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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Control_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Control character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JavaScript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JavaScript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>JavaScript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JavaScript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASCII_escape_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCII_escape_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>ASCII escape character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCII_escape_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_and_data_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_and_data_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Programming and data formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_and_data_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Communication protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bourne_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bourne_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bourne shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bourne_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_Command_Prompt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_Command_Prompt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Windows Command Prompt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_Command_Prompt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_PowerShell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_PowerShell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Windows PowerShell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_PowerShell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Escape character</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8" title="محرف الهروب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرف الهروب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Escapování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Escapování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskierungszeichen" title="Maskierungszeichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maskierungszeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Χαρακτήρας διαφυγής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρακτήρας διαφυγής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracteres_de_escape" title="Caracteres de escape – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caracteres de escape" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskapilo" title="Eskapilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eskapilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="نویسه رهایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسه رهایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caract%C3%A8re_d%27%C3%A9chappement" title="Caractère d'échappement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caractère d'échappement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="이스케이프 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스케이프 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98" title="תו מילוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תו מילוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felold%C3%B3jel_(informatika)" title="Feloldójel (informatika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feloldójel (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="エスケープ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エスケープ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znak_modyfikacji" title="Znak modyfikacji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Znak modyfikacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caractere_de_escape" title="Caractere de escape – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caractere de escape" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Экранирование символов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экранирование символов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE_%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1" title="اسڪيپ ڪريڪٽر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسڪيپ ڪريڪٽر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B8%E7%AC%A6" title="逸符 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="逸符" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6" title="转义字符 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="转义字符" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q998991#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Escape_character" 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Character used to quote special-purpose characters, e.g. '\'</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For escaping markup in Wikipedia edits, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOWIKI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOWIKI">WP:NOWIKI</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control character</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequence</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Escape_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape key">Escape key</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Escape_character" title="Special:EditPage/Escape character">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Escape+character%22">"Escape character"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Escape+character%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Escape+character%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Escape+character%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Escape+character%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Escape+character%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, an <b>escape character</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> that invokes an alternative interpretation on the following characters in a character sequence. An escape character is a particular case of <a href="/wiki/Metacharacter" title="Metacharacter">metacharacters</a>. Generally, the judgement of whether something is an escape character or not depends on the context. </p><p>In the telecommunications field, escape characters are used to indicate that the following characters are encoded differently. This is used to alter <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a> that would otherwise be noticed and acted on by the underlying telecommunications hardware, such as <a href="/wiki/Illegal_character" title="Illegal character">illegal characters</a>. In this context, the use of escape characters is often referred to as <b>quoting</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An escape character may not have its own meaning, so all escape sequences are of two or more characters. </p><p>Escape characters are part of the <a href="/wiki/Formal_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal syntax">syntax</a> for many programming languages, data formats, and communication protocols. For a given <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabet (computer science)">alphabet</a> an escape character's purpose is to start character sequences (so named <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequences</a>), which have to be interpreted differently from the same characters occurring without the prefixed escape character. </p><p>The functions of escape sequences include: </p> <ul><li>To encode a syntactic entity, such as device commands or special data, which cannot be directly represented by the alphabet.</li> <li>To represent characters, referred to as <i>character quoting</i>, which cannot be typed in the current context, or would have an undesired interpretation. In this case, an escape sequence is a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digraph (computing)">digraph</a> consisting of an escape character itself and a "quoted" character.