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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Political boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_and_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_and_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Land and sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_and_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-Islamic Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rise of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Ottoman_rule_and_the_Hejaz_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Ottoman_rule_and_the_Hejaz_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Late Ottoman rule and the Hejaz Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Ottoman_rule_and_the_Hejaz_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Arab_Revolt_and_the_foundation_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Arab_Revolt_and_the_foundation_of_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>The Arab Revolt and the foundation of Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Arab_Revolt_and_the_foundation_of_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Oil reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Yemen_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>North Yemen Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Yemen_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Gulf War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Yemen_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Yemen_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>2014 Yemen civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Yemen_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arabian Peninsula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiese_Skiereiland" title="Arabiese Skiereiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabiese Skiereiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Halbinsel" title="Arabische Halbinsel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arabische Halbinsel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="አረቢያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አረቢያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabea" title="Arabea – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Arabea" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبه الجزيرة العربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبه الجزيرة العربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܪܒܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܪܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Արաբական թերակղզի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբական թերակղզի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1via_Yvyapy" title="Arávia Yvyapy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arávia Yvyapy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ГӀарабистан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀарабистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan_yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Ərəbistan yarımadası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəbistan yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عربیستان یاریم‌آداسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عربیستان یاریم‌آداسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="আরব উপদ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরব উপদ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek" title="A-la-pek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Ғәрәбстан ярымутрауы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәбстан ярымутрауы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Аравійскі паўвостраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аравійскі паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Арабійскі паўвостраў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабійскі паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabong_Peninsula" title="Arabong Peninsula – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arabong Peninsula" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Арабски полуостров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабски полуостров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Hoibinsl" title="Arabische Hoibinsl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Arabische Hoibinsl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsko_poluostrvo" title="Arapsko poluostrvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapsko poluostrvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0bia" title="Aràbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aràbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Арави çурутравĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арави çурутравĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%BD_poloostrov" title="Arabský poloostrov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabský poloostrov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiske_Halv%C3%B8" title="Arabiske Halvø – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arabiske Halvø" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Halbinsel" title="Arabische Halbinsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Halbinsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_po%C5%82kupa" title="Arabiska połkupa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Arabiska połkupa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia" title="Araabia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αραβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabio" title="Arabio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arabio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شبه‌جزیره عربستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌جزیره عربستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_h%C3%A1lvoyggin" title="Arabiska hálvoyggin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arabiska hálvoyggin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie" title="Arabie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabysk_Skiereil%C3%A2n" title="Arabysk Skiereilân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arabysk Skiereilân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Araib" title="An Araib – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Araib" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Arabia" title="Península de Arabia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Península de Arabia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Ӏарбий ахгӀайре – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏарбий ахгӀайре" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अरबस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अरबस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84" title="아라비아반도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아라비아반도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin_Larabawa" title="Yankin Larabawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yankin Larabawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Արաբական թերակղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական թերակղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="अरबी प्रायद्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबी प्रायद्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabska_po%C5%82kupa" title="Arabska połkupa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Arabska połkupa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_poluotok" title="Arapski poluotok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapski poluotok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Arab" title="Semenanjung Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Semenanjung Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Arabic" title="Peninsula Arabic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peninsula Arabic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%8B_%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Араббы æрдæгсакъадах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Араббы æрдæгсакъадах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C3%ADuskagi" title="Arabíuskagi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arabíuskagi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisola_arabica" title="Penisola arabica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penisola arabica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91" title="חצי האי ערב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חצי האי ערב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Arab" title="Ujung Arab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ujung Arab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA" title="ಅರೇಬಿಯನ್ ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ದ್ವೀಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರೇಬಿಯನ್ ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ದ್ವೀಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="არაბეთის ნახევარკუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბეთის ნახევარკუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Араб түбегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб түбегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasi_ya_Uarabuni" title="Rasi ya Uarabuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rasi ya Uarabuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEvgirava_Erebistan%C3%AA" title="Nîvgirava Erebistanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîvgirava Erebistanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Араб жарым аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Араб жарым аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Арави пел ошмаоты – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Арави пел ошмаоты" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аьрабусттан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аьрабусттан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bijas_pussala" title="Arābijas pussala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābijas pussala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesch_Hallefinsel" title="Arabesch Hallefinsel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arabesch Hallefinsel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabijos_pusiasalis" title="Arabijos pusiasalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabijos pusiasalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-f%C3%A9lsziget" title="Arab-félsziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab-félsziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Арапски Полуостров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапски Полуостров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikanosin%27_i_Arabia" title="Saikanosin' i Arabia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saikanosin' i Arabia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="അറേബ്യൻ ഉപദ്വീപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറേബ്യൻ ഉപദ്വീപ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="अरबी द्वीपकल्प – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अरबी द्वीपकल्प" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="არაბეთიშ ჩქონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბეთიშ ჩქონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="شبه الجزيره العربيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شبه الجزيره العربيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="عربستون جزیره‌مونا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عربستون جزیره‌مونا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Arab" title="Semenanjung Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semenanjung Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazirah_Arab" title="Jazirah Arab – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jazirah Arab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Арабын хойг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арабын хойг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အာရေဗျကျွန်းဆွယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရေဗျကျွန်းဆွယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch_Schiereiland" title="Arabisch Schiereiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabisch Schiereiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="アラビア半島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア半島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Ӏаьрбийн ахгӀайре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьрбийн ахгӀайре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabisk_Hualeweilun" title="Araabisk Hualeweilun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Araabisk Hualeweilun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_arabiske_halv%C3%B8y" title="Den arabiske halvøy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den arabiske halvøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_arabiske_halv%C3%B8ya" title="Den arabiske halvøya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den arabiske halvøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arabia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiston_yarim_oroli" title="Arabiston yarim oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arabiston yarim oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA" title="ਅਰਬੀ ਪਰਾਇਦੀਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀ ਪਰਾਇਦੀਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="جزیرہ نما عرب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزیرہ نما عرب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%87" title="د عربستان ټاپووزمه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د عربستان ټاپووزمه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82wysep_Arabski" title="Półwysep Arabski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Półwysep Arabski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia" title="Arábia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arábia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Arabic%C4%83" title="Peninsula Arabică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peninsula Arabică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapsuyu_Yaqa_wat%27a" title="Arapsuyu Yaqa wat'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arapsuyu Yaqa wat'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Аравийский полуостров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аравийский полуостров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ACsula_%C3%A0raba" title="Penìsula àraba – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Penìsula àraba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_o_Araibie" title="Peninsula o Araibie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Peninsula o Araibie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadishulli_Arabik" title="Gadishulli Arabik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gadishulli Arabik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="අරාබි අර්ධද්වීපය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අරාබි අර්ධද්වීපය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arabian Peninsula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="عرب جزيري نما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عرب جزيري نما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%BD_polostrov" title="Arabský polostrov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabský polostrov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabski_polotok" title="Arabski polotok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabski polotok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw-dhuleedka_Carabta" title="Aw-dhuleedka Carabta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aw-dhuleedka Carabta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DA%86%DB%95%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="نیمچەدوورگەی عەرەبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیمچەدوورگەی عەرەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Арабијско полуострво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арабијско полуострво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabija" title="Arabija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arabija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenanjung_Arab" title="Semenanjung Arab – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Semenanjung Arab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_niemimaa" title="Arabian niemimaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabian niemimaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_halv%C3%B6n" title="Arabiska halvön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiska halvön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangway_ng_Arabia" title="Tangway ng Arabia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tangway ng Arabia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அறபுத் தீபகற்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறபுத் தீபகற்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazunegzirt_ta%C9%9Brabt" title="Tazunegzirt taɛrabt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tazunegzirt taɛrabt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Гарәбстан ярымутравы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәбстан ярымутравы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82" title="అరేబియా ద్వీపకల్పం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరేబియా ద్వీపకల్పం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="คาบสมุทรอาหรับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาบสมุทรอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Арабистон (нимҷазира) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арабистон (нимҷазира)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_Yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Arap Yarımadası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap Yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Аравійський півострів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аравійський півострів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="جزیرہ نما عرب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ نما عرب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp" title="Bán đảo Ả Rập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán đảo Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawis_han_Arabya" title="Rawis han Arabya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rawis han Arabya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="阿拉伯半島 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯半島" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arabian_Peninsula&params=23_N_46_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°N</span> <span class="longitude">46°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23°N 46°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23; 46</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peninsula in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arabia" and "Arabian" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arabia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arabia (disambiguation)">Arabia (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arabian (disambiguation)">Arabian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Arabian Peninsula<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْجَزِيرَة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شِبْه ٱلْجَزِيرَة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_Peninsula.