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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrkamera-Produktion" title="Mehrkamera-Produktion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mehrkamera-Produktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multic%C3%A1mara" title="Multicámara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Multicámara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="راه‌اندازی چند دوربین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه‌اندازی چند دوربین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA" title="बहु-कैमरा सेटअप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहु-कैमरा सेटअप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9A_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מערך מרובה מצלמות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערך מרובה מצלמות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicamera" title="Multicamera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Multicamera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multic%C3%A2mara" title="Multicâmara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Multicâmara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Многокамерная съёмка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Многокамерная съёмка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Multiple-camera setup" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monikameratuotanto" title="Monikameratuotanto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monikameratuotanto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="பல ஒளிப்படக்கருவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல ஒளிப்படக்கருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Багатокамерна зйомка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багатокамерна зйомка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%95%9C%E5%A4%B4%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Multiple-camera+setup%22">"Multiple-camera setup"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Multiple-camera+setup%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Multiple-camera+setup%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Multiple-camera+setup%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Multiple-camera+setup%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Multiple-camera+setup%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multicamera-diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Multicamera-diagram.png/300px-Multicamera-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Multicamera-diagram.png 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing a multicam setup</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg/300px-Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg/450px-Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>A camera setup recording a "<a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">bullet time</a>" effect</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>multiple-camera setup</b>, <b>multiple-camera mode of production</b>, <b>multi-camera</b> or simply <b>multicam</b> is a method of filmmaking, <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a>. Several cameras—either <a href="/wiki/Film_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Film cameras">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">professional video cameras</a>—are employed on the set and simultaneously record or broadcast a scene. It is often contrasted with a <a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">single-camera setup</a>, which uses one camera. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, the two outer cameras shoot <a href="/wiki/Close-up" title="Close-up">close-up</a> shots or "crosses" of the two most active characters on the set at any given time, while the central camera or cameras shoot a wider <a href="/wiki/Master_shot" title="Master shot">master shot</a> to capture the overall action and establish the geography of the room.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefermeyer2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefermeyer2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single <a href="/wiki/Take" title="Take">take</a> without having to start and stop the action. This is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent in <a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a>. It is also a virtual necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily <a href="/wiki/Soap_operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Soap operas">soap operas</a>. Apart from saving editing time, scenes may be shot far more quickly as there is no need for re-lighting and the set-up of alternative camera angles for the scene to be shot again from the different angle. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles. </p><p>Drawbacks include a less optimized lighting setup that needs to provide a compromise for all camera angles and less flexibility in putting the necessary equipment on scene, such as microphone booms and lighting rigs. These can be efficiently hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up and their placement may be inferior in a multiple-camera setup. Another drawback is in the usage of recording capacity, as a four-camera setup may use (depending on the cameras involved) up to four times as much film (or digital storage space) per take compared with a single-camera setup. </p><p>A multiple-camera setup will require all cameras to be <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronous</a> to assist with editing and to avoid cameras running at different scan rates, with the primary methods being <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_timecode" title="SMPTE timecode">SMPTE timecode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genlock" title="Genlock">Genlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MedoffFink2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedoffFink2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film">Film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Most <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> use a single-camera setup,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in recent decades larger films have begun to use more than one camera on set, usually with two cameras simultaneously filming the same setup. However, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Multiple-camera_setup" title="Talk:Multiple-camera setup">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some films will run multiple cameras, perhaps four or five, for large, expensive and difficult-to-repeat special effects shots, such as large explosions. Again, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense as the resultant footage will not always be arranged sequentially in editing, and multiple shots of the same explosion may be repeated in the final film—either for artistic effect or because the different shots can appear to show different explosions since they are taken from different angles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>Live news, such as <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>, uses multiple cameras for their broadcasts</figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple-camera