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aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins and history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_institution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_institution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins of the institution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_institution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Changes in composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Party representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_Democratic_hegemony,_1848–1891" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Democratic_hegemony,_1848–1891"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Free Democratic hegemony, 1848–1891</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Democratic_hegemony,_1848–1891-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_coalition_government,_1891–1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_coalition_government,_1891–1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Emerging coalition government, 1891–1959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_coalition_government,_1891–1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_coalition,_1959–2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_coalition,_1959–2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3</span> <span>Grand coalition, 1959–2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_coalition,_1959–2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_grand_coalition,_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_grand_coalition,_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.4</span> <span>End of the grand coalition, 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_grand_coalition,_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_on_the_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_on_the_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Women on the council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_on_the_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_balancing_acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_balancing_acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Regional balancing acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_balancing_acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Council meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decisions_and_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decisions_and_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Decisions and responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decisions_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secrecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secrecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Secrecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secrecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Constitutional conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Travels abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Election and composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_and_composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election and composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_mode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_mode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Election mode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_mode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_Federal_Councillors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_Federal_Councillors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Status of Federal Councillors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_of_Federal_Councillors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status of Federal Councillors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_of_Federal_Councillors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Councillors'_lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Councillors'_lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Councillors' lives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Councillors'_lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Councillors'_salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Councillors'_salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Councillors' salary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Councillors'_salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Immunity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_firsts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_firsts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of firsts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_firsts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Council (Switzerland)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_(Schweiz)" title="Bundesrat (Schweiz) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bundesrat (Schweiz)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="المجلس الفدرالي السويسري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجلس الفدرالي السويسري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cons%C3%A8ly_f%C3%A8d%C3%A8ral_(Suisse)" title="Consèly fèdèral (Suisse) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Consèly fèdèral (Suisse)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A2n-pang_Ph%C3%AAng-g%C4%AB-h%C5%8De" title="Liân-pang Phêng-gī-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liân-pang Phêng-gī-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Федэральны савет Швейцарыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Федэральны савет Швейцарыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consell_Federal_de_Su%C3%AFssa" title="Consell Federal de Suïssa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consell Federal de Suïssa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolkov%C3%A1_rada_(%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarsko)" title="Spolková rada (Švýcarsko) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spolková rada (Švýcarsko)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbundsr%C3%A5det_(Schweiz)" title="Forbundsrådet (Schweiz) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forbundsrådet (Schweiz)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_(Schweiz)" title="Bundesrat (Schweiz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bundesrat (Schweiz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ομοσπονδιακό Συμβούλιο (Ελβετία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομοσπονδιακό Συμβούλιο (Ελβετία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Federal_(Suiza)" title="Consejo Federal (Suiza) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consejo Federal (Suiza)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacia_Konsilio_(Svislando)" title="Federacia Konsilio (Svislando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federacia Konsilio (Svislando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3)" title="شورای فدرال (سوئیس) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای فدرال (سوئیس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral_(Suisse)" title="Conseil fédéral (Suisse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conseil fédéral (Suisse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consello_Federal_de_Su%C3%ADza" title="Consello Federal de Suíza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Consello Federal de Suíza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%ED%8F%89%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="스위스 연방평의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스위스 연방평의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Շվեյցարիայի դաշնային խորհուրդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեյցարիայի դաշնային խորհուրդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savezno_vije%C4%87e_%C5%A0vicarske" title="Savezno vijeće Švicarske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Savezno vijeće Švicarske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Federal_Swiss" title="Dewan Federal Swiss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewan Federal Swiss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_federale_(Svizzera)" title="Consiglio federale (Svizzera) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consiglio federale (Svizzera)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="המועצה הפדרלית של שווייץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המועצה הפדרלית של שווייץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9wan_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral_Swiss" title="Déwan Fédéral Swiss – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Déwan Fédéral Swiss" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Швейцарияның федерация кеңесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Швейцарияның федерация кеңесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilium_Foederale_Helvetiae" title="Consilium Foederale Helvetiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consilium Foederale Helvetiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veicarijos_Federalin%C4%97_Taryba" title="Šveicarijos Federalinė Taryba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šveicarijos Federalinė Taryba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9gi_Tan%C3%A1cs_(Sv%C3%A1jc)" title="Szövetségi Tanács (Svájc) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szövetségi Tanács (Svájc)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Persekutuan_Switzerland" title="Majlis Persekutuan Switzerland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Majlis Persekutuan Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondsraad_(Zwitserland)" title="Bondsraad (Zwitserland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bondsraad (Zwitserland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="連邦参事会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連邦参事会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbundsr%C3%A5det_(Sveits)" title="Forbundsrådet (Sveits) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forbundsrådet (Sveits)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_sveitsiske_forbundsr%C3%A5det" title="Det sveitsiske forbundsrådet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det sveitsiske forbundsrådet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwajcarska_Rada_Zwi%C4%85zkowa" title="Szwajcarska Rada Związkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szwajcarska Rada Związkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_Federal_(Su%C3%AD%C3%A7a)" title="Conselho Federal (Suíça) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conselho Federal (Suíça)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiliul_Federal_Elve%C8%9Bian" title="Consiliul Federal Elvețian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consiliul Federal Elvețian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cussegl_federal_svizzer" title="Cussegl federal svizzer – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cussegl federal svizzer" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Федеральный совет Швейцарии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федеральный совет Швейцарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Federal Council (Switzerland)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5" title="Швајцарско савезно веће – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Швајцарско савезно веће" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vajcarski_federalni_savet" title="Švajcarski federalni savet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Švajcarski federalni savet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveitsin_liittoneuvosto" title="Sveitsin liittoneuvosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sveitsin liittoneuvosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rbundsr%C3%A5det_(Schweiz)" title="Förbundsrådet (Schweiz) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förbundsrådet (Schweiz)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Konsey_(%C4%B0svi%C3%A7re)" title="Federal Konsey (İsviçre) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Federal Konsey (İsviçre)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Федеральна рада Швейцарії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федеральна рада Швейцарії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Federal_Council&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal government of Switzerland</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Federal Council</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesrat</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(German)</span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Conseil fédéral</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Consiglio federale</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Italian)</span></li> <li><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">Cussegl federal</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Romansh)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg/250px-Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg/375px-Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg/500px-Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg/250px-Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg/375px-Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg/500px-Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4242" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">The 2024 Federal Council<br />(from left to right)<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rossi" title="Viktor Rossi">Viktor Rossi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Chancellor</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation#Vice-President_of_the_Federal_Council" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">Vice-President</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></li></ul></div><br /></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His/Her Excellency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Four years, no term limit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Ochsenbein" title="Ulrich Ochsenbein">Ulrich Ochsenbein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Jonas Furrer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Munzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin J. Munzinger">Martin J. Munzinger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Druey" title="Henri Druey">Henri Druey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Frey-Heros%C3%A9" title="Friedrich Frey-Herosé">Friedrich Frey-Herosé</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Matthias_Naeff" title="Wilhelm Matthias Naeff">Wilhelm Matthias Naeff</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Franscini" title="Stefano Franscini">Stefano Franscini</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1848<span class="noprint">; 176 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1848</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">SFr</a> 472,958 annually per councillor<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start.html">admin.ch</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Council</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" title="List of members of the Swiss Federal Council">Members</a> (by seniority) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> (Vice President)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Federal Chancellor</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rossi" title="Viktor Rossi">Viktor Rossi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Council_of_States_(2019%E2%80%9323)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the Swiss Council of States (2019–23)">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Council_of_Switzerland,_2019%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the National Council of Switzerland, 2019–23">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Elections</div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Swiss_federal_election" title="1848 