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arabian_Peninsula.svg/220px-Arabian_Peninsula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arabian_Peninsula.svg/330px-Arabian_Peninsula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arabian_Peninsula.svg/440px-Arabian_Peninsula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show national borders</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_Peninsula_(no_borders).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Arabian_Peninsula_%28no_borders%29.svg/220px-Arabian_Peninsula_%28no_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Arabian_Peninsula_%28no_borders%29.svg/330px-Arabian_Peninsula_%28no_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Arabian_Peninsula_%28no_borders%29.svg/440px-Arabian_Peninsula_%28no_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Hide national borders</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">3,237,500 km<sup>2</sup> (1,250,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">95,000,000 (2023 estimate )</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">29.0/km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">HDI</th><td class="infobox-data">0.819 (2022) <br /><span style="color:#006400">Very High</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, Arabian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><sup id="cite_ref-AP_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-AP_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><sup id="cite_ref-AP_2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabian_cities_by_population" title="List of Arabian cities by population">15 largest cities on the Arabian Peninsula</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27izz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'izz">Ta'izz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ol> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg/220px-Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg/330px-Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg/440px-Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2286" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of the Arabian Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Arabian Peninsula</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/sj/: 's' in 'consume'">sj</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة</span>, <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">shibhu l-jazīra l-ʿarabiyya</i></span>, "Arabian Peninsula" or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب</span></span>, <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">jazīratu l-ʿarab</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Island of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-arabia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Arabia</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, situated northeast of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>. At 3,237,500 km<sup>2</sup> (1,250,000 sq mi), comparable in size to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geographically, the Arabian Peninsula includes <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AP_1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (UAE) and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, as well as southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest of these is Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the classical era, the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> was also considered a part of Arabia. </p><p>The Arabian Peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> to the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> role in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and globally due to its vast reserves of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. </p><p>Before the modern era, the region was divided into primarily four distinct regions: the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Central Plateau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Al-Yamama</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Al-Bahrain</a> (Eastern Arabia or <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hassa</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> for the western coast), as described by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih" title="Ibn al-Faqih">Ibn al-Faqih</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Arab" title="Etymology of Arab">Etymology of Arab</a></div> <p>In antiquity, the term "Arabia" encompassed a larger area than the current term "Arabian Peninsula" and included the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian desert">Arabian desert</a> and large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian desert">Syrian-Arabian desert</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the area was known as <i>Arabia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀραβία</span>). The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> named three regions "Arabia": </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Stony Arabia</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-Arabia_Petraea_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabia_Petraea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): it consisted of the former <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a> in the southern Levant, the Sinai Peninsula and northwestern Arabian Peninsula. It was the only one that became a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>) as its capital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Deserta" title="Arabia Deserta">Arabia Deserta</a> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Desert Arabia</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>): signified the desert lands of Arabia. As a name for the region, it remained popular into the 19th and 20th centuries, and was used in <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Doughty" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles M. Doughty">Charles M. Doughty</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Travels_in_Arabia_Deserta" title="Travels in Arabia Deserta">Travels in Arabia Deserta</a></i> (1888).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Fortunate Arabia</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>): was used by geographers to describe the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, mostly what is now <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, which enjoys more rainfall, is much greener than the rest of the peninsula and has long enjoyed much more productive fields.</li></ul> <p>One of the <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a> of Ptolemaic Egypt was named <i>Arabia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arabians used a north–south division of Arabia: <i>ash-Sham</i> vs. <i>al-Yaman</i>, or <i>Arabia Deserta</i> vs. <i>Arabia Felix</i>. Arabia Felix had originally been used for the whole peninsula, and at other times only for the southern region. Because its use became limited to the south, the whole peninsula was simply called Arabia. Arabia Deserta was the entire desert region extending north from Arabia Felix to Palmyra and the Euphrates, including all the area between Pelusium on the Nile and Babylon. This area was also called Arabia and not sharply distinguished from the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arabs and the Ottoman Empire considered the west of the Arabian Peninsula region where the Arabs lived 'the land of the Arabs' – Bilad <b>al-'Arab</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>), and its major divisions were the bilad <b>al-Sham</b> (<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>), bilad <b>al-Yaman</b> (<a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">Yemen</a>), and Bilad <b>al-'Iraq</b> (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-california_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-california-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans used the term Arabistan in a broad sense for the region starting from <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, where the Euphrates river makes its descent into Syria, through <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and on through the remainder of the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The provinces of Arabia were:</i> Al Tih, the Sinai peninsula, Hejaz, Asir, Yemen, Hadramaut, Mahra and Shilu, Oman, Hasa, Bahrain, Dahna, Nufud, the Hammad, which included the deserts of Syria, Mesopotamia and Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nie_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dune_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dune_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Dune_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dune_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-Dune_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dune_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-Dune_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a> is part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Arabian Peninsula is located in the continent of Asia and is bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a> on the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> strait on the southwest and the Red Sea, which is located on the southwest and west.<sup id="cite_ref-arabia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> with no clear borderline, although the northern boundary of the peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, also southern regions of Iraq and Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-arabia_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prominent feature of the peninsula is <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, but in the southwest, there are mountain ranges, which receive greater rainfall than the rest of the peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Harrat_ash_Shaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrat ash Shaam">Harrat ash Shaam</a> is a large volcanic field that extends from northwestern Arabia into Jordan and southern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_boundaries">Political boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_Peninsula_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arabian_Peninsula_Map.svg/219px-Arabian_Peninsula_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arabian_Peninsula_Map.svg/329px-Arabian_Peninsula_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arabian_Peninsula_Map.svg/438px-Arabian_Peninsula_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1546" /></a><figcaption>The constituent countries of Arabia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Peninsula's constituent countries are (clockwise from north to south) Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on the east, Oman on the southeast, Yemen on the south, and Saudi Arabia at the center. The island country of Bahrain lies just off the east coast of the Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-arabia_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Yemen's jurisdiction over the <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Governorate" title="Socotra Governorate">Socotra Archipelago</a>, the Peninsula's geopolitical outline faces the <a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a> and the Somali Sea to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE form the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> (GCC).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers the greater part of the Peninsula. The majority of the population of the Peninsula lives in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peninsula contains the world's largest reserves of oil. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are economically the wealthiest in the region. Qatar, the only peninsular country in the Persian Gulf on the larger peninsula, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic-language</a> television station <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> and its English-language subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>. Kuwait, on the border with Iraq, is an important country strategically, forming one of the main staging grounds for coalition forces mounting the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>–led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,481,713</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,788,232</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,319,678</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,286,256</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+52.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">35,167,708</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+51.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">47,466,523</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+35.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,364,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2014 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">77,584,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">86,221,765</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">93,900,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Political Definition: Gulf Cooperation Council and Yemen<br /><small>Sources:1950–2000<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000–2014<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236656977"><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population (Gulf 4)</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">356,235</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,329,168</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+273.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,896,491</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+268.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,457,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+134.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2014 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">17,086,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+49.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,675,440</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population of 4 smallest (in area) <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> states with their coastline in the Persian Gulf: UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait <br /><small>Sources:1950–2000<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000–2014<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite its historically sparse population, political Arabia stands out for its rapid population growth, driven by both significant inflows of migrant labor and persistently high birth rates. The population is characterized by its relative youth and a heavily skewed gender ratio favoring males. In several states, the number of South Asians surpasses that of the native population. The four smallest states (by area), with coastlines entirely bordering the Persian Gulf, showcase the world's most extreme population growth, nearly tripling every two decades. In 2014, the estimated population of the Arabian Peninsula was 77,983,936 (including expatriates).<sup id="cite_ref-yam_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yam-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabian Peninsula is known for having one of the most uneven adult sex ratios in the world, with females in some regions (especially the east) constituting only a quarter of people aged between 20 and 40.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cities">Cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/220px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/330px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/440px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the most populous city in the Arabian Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>The eleven most populous cities on the Arabian Peninsula are: </p> <table class="toccolours" style="border-spacing:1; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"> <th style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black;">Rank </th> <th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">City </th> <th style="width:5em; border-bottom:1px solid black;">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">7,538,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,780,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,238,523 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,181,655 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,964,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,114,675 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,785,684 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,622,620 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,545,420 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,539,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,485,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="100%" style="font-size:85%; border-top:1px solid black;">Source: 2022<sup id="cite_ref-Largest_cities_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Largest_cities-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape">Landscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_journey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_journey.jpg/200px-A_journey.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_journey.jpg/300px-A_journey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_journey.jpg/400px-A_journey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A caravan crossing <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna Desert</a> in central Saudi Arabia</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_al_jinz_flickr01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ras_al_jinz_flickr01.jpg/200px-Ras_al_jinz_flickr01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ras_al_jinz_flickr01.jpg/300px-Ras_al_jinz_flickr01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ras_al_jinz_flickr01.jpg/400px-Ras_al_jinz_flickr01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Jinz" title="Ras al-Jinz">Ras al-Jinz</a> in southeastern Arabia (Oman), also known as the 'Turtle Beach'</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_Plate_map-uni.