setups are an essential part of <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Utterback2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utterback2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster and less expensive than a <a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">single-camera setup</a>. In television, multiple-camera is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Light_entertainment" title="Light entertainment">light entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">sports events</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Television news">news</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Talk shows">talk shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety shows</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitcoms">sitcoms</a>, especially ones filmed before a live <a href="/wiki/Studio_audience" title="Studio audience">studio audience</a>. </p><p>Multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera. Single-camera productions are shot in takes and various setups with components of the action repeated several times and out of sequence; the action is not enacted chronologically so is unsuitable for viewing by a live audience. </p><p>In multiple-camera television, the <a href="/wiki/Television_director" title="Television director">director</a> creates a line cut by instructing the <a href="/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">technical director</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vision_mixer" title="Vision mixer">vision mixer</a> in UK terminology) to switch between the feeds from the individual cameras. This is either transmitted live, or recorded. In the case of sitcoms with <a href="/wiki/Studio_audience" title="Studio audience">studio audiences</a>, this line cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">editing</a>, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split (a technique known as "ISO" recording). The camera currently being recorded to the line cut is indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Tally_light" title="Tally light">tally light</a> controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Camera_control_unit" title="Camera control unit">camera control unit</a> (CCU) on the camera as a reference both for the talent and the <a href="/wiki/Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">camera operators</a>, and an additional tally light may be used to indicate to the camera operator that they are being ISO recorded. </p><p>A sitcom shot with a multiple-camera setup will require a different form of script from a single-camera setup.<sup id="cite_ref-scraftscripts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraftscripts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_use">History and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of multiple film cameras dates back to the development of narrative silent films, with the earliest (or at least earliest known) example being the first Russian feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Sevastopol" title="Defence of Sevastopol">Defence of Sevastopol</a></i> (1911), written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Goncharov" title="Vasily Goncharov">Vasily Goncharov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Khanzhonkov" title="Aleksandr Khanzhonkov">Aleksandr Khanzhonkov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film multiple sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited. </p><p>The use of multiple video cameras to cover a scene goes back to the earliest days of television; three cameras were used to broadcast <i>The Queen's Messenger</i> in 1928, the first drama performed for television.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first drama performed for British television was <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_With_the_Flower_in_His_Mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Man With the Flower in His Mouth">The Man With the Flower in His Mouth</a></i> in 1930, using a single camera.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-allypally_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allypally-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-restelli_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restelli-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the pre-recorded continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, the earliest anthology programs (see the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television" title="Golden Age of Television">Golden Age of Television</a>) utilized multiple camera methods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although some claim the multiple-camera setup was pioneered for television when producer and co-star, <a href="/wiki/Desi_Arnaz" title="Desi Arnaz">Desi Arnaz</a>, associate producer, <a href="/wiki/Al_Simon" title="Al Simon">Al Simon</a>, and cinematographer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Freund" title="Karl Freund">Karl Freund</a> of <a href="/wiki/Desilu_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Desilu Productions">Desilu Productions</a> used it to film <i><a href="/wiki/I_Love_Lucy" title="I Love Lucy">I Love Lucy</a></i> in 1951, other producers had been using the technique for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Thomas Schatz, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fairbanks" title="Jerry Fairbanks">Jerry Fairbanks</a> is the first to develop a 16mm multi-camera system to film a made-for-TV show when he used it to shoot the pilot episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_(TV_series)" title="Public Prosecutor (TV series)">Public Prosecutor</a></i> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fairbanks went on to film 26 episodes for a planned network premiere in September 1948, but it was pulled from the schedule, and the show did not air until 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assisted by producer-director Frank Telford, Fairbanks also used a multi-camera system to film <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a>'s <i>Silver Theater</i> which aired in the 1949-50 season.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued working with this system for the pilot of <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences" title="Truth or Consequences">Truth or Consequences</a></i> in April 1950. When Al Simon joined <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Edwards_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Edwards Productions">Ralph Edwards Productions</a> in producing <i>Truth or Consequences</i> several months later, he improved the system by substituting 35mm film for 16mm film and adding a more sophisticated intercom system.