Swiss federal election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_Swiss_federal_election" title="1851 Swiss federal election">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Swiss_federal_election" title="1854 Swiss federal election">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Swiss_federal_election" title="1857 Swiss federal election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Swiss_federal_election" title="1860 Swiss federal election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Swiss_federal_election" title="1863 Swiss federal election">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Swiss_federal_election" title="1866 Swiss federal election">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Swiss_federal_election" title="1869 Swiss federal election">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Swiss_federal_election" title="1872 Swiss federal election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Swiss_federal_election" title="1875 Swiss federal election">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Swiss_federal_election" title="1878 Swiss federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Swiss_federal_election" title="1881 Swiss federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Swiss_federal_election" title="1884 Swiss federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Swiss_federal_election" title="1887 Swiss federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Swiss_federal_election" title="1890 Swiss federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Swiss_federal_election" title="1893 Swiss federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Swiss_federal_election" title="1896 Swiss federal election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Swiss_federal_election" title="1899 Swiss federal election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Swiss_federal_election" title="1902 Swiss federal election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Swiss_federal_election" title="1905 Swiss federal election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Swiss_federal_election" title="1908 Swiss federal election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Swiss_federal_election" title="1911 Swiss federal election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Swiss_federal_election" title="1914 Swiss federal election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Swiss_federal_election" title="1917 Swiss federal election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Swiss_federal_election" title="1919 Swiss federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Swiss_federal_election" title="1922 Swiss federal election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Swiss_federal_election" title="1925 Swiss federal election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Swiss_federal_election" title="1928 Swiss federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Swiss_federal_election" title="1931 Swiss federal election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Swiss_federal_election" title="1935 Swiss federal election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Swiss_federal_election" title="1939 Swiss federal election">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Swiss_federal_election" title="1943 Swiss federal election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Swiss_federal_election" title="1947 Swiss federal election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Swiss_federal_election" title="1951 Swiss federal election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Swiss_federal_election" title="1955 Swiss federal election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Swiss_federal_election" title="1959 Swiss federal election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Swiss_federal_election" title="1963 Swiss federal election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Swiss_federal_election" title="1967 Swiss federal election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Swiss_federal_election" title="1971 Swiss federal election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Swiss_federal_election" title="1975 Swiss federal election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Swiss_federal_election" title="1979 Swiss federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Swiss_federal_election" title="1983 Swiss federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Swiss_federal_election" title="1987 Swiss federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Swiss_federal_election" title="1991 Swiss federal election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Swiss_federal_election" title="1995 Swiss federal election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_federal_election" title="1999 Swiss federal election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_federal_election" title="2003 Swiss federal election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election" title="2007 Swiss federal election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_federal_election" title="2011 Swiss federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_federal_election" title="2015 Swiss federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_federal_election" title="2019 Swiss federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_federal_election" title="2023 Swiss federal election">2023</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_federal_referendums" title="List of Swiss federal referendums">Referendums</a></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1798_Helvetic_Republic_constitutional_referendum" title="1798 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_Helvetic_Republic_constitutional_referendum" title="1802 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1848 Swiss constitutional referendum">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Swiss_referendum" title="1866 Swiss referendum">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1872 Swiss constitutional referendum">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1874 Swiss constitutional referendum">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Swiss_referendum" title="1875 Swiss referendum">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Swiss_referendums" title="1876 Swiss referendums">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_Swiss_referendum" title="1877 Swiss referendum">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Swiss_referendums" title="1879 Swiss referendums">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1880 Swiss constitutional referendum">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_Swiss_referendums" title="1882 Swiss referendums">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Swiss_referendum" title="1884 Swiss referendum">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1885 Swiss constitutional referendum">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Swiss_referendums" title="1887 Swiss referendums">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Swiss_insolvency_referendum" title="1889 Swiss insolvency referendum">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Swiss_insurance_referendum" title="1890 Swiss insurance referendum">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Swiss_referendums" title="1891 Swiss referendums">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Swiss_animal_protection_referendum" title="1893 Swiss animal protection referendum">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Swiss_referendums" title="1894 Swiss referendums">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Swiss_referendums" title="1895 Swiss referendums">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Swiss_referendum" title="1896 Swiss referendum">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Swiss_referendums" title="1897 Swiss referendums">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Swiss_referendums" title="1898 Swiss referendums">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Swiss_referendums" title="1900 Swiss referendums">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Swiss_schools_referendum" title="1902 Swiss schools referendum">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Swiss_referendums" title="1903 Swiss referendums">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Swiss_copyright_referendum" title="1905 Swiss copyright referendum">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Swiss_foodstuffs_referendum" title="1906 Swiss foodstuffs referendum">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Swiss_armed_forces_referendum" title="1907 Swiss armed forces referendum">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Swiss_referendums" title="1908 Swiss referendums">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Swiss_electoral_system_referendum" title="1910 Swiss electoral system referendum">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Swiss_insurance_referendum" title="1912 Swiss insurance referendum">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Swiss_disease_control_referendum" title="1913 Swiss disease control referendum">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1914 Swiss constitutional referendum">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Swiss_war_tax_referendum" title="1915 Swiss war tax referendum">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Swiss_stamp_duty_referendum" title="1917 Swiss stamp duty referendum">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Swiss_referendums" title="1918 Swiss referendums">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Swiss_referendums" title="1919 Swiss referendums">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Swiss_referendums" title="1920 Swiss referendums">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Swiss_referendums" title="1921 Swiss referendums">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Swiss_referendums" title="1922 Swiss referendums">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Swiss_referendums" title="1923 Swiss referendums">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Swiss_employment_protection_referendum" title="1924 Swiss employment protection referendum">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Swiss_referendums" title="1925 Swiss referendums">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Swiss_grain_supply_referendum" title="1926 Swiss grain supply referendum">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Swiss_referendum" title="1927 Swiss referendum">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Swiss_referendums" title="1928 Swiss referendums">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Swiss_referendums" title="1929 Swiss referendums">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Swiss_alcohol_referendum" title="1930 Swiss alcohol referendum">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Swiss_referendums" title="1931 Swiss referendums">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Swiss_federal_salaries_referendum" title="1933 Swiss federal salaries referendum">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Swiss_public_order_referendum" title="1934 Swiss public order referendum">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Swiss_referendums" title="1935 Swiss referendums">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Swiss_freemasonry_referendum" title="1937 Swiss freemasonry referendum">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Swiss_referendums" title="1938 Swiss referendums">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Swiss_referendums" title="1939 Swiss referendums">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Swiss_military_referendum" title="1940 Swiss military referendum">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Swiss_alcohol_referendum" title="1941 Swiss alcohol referendum">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Swiss_referendums" title="1942 Swiss referendums">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Swiss_unfair_competition_referendum" title="1944 Swiss unfair competition referendum">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Swiss_referendums" title="1945 Swiss referendums">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Swiss_referendums" title="1946 Swiss referendums">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Swiss_referendums" title="1947 Swiss referendums">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Swiss_sugar_industry_referendum" title="1948 Swiss sugar industry referendum">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Swiss_referendums" title="1949 Swiss referendums">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Swiss_referendums" title="1950 Swiss referendums">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Swiss_referendums" title="1951 Swiss referendums">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Swiss_referendums" title="1952 Swiss referendums">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Swiss_referendums" title="1953 Swiss referendums">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Swiss_referendums" title="1954 Swiss referendums">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Swiss_tenant_and_consumer_protection_referendum" title="1955 Swiss tenant and consumer protection referendum">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Swiss_referendums" title="1956 Swiss referendums">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Swiss_referendums" title="1957 Swiss referendums">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Swiss_referendums" title="1958 Swiss referendums">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Swiss_referendums" title="1959 Swiss referendums">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Swiss_referendums" title="1960 Swiss referendums">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Swiss_referendums" title="1961 Swiss referendums">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Swiss_referendums" title="1962 Swiss referendums">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Swiss_referendums" title="1963 Swiss referendums">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Swiss_referendums" title="1964 Swiss referendums">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Swiss_referendums" title="1965 Swiss referendums">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Swiss_referendum" title="1966 Swiss referendum">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Swiss_real_estate_referendum" title="1967 Swiss real estate referendum">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Swiss_referendums" title="1968 Swiss referendums">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Swiss_referendums" title="1969 Swiss referendums">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Swiss_referendums" title="1970 Swiss referendums">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Swiss_referendums" title="1971 Swiss referendums">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Swiss_referendums" title="1972 Swiss referendums">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Swiss_referendums" title="1973 Swiss referendums">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Swiss_referendums" title="1974 Swiss referendums">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Swiss_referendums" title="1975 Swiss referendums">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Swiss_referendums" title="1976 Swiss referendums">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Swiss_referendums" title="1977 Swiss referendums">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Swiss_referendums" title="1978 Swiss referendums">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Swiss_referendums" title="1979 Swiss referendums">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Swiss_referendums" title="1980 Swiss referendums">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Swiss_referendums" title="1981 Swiss