CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913561522d9840aa',cH: 'YPqVkMmBaBm.XzOSkrH4R6t77THJRnkmUXOTDMv6COQ-1739791142-1.2.1.1-CeZSPLrZUg7zuyQGcb9SJvYfl1ehFVT1HKg.SR98DAqYEO6esBWzjiiMXTueqXj4',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Nicholas%20Bayfield&__cf_chl_tk=vSv7Tilb9ndxmvV1wSXHBwGHQ2bBQ833ON11tyxpVt8-1739791142-1.0.1.1-5DUX6VDniMcpF580K04gsvOdptDwOVdynGpGa8UrBu0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739791142',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Nicholas%20Bayfield&__cf_chl_f_tk=vSv7Tilb9ndxmvV1wSXHBwGHQ2bBQ833ON11tyxpVt8-1739791142-1.0.1.1-5DUX6VDniMcpF580K04gsvOdptDwOVdynGpGa8UrBu0",md: ".sbHwV6JF.VZKQ2YCKTugwuAOCtVBA7vZ0J3tJl4h7o-1739791142-1.2.1.1-zNeQVpU26i_9yAl6p7VjRtX.ZbbIOi4R.yqfkiFm_RI3LZMGf7yeci1.546mFoYa7RiBb519df8EqCKyK8QSrGz7GA.psZMSvgYplU9tzCqsaA9OXgGcIJZnj0Ok8uxxxiQ79A9TK26PzNeuyWxGWLUvkoGCpTvjhpg6Ug.t192s8iq4enyGkG7UcKzhocgRO.GXhIrPVFp2Ji7QRO.BV1GLlwteKcswi70EKpdIyoLLYcjMtbdff4Nll1Iw2Nyq1_a0ljWniM8eaQTo0n8LFyFwmTZueLgF3EoEfwfsmYxq9g85oqMUQ4qgRwACFCjYp5e6O9Mm9woqG4fTLHdu0QNdRokkxs3YhgM3.vCeBeLiaUbLWdA9D7UIJBB4wUaAfrjLxrN3UiloOx8YYsTNLzPZda14sjYBpSFStTWZXkTFkBAsxzOjx1Ctcpe6iGzkjJyDcmV5KXIwlJ5Ep64YMl.ichcu0P3kEc3mxNEF4D0bXT.9sCXhqJpynMqsiY8f5lfDOydy_LsTn5wR4z8Q7j_GZD6AYg83qPCwk8_tETeyQ63BCKG7rcoic7O0ncmgk0xRHe35ygAg4nT8F_L_DKzTH.Ne.sgdGmYh.kswRT_kHX9Rb0zPuqShFr.rs4di4R5CoXLiFLnlvO2KOTWSzVZcA.0OfH_9iQ.D8Lt4GAHL_oFbL_GJ93.t7yNW.PVjikbgXWOq9Q_Q2cXLOfBBXY8N2Qec0cRJYORkZMl4HHzpQuKwiaxVyIn._YyvTYdxFYPAz_nzC2ap9U2D2Ileo9VaonI4AoqLh3ch.EoOhSH7R7r0dAxqgUdYBJL8zumzt4aj01nKs5voXwI5qe5OI7ecq8ie7TUSiwIWzbPd.Zrrzu5oJyUPAWwukkpjoxuWWPgyoeASS8dsRpv9URE77dAJjfwW_6Esw_VtJMWZ7oegcSDGSrYpiEpfCxHouccLARSijTroR3C34TyjStJUBV3yOS2y5jAGpKdipNXAcn4p8liGoAjLwKmPizZwAlCfXseVByj4eE9ZWQTRdYEqwj.tqaCLQpOV_jlJgMb3DpSIn930R8Yc0jKILWzLeAEncrp33tiIpkoQlrlomHt88hSelM_3fG0RVKr5zuizSrvEbMdR5B5jMKZrOoaUtP7ijShs5jFM9VEB1kicO4Jl.S63mIBsDEPLJJ1vWptuvGb2syLRtyL3AFW25Edo1ZwKRyF8wPjtURzvCefSeEOeA9tcoYOfrszVyF9.bJAExotGXzHJ2QzHNEExgot6p9ynYo2J9Ro_vSMsa6WSHsP4zo02w3A0Y1XjFyQYLLedtMJAgJBjsoEZb.0oSMMPa0ZK8z87RrKQTbtgZWuHPi2vv1oy3cNTSiuIcLRYE0TPcFzjZytJguwb3AovQIgp52h27SfQwDwUeJEkvoLCsVx85_jbBLMbbPYnm7BQroiRnSs5yzEotqNp4E6stMyW0O5Y2770gZJyPFTIDC0BvQUZQLpn..oROy9wyBJImuahYXbtWHjAtgGNQLB3XdMs6r99zx7DB.pCen_oS.1EFNdob5DndmHZD9Uo_xpW9jC4y5s4YhZTUiqk9I2OpcUTPVFG2e5CfUaStzQOS4OaZHomLTLNH_w2wXaRwhEj.pJ6tU_s_X7dpmhUHd32Nw.G8uPESG91vwwVP8X851jKpXENN5WTIcwHIQ8c9m7SjxxqY_VngLF6_4gBCyBdLDKGGDAc4VPP0qDZ0Q9xZGDZGFxZqxRqzFtFNiorYnYNlc.Y4lLMV7Any8ZtDMGH_GUdjN.H83dCSfEyuFFezwrE23zECQc6HPMB6mnIWDXC3RlRZ7yFpNN8J0jPJhy7xG12uS1YsB013Ot2wkMFpCRq3fiS4UxsKtJZAdoBjYveEDsc.aIkx2EoF_UVG9ko6lp17qeZnix_pRohMR3mVlJx58AnXLGdZTLjXviJEJPYKg9OeDU",mdrd: "G6qbb_izUi661ePG3qubBt1XCpWySzRr.SUyZeI5AIA-1739791142-1.2.1.1-No3QMU.8FZmZXEDbXmJxnnXDW9vExBA.1LfRiF5i99ByAHZMdfg16TnWJ2iTJ18YuBa8RKDDSgPS40ohf85Ie42xBOU.sZ7m2ewA5OxiMnyz9n2ZRc_B.JL2X6FYcLtn.lPxXoHTMIJeErrNAPTLfwSVxbdcYrnDUBQzRzSk5LzELG5LD0LrD5_ZzY48YAKLrRCEK00bN_wxb4DWDn1UnT7BfS_9KmqG6uk.wJm4dH9gAD9KJP_9gS7m7LakBkMEA5hV50ak0iw87gALQK14yT3Lhx1QHPv2A3XVtcfAyaGPWcuFA4wA4kHAUkp61bNVlJQWKJO4mIURyM9spPhLxajnnP46oB3DSm20DhUJgILqa8L5mE3rkh1.IaL6_12MvFipviH93j6zxtVwndNYCgX_uIaMeh7U5I37ZZ6cluyUcofz0lpZcpBwtNQYU6xJBaND2azEOOL1WnXfSptJTzaGpAS3HK_xL2HChPCabyBdpQg_nedEzg8L2.MVG1i5pETTYi3qw_65LWUvYvNufjI7Lmrl4CaN2VUdANNsmpjCJo2JHzDJD2d7MhII2FtFqTNKC4D2vxNTmTb3o.U8fknn3vJD21GVYpqMGByTgHRAaKT9N3ixWeoNq8B19XPnN6u3HENIUfEJb7OczHgp8qY89aY5HyNim0RnPHmM5pal6ck7bkwwxvgsKyk.dGevj6i3gihV5F6PCkqnc9IOxdGeFsqUesybyaoiogYLiNialXQpf0fkZKZ9Oci_4AW3kvB4uKoD0uGMPGZ7N02S69pObo.drWFcCMR49doa20xmna4FoXMGphvjBRxLuXYdoMVaKpdQTvup96Spwl8LMk_6VJWHJzRiyn04ZNsYoSiNx9o8R1y2NfOCv7ArddDBuEbFcvVGx0KD4QsmbAoa06duU9kHJ3Oq74.0iCPz3MXtwSJELi_kEV0Z6RS4yL1nQVKyPZizvYFQeIbCZaJyTFvJZVZ1VHKrx9jt0VSflrdzoUfd0ErEaHD4QigcOmdBsRoNG9SyG0xQZbIgB0L0vK100Vf2GUFIuhzZxnpgkPtIEnOgcfKyXYFu1hBK91G0kjwCPpMoIZw9hpihRLJJ5lWeQvOc53IZGpRWV02EC0NDzkKrpzFQocKfWKDS0MsdO49c7AlOJqdN_12n1bDF8w7sirseVHz8uXm7wJdGSEdOJeDm8Wywnhj1pdIWlD3U7BTDioDzfND2WkqPgQZrWAgw6aSr.6aCKBbTSKpffLh5xeMueWGKgrD8_T3z6H4GUkaqQUBEOhDYKJtugGO4N.F3JCVpNOSuzuf4jwhDpln0Zk_ecDbh0gbnlXSfwyB9xG5O2lo2ri_hmy4XvxPPz.96ZYcOOJmmJGZNUFGqgCjzfnUfApecq6WtRj3jMutP_Hq5KTmywCqIjn9mZehPTXDNPOQqMzNXoEtnY0edXMVn0vuS6KjAYmIrHvXG0.sngh5DqWdDM0adDYt_gHQsTvj3rxJ1wVTbVS9QmcRAXSCqrk4PgsgXqpKbIcVV1IS0IPrHGmf0KUwFFqXicYzHPQ9ZBrJCDk.rYRuGJ7rRnOc7m_5ssvfJaZr.Lo1AcWQyuhasfvUv.AqG7dBXVsOTwJ0pho64WyAnP_pm2KQHItzOTF9it6HsmfKxu9Blh0SiM8nRD.tlFKUrYQl3TyDjKF70.pj6ms_2ztyEppjROuZGILFLfcr7963RCn_.z_U0ZtlBTflGKbuKMtJYxqLTetzeDJPaY3PGy2E6y85Rs80GCcti5D_gRD2IuQuQ91QVFgLQt5rUoBme2nAioIv2S.FIoj2kWD9sshPg1FEMY9j_eQ9FklysgkqFlq_C.BnSYQiIKuxu4DCKnExgPp5k3nFJ2untLKbskqEhmclhD83EJXvGhCGx4sL_gyxmJPSlMZIgKYCPkxww9wBhDQJkwvnyBfUua5id.CbnBguaH9SHQwu2_poTXmRaAZ6M1cqH2kVsIqm5ikYT01ZgWXHFkA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913561522d9840aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Nicholas%20Bayfield&__cf_chl_rt_tk=vSv7Tilb9ndxmvV1wSXHBwGHQ2bBQ833ON11tyxpVt8-1739791142-1.0.1.1-5DUX6VDniMcpF580K04gsvOdptDwOVdynGpGa8UrBu0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>