Picea orientalis</a></i>). The Crimean Submediterranean forests are also coniferous, dominated by fir and spruce.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vegetation of the delta mostly consists of thickets of reeds, <a href="/wiki/Scirpus" title="Scirpus">grassweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex">sedges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparganium" title="Sparganium">bur-reed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">cattail</a>. Less frequent are <a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">tape-grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butomus" title="Butomus">grass rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagittaria" title="Sagittaria">arrowhead</a> and other water-hungry plants. The estuaries have rich underwater vegetation in the form of stoneworts algae, <a href="/wiki/Potamogeton" title="Potamogeton">pondweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllum" title="Ceratophyllum">hornworts</a>, lilies and other species. The total area of such vegetation is 40,000 to 50,000 hectares (150 to 190 sq mi). Some estuaries contain thickets of <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo" title="Nelumbo">lotus</a> which was brought to the area from Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-r2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kki_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(river)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnocephalus_cernuus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gymnocephalus_cernuus.jpg/220px-Gymnocephalus_cernuus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gymnocephalus_cernuus.jpg/330px-Gymnocephalus_cernuus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Gymnocephalus_cernuus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Ruffe" title="Ruffe">ruffe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The wide delta of Kuban, with its abundant estuaries, is especially rich in <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthos</a>. There are about 400 species of zooplankton, including <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cladocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladocera">cladocerans</a>, mollusks, worms, etc., providing abundant food for fish. The fish fauna of the Kuban differs from that of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga</a> rivers and contains more than 65 species from 16 families. They are dominated by the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Gobio" title="Gobio">Gobio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Romanogobio" title="Romanogobio">Romanogobio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Squalius" title="Squalius">Squalius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chondrostoma" title="Chondrostoma">Chondrostoma</a></i> and contain species and genera such as carp, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_carp" title="Prussian carp">Prussian carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutilus_rutilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutilus rutilus">roach</a>, bream, <a href="/wiki/Blicca_bjoerkna" title="Blicca bjoerkna">silver bream</a>, pike, perch, <a href="/wiki/Ruffe" title="Ruffe">ruffe</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chalcalburnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcalburnus">Chalcalburnus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sprattus" title="Sprattus">Sprattus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mugil" title="Mugil">Mugil</a></i> and others. Some species such as <a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver carp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass carp</a> were acclimatized in the last decade.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endemic species include the Kuban <a href="/wiki/Barbel_(fish)" title="Barbel (fish)">barbel</a> (<i>Barbus kubanicus</i>), <i>Gobio kubanicus</i>, Little Kuban gudgeon (<i>Romanogobio parvus</i>), Kuban long-barbelled gudgeon (<i>R. pentatrichus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kuban_nase" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban nase">Kuban nase</a> (<i>Chondrostoma kubanicum</i>), <i>Sabanejewia kubanica</i>, <i>Oxynoemacheilus merga</i> and Aphips chub.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuban barbel and Kuban nase are the only species of their genera within the Kuban basin. They prefer mountainous streams with a rapid flow and sandy or rocky bottom on which they spawn. After the construction of the Krasnodar Dam in the 1980s, the Kuban barbel became rare in the lower Kuban. On the contrary, Kuban nase moves downstream to lower sections or larger tributaries in winter. It is rather sensitive to the water quality, especially turbidity. Its population also declined after the construction of the Krasnodar Dam, but is still large in the middle and upper parts of the Kuban and its tributaries.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kuban gudgeon and Little Kuban gudgeon are restricted to the sections with moderately fast flow and gravel or sandy bottoms; they are abundant in the middle part of the river. The Kuban gudgeon is unusual by having five <a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">anal branched rays</a>. Aphips chub (<i>Squalius aphipsi</i>) occurs in southern tributaries of Kuban and is hiding in small pools in the summer. It spawns in rapid streams 10 to 20 centimetres (4 to 8 in) deep with a pebble or rocky bottom. It does not migrate much, but it moves downstream in winter to find deeper pools and returns upstream in summer. This species is abundant throughout the whole river.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the construction of dams, the River had migratory stocks of sturgeons (<i><a href="/wiki/Acipenser_gueldenstaedtii" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenser gueldenstaedtii">Acipenser gueldenstaedtii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acipenser_stellatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenser stellatus">A. stellatus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Huso_huso" class="mw-redirect" title="Huso huso">Huso huso</a></i>) and cyprinids (<i><a href="/wiki/Alburnus_mento" title="Alburnus mento">Alburnus mento</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vimba_vimba" title="Vimba vimba">Vimba vimba</a></i>). These species have low presence nowadays.