referendums">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Swiss_referendums" title="1982 Swiss referendums">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Swiss_referendums" title="1983 Swiss referendums">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Swiss_referendums" title="1984 Swiss referendums">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Swiss_referendums" title="1985 Swiss referendums">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Swiss_referendums" title="1986 Swiss referendums">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Swiss_referendums" title="1987 Swiss referendums">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Swiss_referendums" title="1988 Swiss referendums">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Swiss_referendums" title="1989 Swiss referendums">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Swiss_referendums" title="1990 Swiss referendums">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Swiss_referendums" title="1991 Swiss referendums">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Swiss_referendums" title="1992 Swiss referendums">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Swiss_referendums" title="1993 Swiss referendums">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Swiss_referendums" title="1994 Swiss referendums">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Swiss_referendums" title="1995 Swiss referendums">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Swiss_referendums" title="1996 Swiss referendums">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Swiss_referendums" title="1997 Swiss referendums">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Swiss_referendums" title="1998 Swiss referendums">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_referendums" title="1999 Swiss referendums">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Swiss_referendums" title="2000 Swiss referendums">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Swiss_referendums" title="2001 Swiss referendums">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Swiss_referendums" title="2002 Swiss referendums">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_referendums" title="2003 Swiss referendums">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Swiss_referendums" title="2004 Swiss referendums">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Swiss_referendums" title="2005 Swiss referendums">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Swiss_referendums" title="2006 Swiss referendums">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_referendums" title="2007 Swiss referendums">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Swiss_referendums" title="2008 Swiss referendums">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swiss_referendums" title="2009 Swiss referendums">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Swiss_referendums" title="2010 Swiss referendums">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_gun_control_initiative" title="2011 Swiss gun control initiative">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Swiss_referendums" title="2012 Swiss referendums">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Swiss_referendums" title="2013 Swiss referendums">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Swiss_referendums" title="2014 Swiss referendums">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_referendums" title="2015 Swiss referendums">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Swiss_referendums" title="2016 Swiss referendums">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Swiss_referendums" title="2017 Swiss referendums">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Swiss_referendums" title="2018 Swiss referendums">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_referendums" title="2019 Swiss referendums">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Swiss_referendums" title="2020 Swiss referendums">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Swiss_referendums" title="2021 Swiss referendums">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Swiss_referendums" title="2022 Swiss referendums">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_referendums" title="2023 Swiss referendums">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Swiss_referendums" title="2024 Swiss referendums">2024</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Federal courts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Criminal Court of Switzerland">Federal Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Switzerland)">Federal Administrative Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Patent_Court_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Patent Court (Switzerland)">Federal Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: 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title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden#Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Basel-Landschaft" title="Municipalities of the canton of Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Basel-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Bern" title="Municipalities of the canton of Bern">Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Fribourg" title="Municipalities of the canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Geneva" title="Municipalities of the canton of Geneva">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Glarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Glarus">Glarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Graub%C3%BCnden" title="Municipalities of the canton of Graubünden">Graubünden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Jura" title="Municipalities of the canton of Jura">Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Lucerne" title="Municipalities of the canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Municipalities of the canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Nidwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Obwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Obwalden">Obwalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton 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title="Municipalities of the canton of Vaud">Vaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Zug" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Zug">Zug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Zurich" title="Municipalities of the canton of Zurich">Zurich</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Politics of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Politics of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Federal Council</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the federal <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss Confederation</a>. Its seven members also serve as the collective <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a> of Switzerland. Since after World War II, the Federal Council is by convention a permanent <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a> government composed of representatives of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">country's major parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">language regions</a>. </p><p>While the entire Federal Council is responsible for leading the <a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">federal administration of Switzerland</a>, each Councillor heads one of the seven federal executive departments. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Swiss Confederation</a> chairs the council, but exercises no particular authority; rather, the position is one of a <a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">first among equals</a> and rotates among the seven Councillors annually. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="Swiss Federal Council election">Federal Council is elected</a> as a body by the 246 members of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly of Switzerland</a> for a term of four years after each <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">federal parliamentary election</a>, without the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a>. Incumbents are not <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term-limited</a> and are by convention almost always re-elected; most serve around 8 to 12 years in office. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the members of the Federal Council are, in order of seniority: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Member </th> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Joined </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Canton </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #009F4F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guy_Parmelin_(2024,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Guy_Parmelin_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/50px-Guy_Parmelin_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Guy_Parmelin_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Guy_Parmelin_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Guy_Parmelin_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Guy_Parmelin_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="4650" /></a></span> </td> <td>1 January 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a> </td> <td>Head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Economic_Affairs,_Education_and_Research" title="Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research">Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #0E52A0"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignazio_Cassis_(2024,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ignazio_Cassis_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/50px-Ignazio_Cassis_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ignazio_Cassis_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Ignazio_Cassis_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ignazio_Cassis_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Ignazio_Cassis_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="4650" /></a></span> </td> <td>1 November 2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">Liberals</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="494" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> </td> <td>Head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Federal Department of Foreign Affairs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #EF7D00"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_Amherd_(2024,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Viola_Amherd_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/50px-Viola_Amherd_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Viola_Amherd_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Viola_Amherd_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Viola_Amherd_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Viola_Amherd_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="4650" /></a></span> </td> <td>1 January 2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Centre_(political_party)" title="The Centre (political party)">Centre</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> </td> <td>President for 2024<br />Head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Defence,_Civil_Protection_and_Sport" title="Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport">Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #0E52A0"> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karin_Keller-Sutter_(2024,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Karin_Keller-Sutter_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/50px-Karin_Keller-Sutter_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Karin_Keller-Sutter_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Karin_Keller-Sutter_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Karin_Keller-Sutter_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Karin_Keller-Sutter_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="4650" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1 January 2019</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">Liberals</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/14px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/28px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="679" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> </td> <td>Vice President for 2024 <br />Head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Finance" title="Federal Department of Finance">Federal Department of Finance</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #009F4F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_R%C3%B6sti_(2024,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Albert_R%C3%B6sti_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/50px-Albert_R%C3%B6sti_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Albert_R%C3%B6sti_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Albert_R%C3%B6sti_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Albert_R%C3%B6sti_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Albert_R%C3%B6sti_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="4650" /></a></span> </td> <td>1 January 2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bern_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a> </td> <td>Head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Environment,_Transport,_Energy_and_Communications" title="Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications">Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #E4002B"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider_(2024,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/50px-%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/75px-%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/100px-%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="4650" /></a></span> </td> <td>1 January 2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Jura_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a> </td> <td>Head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Home_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Home Affairs">Federal Department of Home Affairs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="5px" style="background-color: #E4002B"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beat_Jans_(2024,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beat_Jans_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/50px-Beat_Jans_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beat_Jans_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Beat_Jans_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Beat_Jans_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Beat_Jans_%282024%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="4650" /></a></span> </td> <td>1 January 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a> </td> <td>Head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">Federal Department of Justice and Police</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_institution">Origins of the institution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins of the institution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Federal Council was instituted by the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Federal Constitution</a> as the "supreme executive and directorial authority of the Confederation".