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960s_Cinecraft_-_Ohio_Story_film_crew_on_sound_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1960s_Cinecraft_-_Ohio_Story_film_crew_on_sound_stage.jpg/220px-1960s_Cinecraft_-_Ohio_Story_film_crew_on_sound_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1960s_Cinecraft_-_Ohio_Story_film_crew_on_sound_stage.jpg/330px-1960s_Cinecraft_-_Ohio_Story_film_crew_on_sound_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1960s_Cinecraft_-_Ohio_Story_film_crew_on_sound_stage.jpg/440px-1960s_Cinecraft_-_Ohio_Story_film_crew_on_sound_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>Ray Culley of <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9craft_Productions" title="Cinécraft Productions">Cinécraft Productions</a> used two or more cameras with <a href="/wiki/Teleprompters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleprompters">teleprompters</a> and rear screen projectors extensively in filming early television programs. Image courtesy of the Hagley Museum and Library.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, Ray Culley of <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9craft_Productions" title="Cinécraft Productions">Cinécraft Productions</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sponsored_film" title="Sponsored film">sponsored film</a> studio, filmed the first TV <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">infomercial</a>, <i>Home Miracles for the 1950s</i>, for <a href="/wiki/Vitamix" title="Vitamix">Vitamix</a> using the technique.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culley also used the technique for three made-for-television TV series featuring <a href="/wiki/Louise_Winslow" title="Louise Winslow">Louise Winslow</a>, a pioneer in sewing, cooking, and craft "how-to" programs on daytime television - <i>Adventures in Sewing</i> (1950), <i>Food Is Fun</i> (1950), and <i>Kitchen Chats</i> (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1950 article in <i>Printers' Ink</i>, "Three-Camera Technique used to shoot TV film", discussed Cinécraft's innovative production style.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, the studio made a film, "Cinécraft, Inc. Multi-camera Filming Technique Demonstration", showing how the technique works and describing rear screen projection and teleprompters, other innovative technologies of the era <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Garry_Marshall" title="Garry Marshall">Garry Marshall</a> was credited with adding the fourth camera (known then as the "X" Camera, and occasionally today known as the "D" Camera) to the multi-camera set-up for his series <i><a href="/wiki/Mork_%26_Mindy" title="Mork & Mindy">Mork & Mindy</a></i>. Actor <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> could not stay on his marks due to his physically active improvisations during shooting, so Marshall had them add the fourth camera just to stay on Williams so they would have more than just the master shot of the actor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras (A, B, C and X/D) is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sitcoms shot with the multiple camera setup include nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a>'s TV series, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kay_and_Johnny" title="Mary Kay and Johnny">Mary Kay and Johnny</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Miss_Brooks" title="Our Miss Brooks">Our Miss Brooks</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dick_Van_Dyke_Show" title="The Dick Van Dyke Show">The Dick Van Dyke Show</a></i>,<i> <a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show" title="The Mary Tyler Moore Show">The Mary Tyler Moore Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Three%27s_Company" title="Three's Company">Three's Company</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cosby_Show" title="The Cosby Show">The Cosby Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Full_House" title="Full House">Full House</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Matters" title="Family Matters">Family Matters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air" title="The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air">The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_About_You" title="Mad About You">Mad About You</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show" title="The Drew Carey Show">The Drew Carey Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Will_%26_Grace" title="Will & Grace">Will & Grace</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond" title="Everybody Loves Raymond">Everybody Loves Raymond</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Queens" title="The King of Queens">The King of Queens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Two_and_a_Half_Men" title="Two and a Half Men">Two and a Half Men</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mike_%26_Molly" title="Mike & Molly">Mike & Molly</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Man_Standing_(American_TV_series)" title="Last Man Standing (American TV series)">Last Man Standing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mom_(TV_series)" title="Mom (TV series)">Mom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/2_Broke_Girls" title="2 Broke Girls">2 Broke Girls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odd_Couple_(2015_TV_series)" title="The Odd Couple (2015 TV series)">The Odd Couple</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(2017_TV_series)" title="One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)">One Day at a Time</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Man_with_a_Plan_(TV_series)" title="Man with a Plan (TV series)">Man with a Plan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carol%27s_Second_Act" title="Carol's Second Act">Carol's Second Act</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hearts_Abishola" title="Bob Hearts Abishola">Bob Hearts Abishola</a></i>. Many American sitcoms from the 1950s to the 1970s were shot using the <i>single camera</i> method, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ozzie_and_Harriet" title="The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet">The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver" title="Leave It to Beaver">Leave It to Beaver</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show" title="The Andy Griffith Show">The Andy Griffith Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family_(1964_TV_series)" title="The Addams Family (1964 TV series)">The Addams Family</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Smart" title="Get Smart">Get Smart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bewitched" title="Bewitched">Bewitched</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie" title="I Dream of Jeannie">I Dream of Jeannie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island" title="Gilligan's Island">Gilligan's Island</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hogan%27s_Heroes" title="Hogan's Heroes">Hogan's Heroes</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch" title="The Brady Bunch">The Brady Bunch</a></i>. The earliest seasons of <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy Days (TV series)">Happy Days</a></i> were filmed using a single-camera setup before the series transitioned to a multi-camera setup (which also occurred alongside its increase in popularity). These did not have a live studio audience, and by being shot single-camera, tightly edited sequences could be created, along with multiple locations and visual effects such as magical appearances and