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_character">Control character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Control character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, an escape character is not a particular case of (device) <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a>, nor vice versa. If we define control characters as non-<a href="/wiki/Graphic_character" title="Graphic character">graphic</a>, or as having a special meaning for an output device (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Text_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Text terminal">text terminal</a>) then any escape character for this device is a control one. But escape characters used in programming (such as the <a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a>, "\") are graphic, hence are not control characters. Conversely most (but not all) of the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> "control characters" have some control function in isolation, therefore they are not escape characters. </p><p>In many programming languages, an escape character also forms some escape sequences which are referred to as control characters. For example, <a href="/wiki/Line_break_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line break (computing)">line break</a> has an escape sequence of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\n</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JavaScript">JavaScript</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: JavaScript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JavaScript uses the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\</code> (backslash) as an escape character for:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\'</code> single quote</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\"</code> double quote</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\\</code> backslash</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\n</code> new line</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\r</code> carriage return</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\t</code> tab</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\b</code> backspace</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\f</code> form feed</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\v</code> vertical tab (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_9" title="Internet Explorer 9">Internet Explorer 9</a> and older treats <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'\v</code> as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'v</code> instead of a vertical tab (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'\x0B</code>). If cross-browser compatibility is a concern, use <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\x0B</code> instead of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\v</code>.)</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\0</code> null character (U+0000 NULL) (only if the next character is not a decimal digit; else it is an octal escape sequence)</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\xFF</code> character represented by the hexadecimal byte "FF"</li></ul> <p>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\v</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\0</code> escapes are not allowed in JSON strings. </p><p> Example code:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Using \\n \nWill shift the characters after \\n one row down"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Using \\t \twill shift the characters after \\t one tab length to the right"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Using \\r \rWill imitate a carriage return, which means shifting to the start of the row"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// can be used to clear the screen on some terminals. Windows uses \r\n instead of \n alone</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCII_escape_character">ASCII escape character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ASCII escape character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ASCII "escape" character (<a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a>: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\033</code>, <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\x1B</code>, or, in decimal, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">27</code>, also represented by the sequences <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">^[</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\e</code>) is used in many output devices to start a series of characters called a control sequence or escape sequence. Typically, the escape character was sent first in such a sequence to alert the device that the following characters were to be interpreted as a control sequence rather than as plain characters, then one or more characters would follow to specify some detailed action, after which the device would go back to interpreting characters normally. For example, the sequence of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">^[</code>, followed by the printable characters <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[2;10H</code>, would cause a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) <a href="/wiki/VT102" class="mw-redirect" title="VT102">VT102</a> terminal to move its <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursor (computers)">cursor</a> to the 10th cell of the 2nd line of the screen. This was later developed into <a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI escape codes">ANSI escape codes</a> covered by the ANSI X3.64 standard. The escape character also starts each command sequence in the Hewlett-Packard <a href="/wiki/Printer_Command_Language" title="Printer Command Language">Printer Command Language</a>. </p><p>An early reference to the term "escape character" is found in <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bemer" title="Bob Bemer">Bob Bemer</a>'s IBM technical publications, who is credited with inventing this mechanism during his work on the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Escape_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape key">Escape key</a> is usually found on standard PC keyboards. However, it is commonly absent from keyboards for PDAs and other devices not designed primarily for ASCII communications. The DEC <a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VT220</a> series was one of the few popular keyboards that did not have a dedicated Esc key, instead of using one of the keys above the main keypad. In <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interfaces</a> of the 1970s–1980s it was not uncommon to use this key as an escape character, but in modern desktop computers, such use is dropped. Sometimes the key was identified with <a href="/w/index.php?title=AltMode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AltMode (page does not exist)">AltMode</a> (for alternative mode). Even with no dedicated key, the escape character code could be generated by typing <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[</code> while simultaneously holding down <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Ctrl</a></kbd>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_and_data_formats">Programming and data formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Programming and data formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many modern <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> specify the double-quote character (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"</code>) as a <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiter</a> for a <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">string literal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\</code>) escape character typically provides two ways to include double-quotes inside a string literal, either by modifying the meaning of the double-quote character embedded in the string (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\"</code> becomes <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"</code>), or by modifying the meaning of a sequence of characters including the hexadecimal value of a double-quote character (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\x22</code> becomes <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"</code>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> all allow exactly the same two backslash escape styles. The <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> language and Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">Rich Text Format</a> also use backslash escapes. The <a href="/wiki/Quoted-printable" title="Quoted-printable">quoted-printable</a> encoding uses the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a> as an escape character. </p><p><a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> and <a href="/wiki/URI" class="mw-redirect" title="URI">URI</a> use <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">%</a>-<a href="/wiki/Percent-encoding" title="Percent-encoding">escapes</a> to quote characters with a special meaning, as for non-ASCII characters. The <a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&</code>) character may be considered as an escape character in <a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a> and derived formats such as <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>. </p><p>Some programming languages also provide other ways to represent special characters in literals, without requiring an escape character (see e.g. <a href="/wiki/Delimiter#Delimiter_collision" title="Delimiter">delimiter collision</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_protocols">Communication protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communication protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">Point-to-Point Protocol</a> (PPP) uses the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0x7D</code> <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\175</code>, or ASCII: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">}</code>) as an escape character. The octet immediately following should be <a href="/wiki/XOR" class="mw-redirect" title="XOR">XORed</a> by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0x20</code> before being passed to a higher level protocol. This is applied to both <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0x7D</code> itself and the control character <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0x7E</code> (which is used in PPP to mark the beginning and end of a frame) when those octets need to be transmitted by a higher level protocol encapsulated by PPP, as well as other octets negotiated when the link is established. That is, when a higher level protocol wishes to transmit <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0x7D</code>, it is transmitted as the sequence <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0x7D 0x5D</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0x7E</code> is transmitted as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">0x7D 0x5E</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bourne_shell">Bourne shell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bourne shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</a> (sh), the <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*</code>) and <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">?