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arabian_Plate_map-uni.png/200px-Arabian_Plate_map-uni.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arabian_Plate_map-uni.png/300px-Arabian_Plate_map-uni.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arabian_Plate_map-uni.png/400px-Arabian_Plate_map-uni.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">AR-Arabian Plate, velocities with respect to Africa in millimeters per year</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The rocks exposed vary systematically across Arabia, with the oldest rocks exposed in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian-Nubian_Shield" title="Arabian-Nubian Shield">Arabian-Nubian Shield</a> near the Red Sea, overlain by earlier sediments that become younger towards the Persian Gulf. Perhaps the best-preserved <a href="/wiki/Ophiolite" title="Ophiolite">ophiolite</a> on Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Semail_Ophiolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Semail Ophiolite">Semail Ophiolite</a>, lies exposed in the mountains of the UAE and northern Oman. </p><p>The peninsula consists of: </p> <ol><li>A central plateau, the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, with fertile valleys and pastures used for the grazing of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and other livestock</li> <li>A range of deserts: the <a href="/wiki/Nefud" class="mw-redirect" title="Nefud">Nefud</a> in the north,<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero15_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is stony; the <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a> or Great <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> in the south, with sand estimated to extend 600 ft (180 m) below the surface; between them, the <a href="/wiki/Dahna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahna">Dahna</a> <a href="#Mountains">Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burrows2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laughlin2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laughlin2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stretches of dry or marshy coastland with coral reefs on the Red Sea side (<a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a>)</li> <li>Oases and marshy coast-land in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>, the most important of which are those of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain,_Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ain, Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Al Ain emirate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tawam_(region)" title="Tawam (region)">Tawam</a> region) and <a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa</a> (in modern-day Saudi Arabia), according to an author<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The southwest <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> coastline of <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate#Geography" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a> and Eastern Yemen (<a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah_Governorate" title="Al Mahrah Governorate">Mahra</a>).</li></ol> <p>Arabia has few lakes or permanent rivers. Most areas are drained by ephemeral watercourses called <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a>, which are dry except during the rainy season. Plentiful ancient <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> exist beneath much of the peninsula, however, and where this water surfaces, <a href="/wiki/Oases" class="mw-redirect" title="Oases">oases</a> form (e.g. Al-Hasa and <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a>, two of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Oases" class="mw-redirect" title="Oases">oases</a>) and permit agriculture, especially <a href="/wiki/Palm_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm trees">palm trees</a>, which allowed the peninsula to produce more <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> than any other region in the world. In general, the climate is extremely hot and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">arid</a>, although there are exceptions. Higher elevations are made temperate by their altitude, and the Arabian Sea coastline can receive cool, humid breezes in summer due to cold upwelling offshore. The peninsula has no thick forests. Desert-adapted wildlife is present throughout the region. </p><p>A plateau more than 2,500 feet (760 m) high extends across much of the Arabian Peninsula. The plateau slopes eastwards from the massive, rifted escarpment along the coast of the Red Sea, to the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf. The interior is characterized by <i>cuestas</i> and valleys, drained by a system of <i>wadis</i>. A crescent of sand and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> deserts lies to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mountains">Mountains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawkaban_-68_(353668857).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kawkaban_-68_%28353668857%29.jpg/220px-Kawkaban_-68_%28353668857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kawkaban_-68_%28353668857%29.jpg/330px-Kawkaban_-68_%28353668857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kawkaban_-68_%28353668857%29.jpg/440px-Kawkaban_-68_%28353668857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Haraz" title="Jabal Haraz">Haraz Mountains</a> in the west of present-day Yemen include Arabia's highest mountain, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_An-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb">Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb</a> or Jabal Hadhur<sup id="cite_ref-DAKAI_01-1998_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAKAI_01-1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GazetteerArabia1917_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteerArabia1917-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burrows2010_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laughlin2008_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laughlin2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are mountains at the eastern, southern and northwestern borders of the peninsula. Broadly, the ranges can be grouped as follows: </p> <ul><li>Northeast: The <a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar range</a>, of UAE and Oman<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Southeast: The <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Mountains" title="Dhofar Mountains">Dhofar Mountains</a> of southern Oman,<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contiguous with the eastern Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_Mountains" title="Hadhramaut Mountains">Hadhramaut</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scoville1979_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoville1979-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GhazanfarFisher2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GhazanfarFisher2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>West: Bordering the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">eastern coast</a> of the Red Sea are the <a href="/wiki/Sarawat_Mountains" title="Sarawat Mountains">Sarawat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows2010_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be seen to include the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Haraz" title="Jabal Haraz">Haraz Mountains</a> to the east of Yemen,<sup id="cite_ref-Laughlin2008_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laughlin2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Asir_Mountains" title="Asir Mountains">'Asir</a> (once part of Yemen) <sup id="cite_ref-Overstreet1977_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overstreet1977-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_vilayet" title="Hejaz vilayet">Hejaz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mandal1990_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandal1990-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nasr2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter including the <a href="/wiki/Midian_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian Mountains">Midian</a> in what is now northwestern Saudi Arabia<sup id="cite_ref-Scoville1979_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoville1979-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Northwest: Aside from the Sarawat, the northern portion of Saudi Arabia hosts the <a href="/wiki/Shammar_Mountains" title="Shammar Mountains">Jabal Shamar Mountains</a>, which include the Aja and <a href="/wiki/Salma_Mountains" title="Salma Mountains">Salma</a> subranges<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Central: The Najd hosts the <a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq" title="Tuwaiq">Tuwaiq</a> Escarpment<sup id="cite_ref-Scoville1979_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoville1979-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Tuwair range<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> southwards, the mountains show a steady increase in altitude westward as they get nearer to Yemen, and the highest peaks and ranges are all located in Yemen. The highest, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_An-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb">Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb</a> or Jabal Hadhur<sup id="cite_ref-DAKAI_01-1998_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAKAI_01-1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GazetteerArabia1917_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GazetteerArabia1917-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Haraz subrange of the Sarawat range, is 3,666 metres (12,028 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows2010_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laughlin2008_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laughlin2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Tuwayr_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuwayr Mountains">Tuwayr</a>, Shammar and Dhofar generally do not exceed 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all mountains in the peninsula are visibly within ranges. <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Hafeet" title="Jebel Hafeet">Jebel Hafeet</a> in particular, on the border of the UAE and Oman, measuring between 1,100 and 1,300 m (3,600 and 4,300 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner_01-2004_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner_01-2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LiethMasoom2012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiethMasoom2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not within the Hajar range, but may be considered an <a href="/wiki/Outlier" title="Outlier">outlier</a> of that range. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salalah_Oman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dhofar"><img alt="Dhofar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Salalah_Oman.jpg/230px-Salalah_Oman.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Salalah_Oman.jpg/345px-Salalah_Oman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Salalah_Oman.jpg/459px-Salalah_Oman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_landscape_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At-Tawilah, Al Mahwit, Yemen"><img alt="At-Tawilah, Al Mahwit, Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yemen_landscape_05.jpg/301px-Yemen_landscape_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yemen_landscape_05.jpg/452px-Yemen_landscape_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yemen_landscape_05.jpg/602px-Yemen_landscape_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/At_Tawilah_District" title="At Tawilah District">At-Tawilah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahwit" title="Al Mahwit">Al Mahwit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A subrange of the Jabal Shammar mountains in the desert region of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia"><img alt="A subrange of the Jabal Shammar mountains in the desert region of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/271px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/407px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/543px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A subrange of the Jabal Shammar mountains in the desert region of <a href="/wiki/Ha%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'il">Ha'il</a>, Saudi Arabia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_and_sea">Land and sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Land and sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_hafa_corniche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Al_hafa_corniche.jpg/200px-Al_hafa_corniche.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Al_hafa_corniche.jpg/300px-Al_hafa_corniche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Al_hafa_corniche.jpg/400px-Al_hafa_corniche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coconut palms line corniches of Al-Hafa, Oman</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coral_Reef_in_the_Red_Sea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coral_Reef_in_the_Red_Sea.JPG/200px-Coral_Reef_in_the_Red_Sea.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coral_Reef_in_the_Red_Sea.JPG/300px-Coral_Reef_in_the_Red_Sea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coral_Reef_in_the_Red_Sea.JPG/400px-Coral_Reef_in_the_Red_Sea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Red Sea coral reefs</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Shaggain,_Mukalla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg/200px-Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg/300px-Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg/400px-Al-Shaggain%2C_Mukalla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Al-Shaggain in <a href="/wiki/Mukalla" title="Mukalla">Mukalla</a>, Yemen</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Most of the Arabian Peninsula is unsuited to agriculture, making irrigation and land reclamation projects essential. The narrow coastal plain and isolated oases, amounting to less than 1% of the land area, are used to cultivate grains, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_fruit" title="Tropical fruit">tropical fruits</a>. Goat, sheep, and <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a> husbandry is widespread elsewhere throughout the rest of the Peninsula. Some areas have a summer humid <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar">Dhofar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mahrah">Al Mahrah</a> areas of Oman and Yemen. These areas allow for large scale coconut plantations. Much of Yemen has a tropical <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> rain influenced mountain climate. The plains usually have either a tropical or subtropical arid <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> or arid <a href="/wiki/Steppe_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe climate">steppe climate</a>. The sea surrounding the Arabian Peninsula is generally <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">tropical sea</a> with a very rich tropical sea life and some of the world's largest, undestroyed and most pristine coral reefs. In addition, the organisms living in <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> with the Red Sea coral, the <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zooxanthellae" title="Zooxanthellae">zooxanthellae</a>, have a unique hot weather adaptation to sudden rise (and fall) in sea water temperature. Hence, these coral reefs are not affected by coral bleaching caused by rise in temperature as elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Indopacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Indopacific">indopacific</a> coral sea. The reefs are also unaffected by mass tourism and diving or other large scale human interference. The Persian gulf has suffered significant loss and degradation of coral reefs with the biggest ongoing threat believed to be coastal construction activity altering the marine environment.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fertile soils of Yemen have encouraged settlement of almost all of the land from sea level up to the mountains at 10,000 feet (3,000 m). In the higher elevations, elaborate terraces have been constructed to facilitate grain, fruit, coffee, ginger and <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a> cultivation. The Arabian peninsula is known for its rich oil, i.e. petroleum production due to its geographical location.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to NASA's <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment</a> (GRACE) satellite data (2003–2013) analysed in a <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine (UCI)</a>-led study published in <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Research" title="Water Resources Research">Water Resources Research</a> on 16 June 2015, the most over-stressed aquifer system in the world is the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Aquifer_System" title="Arabian Aquifer System">Arabian Aquifer System</a>, upon which more than 60 million people depend for water.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_GRACE_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_GRACE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-one of the thirty seven largest aquifers "have exceeded sustainability tipping points and are being depleted" and thirteen of them are "considered significantly distressed".