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The delta of the Kuban River and its estuaries are a popular resting ground for various migratory birds, especially waterfowl such as wild geese, ducks, cormorants, pelicans, swans and gray herons. Also abundant are birds of prey, such as falcons, as well as foxes and wild cats. Muskrats were brought to the watershed in the 20th century for commercial fur production.<sup id="cite_ref-r2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(river)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG/220px-Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG/330px-Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG/440px-Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcano</a> near the delta of Kuban</figcaption></figure> <p>Tens of thousands of years ago, the Azov Sea was much larger and covered the delta of the Kuban River. Deposition of silt by the Kuban gradually pushed out the sea and shaped the delta with numerous limans and shallow estuaries. Frequent eruptions of the <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcanoes</a> contributed to this deposition process. There are about 25 mud volcanoes in the area and some are still active.<sup id="cite_ref-r2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kki_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_activities">Human activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(river)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> called the river <i>Hypanis</i>. </p><p>Kuban River gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a> who settled in its basin in the 18th–19th centuries. During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a> it was part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Line" title="North Caucasus Line">North Caucasus Line</a>. </p><p>The delta of Kuban is an important rice-growing region of Russia. Also developed here is fishery with the major commercial species including perch, roach and chalcalburnus. The river is navigated up to Krasnodar where it feeds the Krasnodar Thermal Power Plant.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(river)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Кубань</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Russian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kʊˈbanʲ]</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian</a>: Псыжъ, <i>Psyẑ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ady-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[psəʐ]</a></span> or Псыжь, <i>Psyź</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ady-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[psəʑ]</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a>: <span lang="abq">Къвбина</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Abaza-language romanization"><i lang="abq-Latn">Q̇vbina</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="abq-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[qʷʼbina]</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay–Balkar</a>: Къобан, <i>Qoban</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a>: Кобан, <i>Qoban</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Кубань</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Kuban</i></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(river)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/674">"Kuban Delta: Group of limans between Kuban & Protoka Rivers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Kuban+Delta%3A+Group+of+limans+between+Kuban+%26+Protoka+Rivers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuban+%28river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/675">"Kuban Delta: Akhtaro-Grivenskaya group of limans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Kuban+Delta%3A+Akhtaro-Grivenskaya+group+of+limans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuban+%28river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bse-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bse_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rus-bse.slovaronline.com/39882-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C">Kuban River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=428">428: Kuban</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204035/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=428">Archived</a> 2011-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Freshwater Ecoregions of the World</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psekups.ru/articles/rekikubani/05.html">Kuban - the major river of the region</a> (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kki-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kki_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kki_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._I._Borisov_and_E._I._Kapitonov1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">V. I. Borisov and E. I. Kapitonov (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917112747/http://azov.tv/azovsea.html"><i>Sea of Azov</i></a> (in Russian). KKI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azov.tv/azovsea.html">the original</a> on 2010-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+of+Azov&rft.pub=KKI&rft.date=1973&rft.au=V.+I.+Borisov+and+E.+I.+Kapitonov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazov.tv%2Fazovsea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuban+%28river%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(river)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kuban (river)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kuban_(river)">"Kuban (river)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuban+%28river%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=934&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuban+%28river%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Rivers_of_Russia_by_drainage_basin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Russia" title="Template:Rivers of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Rivers of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Rivers_of_Russia_by_drainage_basin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers of Russia</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">by <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iokanga" title="Iokanga">Iokanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kem_(river)" title="Kem (river)">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Belaya" title="Malaya Belaya">Malaya Belaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezen_(river)" title="Mezen (river)">Mezen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautsiyoki" title="Nautsiyoki">Nautsiyoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niva_(river)" title="Niva (river)">Niva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinega_(river)" title="Pinega (river)">Pinega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhona" title="Sukhona">Sukhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uftyuga_(Northern_Dvina)" title="Uftyuga (Northern Dvina)">Uftyuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaga_(river)" title="Vaga (river)">Vaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vychegda" title="Vychegda">Vychegda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemtsa_(river)" title="Yemtsa (river)">Yomtsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yug_(river)" title="Yug (river)">Yug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onega_(river)" title="Onega (river)">Onega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_(river)" title="Pechora (river)">Pechora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usa_(Pechora)" title="Usa (Pechora)">Usa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponoy" title="Ponoy">Ponoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varzuga_(river)" title="Varzuga (river)">Varzuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronya" title="Voronya">Voronya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luga_(river)" title="Luga (river)">Luga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oredezh" title="Oredezh">Oredezh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_(river)" title="Narva (river)">Narva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plyussa_(river)" title="Plyussa (river)">Plyussa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C5%A1up%C4%97" title="Šešupė">Šešupė</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhora" title="Izhora">Izhora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mga_(river)" title="Mga (river)">Mga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhta" title="Okhta">Okhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosna" title="Tosna">Tosna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregolya" title="Pregolya">Pregolya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angrapa" title="Angrapa">Angrapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruch" title="Instruch">Instruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81yna_(river)" title="Łyna (river)">Lava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestra_(Leningrad_Oblast)" title="Sestra (Leningrad Oblast)">Sestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Western Dvina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palata_(river)" title="Palata (river)">Polota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasplya" title="Kasplya">Kasplya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezha_(Daugava)" title="Mezha (Daugava)">Mezha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velikaya" title="Velikaya">Velikaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kukhva" title="Kukhva">Kukhva</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svir" title="Svir">Svir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasha_(river)" title="Pasha (river)">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyat" title="Oyat">Oyat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syas" title="Syas">Syas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_(river)" title="Volkhov (river)">Volkhov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigoda" title="Tigoda">Tigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishera_(Novgorod_Oblast)" title="Vishera (Novgorod Oblast)">Vishera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuoksi" title="Vuoksi">Vuoksi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volchya" title="Volchya">Volchya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ilmen" title="Lake Ilmen">Lake Ilmen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lovat_(river)" title="Lovat (river)">Lovat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polist" title="Polist">Polist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(river)" title="Kunya (river)">Kunya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msta" title="Msta">Msta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berezayka" title="Berezayka">Berezayka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretna" title="Peretna">Peretna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uver" title="Uver">Uver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pola_(river)" title="Pola (river)">Pola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelon" title="Shelon">Shelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Lake Onega</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoma" title="Andoma">Andoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suna_(river)" title="Suna (river)">Suna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodla" title="Vodla">Vodla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytegra_(river)" title="Vytegra (river)">Vytegra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desna_(river)" title="Desna (river)">Desna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyazma_(river)" title="Vyazma (river)">Vyazma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temernik" title="Temernik">Temernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manych" title="Manych">Manych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_(Russia)" title="Sal (Russia)">Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donets" title="Donets">Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khopyor" title="Khopyor">Khopyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osered" title="Osered">Osered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bityug" title="Bityug">Bityug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_(river)" title="Voronezh (river)">Voronezh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Laba" title="Bolshaya Laba">Bolshaya Laba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mius" title="Mius">Mius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzymta" title="Mzymta">Mzymta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeya" title="Yeya">Yeya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_(Russia)" title="Kuma (Russia)">Kuma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podkumok" title="Podkumok">Podkumok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulak_(river)" title="Sulak (river)">Sulak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Koysu" title="Andi Koysu">Andi Koysu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Terek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malka_(river)" title="Malka (river)">Malka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunzha_(river)" title="Sunzha (river)">Sunzha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilek_(river)" title="Ilek (river)">Ilek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakmara_(river)" title="Sakmara (river)">Sakmara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktay" title="Aktay">Aktay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anish_(river)" title="Anish (river)">Anish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Kokshaga" title="Bolshaya Kokshaga">Bolshaya Kokshaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Cheremshan" title="Bolshoy Cheremshan">Bolshoy Cheremshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Irgiz" title="Bolshoy Irgiz">Bolshoy Irgiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezdna_(Tatarstan)" title="Bezdna (Tatarstan)">Bezdna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapayevka_(river)" title="Chapayevka (river)">Chapayevka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubna_(Volga)" title="Dubna (Volga)">Dubna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilet" title="Ilet">Ilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinka" title="Kashinka">Kashinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazanka_(river)" title="Kazanka (river)">Kazanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerzhenets" title="Kerzhenets">Kerzhenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(river)" title="Kostroma (river)">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotorosl" title="Kotorosl">Kotorosl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudma" title="Kudma">Kudma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Kokshaga" title="Malaya Kokshaga">Malaya Kokshaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Irgiz" title="Maly Irgiz">Maly Irgiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medveditsa_(Volga)" title="Medveditsa (Volga)">Medveditsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mologa_(river)" title="Mologa (river)">Mologa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerl_(Volga)" title="Nerl (Volga)">Nerl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyomda" title="Nyomda">Nyomda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutka_(river)" title="Rutka (river)">Rutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(Volga)" title="Samara (Volga)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selizharovka" title="Selizharovka">Selizharovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheksna" title="Sheksna">Sheksna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shosha_(river)" title="Shosha (river)">Shosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogozha" title="Sogozha">Sogozha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sok_(river)" title="Sok (river)">Sok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suda_(river)" title="Suda (river)">Suda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(river)" title="Sura (river)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviyaga" title="Sviyaga">Sviyaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereshka" title="Tereshka">Tereshka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsivil" title="Tsivil">Tsivil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvertsa" title="Tvertsa">Tvertsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unzha" title="Unzha">Unzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzola" title="Uzola">Uzola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetluga_(river)" title="Vetluga (river)">Vetluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazuza" title="Vazuza">Vazuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeruslan" title="Yeruslan">Yeruslan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, east of the Urals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazeya" title="Alazeya">Alazeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buor-Yuryakh" title="Buor-Yuryakh">Buor-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassokha" title="Rassokha">Rassokha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amguema_(river)" title="Amguema (river)">Amguema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabar_(river)" title="Anabar (river)">Anabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshaya_Kuonamka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshaya Kuonamka (page does not exist)">Bolshaya Kuonamka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Kuonamka" title="Malaya Kuonamka">Malaya Kuonamka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suolama" title="Suolama">Suolama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udya" title="Udya">Udya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdashkina" title="Bogdashkina">Bogdashkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaun" title="Chaun">Chaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chegitun" title="Chegitun">Chegitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondon" title="Chondon">Chondon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buor-Yuryakh_(Chondon)" title="Buor-Yuryakh (Chondon)">Buor-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchcha" title="Nuchcha">Nuchcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusinaya_(river)" title="Gusinaya (river)">Gusinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigirka" title="Indigirka">Indigirka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allaikha" title="Allaikha">Allaikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badyarikha" title="Badyarikha">Badyarikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Ercha" title="Bolshaya Ercha">Bolshaya Ercha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byoryolyokh" title="Byoryolyokh">Byoryolyokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibagalakh" title="Chibagalakh">Chibagalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhina_(river)" title="Druzhina (river)">Druzhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgi" title="Elgi">Elgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khastakh" title="Khastakh">Khastakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuydusun_(river)" title="Kuydusun (river)">Kuydusun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyuyente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyuyente (page does not exist)">Kyuyente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_(river)" title="Moma (river)">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nera_(Indigirka)" title="Nera (Indigirka)">Nera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selennyakh_(river)" title="Selennyakh (river)">Selennyakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandrin" title="Shandrin">Shandrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangina" title="Shangina">Shangina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyandina" title="Uyandina">Uyandina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioniveyem" title="Ioniveyem">Ioniveyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatanga_(river)" title="Khatanga (river)">Khatanga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kheta_(river)" title="Kheta (river)">Kheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotuy" title="Kotuy">Kotuy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroma" title="Khroma">Khroma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uryung-Ulakh" title="Uryung-Ulakh">Uryung-Ulakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma_(river)" title="Kolyma (river)">Kolyma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyuy_(Kolyma)" title="Anyuy (Kolyma)">Anyuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayan-Yuryakh" title="Ayan-Yuryakh">Ayan-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhapcha" title="Bakhapcha">Bakhapcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balygychan" title="Balygychan">Balygychan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryozovka_(Kolyma)" title="Beryozovka (Kolyma)">Beryozovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyunda" title="Buyunda">Buyunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debin_(river)" title="Debin (river)">Debin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkodon" title="Korkodon">Korkodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_(river)" title="Kulu (river)">Kulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omolon" title="Omolon">Omolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popovka_(Kolyma)" title="Popovka (Kolyma)">Popovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozhogina" title="Ozhogina">Ozhogina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sededema" title="Sededema">Sededema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymchan_(Kolyma)" title="Seymchan (Kolyma)">Seymchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugoy" title="Sugoy">Sugoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskan" title="Taskan">Taskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenka_(river)" title="Tenka (river)">Tenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasachnaya" title="Yasachnaya">Yasachnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyryanka_(river)" title="Zyryanka (river)">Zyryanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyuyol-Yuryakh" title="Kyuyol-Yuryakh">Kyuyol-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_(river)" title="Lena (river)">Lena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldan_(river)" title="Aldan (river)">Aldan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batamay_(river)" title="Batamay (river)">Batamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begidyan" title="Begidyan">Begidyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belyanka_(river)" title="Belyanka (river)">Belyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryuk_(river)" title="Biryuk (river)">Biryuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Patom" title="Bolshoy Patom">Bolshoy Patom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buotama" title="Buotama">Buotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byosyuke" title="Byosyuke">Byosyuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaya_(river)" title="Chaya (river)">Chaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechuy" title="Chechuy">Chechuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherendey_(river)" title="Cherendey (river)">Cherendey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuya_(Lena)" title="Chuya (Lena)">Chuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derba" title="Derba">Derba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhardzhan_(Lena)" title="Dzhardzhan (Lena)">Dzhardzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyanyshka" title="Dyanyshka">Dyanyshka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyekit" title="Eyekit">Eyekit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichera" title="Ichera">Ichera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilga_(river)" title="Ilga (river)">Ilga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanchaly" title="Khanchaly">Khanchaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoruongka" title="Khoruongka">Khoruongka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkeme" title="Kenkeme">Kenkeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirenga" title="Kirenga">Kirenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuta_(river)" title="Kuta (river)">Kuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyuelenke" title="Kyuelenke">Kyuelenke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyundyudey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyundyudey (page does not exist)">Kyundyudey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linde_(Lena)" title="Linde (Lena)">Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungkha" title="Lungkha">Lungkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyapiske" title="Lyapiske">Lyapiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyutenge" title="Lyutenge">Lyutenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markha_(Lena)" title="Markha (Lena)">Markha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhachan" title="Markhachan">Markhachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menda_(river)" title="Menda (river)">Menda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkere" title="Menkere">Menkere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodo_(river)" title="Molodo (river)">Molodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorchuna" title="Motorchuna">Motorchuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_(Lena)" title="Muna (Lena)">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myla_(river)" title="Myla (river)">Myla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namana" title="Namana">Namana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natara" title="Natara">Natara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuora_(Lena)" title="Nuora (Lena)">Nuora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuya_(river)" title="Nyuya (river)">Nyuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olyokma" title="Olyokma">Olyokma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleduy_(river)" title="Peleduy (river)">Peleduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilyuda" title="Pilyuda">Pilyuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyaya_(Lena)" title="Sinyaya (Lena)">Sinyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitte_(river)" title="Sitte (river)">Sitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobolokh-Mayan" title="Sobolokh-Mayan">Sobolokh-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suola_(river)" title="Suola (river)">Suola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamma_(river)" title="Tamma (river)">Tamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayura" title="Tayura">Tayura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikyan" title="Tikyan">Tikyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolba" title="Tuolba">Tuolba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutura" title="Tutura">Tutura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympylykan" title="Tympylykan">Tympylykan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyugyuene" title="Tyugyuene">Tyugyuene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uel-Siktyakh" title="Uel-Siktyakh">Uel-Siktyakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undyulyung" title="Undyulyung">Undyulyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_(Lena)" title="Ura (Lena)">Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilyuy" title="Vilyuy">Vilyuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitim_(river)" title="Vitim (river)">Vitim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadym_(river)" title="Nadym (river)">Nadym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ob_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob (river)">Ob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aley_(river)" title="Aley (river)">Aley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnaulka" title="Barnaulka">Barnaulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biya_(river)" title="Biya (river)">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaya_(Ob)" title="Chaya (Ob)">Chaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_(Ob)" title="Chulym (Ob)">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazym" title="Kazym">Kazym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasmala_(river)" title="Kasmala (river)">Kasmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katun_(river)" title="Katun (river)">Katun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ket_(river)" title="Ket (river)">Ket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievsky_Yogan" title="Kievsky Yogan">Kievsky Yogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabel_(river)" title="Parabel (river)">Parabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sob_(river)" title="Sob (river)">Sob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synya" title="Synya">Synya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(river)" title="Tom (river)">Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromyogan" title="Tromyogan">Tromyogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tym_(Ob)" title="Tym (Ob)">Tym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyugan" title="Vasyugan">Vasyugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakh" title="Vakh">Vakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatinsky_Yogan" title="Vatinsky Yogan">Vatinsky Yogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenyok_(river)" title="Olenyok (river)">Olenyok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alakit" title="Alakit">Alakit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arga-Sala" title="Arga-Sala">Arga-Sala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyenchime" title="Beyenchime">Beyenchime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birekte" title="Birekte">Birekte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buolkalakh" title="Buolkalakh">Buolkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bur_(river)" title="Bur (river)">Bur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorbusuonka" title="Khorbusuonka">Khorbusuonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelimyar" title="Kelimyar">Kelimyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuoyka" title="Kuoyka">Kuoyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyuyutingde" title="Kyuyutingde">Kyuyutingde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchimden" title="Merchimden">Merchimden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siligir" title="Siligir">Siligir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukukit" title="Ukukit">Ukukit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoloy" title="Omoloy">Omoloy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arga-Yuryakh" title="Arga-Yuryakh">Arga-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuranakh-Yuryakh" title="Kuranakh-Yuryakh">Kuranakh-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulakhan-Kyuegyulyur" title="Ulakhan-Kyuegyulyur">Ulakhan-Kyuegyulyur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palyavaam" title="Palyavaam">Palyavaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegtymel" title="Pegtymel">Pegtymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur_(Russia)" title="Pur (Russia)">Pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyasina" title="Pyasina">Pyasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellyakh" title="Sellyakh">Sellyakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundrun" title="Sundrun">Sundrun</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maly_Khomus-Yuryakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maly Khomus-Yuryakh (page does not exist)">Maly Khomus-Yuryakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_(river)" title="Taz (river)">Taz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khudosey" title="Khudosey">Khudosey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolka_(Taz)" title="Tolka (Taz)">Tolka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uele_(Yakutia)" title="Uele (Yakutia)">Uele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volchya_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volchya (river) (page does not exist)">Volchya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(river)" title="Yana (river)">Yana</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abyrabyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abyrabyt (page does not exist)">Abyrabyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adycha" title="Adycha">Adycha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baky" title="Baky">Baky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytantay" title="Bytantay">Bytantay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgalakh" title="Dulgalakh">Dulgalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldzho" title="Oldzho">Oldzho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartang_(river)" title="Sartang (river)">Sartang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykakh" title="Tykakh">Tykakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abakan_(river)" title="Abakan (river)">Abakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara" title="Angara">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhta_(river)" title="Bakhta (river)">Bakhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaikha" title="Bazaikha">Bazaikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Kheta" title="Bolshaya Kheta">Bolshaya Kheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Pit" title="Bolshoy Pit">Bolshoy Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kacha_(river)" title="Kacha (river)">Kacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_(river)" title="Kan (river)">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kem_(Yenisey)" title="Kem (Yenisey)">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khantayka" title="Khantayka">Khantayka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khemchik" title="Khemchik">Khemchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureyka" title="Kureyka">Kureyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(river)" title="Mana (river)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhnyaya_Tunguska" title="Nizhnyaya Tunguska">Nizhnyaya Tunguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podkamennaya_Tunguska" title="Podkamennaya Tunguska">Podkamennaya Tunguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sym_(river)" title="Sym (river)">Sym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanama_(river)" title="Tanama (river)">Tanama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukhan" title="Turukhan">Turukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeloguy" title="Yeloguy">Yeloguy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazar_(river)" title="Amazar (river)">Amazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amgun" title="Amgun">Amgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyuy_(Amur)" title="Anyuy (Amur)">Anyuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun_(Amur)" title="Argun (Amur)">Argun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureya_(river)" title="Bureya (river)">Bureya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorin_(river)" title="Gorin (river)">Gorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur_(river)" title="Gur (river)">Gur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilka_(river)" title="Shilka (river)">Shilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeya_(river)" title="Zeya (river)">Zeya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadyr_(river)" title="Anadyr (river)">Anadyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belaya_(Chukotka)" title="Belaya (Chukotka)">Belaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayn" title="Mayn">Mayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanyurer" title="Tanyurer">Tanyurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablon_(river)" title="Yablon (river)">Yablon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeropol" title="Yeropol">Yeropol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arman_(river)" title="Arman (river)">Arman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avacha_(river)" title="Avacha (river)">Avacha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasyn" title="Khasyn">Khasyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_(river)" title="Bolshaya (river)">Bolshaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizhiga_(river)" title="Gizhiga (river)">Gizhiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inya_(Sea_of_Okhotsk)" title="Inya (Sea of Okhotsk)">Inya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_(river)" title="Kamchatka (river)">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatyrka_(river)" title="Khatyrka (river)">Khatyrka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iomrautvaam" title="Iomrautvaam">Iomrautvaam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikhchik_(river)" title="Kikhchik (river)">Kikhchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukhtuy" title="Kukhtuy">Kukhtuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhota" title="Okhota">Okhota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_(river)" title="Ola (river)">Ola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paren_(river)" title="Paren (river)">Paren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penzhina" title="Penzhina">Penzhina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belaya_(Penzhina)" title="Belaya (Penzhina)">Belaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklan" title="Oklan">Oklan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taui" title="Taui">Taui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chyolomdzha" title="Chyolomdzha">Chyolomdzha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uda_(Khabarovsk_Krai)" title="Uda (Khabarovsk Krai)">Uda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(Uda)" title="Maya (Uda)">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukelayat" title="Ukelayat">Ukelayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbeya" title="Ulbeya">Ulbeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak" title="Urak">Urak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velikaya_(Chukotka)" title="Velikaya (Chukotka)">Velikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(river)" title="Yama (river)">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Sea_of_Okhotsk)" title="Yana (Sea of Okhotsk)">Yana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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