</code>) characters are <a href="/wiki/Wildcard_character" title="Wildcard character">wildcard characters</a> expanded via <a href="/wiki/Glob_(programming)" title="Glob (programming)">globbing</a>. Without a preceding escape character, an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*</code> will expand to the names of all files in the <a href="/wiki/Working_directory" title="Working directory">working directory</a> that do not start with a period <a href="/wiki/If_and_only_if" title="If and only if">if and only if</a> there are such files, otherwise <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*</code> remains unexpanded. So to refer to a file literally called "*", the shell must be told not to interpret it in this way, by preceding it with a backslash (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\</code>). This modifies the interpretation of the asterisk (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*</code>). Compare: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:25px;"> </td> <td> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>rm<span class="w"> </span>*<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># delete all files in the current directory</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>rm<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># delete the file named *</span> </pre></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_Command_Prompt">Windows Command Prompt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Windows Command Prompt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Windows command-line interpreter</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a> character (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">^</code>) to escape reserved characters that have special meanings (in particular: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">|</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">)</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">^</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">DOS command-line interpreter</a>, though it has similar syntax, does not support this. </p><p>For example, on the Windows Command Prompt, this will result in a syntax error. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-doscon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="gp">C:\></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="p"><</span>hello world> </span><span class="go">The syntax of the command is incorrect.</span> </pre></div><p>whereas this will output the string: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><hello world></code> </p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-doscon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="gp">C:\></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="se">^<</span>hello world<span class="se">^></span> </span><span class="gp"><hello world></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Windows PowerShell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, the backslash is used as a path separator; therefore, it generally cannot be used as an escape character. <a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Backtick" title="Backtick">backtick</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ( ` ) instead. </p><p>For example, the following command: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ps1con mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="gp">PS C:\> </span><span class="nb">echo </span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">`t</span><span class="s2">First line</span><span class="se">`n</span><span class="s2">New line"</span> </span><span class="go"> First line</span> <span class="go">New line</span> </pre></div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quoted-printable" title="Quoted-printable">Quoted-printable</a>, which encodes 8-bit data into 7-bit data of limited line lengths, uses the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">=</code>) as an escape character.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AltGr_key" title="AltGr key">AltGr key</a> used to type characters that are unusual for the locale of the keyboard layout.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_sequences_in_C" title="Escape sequences in C">Escape sequences in C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaning_toothpick_syndrome" title="Leaning toothpick syndrome">Leaning toothpick syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_quotation" title="Nested quotation">Nested quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stropping_(syntax)" title="Stropping (syntax)">Stropping (syntax)</a> – in some conventions a leading character (such as an apostrophe) functions as an escape character</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-escapes">"JavaScript character escape sequences"</a>. Mathias Bynens. 21 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JavaScript+character+escape+sequences&rft.pub=Mathias+Bynens&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmathiasbynens.be%2Fnotes%2Fjavascript-escapes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/2yfce773%28v=vs.94%29.aspx">"Special Characters (JavaScript)"</a>. Microsoft Developer Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214014640/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/2yfce773(v=vs.94).aspx">Archived</a> from the original on Dec 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Characters+%28JavaScript%29&rft.pub=Microsoft+Developer+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2F2yfce773%2528v%3Dvs.94%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer2003" class="citation web cs1">Bemer, Bob (Oct 25, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104163857/http://www.bobbemer.com/ESCAPE.HTM">"How Bob Bemer Invented the ESCAPE Sequence and Key"</a>. <i>Bob Bemer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobbemer.com/ESCAPE.HTM">the original</a> on 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bob+Bemer&rft.atitle=How+Bob+Bemer+Invented+the+ESCAPE+Sequence+and+Key&rft.date=2003-10-25&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobbemer.com%2FESCAPE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Hill1998" class="citation web cs1">Tim Hill (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723564.aspx">"The Windows NT Command Shell"</a>. <i>Microsoft Learn</i>. MacMillan Technical Publishing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=The+Windows+NT+Command+Shell&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Tim+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fcc723564.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125044021/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh847755.aspx">"about_Escape_Characters"</a>. Microsoft Developer Network. 2014-05-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh847755.aspx">the original</a> on 2016-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=about_Escape_Characters&rft.pub=Microsoft+Developer+Network&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fhh847755.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+character" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_character&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobbemer.com/ESCAPE.HTM">That Powerful ESCAPE Character -- Key and Sequences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325190301/http://www.bobbemer.com/ESCAPE.HTM">Archived</a> 2016-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bemer" title="Bob Bemer">Bob Bemer</a></li></ul> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation 1037C"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm"><i>Federal Standard 1037C</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>. 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