<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_GRACE_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_GRACE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stone tools from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> age along with fossils of other animals discovered at Ti's al Ghadah, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, might imply that <a href="/wiki/Hominins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominins">hominins</a> migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 200,000-year-old stone tools were discovered at Shuaib Al-Adgham in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Province" title="Al-Qassim Province">Al-Qassim Province</a>, which would indicate that many prehistoric sites, located along a network of rivers, had once existed in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> tools found in Saffaqah, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyadh Region">Riyadh Region</a> reveal that hominins lived in the Arabian Peninsula around 188,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human habitation in Arabia may have occurred as early as 130,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fossilized <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> finger bone found at Al Wusta in the <a href="/wiki/Nefud_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Nefud Desert">Nefud Desert</a> dates to approximately 90,000 years ago and is the oldest human fossil discovered outside of Africa and the Levant. This indicates human migrations from Africa to Arabia occurred around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabian Peninsula may have been the homeland of a '<a href="/wiki/Basal_Eurasian" title="Basal Eurasian">Basal Eurasian</a>' population, which diverged from other Eurasians soon after the Out-of-Africa migration, and subsequently became isolated, until it started to mix with other populations in the Middle East since around 25,000 years ago. These different Middle Eastern populations would later spread Basal Eurasian ancestry via the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> to all of Western Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_in_the_Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Peninsula in the Roman era">Arabian Peninsula in the Roman era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_East_in_1000bc_(en).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Near_East_in_1000bc_%28en%29.jpg/220px-Near_East_in_1000bc_%28en%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Near_East_in_1000bc_%28en%29.jpg/330px-Near_East_in_1000bc_%28en%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Near_East_in_1000bc_%28en%29.jpg/440px-Near_East_in_1000bc_%28en%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Pre-Islamic Arabia in 1000 BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div><p>There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 106,000 to 130,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Saudi_Embassy_US_Website_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saudi_Embassy_US_Website-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harsh climate historically<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> prevented much settlement in the pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula, apart from a small number of urban trading settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> in the west of the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a> has revealed the existence of many civilizations in pre-Islamic Arabia (such as the <a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamud</a>), especially in <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_kingdoms_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Arabian kingdoms in pre-Islamic Arabia">South Arabian civilizations</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Awsan" title="Kingdom of Awsan">Kingdom of Awsan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Kingdom of Ma'īn</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean Kingdom">Sabaean Kingdom</a> (usually considered to be the biblical land of <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>). From 106 AD to 630 AD northwestern Arabia was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which renamed it <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Arabia was the location of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kingdom of Kinda</a> in the 4th, 5th and early 6th centuries. Eastern Arabia was home to the <a href="/wiki/Dilmun_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilmun civilization">Dilmun civilization</a>. The earliest known events in Arabian history are migrations from the peninsula into neighbouring areas.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arabian Peninsula has long been accepted as the original <i><a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> by most scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Islam">Rise of Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rise of Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad750ADloc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/220px-Umayyad750ADloc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/330px-Umayyad750ADloc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/440px-Umayyad750ADloc.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750)</figcaption></figure> <p>The seventh century saw the rise of Islam as the peninsula's dominant religion. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610, but <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">migrated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> in 622. From there he and his companions united the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribes of Arabia</a> under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/First_Islamic_State" title="First Islamic State">First Islamic State</a> - a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula. </p><p>Under the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a>, rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula formed a vast Muslim Arab Empire with an area of influence that stretched from the northwest <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>. </p><p>With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companion</a> of Muhammad, nominated <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a>, or "Wars of Apostasy".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayyubid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ayyubid.png/220px-Ayyubid.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ayyubid.png/330px-Ayyubid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ayyubid.png/440px-Ayyubid.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>The Middle East, c. 1190. <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s empire and its vassals shown in red</figcaption></figure> <p>On his death in 634, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> as caliph, followed by <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_al-Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn al-Affan">Uthman ibn al-Affan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>. The period of these first four caliphs is known as <i>al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun or "rightly guided" Caliphate</a>. Under the Rashidun Caliphs, and, from 661, their <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad successors</a>, the Arabs rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim control outside of Arabia. In a matter of decades Muslim armies decisively defeated the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine army</a> and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">conquering huge swathes of territory</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> to India. The political focus of the Muslim world then shifted to the newly conquered territories.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L._Gardet_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L._Gardet-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> remained the spiritually most important places in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> requires every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it, as one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Five pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a>, to make a pilgrimage, or <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic month</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a> at least once in his or her lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> (the Grand Mosque) in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> is the location of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, Islam's holiest site, and the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid al-Nabawi">Masjid al-Nabawi</a> (the Prophet's Mosque) in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> is the location of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s grave; as a result, from the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> became the pilgrimage destinations for large numbers of Muslims from across the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/290px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/435px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/580px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colonies</a> in Arabia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its spiritual importance, in political terms Arabia soon became a peripheral region of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, in which the most important <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">medieval Islamic states</a> were based at various times in such far away cities as <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. However, from the 10th century (and, in fact, until the 20th century) the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharifs_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharifs of Mecca">Sharifs of Mecca</a> maintained a state in the most developed part of the region, the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. Their domain originally comprised only the holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> but in the 13th century it was extended to include the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. Although, the Sharifs exercised at most times independent authority in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, they were usually subject to the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of one of the major Islamic empires of the time. In the Middle Ages, these included the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online:_History_of_Arabia_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online:_History_of_Arabia-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_saudi_state.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/220px-First_saudi_state.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/330px-First_saudi_state.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/440px-First_saudi_state.png 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="4563" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">first Saudi State</a> from 1744 to 1814</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabia_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabia_1914.png/220px-Arabia_1914.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabia_1914.png/330px-Arabia_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabia_1914.png/440px-Arabia_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>The Arabian Peninsula in 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Unification_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saudi_Unification_Map.png/220px-Saudi_Unification_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saudi_Unification_Map.png/330px-Saudi_Unification_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saudi_Unification_Map.png/440px-Saudi_Unification_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="3572" /></a><figcaption>Territorial evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Saudi_State" title="Third Saudi State">Third Saudi State</a> (1902–1934)</figcaption></figure> <p>The provincial Ottoman Army for Arabia (Arabistan Ordusu) was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, which included Palestine, the Transjordan region in addition to Lebanon (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon was, however, a semi-autonomous mutasarrifate</a>). It was put in charge of Syria, Cilicia, Iraq, and the remainder of the Arabian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans never had any control over central Arabia, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> region. </p><p>The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a>, began in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> in central Arabia in 1744, when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a>, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a>, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> established in the area around Riyadh rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">sacking Karbala</a> in 1802, and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">capturing Mecca</a> in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a> of 1914 provides an illustration of the regional relationships. Arabs living in one of the existing districts of the Arabian peninsula, the Emirate of <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, asked for a British guarantee of independence. Their proposal included all Arab lands south of a line roughly corresponding to the northern frontiers of present-day Syria and Iraq. They envisioned a new Arab state, or confederation of states, adjoining the southern Arabian Peninsula. It would have comprised <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>, Iraq with Kuwait, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>, Jordan, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern era, the term bilad al-Yaman came to refer specifically to the southwestern parts of the peninsula. Arab geographers started to refer to the whole peninsula as 'jazirat al-Arab', or the peninsula of the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-california_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-california-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Ottoman_rule_and_the_Hejaz_Railway">Late Ottoman rule and the Hejaz Railway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Late Ottoman rule and the Hejaz Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The railway was started in 1900 at the behest of the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> and was built largely by the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turks</a>, with <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> advice and support. A public subscription was opened throughout the Islamic world to fund the construction. The railway was to be a <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a>, an inalienable religious endowment or charitable trust.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Arab_Revolt_and_the_foundation_of_Saudi_Arabia">The Arab Revolt and the foundation of Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Arab Revolt and the foundation of Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Arabia_1929_-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_Arabia_1929_-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-10.jpg/220px-Map_Arabia_1929_-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_Arabia_1929_-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-10.jpg/330px-Map_Arabia_1929_-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_Arabia_1929_-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-10.jpg/440px-Map_Arabia_1929_-_Touring_Club_Italiano_CART-TRC-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4605" data-file-height="6198" /></a><figcaption>Physical and political elements of Arabia in 1929</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Abdulaziz Ibn Saud</a>, the founding father and first king of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The major developments of the early 20th century were the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> during World War I and the subsequent collapse and <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a>. The Arab Revolt (1916–1918) was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Sherif_Hussein_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherif Hussein ibn Ali">Sherif Hussein ibn Ali</a> with the aim of securing independence from the ruling <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in Syria to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in Yemen. During World War I, the Sharif Hussein entered into an alliance with the United Kingdom and France against the Ottomans in June 1916. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_states_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula_(1905-1923).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_states_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281905-1923%29.svg/220px-Map_of_the_states_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281905-1923%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_states_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281905-1923%29.svg/330px-Map_of_the_states_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281905-1923%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_states_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281905-1923%29.svg/440px-Map_of_the_states_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281905-1923%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>The Arabian Peninsula in 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>These events were followed by the foundation of Saudi Arabia under King <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia">Abdulaziz Ibn Saud</a>. In 1902, Ibn Saud had captured <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>. Continuing his conquests, Abdulaziz subdued Al-Hasa, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a> between 1913 and 1926 founded the modern state of Saudi Arabia. The Saudis absorbed the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Emirate of Asir</a>, with their expansion only ending in 1934 after a <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">war with Yemen</a>. Two Saudi states were formed and controlled much of Arabia before Ibn Saud was even born. Ibn Saud, however, established the third Saudi state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_reserves">Oil reserves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oil reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second major development has been the discovery of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">vast reserves of oil</a> in the 1930s. Its production brought great wealth to all countries of the region, with the exception of Yemen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Yemen_Civil_War">North Yemen Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North Yemen Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></div> <p>The North Yemen Civil War was fought in <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North Yemen</a> between royalists of the <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen</a> and factions of the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> from 1962 to 1970. The war began with a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> carried out by the republican leader, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_as-Sallal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah as-Sallal">Abdullah as-Sallal</a>, which dethroned the newly crowned <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Badr" title="Muhammad al-Badr">Muhammad al-Badr</a> and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border and rallied popular support. </p><p>The royalist side received support from Saudi Arabia, while the republicans were supported by Egypt and the Soviet Union. Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">Egyptian President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 troops. Despite several military moves and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate. Egypt's commitment to the war is considered to have been detrimental to its performance in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> of June 1967, after which Nasser found it increasingly difficult to maintain his army's involvement and began to pull his forces out of Yemen. </p><p>By 1970, King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Faisal of Saudi Arabia</a> recognized the republic and a truce was signed. Egyptian military historians refer to Egypt's role in the war in Yemen as analogous to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' role in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enein_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enein-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gulf War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> <p>In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a> by Iraqi forces led to the 1990–91 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. Egypt, Qatar, Syria, and Saudi Arabia joined a multinational <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">coalition</a> that opposed Iraq. Displays of support for Iraq by Jordan and Palestine resulted in strained relations between many of the Arab states. After the war, a so-called "Damascus Declaration" formalized an alliance for future joint Arab defensive actions between Egypt, Syria, and the GCC member states.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014_Yemen_civil_war">2014 Yemen civil war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2014 Yemen civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> reached Yemen in January 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of Yemen took to the street demonstrating against three decades of rule by President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demonstration led to cracks in the ruling General People's Congress (GPC) and Saleh's Sanhani clan.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saleh used tactics of concession and violence to save his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After numerous attempts, Saleh accepted the Gulf Cooperation Council's mediation. He eventually handed power to Vice President Hadi, who was sworn in as President of Yemen on 25 February 2012. Hadi launched a national dialogue to address new constitutional, political and social issues. The <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a>, dissatisfied with the outcomes of the national dialogue, <a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">launched an offensive</a> and stormed the Yemeni capital Sanaa on 21 September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Saudi Arabia launched a <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">military intervention in Yemen</a> in March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil war and subsequent military intervention and <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen" title="Blockade of Yemen">blockade</a> caused a <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Famine in Yemen (2016–present)">famine in Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The old city of Sanaa."><img alt="The old city of Sanaa, Yemen. Peninsular Arabs trace their lineage to Qahtan, who was reportedly based in Yemen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sanaa.JPG/81px-Sanaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sanaa.JPG/121px-Sanaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sanaa.JPG/162px-Sanaa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Sana'a">old city of Sanaa</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ain Zubaydah was built to water the pilgrims in Mecca, Saudi Arabia by order of Zubaidah bint Ja'far"><img alt="Ain Zubaydah was built to water the pilgrims in Mecca, Saudi Arabia by order of Zubaidah bint Ja'far" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.png/120px-%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.png/180px-%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.png/240px-%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ain Zubaydah was built to water the pilgrims in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> by order of <a href="/wiki/Zubaidah_bint_Ja%27far" title="Zubaidah bint Ja'far">Zubaidah bint Ja'far</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Omar Mosque in Dumat al-Jandal, Saudi Arabia."><img alt="Omar Mosque in Dumat al-Jandal, Saudi Arabia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Omar_Mosque.jpg/120px-Omar_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Omar_Mosque.jpg/180px-Omar_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Omar_Mosque.jpg/240px-Omar_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_al-Khattab_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar ibn al-Khattab Mosque">Omar Mosque in Dumat al-Jandal, Saudi Arabia.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madain_Saleh_(6730128379).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The facade of a tomb with its details and architectural elements in Hegra, Saudi Arabia."><img alt="The facade of a tomb with its details and architectural elements in Hegra, Saudi Arabia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Madain_Saleh_%286730128379%29.jpg/80px-Madain_Saleh_%286730128379%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Madain_Saleh_%286730128379%29.jpg/120px-Madain_Saleh_%286730128379%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Madain_Saleh_%286730128379%29.jpg/160px-Madain_Saleh_%286730128379%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The facade of a tomb with its details and architectural elements in <a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Hegra</a>, Saudi Arabia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qasr_al_Farid.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qasr al Farid, tomb in Archeological site Mada'in Saleh, Al-`Ula, Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Qasr al Farid, tomb in Archeological site Mada'in Saleh, Al-`Ula, Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/120px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/180px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/240px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qasr al Farid, tomb in Archeological site Mada'in Saleh, Al-`Ula, Saudi Arabia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diriyahpic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diriyah the capital of the first Saudi state"><img alt="Diriyah the capital of the first Saudi state" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diriyahpic.jpg/120px-Diriyahpic.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diriyahpic.jpg/180px-Diriyahpic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diriyahpic.jpg/240px-Diriyahpic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a> the capital of the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_state" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi state">first Saudi state</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dam of Ma'rib"><img alt="Dam of Ma'rib" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/120px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/180px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/240px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="1835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dam_of_Marib" class="mw-redirect" title="Dam of Marib">Dam of Ma'rib</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_(bust).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Himyarite King Dhamar'ali Yahbur II"><img alt="Himyarite King Dhamar'ali Yahbur II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/96px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/144px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/191px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite</a> King Dhamar'ali Yahbur II</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AradFort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arad Fort in Bahrain"><img alt="Arad Fort in Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/AradFort.jpg/120px-AradFort.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/AradFort.jpg/180px-AradFort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/AradFort.jpg/240px-AradFort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arad_Fort" title="Arad Fort">Arad Fort</a> in Bahrain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizwa_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nizwa Fort in Oman"><img alt="Nizwa Fort in Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nizwa_%285%29.jpg/120px-Nizwa_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nizwa_%285%29.jpg/180px-Nizwa_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nizwa_%285%29.jpg/240px-Nizwa_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nizwa_Fort" title="Nizwa Fort">Nizwa Fort</a> in Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_Jumeirah_Creek_Museum_Jumeirah_9-12th_century_model_1301200712751.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of Umayyad city in the historic Jumeirah district of Dubai."><img alt="The ruins of Umayyad city in the historic Jumeirah district of Dubai." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dubai_Jumeirah_Creek_Museum_Jumeirah_9-12th_century_model_1301200712751.jpg/120px-Dubai_Jumeirah_Creek_Museum_Jumeirah_9-12th_century_model_1301200712751.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dubai_Jumeirah_Creek_Museum_Jumeirah_9-12th_century_model_1301200712751.jpg/180px-Dubai_Jumeirah_Creek_Museum_Jumeirah_9-12th_century_model_1301200712751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dubai_Jumeirah_Creek_Museum_Jumeirah_9-12th_century_model_1301200712751.jpg/240px-Dubai_Jumeirah_Creek_Museum_Jumeirah_9-12th_century_model_1301200712751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="1429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> city in the historic <a href="/wiki/Jumeirah" title="Jumeirah">Jumeirah</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coper_head_of_bull_Dilmun1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bull's head, made of copper in the early period of Dilmun (ca. 2000 BC), Bahrain."><img alt="Bull's head, made of copper in the early period of Dilmun (ca. 2000 BC), Bahrain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coper_head_of_bull_Dilmun1.jpg/95px-Coper_head_of_bull_Dilmun1.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coper_head_of_bull_Dilmun1.jpg/143px-Coper_head_of_bull_Dilmun1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coper_head_of_bull_Dilmun1.jpg/191px-Coper_head_of_bull_Dilmun1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bull's head, made of copper in the early period of <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> (ca. 2000 BC), Bahrain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Magar_-_Saluki_Artifact_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_-_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A_-_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The head and body of a Saluki is made of stone from the Al-Magar civilization, in the Neolithic period, (about 8000 BC)."><img alt="The head and body of a Saluki is made of stone from the Al-Magar civilization, in the Neolithic period, (about 8000 BC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Al-Magar_-_Saluki_Artifact_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_-_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A_-_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%29.jpg/80px-Al-Magar_-_Saluki_Artifact_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_-_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A_-_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Al-Magar_-_Saluki_Artifact_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_-_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A_-_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%29.jpg/120px-Al-Magar_-_Saluki_Artifact_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_-_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A_-_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Al-Magar_-_Saluki_Artifact_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_-_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A_-_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%29.jpg/160px-Al-Magar_-_Saluki_Artifact_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_-_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A_-_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The head and body of a <a href="/wiki/Saluki" title="Saluki">Saluki</a> is made of stone from the <a href="/wiki/Al-Magar" title="Al-Magar">Al-Magar</a> civilization, in the Neolithic period, (about 8000 BC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Midian"><img alt="Midian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/120px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/180px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/240px-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Arabia" title="Achaemenid Arabia">Achaemenid Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history of Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Arabia" title="European exploration of Arabia">European exploration of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabian_cities_by_population" title="List of Arabian cities by population">List of Arabian cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musandam_Peninsula" title="Musandam Peninsula">Musandam Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AP_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a>, Bahrain is technically not a part of the Arabian Peninsula, but a part of the slightly larger geopolitical region called Arabia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern region only.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHopkins편집부2001" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Daniel J.; 편집부 (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GN9UQMuNQNkC&pg=PA61"><i>Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary</i></a> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877795469" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877795469"><bdi>978-0877795469</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206060436/https://books.google.com/books?id=GN9UQMuNQNkC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster%27s+Geographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0877795469&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91%EB%B6%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGN9UQMuNQNkC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arabia_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabia_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabia_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabia_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNijim" class="citation web cs1">Nijim, Basheer K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-peninsula-Asia">"Arabia | peninsula, Asia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522211749/https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-peninsula-Asia">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Arabia+%7C+peninsula%2C+Asia&rft.aulast=Nijim&rft.aufirst=Basheer+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FArabia-peninsula-Asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiz2006" class="citation book cs1">Niz, Ellen Sturm (10 April 2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peninsulas0000nize"><i>Peninsulas</i></a></span>. Capstone. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peninsulas0000nize/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736861427" title="Special:BookSources/9780736861427"><bdi>9780736861427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peninsulas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft.isbn=9780736861427&rft.aulast=Niz&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Sturm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeninsulas0000nize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcColl2014" class="citation book cs1">McColl, R. W. (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA710"><i>Encyclopedia of World Geography</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816072293" title="Special:BookSources/9780816072293"><bdi>9780816072293</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519182851/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA710">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Geography&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=9780816072293&rft.aulast=McColl&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJgnebGbAB8C%26pg%3DPA710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondra2013" class="citation book cs1">Condra, Jill (9 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lazWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62"><i>Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World [2 Volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313376375" title="Special:BookSources/9780313376375"><bdi>9780313376375</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519183236/https://books.google.com/books?id=lazWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+National+Dress%3A+Traditional+Clothing+Around+the+World+%5B2+Volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.isbn=9780313376375&rft.aulast=Condra&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlazWAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge2003" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Christine Huda (1 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j47rDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62"><i>The Everything Understanding Islam Book: A Complete and Easy to Read Guide to Muslim Beliefs, Practices, Traditions, and Culture</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605505459" title="Special:BookSources/9781605505459"><bdi>9781605505459</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101202/https://books.google.com/books?id=j47rDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Understanding+Islam+Book%3A+A+Complete+and+Easy+to+Read+Guide+to+Muslim+Beliefs%2C+Practices%2C+Traditions%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft.isbn=9781605505459&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Christine+Huda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj47rDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/15-largest-peninsulas-in-the-world.html">"15 Largest Peninsulas in the World"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317051902/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/15-largest-peninsulas-in-the-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=15+Largest+Peninsulas+in+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2F15-largest-peninsulas-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2003" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Saul Bernard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA337"><i>Geopolitics of the World System</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847699070" title="Special:BookSources/9780847699070"><bdi>9780847699070</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001180013/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA337">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitics+of+the+World+System&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780847699070&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Saul+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkMD8HKRlgoC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaken2017" class="citation web cs1">Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (14 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netherlandsworldwide.nl/doing-business-in-the-gulf-region/other-sectors-in-the-gulf-region/gcc-countries/saudi-arabia">"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Doing business in the Gulf region – netherlandsworldwide.nl"</a>. <i>netherlandsworldwide.