disappearances. Multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to their similar setup and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. </p><p>While the multiple-camera format dominated US sitcom production in the 1970s and 1980s,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> there has been a recent revival of the <a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">single-camera</a> format with programs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle" title="Malcolm in the Middle">Malcolm in the Middle</a></i> (2000–2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm" title="Curb Your Enthusiasm">Curb Your Enthusiasm</a></i> (2000–2024), <i><a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)" title="Scrubs (TV series)">Scrubs</a></i> (2001–2010), <i><a href="/wiki/Arrested_Development" title="Arrested Development">Arrested Development</a></i> (2003–2006, 2013–2019), <i><a href="/wiki/Entourage_(American_TV_series)" title="Entourage (American TV series)">Entourage</a></i> (2004–2011), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)" title="The Office (American TV series)">The Office</a></i> (2005–2013), <i><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl" title="My Name Is Earl">My Name Is Earl</a></i> (2005–2009), <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Hates_Chris" title="Everybody Hates Chris">Everybody Hates Chris</a></i> (2005–2009), <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia" title="It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia">It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia</a></i> (2005–present), <i><a href="/wiki/30_Rock" title="30 Rock">30 Rock</a></i> (2006–2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Family" title="Modern Family">Modern Family</a></i> (2009–2020), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_(TV_series)" title="The Middle (TV series)">The Middle</a></i> (2009–2018), <i><a href="/wiki/Community_(TV_series)" title="Community (TV series)">Community</a></i> (2009–2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation" title="Parks and Recreation">Parks and Recreation</a></i> (2009–2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Raising_Hope" title="Raising Hope">Raising Hope</a></i> (2010–2014), <i><a href="/wiki/Louie_(American_TV_series)" title="Louie (American TV series)">Louie</a></i> (2010–2015), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goldbergs_(2013_TV_series)" title="The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)">The Goldbergs</a></i> (2013–2023), <i><a href="/wiki/Black-ish" title="Black-ish">Black-ish</a></i> (2014–2022), <i><a href="/wiki/Superstore_(TV_series)" title="Superstore (TV series)">Superstore</a></i> (2015–2021), <i><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_(TV_series)" title="Silicon Valley (TV series)">Silicon Valley</a></i> (2014–2019), <i><a href="/wiki/American_Housewife" title="American Housewife">American Housewife</a></i> (2016–2021), and <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Sheldon" title="Young Sheldon">Young Sheldon</a></i> (2017–2024). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using a multi-camera format.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Instead, a "hybrid" form emerged using (single camera) filmed <a href="/wiki/Insert_(filmmaking)" title="Insert (filmmaking)">inserts</a>, generally location work, which were mixed with interior scenes shot in the multi-camera electronic studio. It was the most common type of domestic production screened by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>. However, as technology developed, some drama productions were mounted on location using multiple electronic cameras. Many all-action 1970s programs, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sweeney" title="The Sweeney">The Sweeney</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Professionals_(TV_series)" title="The Professionals (TV series)">The Professionals</a></i> were shot using the single camera method on <a href="/wiki/16mm_film" class="mw-redirect" title="16mm film">16mm film</a>. Meanwhile, by the early 1980s, the most highly budgeted and prestigious television productions, like <i><a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited_(TV_serial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brideshead Revisited (TV serial)">Brideshead Revisited</a></i> (1981), had begun to use film exclusively. </p><p>By the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a> were left as the only TV drama made in the UK using multiple cameras.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Television <a href="/wiki/Prime-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime-time">prime-time</a> dramas are usually shot using a <a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">single-camera setup</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction_from_multiple_images" title="3D reconstruction from multiple images">3D reconstruction from multiple images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera rig">Camera rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle-Vision_360%C2%B0" title="Circle-Vision 360°">Circle-Vision 360°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_stage" title="Light stage">Light stage</a> is a device used for capturing the <a href="/wiki/3D_model" class="mw-redirect" title="3D model">shape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture</a>, and reflectance of a target, usually for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">virtual cinematography</a>. Light stages are usually a combination of multiple cameras and <a href="/wiki/Structured_light" title="Structured light">structured light</a> techniques, and additionally, <a href="/wiki/Polarizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarizers">polarizers</a> are included to find the <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_scattering" title="Subsurface scattering">subsurface scattering component</a> of the target's skin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnidirectional camera">Omnidirectional camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">Single-camera setup</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schaefermeyer2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaefermeyer2012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScott_Schaefermeyer2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott Schaefermeyer (25 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189"><i>Digital Video BASICS</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 189–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-41664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-41664-7"><bdi>978-1-133-41664-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102918/https://books.google.com/books?id=9eQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Video+BASICS&rft.pages=189-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft.isbn=978-1-133-41664-7&rft.au=Scott+Schaefermeyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eQIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MedoffFink2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MedoffFink2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_MedoffEdward_J._Fink2012" class="citation book cs1">Norman Medoff; Edward J. Fink (10 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-fnpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65"><i>Portable Video: ENG & EFP</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 65–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-04770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-04770-1"><bdi>978-1-136-04770-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102918/https://books.google.com/books?id=-fnpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portable+Video%3A+ENG+%26+EFP&rft.pages=65-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-136-04770-1&rft.au=Norman+Medoff&rft.au=Edward+J.