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Constitution was written, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a> was still in its infancy, and the founding fathers of Switzerland had little in the way of examples. While they drew heavily on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> for the organisation of the federal state as a whole, they opted for the <a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">collegial</a> rather than the presidential system for the executive branch of government (<a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial system</a>). This accommodated the long tradition of the rule of collective bodies in Switzerland. Under the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime of Switzerland">Ancien Régime</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> had been governed by councils of pre-eminent citizens since time immemorial, and the later <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a> (with its equivalent Directorate)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the cantons that had given themselves liberal constitutions since the 1830s had also had good experiences with that mode of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, only three other states, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, have collective rather than unitary heads of state. However the collegial system of government has found widespread adoption in modern <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet government">cabinet government</a> with collective responsibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_composition">Changes in composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Changes in composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitzverteilung_Bundesrat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sitzverteilung_Bundesrat.png/500px-Sitzverteilung_Bundesrat.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sitzverteilung_Bundesrat.png/750px-Sitzverteilung_Bundesrat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sitzverteilung_Bundesrat.png/1000px-Sitzverteilung_Bundesrat.png 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Composition of the Federal Council by political party, 1919 to 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1848 constitutional provision providing for the Federal Council – and indeed the institution of the Council itself – has remained unchanged to this day, even though Swiss society has changed profoundly since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Party_representation">Party representation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Party representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Free_Democratic_hegemony,_1848–1891"><span id="Free_Democratic_hegemony.2C_1848.E2.80.931891"></span>Free Democratic hegemony, 1848–1891</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Free Democratic hegemony, 1848–1891"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Switzerland as a federal state</a></div> <p>The 1848 Constitution was one of the few successes of the Europe-wide democratic <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>. In Switzerland, the democratic movement was led – and the new federal state decisively shaped – by the <i>Radicals</i> (presently <a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">FDP. The Liberals</a>). After winning the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_War" title="Sonderbund War">Sonderbund War</a></i> (the Swiss civil war) against the Catholic cantons, the Radicals at first used their majority in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Assembly">Federal Assembly</a> to fill all the seats on the Federal Council. This made their former war opponents, the <i>Catholic-Conservatives</i> (presently the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party</a>, CVP), the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition party">opposition party</a>. Only after <a href="/wiki/Emil_Welti" title="Emil Welti">Emil Welti</a>'s resignation in 1891 after a failed referendum on <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> did the Radicals decide to <a href="/wiki/Co-optation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-optation">co-opt</a> the Conservatives by supporting the election of <a href="/wiki/Josef_Zemp" title="Josef Zemp">Josef Zemp</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Emerging_coalition_government,_1891–1959"><span id="Emerging_coalition_government.2C_1891.E2.80.931959"></span>Emerging coalition government, 1891–1959</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emerging coalition government, 1891–1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of involving all major political movements of Switzerland into the responsibility of government continued during the first half of the 20th century. It was hastened by the FDP's and CVP's gradually diminishing voter shares, complemented by the rise of new parties of lesser power at the ends of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>. These were the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party</a> (SP) on the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">Left</a> and the Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents (BGB; presently the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">People's Party</a>, SVP) on the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">Right</a>. In due course, the CVP received its second seat in 1919 with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Musy" title="Jean-Marie Musy">Jean-Marie Musy</a>, while the BGB joined the council in 1929 with <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Minger" title="Rudolf Minger">Rudolf Minger</a>. In 1943, during World War II, the Social Democrats were also temporarily included with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nobs" title="Ernst Nobs">Ernst Nobs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Grand_coalition,_1959–2003"><span id="Grand_coalition.2C_1959.E2.80.932003"></span>Grand coalition, 1959–2003</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grand coalition, 1959–2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magic_formula_(Swiss_politics)" title="Magic formula (Swiss politics)">Magic formula (Swiss politics)</a></div> <p>The 1959 elections, following the resignation of four councillors, finally established the <i><a href="/wiki/Zauberformel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zauberformel">Zauberformel</a></i>, the "magical formula" that determined the council's composition during the rest of the 20th century and established the long-standing nature of the council as a permanent, voluntary <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zaubeformel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaubeformel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In approximate relation to the parties' respective strength in the Federal Assembly, the seats were distributed as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP/PRD): 2 members,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party</a> (CVP/PDC): 2 members,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party</a> (SP/PS): 2 members,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> (SVP/UDC): 1 member.</li></ul> <p>During that time, the FDP/PRD and CVP/PDC very slowly but steadily kept losing voter share to the SVP/UDC and SP/PS, respectively, which overtook the older parties in popularity during the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="End_of_the_grand_coalition,_2008"><span id="End_of_the_grand_coalition.2C_2008"></span>End of the grand coalition, 2008</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: End of the grand coalition, 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2007 Swiss Federal Council election">2007 Swiss Federal Council election</a></div></dd></dl> <p>The governmental balance was changed after the 2003 elections, when the SVP/UDC was granted a council seat for their leader <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Blocher" title="Christoph Blocher">Christoph Blocher</a> that had formerly belonged to the CVP/PDC's <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Metzler" title="Ruth Metzler">Ruth Metzler</a>. Due to controversies surrounding his conduct in office, a narrow Assembly majority did not reelect Blocher in 2007 and chose instead <a href="/wiki/Eveline_Widmer-Schlumpf" title="Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf">Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf</a>, a more moderate SVP/UDC politician, against party policy. This led to a split of the SVP/UDC in 2008. After liberal regional SVP/UDC groups including Federal Councillors Widmer-Schlumpf and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Schmid" title="Samuel Schmid">Samuel Schmid</a> founded a new <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland">Conservative Democratic Party</a>, the SVP/UDC was left in opposition for the first time since 1929, but returned into the council with the election of <a href="/wiki/Ueli_Maurer" title="Ueli Maurer">Ueli Maurer</a> on 10 December 2008, who regained the seat previously held by Schmid, who had resigned. The SVP/UDC regained its second seat on the Council in <a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2015 Swiss Federal Council election">2015</a>, when Widmer-Schlumpf decided to resign after the SVP/UDC's large election gains in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_federal_election" title="2015 Swiss federal election">2015 election</a>, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gains_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gains-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women_on_the_council">Women on the council</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women on the council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women gained <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffrage</a> on the federal level in 1971. They remained unrepresented in the Federal Council for three further legislatures, until the 1984 election of <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kopp" title="Elisabeth Kopp">Elisabeth Kopp</a>. In 1983, the failed election of the first official female candidate, <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Uchtenhagen" title="Lilian Uchtenhagen">Lilian Uchtenhagen</a> and again in 1993 the failed election of <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Brunner" title="Christiane Brunner">Christiane Brunner</a> (both SP/PS), was controversial and the Social Democrats each time considered withdrawing from the council altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-zaubeformel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaubeformel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two female councillors serving simultaneously for the first time in 1999, and three out of seven councillors were women from 2007 till 2010, when <a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Sommaruga" title="Simonetta Sommaruga">Simonetta Sommaruga</a> was elected as the fourth woman in government in place of <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Leuenberger" title="Moritz Leuenberger">Moritz Leuenberger</a>, putting men in minority for the first time in history. Also remarkable is the fact that the eighth non-voting member of government, the chancellor, who sets the government agenda, was also a woman. </p><p>In total, there have been ten female councillors in the period 1989 to present:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The first woman councillor was <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kopp" title="Elisabeth Kopp">Elisabeth Kopp</a> (FDP/PRD), elected 1984, resigned in 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dreifuss" title="Ruth Dreifuss">Ruth Dreifuss</a> (SP/PS), served from 1993 to 2002, was the first woman to become President of the Confederation in 1999. Since her election there has always been at least one woman on the council.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Metzler" title="Ruth Metzler">Ruth Metzler</a> (Metzler-Arnold at the time) (CVP/PDC), served from 1999 to 2003 and was not re-elected to a second term (<a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2007 Swiss Federal Council election">see above</a>). Upon her election two women served on the council simultaneously for the first time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micheline_Calmy-Rey" title="Micheline Calmy-Rey">Micheline Calmy-Rey</a> (SP/PS) was elected in 2003 and served until 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Leuthard" title="Doris Leuthard">Doris Leuthard</a> (CVP/PDC) was elected in 2006 and served until 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveline_Widmer-Schlumpf" title="Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf">Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf</a> was elected in December 2007 and served until December 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Sommaruga" title="Simonetta Sommaruga">Simonetta Sommaruga</a> was elected in September 2010. Together with Micheline Calmy-Rey, Doris Leuthard and Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, women were in the majority in the Federal Council for the first time, until January 2012, when <a href="/wiki/Alain_Berset" title="Alain Berset">Alain Berset</a> replaced Micheline Calmy-Rey.<sup id="cite_ref-Swissinfo_2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swissinfo_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> were elected on 5 December 2018 and are currently on the council.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a> was elected on 7 December 2022 and is the most recent woman to be elected to the council.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_balancing_acts">Regional balancing acts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional balancing acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1999, the Constitution mandated that no canton could have multiple representatives on the Federal Council at the same time. For most of Swiss history, the canton of any given councillor was determined by their place of origin, but starting in 1987 this was changed to the canton from which they were elected (for former members of the Federal Assembly or cantonal legislative or executive bodies) or place of residence.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing prevented candidates from moving to politically expedient cantons; this was one of the motivators for abolishing the rule. At the <a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_referendums" title="1999 Swiss referendums">1999 Swiss referendums</a>, the Constitution was changed to require an equitable distribution of seats among the cantons and language groups of the country, without setting concrete quotas. </p><p>Since the rule against Federal Councillors being from the same canton was abolished, there have been a few examples of it happening. The first time was from 2003 to 2007, when both <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Leuenberger" title="Moritz Leuenberger">Moritz Leuenberger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Blocher" title="Christoph Blocher">Christoph Blocher</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">canton of Zurich</a> were in office. It happened again between 2010 and 2018, starting when <a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Sommaruga" title="Simonetta Sommaruga">Simonetta Sommaruga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schneider-Ammann" title="Johann Schneider-Ammann">Johann Schneider-Ammann</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">canton of Bern</a> were <a href="/wiki/2010_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2010 Swiss Federal Council election">elected in 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swissinfo_2010_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swissinfo_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, four cantons have never been represented on the Federal Council: <a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>. The canton of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a> is the most recent canton to be represented; since 1 January 2023, it has been represented by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Elisabeth Baume-Schneider</a>. </p><p>With the council's 2023 iteration, the constitutional requirement that languages and regions be appropriately balanced is under increased strain. <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">"Latin speakers"</a> – people who either speak French, Italian, or Romansh – now form a majority on the council, despite more than seventy percent of the Swiss citizens speaking German as a first language. Likewise, no current Federal Councillors grew up in an urban area (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a>, who spent some school years in <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel NE</a>). </p><p>Whenever a member resigns, they are generally replaced by someone who is not only from the same party, but also the same language group. In 2006, however, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deiss" title="Joseph Deiss">Joseph Deiss</a>, a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French-speaker</a>, resigned and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Doris_Leuthard" title="Doris Leuthard">Doris Leuthard</a>, a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaker</a>. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Eveline_Widmer-Schlumpf" title="Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf">Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf</a>, a German-speaker, was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a>, a French-speaker. Most recently, in 2023, German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Sommaruga" title="Simonetta Sommaruga">Simmonetta Sommaruga</a> was replaced by French-speaking <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Elisabeth Baume-Schneider</a>. Historically, at least two council seats have been held by French- or Italian-speakers. The language makeup of the council as of 2022 is four German-speakers, two French-speakers and one Italian-speaker. In November 2017, <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a> became the first Italian speaker to serve on the council since 1999. For <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="Swiss Federal Council election">elections to the Federal Council</a>, candidates are usually helped by a high degree of fluency in German, French, and Italian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidency">Presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundeshaus_West_Vestib%C3%BCl_und_Vorzimmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundeshaus_West_Vestib%C3%BCl_und_Vorzimmer.jpg/220px-Bundeshaus_West_Vestib%C3%BCl_und_Vorzimmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundeshaus_West_Vestib%C3%BCl_und_Vorzimmer.jpg/330px-Bundeshaus_West_Vestib%C3%BCl_und_Vorzimmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundeshaus_West_Vestib%C3%BCl_und_Vorzimmer.jpg/440px-Bundeshaus_West_Vestib%C3%BCl_und_Vorzimmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3148" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the west wing of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Palace">Federal Palace</a> in Berne, where the Council meetings are held.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesratszimmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesratszimmer.jpg/220px-Bundesratszimmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Bundesratszimmer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the Federal Council in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Each year, one of the seven councillors is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">United Federal Assembly</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_42_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_42-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Assembly also elects a vice president of Switzerland. By convention, the positions of president and vice president rotate annually, each councillor thus becoming vice president and then president every seven years while in office. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_order_of_precedence" title="Swiss order of precedence">Swiss order of precedence</a>, the president of the Confederation is the highest-ranking Swiss official. They preside over council meetings and carry out certain representative functions that, in other countries, are the business of a head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_43_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In urgent situations where a council decision cannot be made in time, they are empowered to act on behalf of the whole council. Apart from that, though, they are <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i></span>, having no power above and beyond the other six Councillors.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_42_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_42-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president is not the Swiss head of state; this function is carried out by the council <i>in corpore</i>, that is, in its entirety. However, in recent practice the president acts and is recognised as head of state while conducting official visits abroad, as the Council (also by convention) does not leave the country <i>in corpore</i>. More often, though, official visits abroad are carried out by the head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Federal Department of Foreign Affairs</a>. Visiting heads of state are received by the Federal Council <i>in corpore</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_meetings">Council meetings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Council meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesrat_(Schweiz)_im_Sitzungszimmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesrat_%28Schweiz%29_im_Sitzungszimmer.jpg/220px-Bundesrat_%28Schweiz%29_im_Sitzungszimmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesrat_%28Schweiz%29_im_Sitzungszimmer.jpg/330px-Bundesrat_%28Schweiz%29_im_Sitzungszimmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesrat_%28Schweiz%29_im_Sitzungszimmer.jpg/440px-Bundesrat_%28Schweiz%29_im_Sitzungszimmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Before a meeting, 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>The Federal Council operates mainly through weekly meetings, which are held each Wednesday at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Palace of Switzerland">Federal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guide_43_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Swiss federal government</a>. </p><p>Apart from the seven Councillors, the following officials also attend the meetings: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Federal Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rossi" title="Viktor Rossi">Viktor Rossi</a>. As government chief of staff and head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Chancellery_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Chancellery of Switzerland">Federal Chancellery</a>, he participates in the discussion but has no vote in the council's decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_43_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his influential position is often referred to as that of an "eighth Federal Councillor".</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Vice-Chancellor of Switzerland">Vice-Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Simonazzi" title="André Simonazzi">André Simonazzi</a>. Simonazzi is the <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson" title="Spokesperson">spokesman</a> of the Federal Council and conducts the weekly press briefing after the meeting.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Vice-Chancellor of Switzerland">Vice-Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_De_Bernardi" title="Jörg De Bernardi">Jörg De Bernardi</a> who is in charge of the Federal Council sector within the Swiss Federal Chancellery.</li></ul> <p>During the meetings, the Councillors address each other formally (e.g. Mrs. Sommaruga, Mr. Berset), even though they are on first name terms with each other. This is done to separate the items on the agenda from the person promoting them. </p><p>After the meetings, the Councillors take lunch together. The council also meets regularly in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conclave" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:conclave">conclave</a> to discuss important topics at length; it annually conducts what is colloquially referred to as its "<a href="/wiki/Field_trip" title="Field trip">field trip</a>", a day trip to some attractions in the President's home canton. In that and other respects, the council operates like a board of directors of a major corporation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decisions_and_responsibilities">Decisions and responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Decisions and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each Federal Councillor heads a government department, much like the ministers in the governments of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_44_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_44-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colloquially and by the press (especially outside Switzerland), they are often referred to as ministers even though no such post formally exists. For example, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Defence,_Civil_Protection_and_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports">Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports</a> is often called "the Swiss defence minister", even though no such post officially exists. However, as council members, they are not only responsible for their own department, but also for the business of their colleagues' departments, as well as for the conduct of the government and the federal administration as a whole. </p><p>Decisions to be taken by the council are always prepared by the responsible department.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_43_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, a change in the salaries of federal employees would be proposed to the council by the head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Finance" title="Federal Department of Finance">Federal Department of Finance</a>, to whose department the Federal Office of Personnel belongs. Before a vote is taken at a council meeting, though, all proposals are circulated in writing to the heads of departments, who commission the senior career officials of their department – the heads of the Federal Offices – to prepare a written response to offer criticism and suggestions. This is called the <i>co-report procedure</i> (<i>Mitberichtsverfahren</i>/<i>procédure de co-rapport</i>), designed to build a wide consensus ahead of a council meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_46_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_46-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prepare for important decisions, an additional public consultation is sometimes conducted, to which the cantons, the <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties of Switzerland">political parties</a> and major interest groups are invited, and in which all members of the public can participate. If a change in a federal <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> is to be proposed to the Federal Assembly, this step is mandated by law. In such cases, the consultation procedure also serves to identify political concerns that could later be the focus of a <a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">popular referendum</a> to stop passage of the bill at issue. </p><p>The decisions themselves are formally taken by <a href="/wiki/Voice_vote" title="Voice vote">voice vote</a> by a majority of the Councillors present at a meeting. However, the great majority of decisions are arrived at by <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a>; even though lately there is said to be a trend towards more contentious discussions and close votes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2017)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secrecy">Secrecy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Secrecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The meetings of the Federal Council and the result of the votes taken are not open to the public, and the records remain sealed for 50 years. This has lately been the subject of some criticism. In particular, the parties at the ends of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a> argue that this secrecy is contrary to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(humanities)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (humanities)">transparency</a>. However, the council has always maintained that secrecy is necessary to arrive at consensus and to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">collegiality</a> and political independence of the individual Councillors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_conventions">Constitutional conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Constitutional conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the Federal Council's unique nature as a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a> of political opponents, its operation is subject to numerous <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional conventions</a>. Most notable is the principle of <a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">collegiality</a>; that is, the Councillors are not supposed to publicly criticise one another, even though they are often political opponents. In effect, they are expected to publicly support all decisions of the council, even against their own personal opinion or that of their political party.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_43_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eye of many observers, this convention has become rather strained after the 2003 elections (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_abroad">Travels abroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Travels abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the fact that technically no sole federal councillor but rather the entire council <a href="/wiki/Incorporeality" title="Incorporeality">in corpore</a> is the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal Councillors did for a long time not travel abroad in official business. In other countries, Switzerland was nearly exclusively represented by diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, the Federal Councillors convened an urgent meeting, where they discussed sending a Councillor to Kennedy's funeral. Given that the absence of the Swiss government would not be understood by the population, they decided to send <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Traugott_Wahlen" title="Friedrich Traugott Wahlen">Friedrich Traugott Wahlen</a>. On his travel to the U.S. capital, Wahlen also met with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> to discuss <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>. Despite the opening of Switzerland due to the Kennedy assassination, foreign travels of Federal Councillors were only normalized after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the USSR">dissolution of the USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_and_composition">Election and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Election and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2023 Swiss Federal Council election">2023 Swiss Federal Council election</a></div> <p>The most recent federal council elections were held on 13 December 2023. Federal Council Alain Berset and Federal Chancellor Walter Turnherr had both announced that they would not be seeking reelection. The other Federal Councillors were all reelected, the FDP councillors seats were unsuccessfully attacked by the green party. The following councillors were reelected: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a>) since 2016, head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Economic_Affairs,_Education_and_Research" title="Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research">Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research</a>, elected with 215 out of 233 votes cast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">FDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a>) since 2017, head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Federal Department of Foreign Affairs</a>, elected with 167 out of 239 votes cast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Centre_(political_party)" title="The Centre (political party)">DM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a>) since 2019, head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Defence,_Civil_Protection_and_Sport" title="Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport">Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport</a>, elected with 201 out of 228 votes cast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">FDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a>) since 2019, head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Finance" title="Federal Department of Finance">Federal Department of Finance</a>, elected with 176 out of 224 votes cast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a>) since 2023, head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Environment,_Transport,_Energy_and_Communications" title="Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications">Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications</a>, elected with 189 out of 217 votes cast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">SP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a>) since 2023, head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">Federal Department of Justice and Police</a>, elected with 151 out of 216 votes cast.