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511171451/https://www.netherlandsworldwide.nl/doing-business-in-the-gulf-region/other-sectors-in-the-gulf-region/gcc-countries/saudi-arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=netherlandsworldwide.nl&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia+%E2%80%93+Doing+business+in+the+Gulf+region+%E2%80%93+netherlandsworldwide.nl&rft.date=2017-05-14&rft.aulast=Zaken&rft.aufirst=Ministerie+van+Buitenlandse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netherlandsworldwide.nl%2Fdoing-business-in-the-gulf-region%2Fother-sectors-in-the-gulf-region%2Fgcc-countries%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-Faqihc._903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn al-Faqih (c. 903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/mukhtasar-kitab-al-buldan/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2-COM_ARA_000011"><i>Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan</i></a> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420224114/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/mukhtasar-kitab-al-buldan/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2-COM_ARA_000011">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mukhtasar+Kitab+al-Buldan&rft.au=Ibn+al-Faqih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fmukhtasar-kitab-al-buldan%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-COM_ARA_000011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabia_Petraea-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arabia_Petraea_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Arabia_Petraea" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-Petraea">"Arabia Petraea"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225171428/https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-Petraea">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Arabia+Petraea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FArabia-Petraea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Jong2017" class="citation book cs1">De Jong, Janneke (2017). <i>Arabia, Arabs, and "Arabic" in Greek Documents From Egypt in "New Frontiers of Arabic Papyrology Arabic and Multilingual Texts from Early Islam"</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004345171" title="Special:BookSources/9789004345171"><bdi>9789004345171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia%2C+Arabs%2C+and+%22Arabic%22+in+Greek+Documents+From+Egypt+in+%22New+Frontiers+of+Arabic+Papyrology+Arabic+and+Multilingual+Texts+from+Early+Islam%22&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004345171&rft.aulast=De+Jong&rft.aufirst=Janneke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yENB_dXAtwC&pg=PA163"><i>Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050109/https://books.google.com/books?id=3yENB_dXAtwC&pg=PA163">Archived</a> 1 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, David Frankfurter, BRILL, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11127-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11127-1">90-04-11127-1</a>, page 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-california-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-california_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-california_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1988" class="citation book cs1">Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vOJ15vTZV4C&pg=PA60"><i>A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07196-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613100816/https://books.google.com/books?id=4vOJ15vTZV4C&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+of+Many+Mansions%3A+The+History+of+Lebanon+Reconsidered&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07196-4&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal+Suleiman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4vOJ15vTZV4C%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Palestine: The Reality, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mary_Nagle_Jeffries" title="Joseph Mary Nagle Jeffries">Joseph Mary Nagle Jeffries</a>, Published by Longmans, Green and co., 1939, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PalestineTheReality/page/n4/mode/1up">Page 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Review of Reviews and World's Work: An International Magazine, Albert Shaw ed., The Review of Reviews Corporation, 1919, page 408]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nie-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nie_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA795">"New International Encyclopedia – 2nd Edition, Dodd, Mead, Co., 1914"</a>. <i>google.com</i>. 1914. p. 795. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624035755/https://books.google.com/books?id=GRUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA795">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com&rft.atitle=New+International+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+2nd+Edition%2C+Dodd%2C+Mead%2C+Co.%2C+1914&rft.pages=795&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRUoAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2007" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein, Y. (1 January 2007). "A transition from strombolian to phreatomagmatic activity induced by a lava flow damming water in a valley". <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>159</b> (1–3): 267–284. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JVGR..159..267W">2007JVGR..159..267W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2006.06.015">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.06.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=A+transition+from+strombolian+to+phreatomagmatic+activity+induced+by+a+lava+flow+damming+water+in+a+valley&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=267-284&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2006.06.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JVGR..159..267W&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLaughlin, Rob (2015). "The Continuing Conundrum of the Somali Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone". <i>The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law</i> 30.2. 305–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.S. Alsharhan, Z. A. Rizk, A. E. M. Nairn [et al.], 2001, <i>Waterology of an Arid Region</i>, Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabian-peninsula-countries">"Arabian Peninsula Countries 2021"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190530/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabian-peninsula-countries">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabian+Peninsula+Countries+2021&rft.pub=worldpopulationreview.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Farabian-peninsula-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122421/http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=6&A=separate&RT=0&Y=1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010&R=-1&C=BA,KU,MU,QA,SA,AE,YM">"International Programs"</a>. <i>census.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=6&A=separate&RT=0&Y=1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010&R=-1&C=BA,KU,MU,QA,SA,AE,YM">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=International+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fidb%2Fregion.php%3FN%3D%2520Results%2520%26T%3D6%26A%3Dseparate%26RT%3D0%26Y%3D1950%2C1960%2C1970%2C1980%2C1990%2C2000%2C2010%26R%3D-1%26C%3DBA%2CKU%2CMU%2CQA%2CSA%2CAE%2CYM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation.de-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Asia.html">"Asia: Population Statistics in Maps and Charts for Cities, Agglomerations and Administrative Divisions of all Countries in Asia"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106080903/http://citypopulation.de/Asia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Asia%3A+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts+for+Cities%2C+Agglomerations+and+Administrative+Divisions+of+all+Countries+in+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FAsia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122419/http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=6&A=both&RT=0&Y=1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010&R=-1&C=BA,KU,QA,AE">"International Programs"</a>. <i>census.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=6&A=both&RT=0&Y=1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010&R=-1&C=BA,KU,QA,AE">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=International+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fidb%2Fregion.php%3FN%3D%2520Results%2520%26T%3D6%26A%3Dboth%26RT%3D0%26Y%3D1950%2C1960%2C1970%2C1980%2C1990%2C2000%2C2010%26R%3D-1%26C%3DBA%2CKU%2CQA%2CAE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yam-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yam_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080812233855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html">"The World Fact book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 7 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Fact+book&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2007-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alrouh, Hekmat, Awatef Ismail, and Sohaila Cheema. "Demographic and health indicators in Gulf Cooperation Council nations with an emphasis on Qatar." Journal of Local and Global Health Perspectives (2013): p 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Largest_cities-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Largest_cities_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities">"World City Populations 2022"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220194018/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=World+City+Populations+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero15-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero15_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, G.W. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/15/"><i>Arabia</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031163556/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/15/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11767%2Fview%2F1%2F15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrows2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows2010_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows2010_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows2010_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows2010_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._Burrowes2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. Burrowes (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Yemen</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 5–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5528-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025046/https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Yemen&rft.pages=5-340&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5528-1&rft.au=Robert+D.+Burrowes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtjXRfqBv_0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laughlin2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laughlin2008_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laughlin2008_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laughlin2008_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laughlin2008_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2008" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Daniel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC">"1: Background"</a>. <i>Yemen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bradt_Travel_Guides" title="Bradt Travel Guides">Bradt Travel Guides</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8416-2212-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8416-2212-5"><bdi>978-1-8416-2212-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702224444/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Background&rft.btitle=Yemen&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-8416-2212-5&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQvhZaEVzjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish2007-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2007_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Cavendish, Marshall</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA8">"Geography and climate"</a>. <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse"><i>World and Its Peoples</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. Cavendish Square Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/n151">8</a>–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geography+and+climate&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=8-19&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAKAI_01-1998-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAKAI_01-1998_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAKAI_01-1998_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFزبارة1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">زبارة, محمد بن محمد بن يحيى اليمني/الصنعاني (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L4dyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT359"><i>نيل الوطر من تراجم رجال اليمن في القرن الثالث عشر 1–2 ج1</i></a> (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah (دار الكتب العلمية). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7451-2623-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7451-2623-8"><bdi>978-2-7451-2623-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225083339/https://books.google.nl/books?id=L4dyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT359&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB+%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1+1%E2%80%932+%D8%AC1&rft.pub=Dar+Al+Kotob+Al+Ilmiyah+%28%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%29&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-2-7451-2623-8&rft.aulast=%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.aufirst=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%2F%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL4dyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GazetteerArabia1917-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GazetteerArabia1917_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GazetteerArabia1917_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023727632.0x000052"><i>Gazetteer of Arabia</i></a>. Vol. II [1044] (81/688). <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Digital_Library" title="Qatar Digital Library">Qatar Digital Library</a>. 1917. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309051759/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023727632.0x000052">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Arabia&rft.pub=Qatar+Digital+Library&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023727632.0x000052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mindat-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/feature-72377.html">"Jabal an-Nabī Shu'ayb, Bani Matar, Sanaa, Yemen"</a>. Mindat.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612211036/https://www.mindat.org/feature-72377.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jabal+an-Nab%C4%AB+Shu%27ayb%2C+Bani+Matar%2C+Sanaa%2C+Yemen&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Ffeature-72377.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scoville1979-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scoville1979_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scoville1979_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scoville1979_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScoville2006" class="citation book cs1">Scoville, Sheila A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains"><i>Gazetteer of Arabia: a geographical and tribal history of the Arabian Peninsula</i></a>. Vol. 2. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. pp. 117–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101208/https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Arabia%3A+a+geographical+and+tribal+history+of+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pages=117-288&rft.pub=Akademische+Druck-+u.+Verlagsanstalt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Scoville&rft.aufirst=Sheila+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAH8YAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhadhramaut%2Bmountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GhazanfarFisher2013-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GhazanfarFisher2013_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazanfarFisher2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shahina_A._Ghazanfar" title="Shahina A. Ghazanfar">Ghazanfar, Shahina A.