+Fink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fnpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattaglio2001" class="citation news cs1">Battaglio, Stephen (July 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/08/arts/television-radio-networks-rediscover-the-single-camera-sitcom.html">"TELEVISION/RADIO; Networks Rediscover the Single-Camera Sitcom"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821002410/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/08/arts/television-radio-networks-rediscover-the-single-camera-sitcom.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TELEVISION%2FRADIO%3B+Networks+Rediscover+the+Single-Camera+Sitcom&rft.date=2001-07-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Battaglio&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F07%2F08%2Farts%2Ftelevision-radio-networks-rediscover-the-single-camera-sitcom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utterback2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Utterback2015_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Utterback2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Utterback (25 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mt7GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163"><i>Studio Television Production and Directing: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 163–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68033-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68033-8"><bdi>978-1-317-68033-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102919/https://books.google.com/books?id=mt7GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studio+Television+Production+and+Directing%3A+Concepts%2C+Equipment%2C+and+Procedures&rft.pages=163-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft.isbn=978-1-317-68033-8&rft.au=Andrew+Utterback&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmt7GCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scraftscripts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scraftscripts_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyamoto2016" class="citation web cs1">Miyamoto, Ken (21 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screencraft.org/2016/06/21/differences-single-camera-multi-camera-tv-pilot-scripts/">"Single-Camera vs. Multi-Camera TV Sitcom Scripts: What's the Difference?"</a>. <i>ScreenCraft</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414151929/https://screencraft.org/2016/06/21/differences-single-camera-multi-camera-tv-pilot-scripts/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScreenCraft&rft.atitle=Single-Camera+vs.+Multi-Camera+TV+Sitcom+Scripts%3A+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.aulast=Miyamoto&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreencraft.org%2F2016%2F06%2F21%2Fdifferences-single-camera-multi-camera-tv-pilot-scripts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturmultur.com/itwas/123/Oborona_Sevastopolya_Voennyy_blokbaster_Rossiyskoy_Imperii_28_08_2014/">"В Салюте в День российского кино прошел показ немого фильма "Оборона Севастополя" под живое музыкальное сопровождение - Фильмы - КультурМультур"</a>. <i>kulturmultur.com</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701180806/http://kulturmultur.com/itwas/123/Oborona_Sevastopolya_Voennyy_blokbaster_Rossiyskoy_Imperii_28_08_2014/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kulturmultur.com&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0+%22%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%22+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+-+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8B+-+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkulturmultur.com%2Fitwas%2F123%2FOborona_Sevastopolya_Voennyy_blokbaster_Rossiyskoy_Imperii_28_08_2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/queens_messenger.html">"Queen's Messenger"</a>. <i>Early Television Foundation and Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529072130/http://www.earlytelevision.org/queens_messenger.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Television+Foundation+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Queen%27s+Messenger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytelevision.org%2Fqueens_messenger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_G_Elen" class="citation web cs1">Richard G Elen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417050011/http://www.transdiffusion.org/emc/baird/bairdvbbc.php">"Baird versus the BBC"</a>. <i>Baird: The Birth of Television</i>. Transdiffusion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transdiffusion.org/emc/baird/bairdvbbc.php">the original</a> on 2010-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baird%3A+The+Birth+of+Television&rft.atitle=Baird+versus+the+BBC&rft.au=Richard+G+Elen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transdiffusion.org%2Femc%2Fbaird%2Fbairdvbbc.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allypally-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allypally_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/alexandra_palace.html">"Alexandra Palace"</a>. <i>www.earlytelevision.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033833/http://www.earlytelevision.org/alexandra_palace.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earlytelevision.org&rft.atitle=Alexandra+Palace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytelevision.org%2Falexandra_palace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-restelli-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-restelli_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://framemaster.tripod.com/index5.html">"The Birth of Live Entertainment and Music on Television, November 6, 1936"</a>. <i>History TV: The Restelli Collection</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405002124/http://framemaster.tripod.com/index5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+TV%3A+The+Restelli+Collection&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Live+Entertainment+and+Music+on+Television%2C+November+6%2C+1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fframemaster.tripod.com%2Findex5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Telecasting a Play", <i>New York Times</i>, March 10, 1940, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Krampner, "Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV", <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, July 29, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Schatz, <i>Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s</i>, University of California Press, 1999, p. 436. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520221307" title="Special:BookSources/9780520221307">9780520221307</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10">Bristol-Myers Mulls 'Prosecutor' Series</a>", <i>Billboard</i>, August 27, 1949, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Rubin, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/4/article/312">A (Very) Personal History of the First Sponsored Film Series on National Television</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229152708/http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/4/article/312">Archived</a> 2012-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>E-Media Studies</i>, vol. 1, issue 1 (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111214551/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,858670,00.html">Flight to the West?</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, March 6, 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Krampner, Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV : Broadcasting: A popular belief is that Desi Arnaz created the technique for 'I Love Lucy' in 1951, but evidence of the system dates to 1947. Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'But wait! There's more.' Papa Bernard and the first TV Infomercial." <i>ACADEMIA Letters</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copies of many Louise Winslow TV programs are posted on the Hagley Library web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge Barnum, "Three-Camera Technique Used To Shoot TV Film,' <i>Printers' Ink</i>, 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A copy of the film is posted on the Hagley Library website </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders2015" class="citation news cs1">Anders, Charlie Jane (December 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/mork-and-mindy-was-one-of-the-most-unlikely-miracles-in-1745289352">"Mork and Mindy Was One of the Most Unlikely Miracles in the History of Television"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703190110/http://io9.gizmodo.com/mork-and-mindy-was-one-of-the-most-unlikely-miracles-in-1745289352">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=Mork+and+Mindy+Was+One+of+the+Most+Unlikely+Miracles+in+the+History+of+Television&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=Charlie+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.gizmodo.com%2Fmork-and-mindy-was-one-of-the-most-unlikely-miracles-in-1745289352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantorMaslon2008" class="citation book cs1">Kantor, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Maslon" title="Laurence Maslon">Maslon, Laurence</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uV2gZKvQwR0C&pg=PT340"><i>Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America</i></a>. Grand Central Publishing. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-55575-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-55575-3"><bdi>978-0-446-55575-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+%27Em+Laugh%3A+The+Funny+Business+of+America&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-446-55575-3&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Maslon%2C+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuV2gZKvQwR0C%26pg%3DPT340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Tim (February 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/the-return-of-the-sitcom-2201279.html">"The return of the sitcom"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909154424/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/the-return-of-the-sitcom-2201279.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+return+of+the+sitcom&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftv%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-return-of-the-sitcom-2201279.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-camera_setup&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hagley.org/librarynews/innovation-cinecraft-multi-camera-production-television">Research Note on the use of a Multi-camera set-up for filming a 1950 TV show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagley_Museum_and_Library" title="Hagley Museum and Library">Hagley Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.hagley.org/FILM_2019227_FC387_07Multi-camera">1966 Multi-camera and Teleprompter Demonstration Film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9craft_Productions,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Cinécraft Productions, Inc.">Cinécraft Productions, Inc.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinematic_techniques" title="Template:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinematic_techniques" title="Template talk:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinematic_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinematic_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_light" title="Background light">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_lighting" title="Cameo lighting">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_light" title="Fill light">Fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-key_lighting" title="High-key lighting">High-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_light" title="Key light">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-key_lighting" title="Low-key lighting">Low-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_lighting" title="Mood lighting">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_lighting" title="Rembrandt lighting">Rembrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft light">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Diegetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Non-diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Non-diegetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">Sound effects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)" title="Shot (filmmaking)">Shooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Field size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wide_shot" title="Wide shot">Wide / Long / Full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_shot" title="American shot">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_shot" title="Medium shot">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-up" title="Close-up">Close-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian shot">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_shot" title="Two shot">Two shot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera placement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-shoulder_shot" title="Over-the-shoulder shot">Over-the-shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of view shot">Point-of-view <span style="font-size:85%;">(POV)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot/reverse_shot" title="Shot/reverse shot">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_shot" title="Trunk shot">Trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">Single</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">multiple-camera setup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">Camera