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href="#Julio-Claudian_dynasty_(27_BC_–_AD_68)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julio-Claudian_dynasty_(27_BC_–_AD_68)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Year_of_the_Four_Emperors_(69)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Year_of_the_Four_Emperors_(69)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Year of the Four Emperors (69) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Year_of_the_Four_Emperors_(69)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavian_dynasty_(81–96)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavian_dynasty_(81–96)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Flavian dynasty (81–96) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavian_dynasty_(81–96)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerva–Antonine_dynasty_(98–192)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerva–Antonine_dynasty_(98–192)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Nerva–Antonine dynasty (98–192) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerva–Antonine_dynasty_(98–192)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Year_of_the_Five_Emperors_(193)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Year_of_the_Five_Emperors_(193)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Year of the Five Emperors (193) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Year_of_the_Five_Emperors_(193)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severan_dynasty_(193–227)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severan_dynasty_(193–227)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Severan dynasty (193–227) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severan_dynasty_(193–227)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_the_Third_Century_(235–285)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_the_Third_Century_(235–285)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Crisis of the Third Century (235–285) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_the_Third_Century_(235–285)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominate_(284–476)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominate_(284–476)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Dominate (284–476) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dominate_(284–476)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dominate (284–476) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dominate_(284–476)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tetrarchy_(284–324)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetrarchy_(284–324)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Tetrarchy (284–324) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetrarchy_(284–324)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantinian_dynasty_(306–363)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantinian_dynasty_(306–363)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Constantinian dynasty (306–363) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantinian_dynasty_(306–363)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–383)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–383)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Valentinianic dynasty (364–383) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–383)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Theodosian dynasty (379–457) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puppet_emperors_(west,_467–475)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puppet_emperors_(west,_467–475)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Puppet emperors (west, 467–475) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puppet_emperors_(west,_467–475)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_eastern_empresses_(457–1439)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_eastern_empresses_(457–1439)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later eastern empresses (457–1439) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_eastern_empresses_(457–1439)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later eastern empresses (457–1439) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_eastern_empresses_(457–1439)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leonid_dynasty_(457–515)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leonid_dynasty_(457–515)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Leonid dynasty (457–515) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leonid_dynasty_(457–515)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justinian_dynasty_(east,_518–602)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justinian_dynasty_(east,_518–602)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Justinian dynasty (east, 518–602) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justinian_dynasty_(east,_518–602)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Heraclian dynasty (610–695) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty_Years'_Anarchy_(695–717)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty_Years'_Anarchy_(695–717)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty_Years'_Anarchy_(695–717)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isaurian_dynasty_(717–802)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isaurian_dynasty_(717–802)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Isaurian dynasty (717–802) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaurian_dynasty_(717–802)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Nikephorian dynasty (802–813) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Amorian dynasty (820–867) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Macedonian dynasty (867–1056) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doukas_dynasty_(1059–1081)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doukas_dynasty_(1059–1081)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Doukas dynasty (1059–1081) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doukas_dynasty_(1059–1081)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komnenos_dynasty_(1081–1185)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komnenos_dynasty_(1081–1185)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komnenos_dynasty_(1081–1185)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angelos_dynasty_(1185–1204)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angelos_dynasty_(1185–1204)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Angelos dynasty (1185–1204) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angelos_dynasty_(1185–1204)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laskaris_dynasty_(1205–1258;_Nicaea)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laskaris_dynasty_(1205–1258;_Nicaea)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Laskaris dynasty (1205–1258; Nicaea) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laskaris_dynasty_(1205–1258;_Nicaea)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaiologos_dynasty_(1259–1439)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaiologos_dynasty_(1259–1439)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1439) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaiologos_dynasty_(1259–1439)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Main bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Secondary bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of Roman and Byzantine empresses</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_d%27emperatrices_romanes_y_bizantines" title="Llista d'emperatrices romanes y bizantines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llista d'emperatrices romanes y bizantines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Римски и византийски императрици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римски и византийски императрици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_rimskih_i_bizantskih_carica" title="Spisak rimskih i bizantskih carica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spisak rimskih i bizantskih carica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerske_kejserinder" title="Romerske kejserinder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerske kejserinder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_r%C3%B6mischen_Kaiserinnen" title="Liste der römischen Kaiserinnen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der römischen Kaiserinnen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Emperatrices_romanas" title="Anexo:Emperatrices romanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Emperatrices romanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فهرست امپراتریس‌های روم و بیزانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست امپراتریس‌های روم و بیزانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_imp%C3%A9ratrices_romaines_et_byzantines" title="Liste des impératrices romaines et byzantines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des impératrices romaines et byzantines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_permaisuri_Romawi_dan_Bizantium" title="Daftar permaisuri Romawi dan Bizantium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar permaisuri Romawi dan Bizantium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorti_dei_sovrani_dell%27impero_romano" title="Consorti dei sovrani dell'impero romano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consorti dei sovrani dell'impero romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_imperatrizes_romanas_e_bizantinas" title="Lista de imperatrizes romanas e bizantinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de imperatrizes romanas e bizantinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_%C3%AEmp%C4%83r%C4%83teselor_consoarte_ale_Imperiului_Roman" title="Lista împărăteselor consoarte ale Imperiului Roman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lista împărăteselor consoarte ale Imperiului Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Список супруг римских императоров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список супруг римских императоров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_rimskih_i_bizantskih_carica" title="Lista rimskih i bizantskih carica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lista rimskih i bizantskih carica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_ve_Bizans_imparatori%C3%A7eleri_listesi" title="Roma ve Bizans imparatoriçeleri listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma ve Bizans imparatoriçeleri listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Список дружин римських імператорів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Список дружин римських імператорів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A4%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="رومی اور بازنطینی ملکاؤں کی فہرست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومی اور بازنطینی ملکاؤں کی فہرست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li 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href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Deified_Empress_Livia_-_Altes_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Statue_of_Deified_Empress_Livia_-_Altes_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/290px-Statue_of_Deified_Empress_Livia_-_Altes_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Statue_of_Deified_Empress_Livia_-_Altes_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/435px-Statue_of_Deified_Empress_Livia_-_Altes_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Statue_of_Deified_Empress_Livia_-_Altes_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/580px-Statue_of_Deified_Empress_Livia_-_Altes_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="5034" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 27 BC – AD 14), as wife of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, was the first and longest-reigning empress.</figcaption></figure> The term Roman empress usually refers to the consorts of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>, the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The duties, power and influence of empresses varied depending on the time period, contemporary politics and the personalities of their husband and themselves. Empresses were typically highly regarded and respected, and many wielded great influence over imperial affairs. Several empresses served as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> on behalf of their husbands or sons and a handful ruled as <a href="/wiki/Empresses_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empresses regnant">empresses regnant</a>, governing in their own right without a husband. There was no single official term for the position of "empress" in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>. Consorts were usually given the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> title of <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: αὐγούστα, augoústa), the female form of the title <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a>. Insofar as augustus is understood as meaning "emperor", then a given woman could not become "empress" until being named augusta.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> However, not all consorts were given the title by their husbands. The title was sometimes given to other female members of the family, so empress and augusta are not always treated as synonyms. Another title often used was caesaraea (Greek: καισᾰ́ρειᾰ, kaisáreia), the female form of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a>. In Greek, a common title was βᾰσῐ́λῐσσᾰ (basílissa), the female form of <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a>, and αὐτοκράτειρα (autokráteira), the female form of <a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">autokrator</a> (the Greek equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a>). In the third century, empresses could also receive various honorific titles, such as māter castrōrum "mother of the <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a>" and māter patriae "mother of the fatherland". Given that there were sometimes more than one concurrent Roman emperor, there were also sometimes two or more concurrent Roman empresses. For most of the period from 286 to 480, the Roman Empire, though remaining a single polity, was administratively divided into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. Through most of this period, the separated imperial courts had their own lines of succession, and as a result their own sequences of concurrent Roman empresses. The western empire fell in the late 5th century, its final empress being the <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos%27s_wife" title="Julius Nepos's wife">wife of Emperor Julius Nepos</a>. The eastern empire, often referred to as the 'Byzantine Empire' by modern historians, endured for almost another millennium until its fall through the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453. The final empress of the east, and final Roman empress overall, was <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Trebizond" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Trebizond">Maria of Trebizond</a>, wife of Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a>. In addition to basílissa and autokráteira, many later eastern empresses bore the title δέσποινα (déspoina), the female form of the male title <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despotes</a>, a common title in the later empire. Though the constitutional power of empresses was never defined, it was generally accepted that their coronation, performed after that of their husbands, granted them some imperial power. Often, their primary duties were to oversee the organization of ceremonies at the imperial court as well as to partake in imperial and religious affairs. Although governmental power was most often vested only in the emperor, empresses could gain significant authority as regents for young children or when their husbands were absent. Though they were bound by the wishes and temperaments of their husbands, empress consorts could at times also effectively become influential co-regents. In some cases, emperors reinforced their legitimacy through marrying the daughter of a previous emperor. In such cases, empresses sometimes stressed their dynastic legitimacy, greater than that of their husbands, to achieve great influence. Several influential consorts, such as <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III</a>, held their own courts. Empresses who ruled in their own right, such as <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoë Porphyrogenita">Zoë Porphyrogenita</a>, sometimes adopted male titles such as basileus and autokrator to illustrate their power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland19991–4-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principate_(27_BC_–_AD_284)">Principate (27 BC – AD 284)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principate (27 BC – AD 284)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Julio-Claudian_dynasty_(27_BC_–_AD_68)">Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  – Augustae who were not consorts</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor (spouse) </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_head_of_the_empress_Livia_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_2_January_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Portrait_head_of_the_empress_Livia_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_2_January_2020.jpg/100px-Portrait_head_of_the_empress_Livia_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_2_January_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Portrait_head_of_the_empress_Livia_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_2_January_2020.jpg/150px-Portrait_head_of_the_empress_Livia_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_2_January_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Portrait_head_of_the_empress_Livia_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_2_January_2020.jpg/200px-Portrait_head_of_the_empress_Livia_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_2_January_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia Drusilla</a> </td> <td>16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14 (40 years, 7 months and 3 days) </td> <td rowspan="2">30 January 59 BC – AD 29 (aged 87) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Livius_Drusus_Claudianus" title="Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus">Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus</a>; married <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Nero_(father_of_Tiberius_Caesar)" title="Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a> in 43 BC and then <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> on 17 January 38 BC. Known as Julia Augusta after his death; <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deified</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> on 17 January AD 42. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian Augustus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 27 BC – AD 14) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil60-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Julia Augusta</a> (widow) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">September AD 14 – AD 29 (15 years, as augusta) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Orestilla,_wife_of_Caligula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Orestilla%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png/100px-Orestilla%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Orestilla%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png/150px-Orestilla%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Orestilla%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png/200px-Orestilla%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="333" /></a> </td> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Livia_Orestilla" title="Livia Orestilla">Orestilla</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 37   (very briefly)<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> </td> <td>Second wife of Caligula; forced to marry him immediately after her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Calpurnius_Piso_(conspirator)" title="Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)">Gaius Calpurnius Piso</a>. After the divorce they were both exiled for alleged <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. Probably the shortest-reigning empress. </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 37–41) </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-Su-7">[5]</a> <a href="#cite_note-dio-8">[6]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil79-9">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paulina,_wife_of_Caligula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Paulina%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png/100px-Paulina%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Paulina%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png/150px-Paulina%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Paulina%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png/200px-Paulina%2C_wife_of_Caligula.