</a>; Fisher, Martin (17 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_tCAAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+highlands&pg=PA52">"1–2"</a>. <i>Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_University" title="Sultan Qaboos University">Sultan Qaboos University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. pp. 27–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-4017-3637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-4017-3637-4"><bdi>978-9-4017-3637-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101205/https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_tCAAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+highlands&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%E2%80%932&rft.btitle=Vegetation+of+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.place=Sultan+Qaboos+University%2C+Muscat&rft.pages=27-55&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-9-4017-3637-4&rft.aulast=Ghazanfar&rft.aufirst=Shahina+A.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duc_tCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhadhramaut%2Bhighlands%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overstreet1977-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Overstreet1977_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverstreet1977" class="citation book cs1">Overstreet, William Courtney (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmxPAQAAIAAJ&q=sarat+mountains"><i>Tertiary laterite of the As Sarat Mountains, Asir Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Vol. 2. Directorate General of Mineral Resources. pp. iii–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208154921/https://books.google.com/books?id=KmxPAQAAIAAJ&q=sarat+mountains">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tertiary+laterite+of+the+As+Sarat+Mountains%2C+Asir+Province%2C+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=iii-2&rft.pub=Directorate+General+of+Mineral+Resources&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Overstreet&rft.aufirst=William+Courtney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmxPAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsarat%2Bmountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandal1990-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mandal1990_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal1990" class="citation book cs1">Mandal, Ram Bahadur (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwCHWwgKt0C&q=sarawat+mountains&pg=PA354">"VI: A Regional Geography"</a>. <i>Patterns of Regional Geography: World regions</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: Concept Publishing Company. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1702-2292-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1702-2292-7"><bdi>978-8-1702-2292-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603000536/https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwCHWwgKt0C&q=sarawat+mountains&pg=PA354">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI%3A+A+Regional+Geography&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Regional+Geography%3A+World+regions&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-8-1702-2292-7&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Ram+Bahadur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWwCHWwgKt0C%26q%3Dsarawat%2Bmountains%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr2013-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr2013_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4RvQAgAAQBAJ&q=sarat+mountains">"1: The Holiest Cities of Islam"</a>. <i>Mecca the Blessed, Medina the Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1365-7"><bdi>978-1-4629-1365-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101203/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RvQAgAAQBAJ&q=sarat+mountains">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+reptiles+of+Jebel+Hafeet&rft.pages=149-168&rft.pub=ADCO+and+Emirates+Natural+History+Group&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Somerville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F235918847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiethMasoom2012-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LiethMasoom2012_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiethAl_Masoom2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lieth, Helmut; Al Masoom, A. A., eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reclamation+potentials+of+saline+degraded+lands+in+Abu+Dhabi+eastern+region+using+high+salinity-tolerant+woody+plants+and+some+salt+marsh+species&rft.btitle=Towards+the+rational+use+of+high+salinity+tolerant+plants%3A+Vol+2%3A+Agriculture+and+forestry+under+marginal+soil+water+conditions&rft.pages=271-274&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-9-4011-1860-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-fqCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhafit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieglPurkis2011" class="citation book cs1">Riegl, Bernhard; Purkis, Samuel (2011). 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Bloomsbury Academic. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislam0000gord/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32522-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32522-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofislam0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._Burrowes2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. 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Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc/page/n139">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802849601" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802849601"><bdi>978-0802849601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0802849601&rft.au=Kenneth+Anderson+Kitchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonreliabilityold00kitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jane (2005). <i>Petra</i>. 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(2001). <i>Historische semitische Sprachwissenschaft</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995) <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Holt (1977a), p.57</li> <li>Hourani (2003), p.22</li> <li>Lapidus (2002), p.32</li> <li>Madelung (1996), p.43</li> <li>Tabatabaei (1979), p.30–50</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Holt (1977a), p.57, Hourani (2003), p.22, Lapidus (2002), p.32, Madelung (1996), p.43, Tabatabaei (1979), p.30–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L._Gardet-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L._Gardet_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._GardetJ._Jomier" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">L. Gardet; J. Jomier. "Islam". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.au=L.+Gardet&rft.au=J.+Jomier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (5th ed.), pp.145–147 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8120-1853-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8120-1853-0">978-0-8120-1853-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur; Lawrence Davidson (2005). A Concise History of the Middle East (8th ed.), p.48 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4275-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4275-7">978-0-8133-4275-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online:_History_of_Arabia-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online:_History_of_Arabia_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia">Encyclopædia Britannica Online: History of Arabia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503091224/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia">Archived</a> 3 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 18 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29166-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29166-6">0-521-29166-6</a>, page 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxkz9D4Ff_sC&pg=PA417">The Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830–1861, by Caesar E. Farah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514211350/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxkz9D4Ff_sC&pg=PA417&dq=&lr=&ei=BoDxSP2rFZbMzQTO3MXtBg&client=">Archived</a> 14 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, explains that Mount Lebanon was in the jurisdiction of the Arabistan Army, and that its headquarters was briefly moved to Beirut.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisMewsMorrisShepherd1992" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ian; Mews, Stuart; Morris, Paul; Shepherd, John (1992). <i>Contemporary Religions: A World Guide</i>. Longman. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1"><bdi>978-0-582-08695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religions%3A+A+World+Guide&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-582-08695-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Mews%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Morris%2C+Paul&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316131703/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">Archived</a> 16 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Library of Congress Country Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As cited by R, John and S. Hadawi's, Palestine Diary, pp. 30–31, the 'Damascus Protocol' stated: "The recognition by Great Britain of the independence of the Arab countries lying within the following frontiers: North: The Line Mersin_Adana to parallel 37N. and thence along the line Birejek-Urga-Mardin-Kidiat-Jazirat (Ibn 'Unear)-Amadia to the Persian frontier; East: The Persian frontier down to the Persian Gulf; South: The Indian Ocean (with the exclusion of Aden, whose status was to be maintained). West: The Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea back to Mersin. The abolition of all exceptional privileges granted to foreigners under the capitulations. The conclusion of a defensive alliance between Great Britain <i>and the future independent Arab State</i>. The grant of economic preference to Great Britain." see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n706ShSYt-sC"><i>King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322142502/http://books.google.com/books?id=n706ShSYt-sC&printsec=toc&dq=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0#PPA65,M1">Archived</a> 22 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, By Randall Baker, Oleander Press, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900891-48-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-900891-48-3">0-900891-48-3</a>, pages 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King Hussein and the Kingdom of Hejaz, Randall Baker, Oleander Press 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900891-48-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-900891-48-3">0-900891-48-3</a>, page 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enein-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-enein_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboul-Enein2004" class="citation news cs1">Aboul-Enein, Youssef (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203161830/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_1_93/ai_n6123802">"The Egyptian-Yemen War: Egyptian perspectives on Guerrilla warfare"</a>. <i>Infantry Magazine</i>. No. Jan–Feb, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_1_93/ai_n6123802">the original</a> on 3 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infantry+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian-Yemen+War%3A+Egyptian+perspectives+on+Guerrilla+warfare&rft.issue=Jan%E2%80%93Feb%2C+2004&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.aulast=Aboul-Enein&rft.aufirst=Youssef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0IAV%2Fis_1_93%2Fai_n6123802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Richard Schofield, Kuwait and Iraq: Historical Claims and Territorial. Disputes, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905031-35-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-905031-35-0">0-905031-35-0</a> and The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents, By E. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, Marc Weller, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46308-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46308-4">0-521-46308-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egypt's Bid for Arab Leadership: Implications for U.S. Policy, By Gregory L. Aftandilian, Published by Council on Foreign Relations, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87609-146-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87609-146-X">0-87609-146-X</a>, pages 6–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC World News, Arab Uprising:Country by Country -Yemen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell University Library. Arab Spring:A Research & Study Guide:Yemen guides. library.cornell.edu. Last Updated: May 9, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com. "Yemen Uprising of 2011–12". Written By:The editors of Encyclopedia Britannica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign. guides.library.edu. Arab Spring Workshop:Yemen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasinof2015" class="citation web cs1">Kasinof, Laura (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/23/how-the-houthis-did-it-yemen-hadi-arab-spring/">"How the Houthis Did It"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330021054/https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/23/how-the-houthis-did-it-yemen-hadi-arab-spring/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=How+the+Houthis+Did+It&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kasinof&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F01%2F23%2Fhow-the-houthis-did-it-yemen-hadi-arab-spring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintour2019" class="citation news cs1">Wintour, Patrick (3 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/03/uk-us-and-france-may-be-complicit-in-yemen-war-crimes-un-report">"UK, US and France may be complicit in Yemen war crimes – UN report"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022141109/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/03/uk-us-and-france-may-be-complicit-in-yemen-war-crimes-un-report">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK%2C+US+and+France+may+be+complicit+in+Yemen+war+crimes+%E2%80%93+UN+report&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.aulast=Wintour&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fsep%2F03%2Fuk-us-and-france-may-be-complicit-in-yemen-war-crimes-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof2017" class="citation web cs1">Kristof, Nicholas (31 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen-famine-cholera.html">"The Photos the U.S. and Saudi Arabia Don't Want You to See"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831091519/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen-famine-cholera.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Photos+the+U.S.+and+Saudi+Arabia+Don%27t+Want+You+to+See&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2017%2F08%2F31%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fyemen-famine-cholera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11756/">Travels in Arabia</a> (1892)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-image-of.php?id=31">High resolution scan of old map of Arabia</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205448/http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-image-of.php?id=31">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2914/">The Coast of Arabia the Red Sea, and Persian Sea of Bassora Past the Straits of Hormuz to India, Gujarat and Cape Comorin</a> from the World Digital Library, depicts a map from 1707.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahabThatcherGoeje1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wahab, Robert Alexander; Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jan_de_Goeje" title="Michael Jan de Goeje">Goeje, Michael Jan de</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arabia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arabia">"Arabia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wahab&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alexander&rft.au=Thatcher%2C+Griffithes+Wheeler&rft.au=Goeje%2C+Michael+Jan+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArabian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Arabia_Culltural-Historical_Zones_lg.png">Arabia: Cultural-Historical Zones</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,arabia%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=tlevel,include,online_resources,1&mfacet=topic,include,Arabian%20Peninsula,1&mfacet=topic,include,Saudi%20Arabia,1&lang=en_US&offset=0&came_from=sort">Old maps of Arabia</a>, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="extiw" title="commons:Arabian peninsula"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Arabian peninsula</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabian_Peninsula" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arabian Peninsula">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula#Q31945" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continents_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/75px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/113px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/75px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/113px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/150px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Other prehistoric continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Possible future supercontinents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hills_and_mountains_on_the_Arabian_Peninsula" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountains_on_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Template:Mountains on the Arabian Peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountains_on_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Template talk:Mountains on the Arabian Peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains_on_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains on the Arabian Peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hills_and_mountains_on_the_Arabian_Peninsula" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hills and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mountains">mountains on the Arabian Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar range</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Central_Hajar" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Hajar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hajar Mountains">Central Hajar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_(Oman)" title="Jebel Akhdar (Oman)">Jebel Akhdar</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Shams" title="Jebel Shams">Jebel Shams</a> (H)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hajar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hajar Mountains">Eastern Hajar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jabal Aswad</li> <li>Jabal Bani Jabar</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Hajar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hajar Mountains">Western Hajar</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_(Oman)" title="Jebel Akhdar (Oman)">Jebel Akhdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Ghawil" title="Jebel Ghawil">Jebel Ghawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Shams" title="Jebel Shams">Jebel Shams</a> (H, HP)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ru&#039;us_al-Jibal" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ru%27us_al-Jibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ru'us al-Jibal">Ru'us al-Jibal</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Al_Harim" title="Jabal Al Harim">Jabal Al Harim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Qihwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Qihwi">Jebel Qihwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balcony_Walk,_Jebel_Shams,_Oman_(36729358660).