</li></ul> <p>Following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Alain_Berset" title="Alain Berset">Alain Berset</a> as of 31 December 2023, replacement elections were held: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">SP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a>), elected in the third round of voting with 134 out of 245 votes cast.</li></ul> <p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rossi" title="Viktor Rossi">Viktor Rossi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">GLP</a>) was newly elected as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Federal Chancellor</a> with 135 out of 245 votes cast in the second round of voting. Additionally Viola Amherd was elected President of the Swiss Confederation for the year 2024 and Karin Keller-Sutter was elected vice president of the Federal Council for the year 2024. Following the elections there was a departmental reshuffle. Élisabeth Baume-Schneider took over the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Home_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Home Affairs">Federal Department of Home Affairs</a> vacated by Alain Berset and newly elected Beat Jans took over Baume-Schneiders Justice and Police Department. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_mode">Election mode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Election mode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesratswahl_2009_-_Applaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bundesratswahl_2009_-_Applaus.jpg/220px-Bundesratswahl_2009_-_Applaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bundesratswahl_2009_-_Applaus.jpg/330px-Bundesratswahl_2009_-_Applaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bundesratswahl_2009_-_Applaus.jpg/440px-Bundesratswahl_2009_-_Applaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2006_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2006 Swiss Federal Council election">2006 election</a> of the Federal Council in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The members of the Federal Council are elected for a term of four years by both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a> sitting together as the United Federal Assembly. Each Federal Council seat is up for (re-)election in the order of seniority, beginning with the Councillor who had the longest term of office. The office holders are then elected individually by <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> of the valid votes. Every adult Swiss citizen is eligible (and could even be elected against his own will), but in practice, only members of Parliament or more rarely, members of cantonal governments, are nominated by the political parties and receive a substantial number of votes. The voting is conducted in several rounds, under a form of <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the two first rounds, any adult Swiss citizen with voting right is eligible.</li> <li>At the issue of the second round, eligible for the third round is anybody who has received at least ten votes.</li> <li>At the issue of the third and later rounds (if necessary), the candidates with less than ten votes are excluded, or the candidate with the lowest vote count is excluded. No such exclusion takes place when two or more candidates share a lowest vote count at least equalling 10.</li></ul> <p>After the election is concluded, the winner holds a short speech and accepts or refuses the office of Federal Councillor. The <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> is then taken, even then the regular term of office only begins a few weeks later, on 1 January. </p><p>Usually, the party which has a seat to fill presents two candidates with mainstream viewpoints to the United Federal Assembly, which then chooses one. This was not so, however, during the <a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2003 Swiss Federal Council election">2003 election</a>, which was the most controversial in recent memory. Until the end of the 19th century, it was informally required of Federal Councillors to be elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a> in their canton of origin every four years to put their popularity to a test. This practice was known under the French term of <i>élection de compliment</i>. The first Councillor who failed to be reelected (<a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Ochsenbein" title="Ulrich Ochsenbein">Ulrich Ochsenbein</a>) lost his election to the National Council in 1854. </p><p>Once elected, Councillors remain members of their political parties, but hold no leading office with them. In fact, they usually maintain a certain political distance from the party leadership, because under the rules of <a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">collegiality</a>, they will often have to publicly promote a council decision which does not match the political conviction of their party (or of themselves). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once elected for a four-year-term, Federal Councillors can neither be voted out of office by a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> nor can they be <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeached</a>. Reelection is possible for an indefinite number of terms; it has historically been extremely rare for Parliament not to reelect a sitting Councillor. This has only happened four times – to <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Ochsenbein" title="Ulrich Ochsenbein">Ulrich Ochsenbein</a> in 1854, to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Challet-Venel" title="Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel">Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel</a> in 1872, to <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Metzler" title="Ruth Metzler">Ruth Metzler</a> in 2003 and to <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Blocher" title="Christoph Blocher">Christoph Blocher</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, therefore, Councillors serve until they decide to resign and retire to private life, usually after three to five terms of office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_Federal_Councillors">Status of Federal Councillors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Status of Federal Councillors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Councillors'_lives"><span id="Councillors.27_lives"></span>Councillors' lives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Councillors' lives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2008_Teil_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2008_Teil_1.JPG/220px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2008_Teil_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2008_Teil_1.JPG/330px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2008_Teil_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2008_Teil_1.JPG/440px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2008_Teil_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5392" data-file-height="3815" /></a><figcaption>Faces in the Crowd: In keeping with the spirit of Swiss <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, the 2008 official photograph of the Federal Council depicted them as <a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">everymen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Press_Availability_with_Swiss_Foreign_Minister_Cassis_(47991315853).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Press_Availability_with_Swiss_Foreign_Minister_Cassis_%2847991315853%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Press_Availability_with_Swiss_Foreign_Minister_Cassis_%2847991315853%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Press_Availability_with_Swiss_Foreign_Minister_Cassis_%2847991315853%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Press_Availability_with_Swiss_Foreign_Minister_Cassis_%2847991315853%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Press_Availability_with_Swiss_Foreign_Minister_Cassis_%2847991315853%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Press_Availability_with_Swiss_Foreign_Minister_Cassis_%2847991315853%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6971" data-file-height="4647" /></a><figcaption>Federal Councillor <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a> speaks in 2019 accompanied by a <i><a href="/wiki/Huissier" title="Huissier">Bundesweibel</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike most senior members of government in other countries, the Federal Councillors are not entitled to an <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Palace of Switzerland">Federal Palace</a> houses living apartments for both the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Federal Chancellor</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a>. Mostly, Federal Councillors have chosen to rent apartments or hotel suites in Bern at their own expense. However, they are entitled to use the Federal Council's country estate, <a href="/wiki/Landsitz_Lohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsitz Lohn">Lohn</a>, for holidays, and this estate is also used to host official guests of the Swiss Confederation. </p><p>While Councillors can draw on an <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Army">Army</a> security detail if they need personal protection, in particular during official events, they are often encountered without any escort in the streets, restaurants and tramways of Bern.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ueli_Maurer" title="Ueli Maurer">Ueli Maurer</a> was known to use the bicycle on most days from his apartment in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnsingen" title="Münsingen">Münsingen</a> to the Federal Palace in Bern.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Councillors are also entitled to a personal bailiff (<a href="/wiki/Huissier#Switzerland" title="Huissier"><i>huissier</i> or <i>Bundesweibel</i></a>) who accompanies them, in a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">red and white</a> ceremonial uniform, to official events. </p><p>The spouses of Councillors do not play an official part in the business of government, apart from accompanying the Councillors to official receptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Councillors'_salary"><span id="Councillors.27_salary"></span>Councillors' salary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Councillors' salary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federal councillors receive an annual salary of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a> 472,958, plus another CHF 30,000 annually for expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The councillors pay tax on this income.<sup id="cite_ref-Sal_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former councillors with at least four years of service receive a <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> equivalent to half the salary of Federal Council members in office.<sup id="cite_ref-Sal_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a councillor leaves office for health reasons, they may receive this pension even if their length of service was less than three years.<sup id="cite_ref-Sal_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Councillors who leave their offices after less than four years may also receive a partial pension.<sup id="cite_ref-Sal_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving office, "former federal councillors frequently pursue some other lucrative activity," but "their earnings, when added to the pension they receive as an ex-federal councillor, may not exceed the salary of a federal councillor in office, otherwise their pension is reduced accordingly."<sup id="cite_ref-Sal_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serving federal councillors "enjoy a certain number of special benefits, from free telephone contracts to a chauffeur-driven car for official business, a courtesy car for personal use or the use of federal planes and helicopters for official business trips. Each member of the Federal Council also has the right to a first-class <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">SBB</a> GA travelcard (also in retirement). They are also given personal security, which is often very discreet."<sup id="cite_ref-Sal_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_November_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_November_2010.jpg/220px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_November_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_November_2010.jpg/330px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_November_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_November_2010.jpg/440px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_November_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>First Federal Council with a majority of women (2010).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunity">Immunity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Immunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federal Councillors, like members of parliament, enjoy absolute <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">legal immunity</a> for all statements made in their official capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prosecution for crimes and misdemeanors that relate to the Councillors' official capacity requires the assent of the immunity commissions of the Federal Assembly. In such cases, Parliament can also suspend the Councillor in office (but not actually remove them).