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="334" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lollia_Paulina" title="Lollia Paulina">Lollia Paulina</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 38   (a few months)<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lollius_(son_of_consul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Lollius (son of consul)">Marcus Lollius</a>, originally married to <a href="/wiki/Publius_Memmius_Regulus" title="Publius Memmius Regulus">Publius Memmius Regulus</a>. Forced to commit suicide </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Caesaraea_Paneas._Caesonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caesaraea_Paneas._Caesonia.jpg/100px-Caesaraea_Paneas._Caesonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caesaraea_Paneas._Caesonia.jpg/150px-Caesaraea_Paneas._Caesonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caesaraea_Paneas._Caesonia.jpg/200px-Caesaraea_Paneas._Caesonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="433" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Milonia Caesonia</a> </td> <td>Summer 39 – 24 January 41 (about 1 year and a half) </td> <td>Born on 3 June of an unknown date, married to another man before becoming Caligula's mistress. Murdered alongside Caligula and their daughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla_(daughter_of_Caligula)" title="Julia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula)">Julia Drusilla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_MAN_243_Roman_portrait_of_Antonia_the_younger_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Venice_MAN_243_Roman_portrait_of_Antonia_the_younger_02.jpg/100px-Venice_MAN_243_Roman_portrait_of_Antonia_the_younger_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Venice_MAN_243_Roman_portrait_of_Antonia_the_younger_02.jpg/150px-Venice_MAN_243_Roman_portrait_of_Antonia_the_younger_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Venice_MAN_243_Roman_portrait_of_Antonia_the_younger_02.jpg/199px-Venice_MAN_243_Roman_portrait_of_Antonia_the_younger_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a> (mother) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">Posthumously named augusta in AD 41 </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD (aged 72) <hr />Mother of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>; daughter of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavia Minor">Octavia Minor</a>. </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 41–54) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil62-11">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Messalinaandbritannicus_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Messalinaandbritannicus_detail.jpg/100px-Messalinaandbritannicus_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Messalinaandbritannicus_detail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="170" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Valeria Messalina</a> </td> <td>24 January 41 – AD 48 (7 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_(Consul_20)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla (Consul 20)">Marcus Valerius Messalla</a>. Executed after having an affair with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Silius_(lover_of_Messalina)" title="Gaius Silius (lover of Messalina)">Gaius Silius</a>; suffered <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil84–85-12">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Agrippina_Minor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rome_Agrippina_Minor.jpg/100px-Rome_Agrippina_Minor.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rome_Agrippina_Minor.jpg/150px-Rome_Agrippina_Minor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rome_Agrippina_Minor.jpg/200px-Rome_Agrippina_Minor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="677" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a> Julia Agrippina </td> <td>1 January 49 – 13 October 54 (5 years, 9 months and 12 days) </td> <td>6 November 15 – 23 March 59 (aged 43) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus Julius Caesar</a> and mother of Nero, named augusta in AD 50. Killed in unclear circumstances </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil86–87-13">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_claudia_ottavia,_da_roma,_via_varese.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ritratto_di_claudia_ottavia%2C_da_roma%2C_via_varese.JPG/100px-Ritratto_di_claudia_ottavia%2C_da_roma%2C_via_varese.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ritratto_di_claudia_ottavia%2C_da_roma%2C_via_varese.JPG/150px-Ritratto_di_claudia_ottavia%2C_da_roma%2C_via_varese.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ritratto_di_claudia_ottavia%2C_da_roma%2C_via_varese.JPG/200px-Ritratto_di_claudia_ottavia%2C_da_roma%2C_via_varese.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1686" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a> </td> <td>13 October 54 – AD 62 (7 years and a few months) </td> <td>39/40 AD – 9 June 62 (aged 22–23) <hr />Daughter of Claudius and <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Messalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria Messalina">Valeria Messalina</a>. Exiled and later executed. </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 54–68) </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil90–93-14">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Poppaea_Sabina_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Portrait_of_Poppaea_Sabina_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Poppaea_Sabina_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Portrait_of_Poppaea_Sabina_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Poppaea_Sabina_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Portrait_of_Poppaea_Sabina_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Poppaea_Sabina_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="2498" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a> </td> <td>AD 62 – AD 65 (3 years) </td> <td>30/32 AD – early Summer 65 (aged 33–35) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Ollius" title="Titus Ollius">Titus Ollius</a>; married <a href="/wiki/Rufrius_Crispinus" title="Rufrius Crispinus">Rufrius Crispinus</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 50, then the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> in 58. Named augusta shortly after <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Augusta" title="Claudia Augusta">Claudia</a>'s birth in January 63, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deified</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudia_Augusta,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Claudia_Augusta%2C_cropped.jpg/100px-Claudia_Augusta%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Claudia_Augusta%2C_cropped.jpg/150px-Claudia_Augusta%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Claudia_Augusta%2C_cropped.jpg/199px-Claudia_Augusta%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1292" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Augusta" title="Claudia Augusta">Claudia</a> (daughter) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">Posthumously named augusta in AD 63 </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">Only daughter of Nero and Sabina; was born on 21 January 63 and died on May of the same year. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Statilia_Messalina_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Statilia_Messalina_crop.png/100px-Statilia_Messalina_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Statilia_Messalina_crop.png/150px-Statilia_Messalina_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Statilia_Messalina_crop.png/200px-Statilia_Messalina_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="3200" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statilia_Messalina" title="Statilia Messalina">Statilia Messalina</a> </td> <td>early 66 – 9 June 68 (2 years) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 35 – c. 70 (aged approx. 35) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Statilius_Taurus_(consul_44)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 44)">Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 44)</a>, married consul <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Julius_Vestinus_Atticus" title="Marcus Julius Vestinus Atticus">Marcus Julius Vestinus Atticus</a> in AD 63/64. Married Nero after the forced suicide of her husband; suffered <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Year_of_the_Four_Emperors_(69)">Year of the Four Emperors (69)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Year of the Four Emperors (69)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Galeria_Fundana,_wife_of_Vitellius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galeria_Fundana%2C_wife_of_Vitellius.png/100px-Galeria_Fundana%2C_wife_of_Vitellius.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galeria_Fundana%2C_wife_of_Vitellius.png/150px-Galeria_Fundana%2C_wife_of_Vitellius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galeria_Fundana%2C_wife_of_Vitellius.png/200px-Galeria_Fundana%2C_wife_of_Vitellius.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="337" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Fundana" title="Galeria Fundana">Galeria Fundana</a> </td> <td>19 April – 20 December 69 (8 months and 1 day) </td> <td>Born on 3 January of an unknown date. Daughter of a pretor; possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Publius_Galerius_Trachalus" title="Publius Galerius Trachalus">Publius Galerius Trachalus</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil100-15">[12]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavian_dynasty_(81–96)">Flavian dynasty (81–96)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flavian dynasty (81–96)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flavia_Domitilla_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flavia_Domitilla_cropped.jpg/100px-Flavia_Domitilla_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flavia_Domitilla_cropped.jpg/150px-Flavia_Domitilla_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flavia_Domitilla_cropped.jpg/199px-Flavia_Domitilla_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2464" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Domitilla_the_Younger" title="Domitilla the Younger">Flavia Domitilla</a> (daughter) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">Posthumously named augusta by AD 80 </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">Only daughter of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domitilla_the_Elder" title="Domitilla the Elder">Domitilla the Elder</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Domitilla_(wife_of_Clemens)" title="Flavia Domitilla (wife of Clemens)">Saint Domitilla</a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69–79) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi2000210–211-16">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Domitia_Longina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rome_Domitia_Longina.jpg/100px-Rome_Domitia_Longina.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rome_Domitia_Longina.jpg/150px-Rome_Domitia_Longina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rome_Domitia_Longina.jpg/200px-Rome_Domitia_Longina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="804" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a> </td> <td>14 September 81 – 18 September 96 (15 years and 4 days) </td> <td>11 February 50/55 – c. 126 (aged approx. 70–76) <hr />Daughter of general <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo" title="Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo">Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo</a>, first married to senator <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Lamia_Plautius_Aelianus" title="Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus">Lucius Aelius Aelianus</a>. Named augusta after her marriage to Domitian. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 81–96) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil112-17">[14]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerva–Antonine_dynasty_(98–192)">Nerva–Antonine dynasty (98–192)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nerva–Antonine dynasty (98–192)">edit</a>]</div> All empresses of this period received the title augusta. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Head_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_405.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Head_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_405.jpg/100px-Head_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_405.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Head_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_405.jpg/150px-Head_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Head_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_405.jpg/200px-Head_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2135" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a> </td> <td>28 January 98 – 11 August 117 (19 years, 6 months and 14 days) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 70 (?) – c. 123 (aged approx. 53) <hr />Daughter of Lucius <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_gens" title="Pompeia gens">Pompeius</a>, named augusta around 105, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deified</a>. She was interested in <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a> philosophical school. May have been involved in the appointment of Hadrian as successor </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117) </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil119-121-18">[15]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi2000231–233-19">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulpia_Marciana_Met_20.200_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ulpia_Marciana_Met_20.200_n02.jpg/100px-Ulpia_Marciana_Met_20.200_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ulpia_Marciana_Met_20.200_n02.jpg/150px-Ulpia_Marciana_Met_20.200_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ulpia_Marciana_Met_20.200_n02.jpg/200px-Ulpia_Marciana_Met_20.200_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="4196" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana" title="Ulpia Marciana">Ulpia Marciana</a> (sister) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 105 – 114 (about 9 years, as augusta) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">15/30 August <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 48 – 29 August 122 (aged approx. 74) <hr />Sister of Trajan. She was given the title of augusta, but apparently did not immediately accept it </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Matidie_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Matidie_02.JPG/100px-Matidie_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Matidie_02.JPG/150px-Matidie_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Matidie_02.JPG/199px-Matidie_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Salonia_Matidia" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a> (niece) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">29 August 112 – 119 (7 years, as augusta) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">4 July 68 – 23 December 119 (aged 51) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana" title="Ulpia Marciana">Ulpia Marciana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Salonius_Matidius_Patruinus" title="Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus">Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus</a>, in practice adopted daughter of Trajan. Great grand-mother of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vibia_Sabina_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vibia_Sabina_crop.png/100px-Vibia_Sabina_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vibia_Sabina_crop.png/150px-Vibia_Sabina_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vibia_Sabina_crop.png/200px-Vibia_Sabina_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="880" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a> </td> <td>11 August 117 – c. 137 (c. 20 years) </td> <td>c. 85 – 136/137 (aged approx. 52) <hr />Daughter of senator <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vibius_Sabinus" title="Lucius Vibius Sabinus">Lucius Vibius Sabinus</a>, married Hadrian around 100, named augusta around 119, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deified</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil125–126-20">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:0150_Altes_Museum_Empress_Faustina_the_Elder_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/0150_Altes_Museum_Empress_Faustina_the_Elder_anagoria.JPG/100px-0150_Altes_Museum_Empress_Faustina_the_Elder_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/0150_Altes_Museum_Empress_Faustina_the_Elder_anagoria.JPG/150px-0150_Altes_Museum_Empress_Faustina_the_Elder_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/0150_Altes_Museum_Empress_Faustina_the_Elder_anagoria.JPG/200px-0150_Altes_Museum_Empress_Faustina_the_Elder_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a> Annia Galeria Faustina </td> <td>10 July 138 – late October 140 (2 years and 3 months) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 97<a href="#cite_note-Iovine-22">[d]</a> – late October 140 (aged approx. 43) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(grandfather_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)">Marcus Annius Verus the Elder</a>, married Antoninus around 120, named augusta in 138, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deified</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil130-23">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Faustine_la_Jeune_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Faustine_la_Jeune_02.JPG/100px-Faustine_la_Jeune_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Faustine_la_Jeune_02.JPG/150px-Faustine_la_Jeune_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Faustine_la_Jeune_02.JPG/200px-Faustine_la_Jeune_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a> Annia Galeria Faustina </td> <td>7 March 161 – 175 (14 years) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130<a href="#cite_note-Iovine-22">[d]</a> – 176 (aged approx. 46) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> on 25 February 138, married Marcus Aurelius on 13 May (?) 145. Named augusta on 1 December 147 and mater castrorum (mother of the <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a>) in 174, posthumously deified. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil137-24">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lucilla_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucilla_crop.png/100px-Lucilla_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucilla_crop.png/150px-Lucilla_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lucilla_crop.png/200px-Lucilla_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1123" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a> Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla </td> <td>163 (?) – 169 (6 years) </td> <td>7 March 149 – 181/182 (aged 32–33) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, betrothed to Lucius Verus in 161, named augusta shortly after the marriage. Exiled to <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a> and executed by <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–169) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil138-25">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Crispine_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Crispine_01.jpg/100px-L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Crispine_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Crispine_01.jpg/150px-L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Crispine_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Crispine_01.jpg/200px-L%27Image_et_le_Pouvoir_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Crispine_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="4552" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruttia_Crispina" title="Bruttia Crispina">Bruttia Crispina</a> </td> <td>178 – 191/2 (3–4 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Bruttius_Praesens_(consul_153)" title="Gaius Bruttius Praesens (consul 153)">Gaius Bruttius Praesens (consul 153)</a>, named augusta after her marriage with Commodus, sometime before 3 August 178. Exiled to Capri for alleged <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and executed soon after; suffered <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 180–192)<a href="#cite_note-26">[e]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil144-27">[22]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Year_of_the_Five_Emperors_(193)">Year of the Five Emperors (193)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Year of the Five Emperors (193)">edit</a>]</div> All empresses of this period received the title augusta. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flavia_Titiana,_wife_of_Pertinax.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flavia_Titiana%2C_wife_of_Pertinax.png/100px-Flavia_Titiana%2C_wife_of_Pertinax.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flavia_Titiana%2C_wife_of_Pertinax.png/150px-Flavia_Titiana%2C_wife_of_Pertinax.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flavia_Titiana%2C_wife_of_Pertinax.png/200px-Flavia_Titiana%2C_wife_of_Pertinax.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="336" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Titiana" title="Flavia Titiana">Flavia Titiana</a> </td> <td>1 January – 28 March 193 (2 months and 27 days) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Claudius_Sulpicianus" title="Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus">Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus</a>. Her fate is unknown, but she probably was spared alongside her children </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145-28">[23]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005174-29">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Manlia_Scantilla_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aureus_of_Manlia_Scantilla_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Aureus_of_Manlia_Scantilla_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aureus_of_Manlia_Scantilla_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Aureus_of_Manlia_Scantilla_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aureus_of_Manlia_Scantilla_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Aureus_of_Manlia_Scantilla_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="398" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manlia_Scantilla" title="Manlia Scantilla">Manlia Scantilla</a> </td> <td>28 March – 1 June 193 (2 months and 4 days) </td> <td>Named augusta alongside her daughter. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil148-30">[25]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi2000261–262-31">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Denier_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Didia_Clara_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Denier_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Didia_Clara_crop.jpg/100px-Denier_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Didia_Clara_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Denier_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Didia_Clara_crop.jpg/150px-Denier_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Didia_Clara_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Denier_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Didia_Clara_crop.jpg/200px-Denier_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Didia_Clara_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="567" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Didia_Clara" title="Didia Clara">Didia Clara</a> (daughter) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">AD 193 (briefly as augusta) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">A woman of great beauty; almost nothing known. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severan_dynasty_(193–227)">Severan dynasty (193–227)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Severan dynasty (193–227)">edit</a>]</div> All empresses of this period were named augusta on or shortly after their marriage. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Domna_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Julia_Domna_crop.png/100px-Julia_Domna_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Julia_Domna_crop.png/150px-Julia_Domna_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Julia_Domna_crop.png/200px-Julia_Domna_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1992" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> </td> <td>9 April 193 – 4 February 211 (17 years, 9 months and 26 days) </td> <td>October/December <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 170 – April 217 (aged approx. 47) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Bassianus" title="Julius Bassianus">Julius Bassianus</a>, high priest of the <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabal cult</a>. Married Severus in 185, named augusta on 1 June 193, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deified</a>. After 211 she held the title of mater <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castrorum</a> et <a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">senatus</a> et <a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">patriae</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193–211) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil152–153-32">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PlautillaProvIgnota-MNRPalMassimo1_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PlautillaProvIgnota-MNRPalMassimo1_%28cropped%29.JPG/100px-PlautillaProvIgnota-MNRPalMassimo1_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PlautillaProvIgnota-MNRPalMassimo1_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-PlautillaProvIgnota-MNRPalMassimo1_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PlautillaProvIgnota-MNRPalMassimo1_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-PlautillaProvIgnota-MNRPalMassimo1_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="2085" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Publia Fulvia Plautilla</a> </td> <td>9/15 April 202 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 22 January 205 (1 year and 9 months) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fulvius_Plautianus" title="Gaius Fulvius Plautianus">Gaius Fulvius Plautianus</a>. Divorced after the execution of her father; killed by Caracalla in 221; suffered <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>    (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 211–217)<a href="#cite_note-33">[f]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil161-34">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/File:Numia_Celsa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Numia_Celsa.png/100px-Numia_Celsa.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Numia_Celsa.png/150px-Numia_Celsa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Numia_Celsa.png/200px-Numia_Celsa.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="446" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Nonia_Celsa" title="Nonia Celsa">Nonia Celsa</a> (?) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">217 – 218 (?) (1 year?) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">Probably fictional. </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 217–218) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Cornelia_Paula_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Julia_Cornelia_Paula_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/100px-Julia_Cornelia_Paula_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Julia_Cornelia_Paula_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/150px-Julia_Cornelia_Paula_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Julia_Cornelia_Paula_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/200px-Julia_Cornelia_Paula_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="4424" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 220 (about 1 year or less) </td> <td>Of noble descent; divorced. </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 218–222) </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil166–167-36">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png/100px-Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png/150px-Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png/200px-Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="226" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Julia Aquilia Severa</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 220 / 221 (about 1 year or less) <hr />late 221 – March 222 (less than a year) </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgin</a> of noble descent. Divorced but later remarried to Elagablus, styled augusta, mater castrorum, senatus ac patriae </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CapitoliniBustoSeverianoPavonazzetto_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CapitoliniBustoSeverianoPavonazzetto_02.jpg/100px-CapitoliniBustoSeverianoPavonazzetto_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CapitoliniBustoSeverianoPavonazzetto_02.jpg/150px-CapitoliniBustoSeverianoPavonazzetto_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CapitoliniBustoSeverianoPavonazzetto_02.jpg/200px-CapitoliniBustoSeverianoPavonazzetto_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a> Annia Aurelia Faustina </td> <td>221 (a few months) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Severus_Proculus" title="Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus">Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus</a> and descendant of emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>. Divorced shortly after the marriage. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sallustia_Orbiana_Louvre_Ma1054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sallustia_Orbiana_Louvre_Ma1054.jpg/100px-Sallustia_Orbiana_Louvre_Ma1054.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sallustia_Orbiana_Louvre_Ma1054.jpg/150px-Sallustia_Orbiana_Louvre_Ma1054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sallustia_Orbiana_Louvre_Ma1054.jpg/200px-Sallustia_Orbiana_Louvre_Ma1054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1443" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a> Gnaea Seia Herennia Sallustia Barbia Orbiana </td> <td>225 – 227 (2 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Seius_Sallustius" title="Seius Sallustius">Lucius Seius Herennius Sallustius</a>; exiled to Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 222–235) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil173-37">[31]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century_(235–285)">Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)">edit</a>]</div> All empresses during this period received the title augusta, with the sole exception of <a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a>'s wife. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/File:CaeciliaPaulina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/CaeciliaPaulina.jpg/100px-CaeciliaPaulina.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/CaeciliaPaulina.jpg/150px-CaeciliaPaulina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/CaeciliaPaulina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="186" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Paulina" title="Caecilia Paulina">Caecilia Paulina</a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">235 (?) (very briefly?) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">Nothing known; most likely dead by the time Maximinus became emperor. She was <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deified</a> by her husband. </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 235–238) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi2000316-38">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabia_Orestilla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fabia_Orestilla.png/100px-Fabia_Orestilla.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fabia_Orestilla.png/150px-Fabia_Orestilla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fabia_Orestilla.png/200px-Fabia_Orestilla.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="489" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Fabia_Orestilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabia Orestilla">Fabia Orestilla</a> (?) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">238 (?) (22 days?) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">Probably fictional. </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20120207095441httpwwwroman-emperorsorggordo1htm_Gordian_I_(238_A.D.)]-39">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sabinia_Tranquillina_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sabinia_Tranquillina_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1572.jpg/100px-Sabinia_Tranquillina_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sabinia_Tranquillina_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1572.jpg/150px-Sabinia_Tranquillina_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sabinia_Tranquillina_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1572.jpg/200px-Sabinia_Tranquillina_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="4500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Tranquillina</a> Furia Sabinia Tranquillina </td> <td>12 May (?) 241 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> February 244 (2 years and a half) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Furius_Sabinius_Aquila_Timesitheus" title="Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus">Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus</a>; unknown fate. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238–244) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil189-40">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Otacilia_Severa_Musei_Capitolini_MC2765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Otacilia_Severa_Musei_Capitolini_MC2765.jpg/100px-Otacilia_Severa_Musei_Capitolini_MC2765.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Otacilia_Severa_Musei_Capitolini_MC2765.jpg/150px-Otacilia_Severa_Musei_Capitolini_MC2765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Otacilia_Severa_Musei_Capitolini_MC2765.jpg/200px-Otacilia_Severa_Musei_Capitolini_MC2765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3400" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Otacilia_Severa" title="Marcia Otacilia Severa">Marcia Otacilia Severa</a> </td> <td>244 – 248 (?) (c. 4 years) </td> <td>Daughter or sister of a man called Severianus; nothing else known. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 244–249) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192-41">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Etruscilla_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Etruscilla_crop.png/100px-Etruscilla_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Etruscilla_crop.png/150px-Etruscilla_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Etruscilla_crop.png/200px-Etruscilla_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1297" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herennia_Etruscilla" title="Herennia Etruscilla">Herennia Etruscilla</a> Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla </td> <td>249 – 251 (2 years) </td> <td>Of a noble <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etrurian</a> descent. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 249–251) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197-42">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelia_Supera_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cornelia_Supera_coin.png/100px-Cornelia_Supera_coin.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cornelia_Supera_coin.png/150px-Cornelia_Supera_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cornelia_Supera_coin.png/200px-Cornelia_Supera_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="381" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Supera" title="Cornelia Supera">Gaia Cornelia Supera</a> </td> <td>253 (3 months) </td> <td>Nothing known. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 253) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil204-43">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Salonina_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Salonina_crop.png/100px-Salonina_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Salonina_crop.png/150px-Salonina_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Salonina_crop.png/200px-Salonina_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1550" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Salonina" title="Cornelia Salonina">Cornelia Salonina</a> </td> <td>253 – 268 (15 years) </td> <td>Nothing known. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 253–268) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil212-44">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninianus-Dryantilla-RIC_0002-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Antoninianus-Dryantilla-RIC_0002-2.jpg/100px-Antoninianus-Dryantilla-RIC_0002-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Antoninianus-Dryantilla-RIC_0002-2.jpg/150px-Antoninianus-Dryantilla-RIC_0002-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Antoninianus-Dryantilla-RIC_0002-2.jpg/200px-Antoninianus-Dryantilla-RIC_0002-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="202" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Sulpicia_Dryantilla" title="Sulpicia Dryantilla">Sulpicia Dryantilla</a> (usurper) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">c. 260 </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">Wife of the usurper Regalianus, who attempted to usurp power in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Regalianus" title="Regalianus">Regalianus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 260) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._273-45">[39]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil215-46">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Severina_Ant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Severina_Ant.jpg/100px-Severina_Ant.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Severina_Ant.jpg/150px-Severina_Ant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Severina_Ant.jpg/200px-Severina_Ant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="496" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Severina" title="Ulpia Severina">Ulpia Severina</a> </td> <td>270 – 275 (5 years) </td> <td>Possibly a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ulpius_Crinitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulpius Crinitus">Ulpius Crinitus</a>. Sometimes said to have been <a href="/wiki/Empress_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress regnant">empress regnant</a> between the death of Aurelian and the accession of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a>, but this has been refuted by modern historians. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 270–275) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._830-47">[41]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil227-48">[42]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1999109–115-49">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninianus_of_Zenobia_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antoninianus_of_Zenobia_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Antoninianus_of_Zenobia_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antoninianus_of_Zenobia_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Antoninianus_of_Zenobia_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antoninianus_of_Zenobia_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Antoninianus_of_Zenobia_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="406" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a> (usurper) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">272 </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">Ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> in name of his infant son <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> </td> <td style="background:#7FFFD4;">Empress regnant of Palmyra </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._990-50">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Magnia_Urbica_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Magnia_Urbica_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Magnia_Urbica_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Magnia_Urbica_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Magnia_Urbica_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Magnia_Urbica_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Magnia_Urbica_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="463" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnia_Urbica" title="Magnia Urbica">Magnia Urbica</a> </td> <td>283 – 285 (5 years) </td> <td>Nothing known. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 283–285) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._983-51">[45]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252–253-52">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>Unknown name </td> <td>283 – 284 (2 years) </td> <td>Possibly daughter of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Aper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Flavius Aper">Lucius Flavius Aper</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 283–284) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252–253-52">[46]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominate_(284–476)">Dominate (284–476)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dominate (284–476)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetrarchy_(284–324)">Tetrarchy (284–324)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tetrarchy (284–324)">edit</a>]</div> Only <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Valeria" title="Galeria Valeria">Valeria</a> received the title of augusta during the Tetrarchy, and only a few women did so in the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%"> Name<a href="#cite_note-53">[g]</a> </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Prisca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Empress_Prisca.png/100px-Empress_Prisca.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Empress_Prisca.png/150px-Empress_Prisca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Empress_Prisca.png/200px-Empress_Prisca.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="310" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prisca_(empress)" title="Prisca (empress)">Prisca</a> </td> <td>20 November 284 – 1 May 305 (20 years, 5 months and 11 days) </td> <td>A Christian, retired after the abdication of Diocletian. Exiled to Syria by <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a> and later executed by <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a>, probably in 315. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 284–305) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._726-54">[47]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil260-55">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MSR-ra-38-2-1-DM_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/MSR-ra-38-2-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-MSR-ra-38-2-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/MSR-ra-38-2-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-MSR-ra-38-2-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/MSR-ra-38-2-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-MSR-ra-38-2-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="3005" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a> </td> <td>1 April 286 – 1 May 305 (19 years and 1 month, West) </td> <td>A Syrian, possibly the widow of <a href="/wiki/Afranius_Hannibalianus" title="Afranius Hannibalianus">Afranius Hannibalianus</a>. Still alive in 325. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 286–305) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._316-56">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Follis_of_Galeria_Valeria_-_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Follis_of_Galeria_Valeria_-_Cropped.jpg/100px-Follis_of_Galeria_Valeria_-_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Follis_of_Galeria_Valeria_-_Cropped.jpg/150px-Follis_of_Galeria_Valeria_-_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Follis_of_Galeria_Valeria_-_Cropped.jpg/200px-Follis_of_Galeria_Valeria_-_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="410" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Valeria" title="Galeria Valeria">Galeria Valeria</a> </td> <td>1 May 305 – May 311 (6 years, East) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and (probably) <a href="/wiki/Prisca_(empress)" title="Prisca (empress)">Prisca</a>; married Galerius after his elevation as caesar in 293, styled as augusta and mater castrorum. Exiled alongside her mother by <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a>, and later executed by <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 305–311) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._937-57">[50]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil275-58">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze-Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora-trier_RIC_65_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bronze-Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora-trier_RIC_65_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Bronze-Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora-trier_RIC_65_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bronze-Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora-trier_RIC_65_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Bronze-Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora-trier_RIC_65_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bronze-Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora-trier_RIC_65_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Bronze-Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora-trier_RIC_65_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="246" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Flavia Maximiana Theodora</a> </td> <td>1 May 305 – 25 July 306 (1 year, 2 months and 24 days, West) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a> and (probably) <a href="/wiki/Afranius_Hannibalianus" title="Afranius Hannibalianus">Afranius Hannibalianus</a>, step-daughter of Maximian. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 305–306) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._937-57">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MSR-ra-127-1-DM_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MSR-ra-127-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-MSR-ra-127-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MSR-ra-127-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-MSR-ra-127-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MSR-ra-127-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-MSR-ra-127-1-DM_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="2981" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Maximilla" title="Valeria Maximilla">Valeria Maximilla</a> </td> <td>28 October 306 – 28 October 312 (6 years, Italy) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, married Maxentius <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 305. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 306–312) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._576-59">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>Unknown name </td> <td>310 – 313 (?) (3 years, East) </td> <td>Perhaps related to Galerius. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II Daza</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 310–313) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil277-60">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Flavia_Julia_Constantia_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coin_of_Flavia_Julia_Constantia_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Coin_of_Flavia_Julia_Constantia_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coin_of_Flavia_Julia_Constantia_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Coin_of_Flavia_Julia_Constantia_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coin_of_Flavia_Julia_Constantia_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Coin_of_Flavia_Julia_Constantia_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="232" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a> </td> <td>313 – 324 (11 years, East) </td> <td>Half-sister of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 308–324) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._221-61">[54]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantinian_dynasty_(306–363)">Constantinian dynasty (306–363)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constantinian dynasty (306–363)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/File:Minervina,_wife_of_Constantine_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Minervina%2C_wife_of_Constantine_I.png/100px-Minervina%2C_wife_of_Constantine_I.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Minervina%2C_wife_of_Constantine_I.png/150px-Minervina%2C_wife_of_Constantine_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Minervina%2C_wife_of_Constantine_I.png/200px-Minervina%2C_wife_of_Constantine_I.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="348" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">306 – 307 (?) (1 year?) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">Referred as the wife of Constantine by the <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a> VI, but called a <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>. She died or was divorced by 307. </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 306–337) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._602–603-62">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG/100px-P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG/150px-P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG/200px-P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="2485" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Flavia Maxima Fausta</a> </td> <td>March 307 – Summer 326 (19 years) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 290 (?) – Summer 326 (aged approx. 36) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a>, named augusta after Constantine's victory over <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> in 324. Executed for <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> with her stepson, <a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._325–326-63">[56]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil291–292-64">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy_%28head%29.jpg/100px-Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy_%28head%29.jpg/149px-Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy_%28head%29.jpg/199px-Elena_Colosseo_Rome_Italy_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="761" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Flavia Julia Helena</a> (mother) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">324–330 (6 years, as augusta) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250–330 (aged approx. 80) <hr />Mother of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> and ex-wife or mistress of <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a>. Venerated as a Saint in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._325–326-63">[56]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil291–292-64">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">— </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Flavia Valeria Constantina</a> (?) (daughter) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">335–354 (?) (19 years, as augusta) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">Daughter of Constantine. Wife of <a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a> and later the caesar <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Gallus</a>. Her appointment as augusta may be fictional </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._222Kienast304-65">[58]</a> <a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>Unknown name </td> <td>9 September 337 – April 340 (2 years and 7 months) </td> <td>Obscure figure, married to Constantine II by 335 and alive at the time of his death. Perhaps a daughter of one of Constantine I's half-brothers. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 337–340) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderspoel202042–43-67">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Constantius%27s_daughter" title="Julius Constantius's daughter">Unknown name</a> </td> <td>337 – 353 (16 years) </td> <td>Nothing known. </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 337–361) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._226-68">[61]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil302-69">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eusebia,_wife_of_Constantius_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png/100px-Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png/150px-Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png/200px-Eusebia%2C_wife_of_Constantius_II.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="485" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eusebia_(empress)" title="Eusebia (empress)">Eusebia</a> </td> <td>c. 353 – c. 360 (about 7 years) </td> <td>Probably a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(consul_347)" title="Eusebius (consul 347)">Eusebius (consul 347)</a>; died sometime before 361. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._300–301-70">[63]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil302-69">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a> </td> <td>361 (a few months) </td> <td>Joined <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a> (r. 365–366) during his brief rule in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._326-71">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a> </td> <td>late 350 – 11 August 353 (3 years) </td> <td>Daughter of governor Justus; married Magnentius as a young girl. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 350–353) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._488–490-72">[65]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil305,_314-73">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Helena,_wife_of_Julian,_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Helena%2C_wife_of_Julian%2C_crop.png/100px-Helena%2C_wife_of_Julian%2C_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Helena%2C_wife_of_Julian%2C_crop.png 1.5x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="123" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> February – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> November 360 (9 months or less) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a>; wrongly called "Constantina" in some sources. Died around Julian's accession as sole emperor. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julianus II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 360–363) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._409–410-74">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charito,_wife_of_Jovian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charito%2C_wife_of_Jovian.png/100px-Charito%2C_wife_of_Jovian.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charito%2C_wife_of_Jovian.png/150px-Charito%2C_wife_of_Jovian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charito%2C_wife_of_Jovian.png/200px-Charito%2C_wife_of_Jovian.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="348" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charito" title="Charito">Charito</a> </td> <td>27 June 363 – 17 February 364 (7 months and 21 days) </td> <td>Daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucillianus_(magister_equitum)" title="Lucillianus (magister equitum)">Lucillianus</a>, possibly alive as late as 380. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 363–364) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._201-75">[68]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valentinianic_dynasty_(364–383)">Valentinianic dynasty (364–383)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Valentinianic dynasty (364–383)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Severa,_wife_of_Valentinian_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Severa%2C_wife_of_Valentinian_I.png/100px-Severa%2C_wife_of_Valentinian_I.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Severa%2C_wife_of_Valentinian_I.png/150px-Severa%2C_wife_of_Valentinian_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Severa%2C_wife_of_Valentinian_I.png/199px-Severa%2C_wife_of_Valentinian_I.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="349" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a> </td> <td>364 – 370 (6 years) </td> <td>Divorced and exiled after being involved in an illegal transaction. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 364–375) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._828-76">[69]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil314-77">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a> (second time) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 370 – 375 (c. 5 years) </td> <td>Her father was executed in the aftermath of Magnentius' war. Died around 388. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._488–490-72">[65]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil305,_314-73">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Domnica" title="Domnica">Domnica</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[h]</a> </td> <td>28 March 364 – 9 August 378 (14 years, 4 months and 12 days) </td> <td>Daughter of praetorian prefect Petronius, styled augusta. Briefly ruled <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> after the death of Valens in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1829)">Battle of Adrianople</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 364–378) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._265,_690-79">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil317-80">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flavia_Maxima_Constantia,_wife_of_Gratian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flavia_Maxima_Constantia%2C_wife_of_Gratian.png/100px-Flavia_Maxima_Constantia%2C_wife_of_Gratian.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flavia_Maxima_Constantia%2C_wife_of_Gratian.png/150px-Flavia_Maxima_Constantia%2C_wife_of_Gratian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flavia_Maxima_Constantia%2C_wife_of_Gratian.png/200px-Flavia_Maxima_Constantia%2C_wife_of_Gratian.png 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="351" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 374 – early 383 (c. 2 years and 7 months) </td> <td>early 362 – early 383 (aged 21) <hr /> Posthumous child of <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 375–383)<a href="#cite_note-81">[i]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._221-61">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laeta" title="Laeta">Laeta</a> </td> <td>before 25 August 383 (a few months) </td> <td>Daughter of Tisamene; supplied the city of Rome with food during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._492-82">[73]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodosian_dynasty_(379–457)">Theodosian dynasty (379–457)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theodosian dynasty (379–457)">edit</a>]</div> All empress, with the exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Elen</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a>, received the title augusta. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%"> Name<a href="#cite_note-84">[j]</a> </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="32%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="17%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Aelia_Flaccilla_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bust_of_Aelia_Flaccilla_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bust_of_Aelia_Flaccilla_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bust_of_Aelia_Flaccilla_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Aelia_Flaccilla_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bust_of_Aelia_Flaccilla_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bust_of_Aelia_Flaccilla_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2984" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a>  Aelia Flavia Flaccilla<a href="#cite_note-86">[k]</a> </td> <td>19 January 379 – early 386 (7 years) </td> <td>Of Hispanian origin; married Theodosius <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 376, died in 386. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 379–395) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._341–342-87">[76]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil326–327-88">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a> </td> <td>386 – 394 (8 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a>; died during childbirth. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._382-89">[78]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil326–327-88">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>Unknown name </td> <td>25 August 383 – 28 August 388 (5 years and 3 days) </td> <td>Known as "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Saint Elen</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh legend">Welsh legend</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 383–388) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeming2005246-90">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aelia_Eudoxia_solidus_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aelia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Aelia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aelia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Aelia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aelia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Aelia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="715" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Eudoxia</a> </td> <td>27 April 395 – 6 October 404 (9 years, 5 months and 9 days) </td> <td>Daughter of the Frank <a href="/wiki/Bauto" title="Bauto">Bauto</a>. An influential woman in court, she became de facto co-regent on 9 January 400, when she was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> following the fall of <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(consul_399)" title="Eutropius (consul 399)">Eutropius</a> (which was orchestrated by Eudoxia herself) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 395–408) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._410-91">[80]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB174,_740-92">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Maria,_wife_of_Honorius_Cameo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Maria%2C_wife_of_Honorius_Cameo.png/100px-Maria%2C_wife_of_Honorius_Cameo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Maria%2C_wife_of_Honorius_Cameo.png/150px-Maria%2C_wife_of_Honorius_Cameo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Maria%2C_wife_of_Honorius_Cameo.png/200px-Maria%2C_wife_of_Honorius_Cameo.