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jebel Shams of the Western-Central Hajar range, Oman"><img alt="Jebel Shams of the Western-Central Hajar range, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Balcony_Walk%2C_Jebel_Shams%2C_Oman_%2836729358660%29.jpg/80px-Balcony_Walk%2C_Jebel_Shams%2C_Oman_%2836729358660%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Balcony_Walk%2C_Jebel_Shams%2C_Oman_%2836729358660%29.jpg/120px-Balcony_Walk%2C_Jebel_Shams%2C_Oman_%2836729358660%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Balcony_Walk%2C_Jebel_Shams%2C_Oman_%2836729358660%29.jpg/160px-Balcony_Walk%2C_Jebel_Shams%2C_Oman_%2836729358660%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Mountains" title="Dhofar Mountains">Dhofar range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Qamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Qamar">Jebel Qamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Qara" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Qara">Jebel Qarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Samhan_Nature_Reserve" title="Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve">Jabal Samhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">List of mountains in Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of volcanoes in Saudi Arabia">List of volcanoes in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qarah_Mountain_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Al-Qarah Mountain (Saudi Arabia)">Jabal Al-Qarah</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarawat_Mountains" title="Sarawat Mountains">Sarat range</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Al-Oraif" title="Jabal Al-Oraif">Jabal Al-Oraif</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asir_Mountains" title="Asir Mountains">'Asir range</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrat_al_Birk" title="Harrat al Birk">Harrat al Birk</a> (LF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Ad-Dhoor" title="Jabal Ad-Dhoor">Jabal Ad-Dhoor</a></li> <li>Jabal <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadab" title="Al-Hadab">Al-Hadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Al-Majaz" title="Jabal Al-Majaz">Jabal Al-Majaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Al-Qo%27mah" title="Jabal Al-Qo'mah">Jabal Al-Qo'mah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_As-Sahla%27" title="Jabal As-Sahla'">Jabal As-Sahla'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebal_As-Seqaa" title="Jebal As-Seqaa">Jebal As-Seqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Atherb" title="Jabal Atherb">Jabal Atherb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Khalaqah" title="Jabal Khalaqah">Jabal Khalaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Lawa%27s" title="Jabal Lawa's">Jabal Lawa's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Mana%27" title="Jabal Mana'">Jabal Mana'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Maomah" title="Jabal Maomah">Jabal Maomah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Mareer" title="Jabal Mareer">Jabal Mareer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Masher" title="Jabal Masher">Jabal Masher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Moushref" title="Jabal Moushref">Jabal Moushref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Nahran" title="Jabal Nahran">Jabal Nahran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Natfa%27" title="Jabal Natfa'">Jabal Natfa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_%27Okran" title="Jabal 'Okran">Jabal 'Okran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Sawda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Sawda">Jabal Sawdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Yar" title="Jabal Yar">Jabal Yar</a> (VF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Warrab" title="Jabal Warrab">Jabal Warrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27af_A%27l_Nassir" title="Sh'af A'l Nassir">Sh'af A'l Nassir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27af_Bayhan" title="Sh'af Bayhan">Sh'af Bayhan</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al_Bahah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bahah Region">Al-Bahah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabal_Shada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabal Shada (page does not exist)">Jabal Shada</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="ar:كهوف جبل شدا">ar</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jizan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jizan Region">Jizan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifa_Mountains" title="Fifa Mountains">Fifa Mountains</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1463881/saudi-arabia">Jebel</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qeher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qeher (page does not exist)">Al-Qeher</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:جبل القهر">ar</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Najran_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Najran Region">Najran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1365241/saudi-arabia">Jabal Abu Hamdan</a></li> <li>Jabal Raum</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hijaz_Mountains" title="Hijaz Mountains">Hijaz range</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrat_Khaybar" title="Harrat Khaybar">Harrat Khaybar</a> (VF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrat_Kishb" title="Harrat Kishb">Harrat Kishb</a> (LF) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wahbah_crater" title="Al Wahbah crater">Al Wahbah crater</a> (VC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrat_Lunayyir" title="Harrat Lunayyir">Harrat Lunayyir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrat_Rahat" title="Harrat Rahat">Harrat Rahat</a> (LF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qubays_(mountain)" title="Abu Qubays (mountain)">Jabal Abu Qubays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Jabal 'Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Daka" title="Jabal Daka">Jabal Daka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hada" title="Al Hada">Jabal Hada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sela_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Sela (Saudi Arabia)">Jabal Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr" title="Jabal Thawr">Jabal Thawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Jabal Uhud</a></li> <li>Jabal Werqan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Midian_range" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midian_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian Mountains">Midian range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrat_al-Sham" title="Harrat al-Sham">Harrat al-Sham</a> (VF) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Harrah,_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Harrah, Saudi Arabia">Jabal Al-Amud</a>? (VF)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Lawz" title="Jabal al-Lawz">Jabal Al-Lawz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Al-Qalom" title="Jabal Al-Qalom">Jabal Al-Qalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_an_Nukhaylah" title="Jabal an Nukhaylah">Jabal an Nukhaylah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Hubaysh,_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Hubaysh, Saudi Arabia">Jabal Hubaysh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tabuk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabuk Region">Tabuk Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Maqla" title="Jabal Maqla">Jabal Maqla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_%60Umayyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal `Umayyid">Jabal `Umayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Umm_Hayf%C4%81%27" title="Jabal Umm Hayfā'">Jabal Umm Hayfā'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebal_Ad-dhahr" title="Jebal Ad-dhahr">Mountains of Adh-Dhahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baha_1308_IMG_4250.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarat Mountains in the area of Al-Bahah, Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Sarat Mountains in the area of Al-Bahah, Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baha_1308_IMG_4250.jpg/90px-Baha_1308_IMG_4250.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baha_1308_IMG_4250.jpg/135px-Baha_1308_IMG_4250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baha_1308_IMG_4250.jpg/180px-Baha_1308_IMG_4250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shammar_Mountains" title="Shammar Mountains">Shammar range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salma_Mountains" title="Salma Mountains">Salma range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Shammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aja_range" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aja range</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Aja_Protected_Area" title="Jabal Aja Protected Area">Jabal Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammar_Mountains" title="Shammar Mountains">Shammar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuwayr_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuwayr Mountains">Tuwayr range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jabal <a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq" title="Tuwaiq">Tuwaiq</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of mountains in the United Arab Emirates">List of mountains in the United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western_Hajar" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Hajar<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ru'us al-Jibal</i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Jais" title="Jebel Jais">Jebel Jais</a> (H)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_ar_Rahrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal ar Rahrah">Jabal Ar-Rahrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Ra%E1%B8%A9abah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Raḩabah">Jabal Rahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Qada%27ah" title="Jabal Qada'ah">Jabal Qada'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Al_Mebrah" title="Jebel Al Mebrah">Jebel Yibir</a> (HP)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shumayliyyah_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Shumayliyyah Mountains">Shumayliyyah range</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Al-Heben" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Al-Heben">Jebel Al-Heben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outliers, outcrops or anticlines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Buhais" title="Jebel Buhais">Jebel Buhais</a> (AC, OC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Faya" title="Jebel Faya">Jebel Faya</a> (AC, OC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Hafeet" title="Jebel Hafeet">Jebel Hafeet</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (OL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabal_Al_Jais.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jebel Jais of the Western Hajar in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE"><img alt="Jebel Jais of the Western Hajar in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jabal_Al_Jais.jpg/80px-Jabal_Al_Jais.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jabal_Al_Jais.jpg/121px-Jabal_Al_Jais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jabal_Al_Jais.jpg/161px-Jabal_Al_Jais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Yemen" title="List of volcanoes in Yemen">List of volcanoes in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_Mountains" title="Hadhramaut Mountains">Hadhramaut range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jabal Ar-Rays?</li> <li>Jabal Husn Ghuraf</li> <li>Jebel Shaqb?</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_Highlands_(10263628893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Yemen_Highlands_%2810263628893%29.jpg/88px-Yemen_Highlands_%2810263628893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Yemen_Highlands_%2810263628893%29.jpg/132px-Yemen_Highlands_%2810263628893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Yemen_Highlands_%2810263628893%29.jpg/176px-Yemen_Highlands_%2810263628893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5706" data-file-height="3885" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sarat range<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harra_of_Arhab" title="Harra of Arhab">Harra of Arhab</a> (VF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harras_of_Dhamar" title="Harras of Dhamar">Harras of Dhamar</a> (VF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harra_es-Sawad" title="Harra es-Sawad">Harra es-Sawad</a> (VF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Hubaysh,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Hubaysh, Yemen">Jabal Hubaysh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibb_Governorate" title="Ibb Governorate">Ibb Governorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Kanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Kanin">Jabal Kanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Nuqm" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Nuqm">Jabal Nuqm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Sabir" title="Jabal Sabir">Jabal Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Tiyal" title="Jabal Tiyal">Jabal Tiyal</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Haraz_range" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Haraz" title="Jabal Haraz">Haraz range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_An-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb">Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb</a> (H, HP)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Mountains are sorted in alphabetical order, unless where it concerns ranges. The highest confirmed mountains in each country are indicated with 'HP', and those with the highest peak are indicated with 'HP', bearing in mind that in the UAE, the highest mountain and the mountain with the highest peak are different. <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">Outcrops</a> are indicated with 'OC', and <a href="/wiki/Inliers_and_outliers_(geology)" title="Inliers and outliers (geology)">outliers</a> with 'OL', and <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticlines</a> with 'AC'. <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanoes</a> are indicated with 'V', <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">volcanic craters</a> with 'VC', <a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">lava fields</a> with 'LF', and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">volcanic fields</a> with 'VF'. <p>Other notes: </p> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with the UAE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also regarded as being of the Western Hajar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also regarded as being of the Western Hajar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with the UAE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with the UAE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sensu lato</i>, shared with Yemen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with Yemen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sensu lato</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sensu lato</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with Oman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with Oman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Highest mountain in the UAE, but the peak is in Oman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to the peak of Jebel Jais being in Oman, this mountain has the highest confirmed peak in the UAE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with Oman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with Oman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shared with Saudi Arabia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Highest confirmed peak in the Arabian Peninsula</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31945#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31945#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31945#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/258470059">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1240131/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002529-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85006293">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941820r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941820r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arabský poloostrov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128674&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arabský poloostrov (jižní oblast)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge897338&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451121">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz10bb52q78wrn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294018905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/29475">Pleiades</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912809">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027358976">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/arabistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arabian_Peninsula&params=23_N_46_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°N</span> <span class="longitude">46°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23°N 46°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23; 46</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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