angle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial shot">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-angle_shot" title="High-angle shot">High-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view" title="Bird's-eye view">Bird's-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_shot" title="Crane shot">Crane shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jib_(camera)" title="Jib (camera)">Jib shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-angle_shot" title="Low-angle shot">Low-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm%27s-eye_view" title="Worm's-eye view">Worm's-eye view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_angle" title="Dutch angle">Dutch angle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchained_camera_technique" title="Unchained camera technique">Unchained camera technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whip_pan" title="Whip pan">Whip pan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-held_camera" title="Hand-held camera">Hand-held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaky_camera" title="Shaky camera">Shaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_shot" title="Tracking shot">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_dolly" title="Camera dolly">Dolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SnorriCam" title="SnorriCam">SnorriCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_and_talk" title="Walk and talk">Walk and talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_shot" title="Follow shot">Follow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lens effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">Focus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racking_focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Racking focus">Racking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">Deep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooming_(filmmaking)" title="Zooming (filmmaking)">Zooming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Establishing_shot" title="Establishing shot">Establishing shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_shot" title="Master shot">Master shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-roll" title="B-roll">B-roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-frame_shot" title="Freeze-frame shot">Freeze-frame shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_take" title="Long take">Long take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insert_(filmmaking)" title="Insert (filmmaking)">Insert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_effects" title="Template:Special effects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_effects" title="Template talk:Special effects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_effects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special effects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_effects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_rigging" title="Aerial rigging">Aerial rigging</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wire-flying" title="Wire-flying">wire-flying</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_bladder_effect" title="Air bladder effect">Air bladder effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hit_squib" title="Bullet hit squib">Bullet hit squib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumed_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Costumed character">Costumed character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">Creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-character_costume" title="Dead-character costume">Dead-character costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitbashing" title="Kitbashing">Kitbashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_effect" title="Miniature effect">Miniature effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanging_miniature" title="Hanging miniature">hanging</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">Prosthetic makeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_mask" title="Rubber mask">Rubber mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_blood" title="Theatrical blood">Theatrical blood</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">In-camera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipack" title="Bipack">Bipacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">Forced perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Front projection">Front projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting effects">Lighting effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">Rear projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit-scan">Slit-scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilted_plane_focus" title="Tilted plane focus">Tilted plane focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast motion">Fast motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_ramping" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed ramping">Speed ramping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">Chroma key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">Go motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introvision" title="Introvision">Introvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">Optical printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallgantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallgantics">Smallgantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_screen_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split screen (filmmaking)">Split screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Television_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TV_production" title="Template:TV production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TV_production" title="Template talk:TV production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_apparatus_room" title="Central apparatus room">Central apparatus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changing_room" title="Changing room">Changing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_control" title="Master control">Master control room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operations_center" title="Network operations center">Network operations center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control_room" title="Production control room">Production control room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_(theatre)" title="Stage (theatre)">Stage (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_room" title="Transmission control room">Transmission control room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Profiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Television host">Host</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_commentator" title="Sports commentator">Sports commentator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_director" title="News director">News director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showrunner" title="Showrunner">Showrunner</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting director">Casting director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_director" title="Television