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="316" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 398 – 407 (c. 9 years) </td> <td>Daughter of the powerful general <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, died in 407. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 395–423) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._558-93">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Thermantia,_wife_of_Honorius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Thermantia%2C_wife_of_Honorius.png/100px-Thermantia%2C_wife_of_Honorius.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Thermantia%2C_wife_of_Honorius.png/150px-Thermantia%2C_wife_of_Honorius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Thermantia%2C_wife_of_Honorius.png/200px-Thermantia%2C_wife_of_Honorius.png 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="339" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a> Aemilia Materna Thermantia </td> <td>408 (a few months) </td> <td>Daughter of Stilicho; divorced Honorius following Stilicho's death in August 408. Died sometime before 30 July 415. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1112-94">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Eudokia_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hagia_Eudokia_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Hagia_Eudokia_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hagia_Eudokia_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Hagia_Eudokia_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hagia_Eudokia_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Hagia_Eudokia_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1368" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Eudocia</a> </td> <td>7 June 421 – 28 July 450 (29 years, 1 month and 21 days) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 – 20 October 460 (aged approx. 60) <hr />Born as "Athenais", daughter of Leontius, a philosopher. Proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> on 2 January 423. Remembered for her numerous writings. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 408–450) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._408–409-95">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-96">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Galla_Placidia_coin2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Galla_Placidia_coin2.png/100px-Galla_Placidia_coin2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Galla_Placidia_coin2.png/150px-Galla_Placidia_coin2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Galla_Placidia_coin2.png/200px-Galla_Placidia_coin2.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="369" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a> </td> <td>8 February – 2 September 421 (7 months lacking 6 days) </td> <td>388 – 27 November 450 (aged approx. 72) <hr /> Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a>. Originally married the Visigothic king <a href="/wiki/Athaulf" title="Athaulf">Athaulf</a>, married Constantius on 1 January 417. She later served as regent for her son <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Aetius_(magister_militum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetius (magister militum)">Aetius</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 421) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._888–889-97">[86]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB818-98">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Justa_Grata_Honoria_solidus_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Justa_Grata_Honoria_solidus_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Justa_Grata_Honoria_solidus_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Justa_Grata_Honoria_solidus_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Justa_Grata_Honoria_solidus_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Justa_Grata_Honoria_solidus_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Justa_Grata_Honoria_solidus_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="692" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Justa_Grata_Honoria" title="Justa Grata Honoria">Justa Grata Honoria</a> (sister) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 437–450 (13 years, as augusta) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 418–450 (aged approx. 32) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a>. Caused several intrigues in court and attempted to ally herself with <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a>. </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 425–455) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._568–569-99">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Licinia_Eudoxia_solidus_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Licinia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Licinia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Licinia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Licinia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Licinia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Licinia_Eudoxia_solidus_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="387" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">29 October 437 – 31 May 455 (17 years, 7 months and 2 days) </td> <td rowspan="2">422 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 493 (aged approx. 71) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Eudocia</a>. Forced to marry Maximus after the murder of Valentinian. Taken to Africa after the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sack of Rome</a>, was freed in about 462. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 425–455) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._410–412-100">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 455) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pulcheria_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pulcheria_coin.png/100px-Pulcheria_coin.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pulcheria_coin.png/150px-Pulcheria_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pulcheria_coin.png/200px-Pulcheria_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="362" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a> </td> <td>25 August 450 – July 453 (2 years and 10 months) </td> <td>19 January 399 – July 453 (aged 55) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Eudoxia</a>, proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> and regent of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> on 4 July 414. She was influential in the Councils of <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>. Married Marcian after his election as emperor by <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 450–457) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._929–930-101">[90]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1757–1758-102">[91]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1994-103">[92]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puppet_emperors_(west,_467–475)">Puppet emperors (west, 467–475)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Puppet emperors (west, 467–475)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Aelia_Euphemia_coin_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Empress_Aelia_Euphemia_coin_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Empress_Aelia_Euphemia_coin_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Empress_Aelia_Euphemia_coin_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Empress_Aelia_Euphemia_coin_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Empress_Aelia_Euphemia_coin_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Empress_Aelia_Euphemia_coin_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="393" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a> </td> <td>12 April 467 – 11 July 472 (5 years and 3 months) </td> <td>Only daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a>, who married her to Anthemius <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 453. Styled as <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 467–472) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._423–424-104">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a> </td> <td>April – 2 November 472 (7 months) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a>, married Olybrius in 454/454. Still alive <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 472) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._887-105">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos%27s_wife" title="Julius Nepos's wife">Unknown name</a> </td> <td>24 June 474 – 28 August 475 (1 year, 2 months and 4 days) </td> <td>A relative of Empress <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 474–475/80)<a href="#cite_note-106">[l]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._777-107">[95]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_eastern_empresses_(457–1439)">Later eastern empresses (457–1439)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later eastern empresses (457–1439)">edit</a>]</div> During the later '<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>' period, all empresses (unless noted) received the title augusta; whether it was still considered a formal title or just a synonym to "empress" is not known. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leonid_dynasty_(457–515)">Leonid dynasty (457–515)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leonid dynasty (457–515)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Verina_coin_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Empress_Verina_coin_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Empress_Verina_coin_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Empress_Verina_coin_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Empress_Verina_coin_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Empress_Verina_coin_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Empress_Verina_coin_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="358" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a> </td> <td>7 February 457 – 18 January 474 (16 years, 11 months and 11 days) </td> <td>Sister of <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a>. Plotted against <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zeno">Emperor Zeno</a> with <a href="/wiki/Patricius_(Caesar)" title="Patricius (Caesar)">Patricius</a>, but was betrayed by Basiliscus. Her son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Marcian_(usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcian (usurper)">Marcian</a> rebelled in 479 and she herself rebelled alongside <a href="/wiki/Leontius_(usurper)" title="Leontius (usurper)">Leontius</a> in 484; she died during the ensuing war, probably in 484. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 457–474) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1156-108">[96]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2160-109">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_femminile,_forse_ariadne,_490-510_dc_ca._(louvre)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ritratto_femminile%2C_forse_ariadne%2C_490-510_dc_ca._%28louvre%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Ritratto_femminile%2C_forse_ariadne%2C_490-510_dc_ca._%28louvre%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ritratto_femminile%2C_forse_ariadne%2C_490-510_dc_ca._%28louvre%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Ritratto_femminile%2C_forse_ariadne%2C_490-510_dc_ca._%28louvre%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ritratto_femminile%2C_forse_ariadne%2C_490-510_dc_ca._%28louvre%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/199px-Ritratto_femminile%2C_forse_ariadne%2C_490-510_dc_ca._%28louvre%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1665" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">29 January 474 – late 515 (39 years and a few months) </td> <td rowspan="2">Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a>, married Zeno in 466/467. A very influential woman in court, she elected Anastasius as successor and married him immediately after Zeno's death. The third longest-reigning empress, after <a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 474–491) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._140–141-110">[98]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB166–167-111">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 491–518) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Zenonis_coin_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Empress_Zenonis_coin_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Empress_Zenonis_coin_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Empress_Zenonis_coin_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Empress_Zenonis_coin_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Empress_Zenonis_coin_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Empress_Zenonis_coin_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="372" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zenonis" title="Zenonis">Zenonis</a> </td> <td>9 January 475 – August 476 (1 year and 7 months) </td> <td>Died alongside her husband after Zeno's restoration. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 475–476) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1203-112">[100]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justinian_dynasty_(east,_518–602)">Justinian dynasty (east, 518–602)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Justinian dynasty (east, 518–602)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Idealized_head_of_Euphemia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Idealized_head_of_Euphemia.png/100px-Idealized_head_of_Euphemia.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Idealized_head_of_Euphemia.png/150px-Idealized_head_of_Euphemia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Idealized_head_of_Euphemia.png/200px-Idealized_head_of_Euphemia.png 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1092" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_(empress)" title="Euphemia (empress)">Euphemia</a> </td> <td>10 July 518 – before August 527 (6 years or less) </td> <td>According to <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>'s Secret History of barbarian origin, born as "Lupicina". Originally a slave and later concubine of Justin I. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 518–527) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._2,_pp._423-113">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Theodora_mosaic_detail_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Empress_Theodora_mosaic_detail_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Empress_Theodora_mosaic_detail_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Empress_Theodora_mosaic_detail_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Empress_Theodora_mosaic_detail_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Empress_Theodora_mosaic_detail_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Empress_Theodora_mosaic_detail_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="557" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a> </td> <td>1 April 527 – 28 June 548 (21 years, 2 months and 27 days) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 497 – 28 June 528 (aged approx. 40) <hr />Daughter of Acacius and a dancer; aunt of Euphemia, married Justinian <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 524. Although their union caused much scandal, she became one of Justinian's main advisers and took an active role in government. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 527–565) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._1240–1241-114">[102]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199911–39-115">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Follis_of_Justin_II_%26_Sophia_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Follis_of_Justin_II_%26_Sophia_%28obverse%29.jpg/100px-Follis_of_Justin_II_%26_Sophia_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Follis_of_Justin_II_%26_Sophia_%28obverse%29.jpg/150px-Follis_of_Justin_II_%26_Sophia_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Follis_of_Justin_II_%26_Sophia_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Follis_of_Justin_II_%26_Sophia_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="410" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(empress)" title="Sophia (empress)">Sophia</a> </td> <td>14 November 565 – 5 October 578 (12 years, 10 months and 21 days) </td> <td>Niece of Theodora. Became de facto ruler after Justin's mental collapse in 573. Exiled after plotting against <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius II">Tiberius II</a>, but later recalled to help him choose his successor. Still alive by 601. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 565–578) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._1179–1180-116">[104]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199940–58-117">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_II_Constantine_and_Anastasia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tiberius_II_Constantine_and_Anastasia.png/100px-Tiberius_II_Constantine_and_Anastasia.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tiberius_II_Constantine_and_Anastasia.png/150px-Tiberius_II_Constantine_and_Anastasia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tiberius_II_Constantine_and_Anastasia.png/200px-Tiberius_II_Constantine_and_Anastasia.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="293" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ino_Anastasia" title="Ino Anastasia">(Ino) Anastasia</a> </td> <td>26 September 578 – 14 August 582 (3 years, 10 months and 19 days) </td> <td>Had already been a widow before marrying Tiberius sometime before his appointment as caesar in 574. Initially opposed by Sophia, she later became the mother-in-law of Maurice and died sometime after, perhaps in 593. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 578–582) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._60–61-118">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_follis_with_Constantina_and_Theodosius_(reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Maurice_follis_with_Constantina_and_Theodosius_%28reverse%29.jpg/100px-Maurice_follis_with_Constantina_and_Theodosius_%28reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Maurice_follis_with_Constantina_and_Theodosius_%28reverse%29.jpg/150px-Maurice_follis_with_Constantina_and_Theodosius_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Maurice_follis_with_Constantina_and_Theodosius_%28reverse%29.jpg/200px-Maurice_follis_with_Constantina_and_Theodosius_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="235" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a> </td> <td>13 August 582 – 27 November 602 (20 years, 3 months and 14 days) </td> <td>Daughter of Tiberius II and Anastasia. Married caesar Maurice on Tiberius' deathbed. Exiled after Maurice's execution, tried to plot against <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> but was eventually killed in 605. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 582–602) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._337–339-119">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phocas_(left)_and_Leontia_(right)_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Phocas_%28left%29_and_Leontia_%28right%29_coin.png/100px-Phocas_%28left%29_and_Leontia_%28right%29_coin.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Phocas_%28left%29_and_Leontia_%28right%29_coin.png/150px-Phocas_%28left%29_and_Leontia_%28right%29_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Phocas_%28left%29_and_Leontia_%28right%29_coin.png/200px-Phocas_%28left%29_and_Leontia_%28right%29_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="334" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leontia" title="Leontia">Leontia</a> </td> <td>23 November 602 – 5 October 610 (?) (7 years, 10 months and 12 days) </td> <td>Daughter of Sergius; nothing else known. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 602–610) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_p._772-120">[108]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraclian_dynasty_(610–695)">Heraclian dynasty (610–695)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heraclian dynasty (610–695)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fabia,_wife_of_Heraclius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fabia%2C_wife_of_Heraclius.png/100px-Fabia%2C_wife_of_Heraclius.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fabia%2C_wife_of_Heraclius.png/150px-Fabia%2C_wife_of_Heraclius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fabia%2C_wife_of_Heraclius.png/200px-Fabia%2C_wife_of_Heraclius.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="333" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Fabia Eudokia</a> Ευδοκία </td> <td>5 October 610 – 13 August 612 (1 year, 10 months and 8 days) </td> <td>Daughter of Rogas of Libya; died of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>. </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 610–641) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20120207031848httpwwwroman-emperorsorgfabiahtm_Fabia]-121">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Martina,_Naples,_Biblioteca_Vittorio_Emanuele_III,_I_B_18.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Empress_Martina%2C_Naples%2C_Biblioteca_Vittorio_Emanuele_III%2C_I_B_18.jpeg/100px-Empress_Martina%2C_Naples%2C_Biblioteca_Vittorio_Emanuele_III%2C_I_B_18.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Empress_Martina%2C_Naples%2C_Biblioteca_Vittorio_Emanuele_III%2C_I_B_18.jpeg/150px-Empress_Martina%2C_Naples%2C_Biblioteca_Vittorio_Emanuele_III%2C_I_B_18.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Empress_Martina%2C_Naples%2C_Biblioteca_Vittorio_Emanuele_III%2C_I_B_18.jpeg/200px-Empress_Martina%2C_Naples%2C_Biblioteca_Vittorio_Emanuele_III%2C_I_B_18.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="358" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a> Μαρτίνα </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 613 – 11 February 641 (about 7 years) </td> <td>Daughter of Martinus and niece of Heraclius himself, which led to much controversy. Became de facto ruler after <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine</a>'s death as the regent of the young <a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a>. Deposed, <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">mutilated</a>, and exiled by <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(usurper)" title="Valentinus (usurper)">Valentinus</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a>, who was also a minor at the time. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199961–72-122">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">Augustina & Martina (daughters) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">4 January 639 – ? (unknown tenure as augustae) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">Crowned augustae alongside their mother Martina the Elder; nothing else known. </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._154,_838-123">[111]</a> <a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a> Γρηγορία </td> <td>early 630 – 25 May 641 (11 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nicetas_(cousin_of_Heraclius)" title="Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)">Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)</a>, married Constantine in early 630 (or late 629). Regent during the early reign of her son <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a>. Not recorded as augusta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III Heraclius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 641)<a href="#cite_note-125">[m]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20211122093023httpwwwroman-emperorsorggegoriahtm_Gregoria]-126">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fausta_(wife_of_Constans_II)" title="Fausta (wife of Constans II)">Fausta</a> Φαύστα </td> <td>642 – 15 July 668 (26 years) </td> <td>Possibly a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(usurper)" title="Valentinus (usurper)">Valentinus</a>, usurper in 644. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 641–668) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD64F13htm_Phausta_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ17318html_Phusta_(#6119)]-127">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(wife_of_Constantine_IV)" title="Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)">Anastasia</a> Αναστασία </td> <td>September 668 (?) – July 685 (16 years and 6 months?) </td> <td>Still alive during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a>; not recorded as augusta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 668–685) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD02F25htm_Anastasia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ11310html_Anastasia_(#228)]-128">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Justinian_II)" title="Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)">Eudokia</a> Ευδοκία </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 685 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 695 (10 years?) </td> <td>Possibly dead by 695, not recorded as augusta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 685–695; 705–711) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD24F60htm_Eudokia_8]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12728html_(#1624)]-129">[116]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty_Years'_Anarchy_(695–717)">Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">— </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">Unknown name </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 695 – 698 (?) (c. 3 years) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">Nothing known </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><a href="/wiki/Leontios" class="mw-redirect" title="Leontios">Leontius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 695–698) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230-130">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">— </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">Unknown name </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 698 – 705 (?) (c. 7 years) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">Nothing known </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 698–705) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230-130">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora of Khazaria</a> Θεοδώρα </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 21 August 705 – 4 November 711 (c. 6 years, 2 months and 14 days) </td> <td>The first foreign-born empress. Sister of <a href="/wiki/Busir" title="Busir">Busir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a>. Became Justinian's second wife during his exile in 703; crowned<a href="#cite_note-131">[n]</a> alongside her son <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a> in 705. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 685–695; 705–711) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085,_2084DIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20211203155245httpwwwroman-emperorsorgtheodoiihtm_Theodora]Grierson196250–51-132">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">— </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">Unknown name </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 711 – 713 (?) (c. 2 years) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">Nothing known </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><a href="/wiki/Philippikos_Bardanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippikos Bardanes">Philippicus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 711–713) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230-130">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_(wife_of_Anastasios_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irene (wife of Anastasios II) (page does not exist)">Irene</a> Ειρήνη </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 713 – 715 (c. 2 years) </td> <td>Little information recorded other than her name </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasios II">Anastasius II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 713–715) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230-130">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">— </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">Unknown name </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 715 – 717 (?) (c. 2 years) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;">Nothing known </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 715–717) </td> <td style="background:#EDEDED;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230-130">[117]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isaurian_dynasty_(717–802)">Isaurian dynasty (717–802)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Isaurian dynasty (717–802)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="15%">Name </th> <th width="24%">Tenure </th> <th width="35%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="16%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Leo_III)" title="Maria (wife of Leo III)">Maria</a> Μαρία </td> <td>25 March 717 – 18 June 741 (?) (24 years, 2 months and 24 days?) </td> <td>Of Syrian origin, crowned on 25 December 718; nothing else known. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 717–741) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F57htm_Maria_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15891html_Maria_(#4723)]-133">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tzitzak" title="Tzitzak">Tzitzak Irene</a> Εἰρήνη </td> <td>733 – 750 (17 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bihar_(Khazar)" title="Bihar (Khazar)">Bihar of Khazaria</a>. Not much known except that she opposed the iconoclasm of her husband; died shortly after <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a>'s birth </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>  (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 741–775)<a href="#cite_note-134">[o]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD23F11htm_Eirene_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12535html_Eirene_(#1437)]-135">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Maria (wife of Constantine V)">Maria</a> Μαρία </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 751 – 752 (c. 1 year) </td> <td>A very short marriage. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F55htm_Maria_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15893html_Maria_(#4725)]-136">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Eudokia (wife of Constantine V)">Eudokia</a> Ευδοκία </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 753 – 14 September 775 (?) (c. 22 years?) </td> <td>Already married by November 764, crowned on 1 April 769; fate unknown. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD24F53htm_Eudokia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12730html_Eudokia_(#1626)]-137">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_(wife_of_Artabasdos)" title="Anna (wife of Artabasdos)">Anna</a> Άννα </td> <td>June 741 – 2 November 743 (2 years and 5 months) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>, married Artabasdos in 717. Banished after her husband's failed coup; not recorded as <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 741–743) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD04F05htm_Anna_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ11528html_Anna_(#443)]-138">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:Irene_solidus_sb_1599_(obverse)_(cropped_4to3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29_%28cropped_4to3%29.jpg/100px-Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29_%28cropped_4to3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29_%28cropped_4to3%29.jpg/150px-Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29_%28cropped_4to3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29_%28cropped_4to3%29.jpg/200px-Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29_%28cropped_4to3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a> Εἰρήνη </td> <td rowspan="3">3 November 769 – 31 October 802 (33 years lacking 3 days) </td> <td rowspan="3"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 752 – 9 August 803 (aged approx. 51) <hr />A member of the <a href="/wiki/Sarantapechos" title="Sarantapechos">Sarantapechos</a> family; <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">crowned</a> on 17 December 769. Became de facto ruler after Leo's death as her son's regent. Ended the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">First iconoclasm</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787. She took full power after deposing and blinding her son on 19 August 797. She was herself deposed and banished in 802, later dying of natural causes. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a>  (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 775–780)<a href="#cite_note-139">[p]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Garland199973–94-140">[124]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD23F09htm_Eirene_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12537html_Eirene_(#1439)]-141">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#7FFFD4;">Empress co-regent 780–797<a href="#cite_note-143">[q]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#7FFFD4;">Empress regnant 797–802 </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria of Amnia</a> Μαρία </td> <td>November 788 – January 795 (6 years and 2 months) </td> <td>Grand-daughter of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Philaretos" title="Saint Philaretos">Saint Philaretos</a>; born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 773. She was forced to become a nun. Died sometime after 824. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 780–797) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F56htm_Maria_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15895html_Maria_(#4727)]-144">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodote_(empress)" title="Theodote (empress)">Theodote</a> Θεοδότη </td> <td>September 795 – 19 August 797 (1 year and 11 months) </td> <td>Cousin of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Saint Theodore the Studite</a>; originally a <a href="/wiki/Koubikoularia" class="mw-redirect" title="Koubikoularia">koubikoularia</a>, she was crowned in August 795. Deposed by Irene. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD78F07htm_Theodote_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19150html_Theodote_(#7899)]-145">[128]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikephorian_dynasty_(802–813)">Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wife_of_Nikephoros_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wife_of_Nikephoros_I.png/100px-Wife_of_Nikephoros_I.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wife_of_Nikephoros_I.png/150px-Wife_of_Nikephoros_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wife_of_Nikephoros_I.png/200px-Wife_of_Nikephoros_I.png 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="322" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">Unknown name<a href="#cite_note-148">[r]</a> </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">— </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;">Unmentioned in literary sources, most certainly dead before Nikephoros became emperor </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 802–811) </td> <td style="background:#EBEBEB;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230Niavis198483-146">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theophano_of_Athens" title="Theophano of Athens">Theophano of Athens</a> Θεοφανώ </td> <td>20 December 807 – 2 October 811 (3 years, 9 months and 12 days) </td> <td>A relative of <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a>, considered as a candidate for the throne after Staurakios' defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a>, retired as a nun alongside him; not recorded as augusta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 811) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD80F03htm_Theophano_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19426html_Theophano_(#8164)]-149">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a> Προκοπία </td> <td>2 October 811 – 11 July 813 (1 year, 9 months and 9 days) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> and sister of emperor <a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a>; retired as a nun </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 811–813) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD65F99htm_Prokopia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ17552html_Prokopia_(#6351)]-150">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosia_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Theodosia_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpeg/100px-Theodosia_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Theodosia_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpeg/150px-Theodosia_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Theodosia_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="272" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodosia_(wife_of_Leo_V)" title="Theodosia (wife of Leo V)">Theodosia</a> Θεοδοσία </td> <td>11 July 813 – 25 December 820 (7 years, 5 months and 14 days) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Arsaber" title="Arsaber">Arsaber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a> and rival emperor in 808. Become a nun after the murder of her husband; retained several of her privileges </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 813–820) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD77F25htm_Theodosia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19038html_Theodosia_(#7790)]-151">[133]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amorian_dynasty_(820–867)">Amorian dynasty (820–867)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Amorian dynasty (820–867)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(wife_of_Michael_II)" title="Thekla (wife of Michael II)">Thekla</a> Θέκλα </td> <td>25 December 820 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 824 (c. 4 years) </td> <td>Daughter of the rebel <a href="/wiki/Bardanes_Tourkos" title="Bardanes Tourkos">Bardanes Tourkos</a>. Died some years after Michael's accession. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 820–829) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F36htm_Thekla_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18489html_Thekla_(#7259)]-152">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a> Εὐφροσύνη </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 824 – 2 October 829 (c. 6 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria</a>, became a nun after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a>, but was later recalled and married Michael, perhaps at the age of 50. Still alive by 836. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD25F21htm_Euphrosyne_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18489html_Thekla_(#7259)]-153">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped2%29.jpg/98px-Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped2%29.jpg/146px-Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Theodora_in_the_Madrid_Skylitzes2_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="321" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora the Armenian</a> Θεοδώρα </td> <td rowspan="2">5 June 830 – 15 March 856 (25 years, 9 months and 10 days) </td> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 815 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 867 (aged approx. 52) <hr />Became de facto ruler on 20 January 842, as regent of her infant son <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a>. Ended the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Second iconoclasm</a> in 843. Deposed and exiled by her son after forcing him to marry <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a>. They both reconciled shortly before Michael's death. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 829–842) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038PBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F51htm_Theodora_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18519html_Theodora_(#7286)]-154">[136]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199995–108-155">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#7FFFD4;"> Empress co-regent 842–856<a href="#cite_note-er-156">[s]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v_(Thekla_copped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v_%28Thekla_copped%29.jpg/98px-MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v_%28Thekla_copped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v_%28Thekla_copped%29.jpg/148px-MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v_%28Thekla_copped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v_%28Thekla_copped%29.jpg/197px-MadridSkylitzesDaughtersOfTheodoraFol44v_%28Thekla_copped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="262" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla the Younger</a> Θέκλα </td> <td>842 – 15 March 856 (14 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a>, named augusta alongside her sisters Anna and Anastasia. Appeared to have been associated to the imperial office with an even higher status than Michael. She later became a mistress to <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>, but was sidelined after he married. </td> <td style="background:#baddff;">Co-empress 842–856 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F35htm_Thekla_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18491html_Thekla_(#7261)]-157">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eudokia_Dekapolitissa,_wife_of_Michael_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa%2C_wife_of_Michael_III.png/100px-Eudokia_Dekapolitissa%2C_wife_of_Michael_III.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa%2C_wife_of_Michael_III.png/150px-Eudokia_Dekapolitissa%2C_wife_of_Michael_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa%2C_wife_of_Michael_III.png/200px-Eudokia_Dekapolitissa%2C_wife_of_Michael_III.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="319" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a> Ευδοκία Δεκαπολίτισσα </td> <td>855 – 24 September 867 (12 years) </td> <td>Forced to marry Michael III, who was in love with <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a>; fate unknown. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 842–867) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD24F55htm_Eudokia_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12735html_Eudokia_Dekapolitissa_(#1631)]-158">[139]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macedonian_dynasty_(867–1056)">Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eudoxia-sb1703_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eudoxia-sb1703_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Eudoxia-sb1703_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Eudoxia-sb1703_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="197" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a> Ευδοκία Ιγγερίνα </td> <td>26 May 866 – 882 (16 years) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 840 – 882 (aged approx. 42) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Inger_(senator)" title="Inger (senator)">Inger (senator)</a>; former lover of <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>, who married her to Basil shortly before his coronation as co-emperor; not recorded as <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 867–886)<a href="#cite_note-159">[t]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739PBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD24F54htm_Eudokia_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12736html_Eudokia_Ingerina_(#1632)]-160">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Menologion_of_Basil_050_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Menologion_of_Basil_050_%28detail%29.jpg/100px-Menologion_of_Basil_050_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Menologion_of_Basil_050_%28detail%29.jpg/150px-Menologion_of_Basil_050_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Menologion_of_Basil_050_%28detail%29.jpg/200px-Menologion_of_Basil_050_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="291" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theophano_Martinakia" title="Theophano Martinakia">Theophano Martinakia</a> Θεοφανώ Μαρτινιακή </td> <td>883 – 893 (14 years) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 867 – 10 November 897 (aged approx. 30) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Martinakios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Martinakios (page does not exist)">Constantine Martinakios</a>; died young. She is venerated as a Saint </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 886–912)<a href="#cite_note-161">[u]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2064PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19427html_Theophano_(#8165)]-162">[141]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumel1936-163">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Zaoutzaina" title="Zoe Zaoutzaina">Zoe Zaoutzaina</a> Ζωὴ Ζαούτζαινα </td> <td>late 898 – early 899 (1 year and 8 months) </td> <td>Possibly a lover of Leo, said to have poisoned her former husband, Theodoros Guniatzitzes. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30660html_Zoe_Zautzina_(#28505)]-164">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ba%C3%AFana" title="Eudokia Baïana">Eudokia Baïana</a> Εὐδοκία Βαϊανή </td> <td>Summer 900 – 12 April 901 (1 year) </td> <td>Married Leo after the death of Zoe. Died during childbirth </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ23912html_Eudokia_Baïane_(#21759)]-165">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_VII_with_Zoe_(reverse)_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Solidus_of_Constantine_VII_with_Zoe_%28reverse%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg/100px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VII_with_Zoe_%28reverse%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Solidus_of_Constantine_VII_with_Zoe_%28reverse%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg/150px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VII_with_Zoe_%28reverse%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Solidus_of_Constantine_VII_with_Zoe_%28reverse%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg/200px-Solidus_of_Constantine_VII_with_Zoe_%28reverse%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="723" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Karbonopsina" title="Zoe Karbonopsina">Zoe Karbonopsina</a> Ζωὴ </td> <td>9 January 906 – 11 May 912 (5 years, 4 months and 2 days) </td> <td>A relative of writer <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Himerios_(admiral)" title="Himerios (admiral)">Himerios</a>, originally a concubine of Leo. She was expelled after Leo's death, but returned and deposed the regency of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mystikos" title="Nicholas Mystikos">Patriarch Nicholas</a> in February/March 914, ruling on behalf of her son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>. She was sidelined after the rise of <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I</a> in 919 and was forced to become a nun. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2228PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30661html_Zoe_Karbonopsina_(#28506)]-166">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>Unknown name </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 912 – 913 (?) </td> <td>Nothing known </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 912–913) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230-130">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Helena_Lekapene_(Madrid_Skylitzes).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Helena_Lekapene_%28Madrid_Skylitzes%29.png/99px-Helena_Lekapene_%28Madrid_Skylitzes%29.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Helena_Lekapene_%28Madrid_Skylitzes%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="169" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a> Ἑλένη Λεκαπηνή </td> <td>4 May 919 – 9 November 959 (40 years, 6 months and 5 days) </td> <td>April 907 – 19 September 961 (aged 54) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Romanos_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Romanos I)">Theodora</a>, married shortly after Romanos' coup; crowned after Theodora's death. Became very influential in court until Constantine became sole ruler (945), later dying of an illness. The second longest-reigning empress. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 913–959) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ24727html_Helene_Lakapene_(#22574)]-167">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Romanos_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Romanos I)">Theodora</a> Θεοδώρα </td> <td>17 December 920 – 20 February 922 (1 year, 2 months and 3 days) </td> <td>The second wife of Romanos, married <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 907; crowned on 6 January 921. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 919–944) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ29757html_Theodora_(#27602)]-168">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Romanos_et_Eudoxie_(Eudoxie).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28Eudoxie%29.JPG/100px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28Eudoxie%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28Eudoxie%29.JPG/150px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28Eudoxie%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28Eudoxie%29.JPG/200px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie_%28Eudoxie%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="502" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudokia_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudokia of Italy (page does not exist)">Bertha Eudokia</a> Εὐδοκία </td> <td>945 – 949 (4 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh of Italy</a>, born as "Bertha". Betrothed to Romanos II in September 944, she died in 949, aged no more than 10 years old. She is not recorded as <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 959–963)<a href="#cite_note-169">[v]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ23309html_Berta-Eudokia_(#21156)]-170">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Theophano_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Theophano_crop.png/100px-Theophano_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Theophano_crop.png 1.5x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="135" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Anastaso Theophano</a> Θεοφανώ </td> <td rowspan="2">955/6 – 11 December 969 (13–14 years)<a href="#cite_note-171">[w]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 940 – c. 980 (?) (aged approx. 40) <hr />Daughter of Krateros and Maria. Married <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II</a> on 20 September 963, shortly after his coup. <a href="/wiki/Skylitzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylitzes">Skylitzes</a> accuses her of poisoning Romanos, but this seems to be a later invention, as <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Deacon" title="Leo the Deacon">Leo the Deacon</a> states that he died of an illness. She did, however, conspire with <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John Tzimiskes</a> to murder Nikephoros. She is last mentioned in 978. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 959–963)<a href="#cite_note-172">[x]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999126–135-173">[149]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30280html_Theophano_(#28125)]-174">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 963–969) </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(daughter_of_Constantine_VII)" title="Theodora (daughter of Constantine VII)">Theodora</a> Θεοδώρα </td> <td>November 970 – 10 January 976 (?) (5 years and 2 months) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a>; born in the late 930s. Almost nothing known. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 969–976) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ29759html_Theodora_(#_27604)]-175">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helena_(daughter_of_Alypius)" title="Helena (daughter of Alypius)">Helena</a> Ελένη </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 976 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 989 (?) (about 13 years?) </td> <td>Daughter of Alypius; not recorded as augusta. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1025–1028)<a href="#cite_note-176">[y]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ24731html_Helene_(#22578)]-177">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/100px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/150px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/200px-Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="901" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe Porphyrogenita</a> Ζωὴ </td> <td rowspan="4">12 November 1028 – 1050 (22 years) </td> <td rowspan="4">c. 978 – 1050 (aged approx. 72) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a>, probably ordered the murder of Romanos III. Ruled in her own right alongside <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a> from <a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a>'s deposition until her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX</a> (21 April–11 June 1042). After this she had little involvement in politics, later dying of natural causes. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1028–34) </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2228-178">[153]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999136–160-179">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1034–1041) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#7FFFD4;">Empress regnant 1042 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1042–1055) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown-2.jpg/99px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown-2.jpg/149px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown-2.jpg/199px-Theodora_Porphyrogenita_crown-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="514" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora Porphyrogenita</a> Θεοδώρα </td> <td rowspan="3">21 April 1042 – 31 August 1056 (14 years, 4 months and 10 days) </td> <td rowspan="3">c. 980 – 31 August 1056 (aged approx. 76) <hr />Sister of <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a>, proclaimed co-empress during the revolt that deposed <a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a> in 1042. Sidelined after Zoë's marriage to Constantine IX, returned as <a href="/wiki/Empress_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress regnant">empress regnant</a> after the latter's death on 11 January 1055. Died of natural causes shortly after appointing <a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI</a> as her successor. </td> <td style="background:#7FFFD4;">Empress regnant 1042 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038-180">[155]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999161–167-181">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#baddff;">Co-empress 1042–1055 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#7FFFD4;">Empress regnant 1055–1056 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bulgaria" title="Catherine of Bulgaria">Catherine of Bulgaria</a> Αἰκατερίνη </td> <td>1 September 1057 – 22 November 1059 (2 years, 2 months and 21 days) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vladislav_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria">Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria</a>. Retired to a monastery with the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic name">monastic name</a> "Xene" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1057–1059) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarzos198441–47-182">[157]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doukas_dynasty_(1059–1081)">Doukas dynasty (1059–1081)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Doukas dynasty (1059–1081)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait_%282%29.jpg/100px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait_%282%29.jpg/150px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait_%282%29.jpg/200px-Eudokia_Makrembolitissa_portrait_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="699" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a> Ευδοκία Μακρεμβολίτισσα </td> <td rowspan="3">23 November 1059 – November 1071 (12 years) </td> <td rowspan="3">Daughter of John Makrembolites and niece of <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Patriarch Michael I</a>, born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1030, married Constantine <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1049; de facto ruler in 1067 on behalf of her son <a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII</a> between Constantine's death (23 November) and her marriage to Romanos (1 January). She resumed her regency in October 1071, after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Romanos' fall</a>, but was expelled and forced to become a nun. She was later recalled by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros III">Nikephoros III</a> in 1078. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1059–1067) </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739–740PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEudokia1_Eudokia_1]-183">[158]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999168–179-184">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#7FFFD4;"> Empress co-regent 1067<a href="#cite_note-er-156">[s]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1068–1071) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariam_Bagrationi_(face).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mariam_Bagrationi_%28face%29.jpg/100px-Mariam_Bagrationi_%28face%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mariam_Bagrationi_%28face%29.jpg/150px-Mariam_Bagrationi_%28face%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mariam_Bagrationi_%28face%29.jpg/200px-Mariam_Bagrationi_%28face%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="256" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a> Μαρία </td> <td rowspan="2">1066 / 1071 – 1 April 1078 (7–11 years) </td> <td rowspan="2"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1052 / 1056 – 1118 (aged 62–66) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV of Georgia</a>. Married Nikephoros shortly after the deposition of Michael VII in April 1078. Spent her last days in a Georgian monastery. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1071–1078)<a href="#cite_note-185">[z]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1298PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonMaria61_Maria_61]-186">[160]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2006-187">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1078–1081) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komnenos_dynasty_(1081–1185)">Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Irina_(_Pala_d%27Oro)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Irina_%28_Pala_d%27Oro%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Irina_%28_Pala_d%27Oro%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Irina_%28_Pala_d%27Oro%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Irina_%28_Pala_d%27Oro%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Irina_%28_Pala_d%27Oro%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Irina_%28_Pala_d%27Oro%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="410" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a> Ειρήνη Δούκαινα </td> <td>1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118 (37 years, 4 months and 14 days) </td> <td><abbr><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr></abbr> 1066 – 19 February 1138 (aged approx. 72) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(cousin_of_Michael_VII)" title="Andronikos Doukas (cousin of Michael VII)">Andronikos Doukas (cousin of Michael VII)</a>. Married Alexios <abbr><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr></abbr> 1078, crowned on 11 April 1081. Forced to retire to a monastery after the failed plot of her daughter <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> and her son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Bryennios_the_Younger" title="Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger">Nikephoros Bryennios</a>. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1081–1118) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1009PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene61_Irene_61]-188">[162]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999180–198-189">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"> </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Dalassene" title="Anna Dalassene">Anna Dalassene</a> (mother) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;">April 1081 – 1 November 1100/02 (19–21 years, as augusta) </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><abbr><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr></abbr> 1025 – 1 November 1100/02 (aged approx. 