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to statements to the media by a Federal Chancellory official,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in none of the few cases of accusations against a Federal Councillor has the permission to prosecute ever been granted. Such cases usually involved statements considered offensive by members of the public. However, one unnamed Councillor involved in a traffic accident immediately prior to his date of resignation was reported to have voluntarily waived his immunity, and Councillor <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kopp" title="Elisabeth Kopp">Elisabeth Kopp</a> decided to resign upon facing an inquiry over allegations of secrecy violations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_firsts">List of firsts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: List of firsts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erster_Bundesrat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Erster_Bundesrat.jpg/220px-Erster_Bundesrat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Erster_Bundesrat.jpg/330px-Erster_Bundesrat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Erster_Bundesrat.jpg/440px-Erster_Bundesrat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>The first seven members, elected 1848</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1848: The first seven members elected: <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Ochsenbein" title="Ulrich Ochsenbein">Ulrich Ochsenbein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Jonas Furrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Munzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin J. Munzinger">Martin J. Munzinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Druey" title="Henri Druey">Henri Druey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Frey-Heros%C3%A9" title="Friedrich Frey-Herosé">Friedrich Frey-Herosé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Matthias_Naeff" title="Wilhelm Matthias Naeff">Wilhelm Matthias Naeff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Franscini" title="Stefano Franscini">Stefano Franscini</a>.</li> <li>1854: First (of only four so far) sitting Federal Councillor not to be reelected, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Ochsenbein" title="Ulrich Ochsenbein">Ulrich Ochsenbein</a>.</li> <li>1855: The first elected Councillor to refuse the office, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Stehlin" title="Johann Jakob Stehlin">Johann Jakob Stehlin</a>.</li> <li>1875: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ruchonnet" title="Louis Ruchonnet">Louis Ruchonnet</a> wins the election, but refuses the office. In a repeated election, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Estoppey" title="Charles Estoppey">Charles Estoppey</a> wins, but refuses too. In a third election, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Droz" title="Numa Droz">Numa Droz</a> is elected and accepts the office. He still is the youngest person to have ever served on the Federal Council.</li> <li>1891: First Councillor of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Zemp" title="Josef Zemp">Josef Zemp</a>.</li> <li>1893: First member whose father was a member of the Council: <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ruffy" title="Eugène Ruffy">Eugène Ruffy</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ruffy" title="Victor Ruffy">Victor Ruffy</a>. In 2007, the second is elected: <a href="/wiki/Eveline_Widmer-Schlumpf" title="Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf">Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Schlumpf" title="Leon Schlumpf">Leon Schlumpf</a>.</li> <li>1911: First (and only) octogenarian in office, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Deucher" title="Adolf Deucher">Adolf Deucher</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">FDP</a>).</li> <li>1913: First (and only) native <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> speaker, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Calonder" title="Felix Calonder">Felix Calonder</a> (FDP).</li> <li>1917: First (and only) Councillor of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Liberal Party of Switzerland">Liberal Party</a> elected, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Ador" title="Gustave Ador">Gustave Ador</a>.</li> <li>1917 - 1919: First majority of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>-speaking Councillors, making German speakers a minority: Gustave Ador, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Motta" title="Giuseppe Motta">Giuseppe Motta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Decoppet" title="Camille Decoppet">Camille Decoppet</a> and Felix-Louis Calonder. This would happen again more than hundred years later, in 2023.</li> <li>1930: First councillor of the Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents (BGB/PAI; now the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Minger" title="Rudolf Minger">Rudolf Minger</a>.</li> <li>1943: First councillor of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party</a> (SP), <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nobs" title="Ernst Nobs">Ernst Nobs</a>.</li> <li>1973: First councillor of the working class, <a href="/wiki/Willi_Ritschard" title="Willi Ritschard">Willi Ritschard</a> of the SP. He was trained as a heating engineer; his father was a shoemaker.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1983: First female candidate for the council from a government party, <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Uchtenhagen" title="Lilian Uchtenhagen">Lilian Uchtenhagen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">SP</a>).</li> <li>1984: First woman Councillor, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kopp" title="Elisabeth Kopp">Elisabeth Kopp</a> (FDP).</li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dreifuss" title="Ruth Dreifuss">Ruth Dreifuss</a> (SP) is elected, the first <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Jews">Jewish</a> Councillor.</li> <li>1995: First Councillor living in a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partnership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Leuenberger" title="Moritz Leuenberger">Moritz Leuenberger</a> (SP) (with architect <a href="/wiki/Gret_Loewensberg" title="Gret Loewensberg">Gret Loewensberg</a>, whom he later married).</li> <li>1999: First woman <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a>, Ruth Dreifuss (SP).</li> <li>2010: First majority of women in the Swiss Federal Council with the election of <a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Sommaruga" title="Simonetta Sommaruga">Simonetta Sommaruga</a> (SP).</li> <li>2019: After 1900, the overwhelming majority of the Federal Councillors had an academic education. From January 2019 until December 2022, non-academics featured a majority: <a href="/wiki/Ueli_Maurer" title="Ueli Maurer">Ueli Maurer</a> (salesman/accountant), <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a> (high school diploma, farmer), <a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Sommaruga" title="Simonetta Sommaruga">Simonetta Sommaruga</a> (high school diploma, concert pianist) and <a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> (trade school, translator).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of August 2022, half of the Swiss population was satisfied with the Federal Council.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" title="List of members of the Swiss Federal Council">List of members of the Swiss Federal Council</a> (by date of election)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council_by_date" title="List of members of the Swiss Federal Council by date">List of members of the Swiss Federal Council by date</a> (by first day in office)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition of the Swiss Federal Council">Composition of the Swiss Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Category:Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)">Category:Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)</a> (alphabetical list)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation">List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Bellevue_Palace" title="Hotel Bellevue Palace">Hotel Bellevue Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_and_Administration_Organisation_Act_(Switzerland)" title="Government and Administration Organisation Act (Switzerland)">Government and Administration Organisation Act (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_act_(Switzerland)" title="Federal act (Switzerland)">Federal act (Switzerland)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, The Federal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/bundesrat/aufgaben-des-bundesrates/von-der-wahl-bis-zum-ruecktritt.html">"How much does a federal councillor earn?"</a>. <i>www.admin.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.admin.ch&rft.atitle=How+much+does+a+federal+councillor+earn%3F&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=The+Federal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fgov%2Fen%2Fstart%2Fbundesrat%2Faufgaben-des-bundesrates%2Fvon-der-wahl-bis-zum-ruecktritt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bundesrat</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʊndəsˌʁaːt]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/De-Bundesrat.ogg\/De-Bundesrat.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Bundesrat.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/De-Bundesrat.ogg/De-Bundesrat.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Bundesrat.ogg" title="File:De-Bundesrat.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Conseil fédéral</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kɔ̃sɛj<span class="wrap"> </span>fedeʁal]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Consiglio federale</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[konˈsiʎʎo<span class="wrap"> </span>fedeˈrale]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">Cussegl federal</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208145329/http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/101/a174.html">"dCst. art. 174"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/101/a174.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dCst.+art.+174&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fch%2Ff%2Frs%2F101%2Fa174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <i>Directorate</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D26424.php"><span title="Directorate in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F26424.php"><span title="Directorate in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I26424.php"><span title="Directorate in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Departments: Development on the Federal Level</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10347.php"><span title="Departments: Development on the Federal Level in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10347.php"><span title="Departments: Development on the Federal Level in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10347.php"><span title="Departments: Development on the Federal Level in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>. <i>Collegial System</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10093.php"><span title="Collegial System in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10093.php"><span title="Collegial System in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10093.php"><span title="Collegial System in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaubeformel-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zaubeformel_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaubeformel_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zauberformel</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10097.php"><span title="Zauberformel in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10097.php"><span title="Zauberformel in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10097.php"><span title="Zauberformel in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabergStephens2015" class="citation web cs1">Jaberg, Samuel; Stephens, Thomas (28 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/exit-of-eveline-widmer-schlumpf_a-minister-who-symbolised-the-end-of-banking-secrecy/41745150">"Finance Minister Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf to Stand Down"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=Finance+Minister+Eveline+Widmer-Schlumpf+to+Stand+Down&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.aulast=Jaberg&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fexit-of-eveline-widmer-schlumpf_a-minister-who-symbolised-the-end-of-banking-secrecy%2F41745150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gains-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gains_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMombelli2015" class="citation web cs1">Mombelli, Armando (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/cabinet-elections_how-will-new-ingredients-change--magic-formula--/41825058">"People's Party Gains Second Seat in Cabinet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=People%27s+Party+Gains+Second+Seat+in+Cabinet&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.aulast=Mombelli&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fpolitics%2Fcabinet-elections_how-will-new-ingredients-change--magic-formula--%2F41825058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwiss_Federal_Council2023" class="citation web cs1">Swiss Federal Council (16 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/gov/de/start/bundesrat/geschichte-des-bundesrats/frauen-im-bundesrat.html">"Frauen im Bundesrat (women on the Federal Council)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frauen+im+Bundesrat+%28women+on+the+Federal+Council%29&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft.au=Swiss+Federal+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fgov%2Fde%2Fstart%2Fbundesrat%2Fgeschichte-des-bundesrats%2Ffrauen-im-bundesrat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swissinfo_2010-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swissinfo_2010_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swissinfo_2010_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911050056/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/election_cabinet/Elections_produce_female_majority_in_cabinet.html?cid=28376382">"Elections produce female majority in cabinet"</a>. <i>Swissinfo.ch</i>. SRG SSR Idée Suisse. 22 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/election_cabinet/Elections_produce_female_majority_in_cabinet.html?cid=28376382">the original</a> on 11 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Elections+produce+female+majority+in+cabinet&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fspecials%2Felection_cabinet%2FElections_produce_female_majority_in_cabinet.html%3Fcid%3D28376382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Federal Council</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10085.php"><span title="Federal Council in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10085.php"><span title="Federal Council in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10085.php"><span title="Federal Council in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide_42-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide_42_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_42_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_services_of_the_Federal_Chancellery2008" class="citation book cs1">Information services of the Federal Chancellery (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311133035/http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en"><i>The Swiss Confederation a brief guide 2008</i></a>. p. 42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en">the original</a> on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Confederation+a+brief+guide+2008&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Information+services+of+the+Federal+Chancellery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bk.admin.ch%2Fdokumentation%2F02070%2F02480%2F04712%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide_43-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide_43_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_43_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_43_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_43_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_43_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_services_of_the_Federal_Chancellery2008" class="citation book cs1">Information services of the Federal Chancellery (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311133035/http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en"><i>The Swiss Confederation a brief guide 2008</i></a>. p. 43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en">the original</a> on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Confederation+a+brief+guide+2008&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Information+services+of+the+Federal+Chancellery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bk.admin.ch%2Fdokumentation%2F02070%2F02480%2F04712%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide_44-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guide_44_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_services_of_the_Federal_Chancellery2008" class="citation book cs1">Information services of the Federal Chancellery (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311133035/http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en"><i>The Swiss Confederation a brief guide 2008</i></a>. pp. 44–45. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en">the original</a> on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Confederation+a+brief+guide+2008&rft.pages=44-45&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Information+services+of+the+Federal+Chancellery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bk.admin.ch%2Fdokumentation%2F02070%2F02480%2F04712%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide_46-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guide_46_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_services_of_the_Federal_Chancellery2008" class="citation book cs1">Information services of the Federal Chancellery (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311133035/http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en"><i>The Swiss Confederation a brief guide 2008</i></a>. p. 46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en">the original</a> on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Confederation+a+brief+guide+2008&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Information+services+of+the+Federal+Chancellery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bk.admin.ch%2Fdokumentation%2F02070%2F02480%2F04712%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/en/documents/das-eda/organisation-eda/protokoll-reglement_EN.pdf">"Protocol Regulations for the Swiss Confederation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.eda.admin.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320080941/https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/en/documents/das-eda/organisation-eda/protokoll-reglement_EN.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eda.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Protocol+Regulations+for+the+Swiss+Confederation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.admin.ch%2Fdam%2Feda%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fdas-eda%2Forganisation-eda%2Fprotokoll-reglement_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/erst-eine-leiche-hat-die-schweizer-aussenpolitik-veraendert-236686291212">"Erst eine Leiche hat die Schweizer Aussenpolitik verändert"</a> [Only a dead body has changed Swiss foreign policy] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Tages-Anzeiger" title="Tages-Anzeiger">Tages-Anzeiger</a>. 16 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erst+eine+Leiche+hat+die+Schweizer+Aussenpolitik+ver%C3%A4ndert&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesanzeiger.ch%2Ferst-eine-leiche-hat-die-schweizer-aussenpolitik-veraendert-236686291212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/das-kennedy-attentat-und-der-bundesrat-ld.838848?reduced=true">"Das Kennedy-Attentat und der Bundesrat"</a> [The Kennedy Assassination and the Federal Council] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a>. 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Das+Kennedy-Attentat+und+der+Bundesrat&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Fschweiz%2Fdas-kennedy-attentat-und-der-bundesrat-ld.838848%3Freduced%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2003/510/20211218/fr/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2003-510-20211218-fr-pdf-a-3.pdf">Law on the federal parliament</a>, Art. 132 and 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_services_of_the_Federal_Chancellery2008" class="citation book cs1">Information services of the Federal Chancellery (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311133035/http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en"><i>The Swiss Confederation a brief guide 2008</i></a>. p. 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en">the original</a> on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Confederation+a+brief+guide+2008&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Information+services+of+the+Federal+Chancellery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bk.admin.ch%2Fdokumentation%2F02070%2F02480%2F04712%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_services_of_the_Federal_Chancellery2008" class="citation book cs1">Information services of the Federal Chancellery (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311133035/http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en"><i>The Swiss Confederation a brief guide 2008</i></a>. p. 41. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bk.admin.ch/dokumentation/02070/02480/04712/index.html?lang=en">the original</a> on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Confederation+a+brief+guide+2008&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Information+services+of+the+Federal+Chancellery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bk.admin.ch%2Fdokumentation%2F02070%2F02480%2F04712%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilatustoday.ch/diverse-news/bundesrat-maurer-faehrt-mit-dem-fahrrad-zur-arbeit-136809881">"Bundesrat Maurer fährt mit dem Fahrrad zur Arbeit"</a>. Pilatus Today. 15 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bundesrat+Maurer+f%C3%A4hrt+mit+dem+Fahrrad+zur+Arbeit&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilatustoday.ch%2Fdiverse-news%2Fbundesrat-maurer-faehrt-mit-dem-fahrrad-zur-arbeit-136809881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, The Federal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/bundesrat/aufgaben-des-bundesrates/von-der-wahl-bis-zum-ruecktritt.html">"How much does a federal councillor earn?"</a>. <i>www.admin.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.admin.ch&rft.atitle=How+much+does+a+federal+councillor+earn%3F&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=The+Federal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fgov%2Fen%2Fstart%2Fbundesrat%2Faufgaben-des-bundesrates%2Fvon-der-wahl-bis-zum-ruecktritt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sal-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sal_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sal_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sal_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sal_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sal_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sal_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ch.ch/en/federal-councillors-salaries/">Federal councillors’ salaries and benefits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094809/https://www.ch.ch/en/federal-councillors-salaries/">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/170_32/a2.html">Art. 2</a> of the Federal Law on the Responsibility of the Confederation and its Members of Authorities and Functionaries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/170_32/a14.html">Art. 14</a> of the Federal Law on the Responsibility of the Confederation and its Members of Authorities and Functionaries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJürg_Sohm2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jürg Sohm (30 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espace.ch/artikel_218035.html">"Bisher stets immun: Wegen Albisgüetli-Rede steht die Immunität von Christoph Blocher erneut zur Debatte"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Der_Bund" title="Der Bund">Der Bund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bisher+stets+immun%3A+Wegen+Albisg%C3%BCetli-Rede+steht+die+Immunit%C3%A4t+von+Christoph+Blocher+erneut+zur+Debatte&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.au=J%C3%BCrg+Sohm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espace.ch%2Fartikel_218035.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/klare-sprache-und-viel-herz--willi-ritschard-wuerde-100-jahre-alt/44430092">"Klare Sprache und viel Herz: Willi Ritschard würde 100 Jahre alt"</a>. <i>SWI swissinfo.ch</i> (in German). 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Klare+Sprache+und+viel+Herz%3A+Willi+Ritschard+w%C3%BCrde+100+Jahre+alt&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fger%2Falle-news-in-kuerze%2Fklare-sprache-und-viel-herz--willi-ritschard-wuerde-100-jahre-alt%2F44430092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/003077/2010-11-17/">"Ritschard, Willi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritschard%2C+Willi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Fde%2Farticles%2F003077%2F2010-11-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/confiance-populaire-conseil-federal-baisse">"La confiance populaire dans le Conseil fédéral baisse"</a>. <i>Le Temps</i>. 29 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Temps&rft.atitle=La+confiance+populaire+dans+le+Conseil+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral+baisse&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.letemps.ch%2Fsuisse%2Fconfiance-populaire-conseil-federal-baisse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Council+%28Switzerland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Federal Council</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10085.php"><span title="Federal Council in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10085.php"><span title="Federal Council in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10085.php"><span title="Federal Council in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218050453/http://www.admin.ch/dokumentation/00104/index.html?lang=en">The Swiss Confederation: A brief guide 2006–2009</a>, edited by the Swiss Federal Chancellery.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.ch/SiteCollectionDocuments/f/wa-br-wahlresultate.pdf">Resultate der Wahlen des Bundesrats, der Bundeskanzler und des Generals</a>, compiled by the services of the Swiss Parliament.</li> <li>Clive H. Church (2004). <i>The Politics and Government of Switzerland</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-69277-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-69277-2">0-333-69277-2</a>.</li> <li>Altermatt, Urs (1993). <i>Conseil Fédéral: Dictionnaire biographique des cent premiers conseillers fédéraux</i>. Cabédita, Yens. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88295-104-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-88295-104-3">2-88295-104-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Council_(Switzerland)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10085.php"><span title="Federal Council in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President for 2024</a>)</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">Vice President for 2024</a>)</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_formula_(Swiss_politics)" title="Magic formula (Swiss politics)">Composition (magic formula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" title="Demographics of the Swiss Federal Council">Demographics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" title="List of members of the Swiss Federal Council">sortable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council_by_date" title="List of members of the Swiss Federal Council by date">by date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Category:Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)">by name (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation">presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by department</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Defence,_Civil_Protection_and_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports">Defence, Civil Protection and Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Economic_Affairs,_Education_and_Research" title="Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research">Economic Affairs, Education and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Finance" title="Federal Department of Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Home_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Home Affairs">Home Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">Justice and Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Environment,_Transport,_Energy_and_Communications" title="Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications">Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x16px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Switzerland&#124;link=Switzerland_Elections_to_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swiss_Federal_Council_elections" title="Template:Swiss Federal Council elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swiss_Federal_Council_elections" title="Template talk:Swiss Federal Council elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swiss_Federal_Council_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swiss Federal Council elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x16px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Switzerland&#124;link=Switzerland_Elections_to_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="Swiss Federal Council election">Elections to the Swiss Federal Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="1999 Swiss Federal Council election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2003 Swiss Federal Council election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2007 Swiss Federal Council election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2011 Swiss Federal Council election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2015 Swiss Federal Council election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2019 Swiss Federal Council election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2023 Swiss Federal Council election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2006 Swiss Federal Council election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2008 Swiss Federal Council election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2009 Swiss Federal Council election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2010 Swiss Federal Council election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2017 Swiss Federal Council election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2018 Swiss Federal Council election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2022 Swiss Federal Council election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lithuania" title="President of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Transnistria" title="President of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Transnistria" title="Prime Minister of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.</li> <li>2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.</li> <li>3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30917#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30917#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30917#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109401300">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/121997218">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/37888-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81010270">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118806093">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118806093">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/23559">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007297300505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fadfc52b-f245-400d-b89a-987463eb486a">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026587033">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010085">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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