director">TV director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_director" title="Assistant director">Assistant director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_manager" title="Location manager">Location manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">Researcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Set designer">Set designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_producer" title="Television producer">TV producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_program_creator" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program creator">Television program creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">Executive producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_producer" title="Line producer">Line producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_production_manager" title="Unit production manager">Production manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_writer" title="Head writer">Head writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_editor" title="Script editor">Script editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_editor" title="Story editor">Story editor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_operator_(media)" title="Boom operator (media)">Boom operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">Camera operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">Cinematographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Videographer">Videographer</a></li> <li>Character generator (CG) <a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_floor_manager" title="Studio floor manager">Studio floor manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_coordinator" title="Graphics coordinator">Graphics coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage manager">Stage manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaffer_(motion_picture_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaffer (motion picture industry)">gaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(job)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip (job)">grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_grip" title="Key grip">Key grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_grip" title="Dolly grip">Dolly grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_production_manager" title="Unit production manager">Unit production manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_assistant" title="Production assistant">Production assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofer" title="Gofer">Gofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_coordinator" title="Stunt coordinator">Stunt coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_director" title="Television director">Television director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director#Television" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_editor_(filmmaking)" title="Sound editor (filmmaking)">Sound editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foley_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Foley artist">Foley artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">Colorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">Publicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VFX" class="mw-redirect" title="VFX">Visual effects artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Types, formats<br />and genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_pageant" title="Beauty pageant">Beauty pageant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting of sports events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="TV commercial">TV commercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_television" title="Event television">Event television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">Game show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">Live television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">Variety show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_crime_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Police crime drama">Police crime drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">Reality television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">Television film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_special" title="Television special">Television special</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Series" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Animated series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-run_series" title="Limited-run series">Limited-run series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">Miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_drama" title="Procedural drama">Procedural drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">Soap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_show" title="Talk show">Talk show</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late-night_talk_show" title="Late-night talk show">Late-night talk show</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">Breaking news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_show" title="Debate show">Debate show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Political commentary">Political commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic reports">Traffic reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather forecasts">Weather forecasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Valuation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audience_measurement" title="Audience measurement">Audience measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_awards" title="List of television awards">List of television awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_content_rating_system" title="Television content rating system">Television content rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_criticism" title="Television criticism">Television criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_reference_monitor" title="Broadcast reference monitor">Broadcast reference monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_generator" title="Character generator">Character generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiple-camera setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_truck" title="Production truck">Production truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">Professional video camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_console" title="Lighting control console">Lighting control console</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_mixer" title="Vision mixer">Vision mixer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">Public opinion</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Regulation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleep censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_law" title="Communications law">Communications law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness Doctrine">Fairness Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_reform" title="Media reform">Media reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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