75–77) <hr />Mother of Alexios I; greatly involved in administration, although she later retired to a monastery. </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB578-190">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Irene_of_Hungary_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosaic_of_Irene_of_Hungary_%28cropped1%29.jpg/100px-Mosaic_of_Irene_of_Hungary_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosaic_of_Irene_of_Hungary_%28cropped1%29.jpg/150px-Mosaic_of_Irene_of_Hungary_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosaic_of_Irene_of_Hungary_%28cropped1%29.jpg/200px-Mosaic_of_Irene_of_Hungary_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1314" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> Ειρήνη </td> <td>1104 – 13 August 1134 (30 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I of Hungary</a>, born as "Piroska". She is venerated as a Saint. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1118–1143)<a href="#cite_note-191">[aa]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene62_Irene_62]-192">[165]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999199-193">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach" title="Bertha of Sulzbach">Bertha / Irene of Sulzbach</a> Ειρήνη </td> <td>1146 – 1159 / 1160 (13–14 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Sulzbach" title="Berengar II of Sulzbach">Berengar II of Sulzbach</a> and sister-in-law of emperor <a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III of Germany</a>. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1143–1180) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene66_Irene_66]-194">[167]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999199–201-195">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_of_Antioch_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maria_of_Antioch_01.jpg/100px-Maria_of_Antioch_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maria_of_Antioch_01.jpg/150px-Maria_of_Antioch_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maria_of_Antioch_01.jpg/200px-Maria_of_Antioch_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="682" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a> Μαρία </td> <td>25 December 1161 – 24 September 1180 (18 years and 9 months) </td> <td>1140s – late 1182 (aged approx. 35–40) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a>. Became a nun after Manuel's death under the name "Xene", but acted as de facto ruler as the regent of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II</a>. She was executed after the coup of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1298PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonMaria63_Maria_63]-196">[169]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999201–209-197">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnes_of_France_(Vat.gr.1851_folio_7r).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Agnes_of_France_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_7r%29.jpg/100px-Agnes_of_France_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_7r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Agnes_of_France_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_7r%29.jpg/150px-Agnes_of_France_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_7r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Agnes_of_France_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_7r%29.jpg/200px-Agnes_of_France_%28Vat.gr.1851_folio_7r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="345" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes / Anna of France</a> Άννα </td> <td rowspan="2">2 March 1180 – 12 September 1185 (5 years, 6 months and 10 days)<a href="#cite_note-198">[ab]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a>, born in 1171. Forced to marry <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I</a>, who was over 60, shortly after the murder of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II</a> in September 1183. She became a subject of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204 and married <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Branas" title="Theodore Branas">Theodore Branas</a>. Not recorded as <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1180–1183) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB37,_64,_94PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonAgnes101_Agnes_101]-199">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1183–1185) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angelos_dynasty_(1185–1204)">Angelos dynasty (1185–1204)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Angelos dynasty (1185–1204)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Picture </th> <th width="20%">Name </th> <th width="22%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="18%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary" title="Margaret of Hungary">Margaret of Hungary</a> Μαρία </td> <td>early 1186 – 8 April 1195 (9 years) <hr />19 July 1203 – 27 Jan. 1204 (6 months and 8 days) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III of Hungary</a>; born in 1175. Married Crusader <a href="/wiki/Boniface_I,_Marquis_of_Montferrat" title="Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat">Boniface</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a>, becoming queen of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thessalonica" title="Kingdom of Thessalonica">Kingdom of Thessalonica</a>. Not recorded as <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1185–1195; 1203–1204) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999224-200">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Euphrysyne_Doukaina_(wife_of_Alexios_III).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_Euphrysyne_Doukaina_%28wife_of_Alexios_III%29.png/100px-Seal_of_Euphrysyne_Doukaina_%28wife_of_Alexios_III%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_Euphrysyne_Doukaina_%28wife_of_Alexios_III%29.png/150px-Seal_of_Euphrysyne_Doukaina_%28wife_of_Alexios_III%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_Euphrysyne_Doukaina_%28wife_of_Alexios_III%29.png/200px-Seal_of_Euphrysyne_Doukaina_%28wife_of_Alexios_III%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="472" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera</a> Ευφροσύνη Δούκαινα Καματηρά </td> <td>8 April 1195 – 18 July 1203 (8 years, 3 months and 10 days) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Kamateros" title="Andronikos Kamateros">Andronikos Kamateros</a> and relative of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Doukas_(Caesar)" title="John Doukas (Caesar)">John Doukas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenoi</a>. Effectively ruled the Empire on behalf of her husband. She was captured by the Crusaders in 1204, but was later released in 1209/10. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1195–1203) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999210–224-201">[173]</a> <hr /><a href="#cite_note-202">[174]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laskaris_dynasty_(1205–1258;_Nicaea)">Laskaris dynasty (1205–1258; Nicaea)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Laskaris dynasty (1205–1258; Nicaea)">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Note: Roman rule in Constantinople was interrupted with the capture of the city by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204. Though the crusaders created a new line of <a href="/wiki/Latin_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin emperor">Latin emperors</a> in the city, modern historians recognize the line of emperors of the Laskaris dynasty, reigning in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, as the legitimate Roman emperors during this period as the Nicene Empire eventually retook Constantinople. For the other lines of empresses, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Byzantine_successor_states" title="List of empresses of the Byzantine successor states">List of empresses of the Byzantine successor states</a>.</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> on her seal, but it is not known if the honorific was used by other empresses too. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Picture </th> <th width="20%">Name </th> <th width="21%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a> Άννα Κομνηνή Αγγελίνα </td> <td>1205 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1212 (7 years or less) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne</a>; died a few years after the marriage. </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1205–1221) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelov2019xv-203">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Armenia" title="Philippa of Armenia">Philippa of Armenia</a> Φιλίππα </td> <td>1214 – 1216 (2 years) </td> <td>Cousin of <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo I of Armenia</a>. A troubled marriage that ended in divorce and with Theodore even disinheriting his son. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelov201932-204">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Courtenay" title="Maria of Courtenay">Maria of Courtenay</a> Μαρία </td> <td>1219 – November 1221 (2 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Latin_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin emperor">Latin emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Courtenay" title="Peter II of Courtenay">Peter</a>. Became regent of her younger brother <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin II, Latin Emperor">Baldwin II</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_empresses" title="List of Latin empresses">Latin empress</a> in 1228, but died shortly after. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelov201932Bellinger1999544-205">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Irene_Laskarina_seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_Laskarina_seal.png/100px-Irene_Laskarina_seal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_Laskarina_seal.png/150px-Irene_Laskarina_seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_Laskarina_seal.png/200px-Irene_Laskarina_seal.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="746" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a> Ειρήνη Κομνηνή (Λασκαρίνα) </td> <td>December 1221 – Summer 1240 (19 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a>. She married <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Palaiologos_(son-in-law_of_Theodore_I)" title="Andronikos Palaiologos (son-in-law of Theodore I)">Andronikos Palaiologos</a> in February 1216, but he died shortly after. Irene should have married John very soon after, for <a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II</a> was born in 1221. She had an accident after his birth and retired under the monastic name "Eugenia". </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1221–1254) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurata2021-206">[178]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007148–150-207">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Anna of Hohenstaufen">Anna of Hohenstaufen</a> Άννα </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1240 – 3 November 1254 (approx. 14 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, born as "Constance". Married John sometime before May 1241; died in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> (Spain) in 1307. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007275-208">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elena_Asenina_of_Bulgaria" title="Elena Asenina of Bulgaria">Elena Asenina of Bulgaria</a> Ἑλένη </td> <td>Spring 1235 – 1252 (17 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria</a>, born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1224. Theodore was most probably proclaimed emperor during the marriage. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1254–1258)<a href="#cite_note-209">[ac]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen1213mode2upviewtheater_Helene_(#6000)]-210">[181]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2013412Angelov2019128–9-211">[182]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaiologos_dynasty_(1259–1439)">Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1439)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Palaiologos dynasty (1259–1439)">edit</a>]</div> The honorific <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (title)">augusta</a> appears on the seals of <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Theodora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Yolande-Irene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Rita-Maria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200432–34-212">[183]</a> as well as on a miniature depicting <a href="/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1" title="Helena Dragaš">Helena Dragaš</a>. Given that no seals or documents of other empresses have survived, it is not known if all of them used the title, although it's most likely they did. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="7%">Picture </th> <th width="16%">  Name<a href="#cite_note-213">[ad]</a> </th> <th width="25%">Tenure </th> <th width="30%">Life details & notes </th> <th width="19%">Emperor </th> <th width="3%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_and_family_(Theodora).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_and_family_%28Theodora%29.jpg/100px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_and_family_%28Theodora%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_and_family_%28Theodora%29.jpg/150px-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_and_family_%28Theodora%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos_and_family_%28Theodora%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="226" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Theodora Palaiologina</a> Θεοδώρα Δούκαινα Κομνηνή Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>1 January 1259 – 11 December 1282 (23 years and 10 days) </td> <td>Granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="Isaac Doukas Vatatzes">Isaac Doukas Vatatzes</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Nicaean_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaean emperor">Nicaean emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes">John III</a>. Married Michael in 1253/4, crowned again in Constantinople after <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">its reconquest</a> in 1261. Died on 4 March 1303 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1259–1282) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen1145mode2upviewtheater_Dukas_Isaakios_(#5691)];_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3871mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina,_Theodora_Doukaina_Komnene_(#21380)]_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen1145mode2upviewtheater_Dukas_Isaakios_(#5691)];_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3871mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina,_Theodora_Doukaina_Komnene_(#21380)]-214">[184]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1992-215">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)">Anna of Hungary</a> Άννα Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>8 November 1272 –1281 (9 years) </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1260 – 1281 (aged approx. 21) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V_of_Hungary" title="Stephen V of Hungary">Stephen V of Hungary</a>, also a great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> through her mother. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1282–1328)<a href="#cite_note-216">[ae]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3857mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Anna_(#21347)_(#21348)_(#21349)]-217">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Violante_of_Montferrat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Violante_of_Montferrat.png/100px-Violante_of_Montferrat.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Violante_of_Montferrat.png/150px-Violante_of_Montferrat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Violante_of_Montferrat.png/200px-Violante_of_Montferrat.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="384" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Yolande / Irene of Montferrat</a> Ειρήνη Κομνηνή Δούκαινα Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>1284 / 1289 – 1317 (28–33 years) </td> <td>1272/1273 – 1317 (aged 44 or 45) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/William_VII,_Marquis_of_Montferrat" title="William VII, Marquis of Montferrat">William VII of Montferrat</a> and granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a>. Proposed the idea of splitting the realm between her sons, but this was rejected by Andronikos and she retired to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3863mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_Komnene_Dukaina_(#21361)]-218">[187]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19941010,_48–58-219">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rita_of_Armenia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rita_of_Armenia.png/100px-Rita_of_Armenia.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rita_of_Armenia.png/150px-Rita_of_Armenia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rita_of_Armenia.png/200px-Rita_of_Armenia.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="381" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Rita / Maria of Armenia</a> Μαρία Δούκαινα Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>1296 – 12 October 1320 (24 years) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Leo_II,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo II, King of Armenia">Leo II of Armenia</a>. Became a nun and died on June/July 1333 under the monastic name "Xene". </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1294–1320) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3875mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Maria_Dukaina_(#21394)]-220">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Brunswick" title="Irene of Brunswick">Irene of Brunswick</a> Ειρήνη Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>23 October 1317 – 16 August 1324 (6 years, 10 months less 7 days) </td> <td>c. 1293 – 16 August 1324 (aged approx. 31) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Grubenhagen" title="Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen">Henry I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen</a>. Died of an illness on her way back to Constantinople. </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1328–1341)<a href="#cite_note-221">[af]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3861mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_(#21356)_(#21357)_(#21358)]-222">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_of_Savoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Anna_of_Savoy.jpg/100px-Anna_of_Savoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Anna_of_Savoy.jpg/150px-Anna_of_Savoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Anna_of_Savoy.jpg/200px-Anna_of_Savoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="875" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a> Άννα Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>October 1326 – 15 June 1341 (14 years and 8 months) </td> <td>c. 1306 – 1365/6 (aged approx. 58–59) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VI,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy">Amadeus VI of Savoy</a>. Became de facto ruler after Andronikos' death, as regent of the infant <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V</a>. The regency was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI</a> in 1347, but she was allowed to have her own court at <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a>. Died years later under the monastic name "Anastasia". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3857mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Anna_(#21347)_(#21348)_(#21349)]-217">[186]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199482–95-223">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_Asanina" title="Irene Asanina">Irene Asanina</a> Εἰρήνη Καντακουζηνή (Ἀσανίνα) </td> <td>8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354 (7 years, 10 months and 2 days) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Asen" title="Andronikos Asen">Andronikos Asen</a> and granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina,_Empress_of_Bulgaria" title="Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria">Irene Palaiologina</a>, married John in 1318, proclaimed empress alongside him in October 1341. She had an active role in military affairs, even commanding the defenses of Constantinople twice. She retired to a monastery alongside her husband under the name "Eugenia", dying sometime before 1379. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1347–1354) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen2033mode2upviewtheater_Kantakuzene_Eirene_(#10935)]-224">[192]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199471–81-225">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene" title="Helena Kantakouzene">Helena Kantakouzene</a> Ἑλένη Παλαιολογίνα (Καντακουζηνή) </td> <td>28 May 1347 – 12 August 1376 (29 years, 3 months and 14 days) <hr />May 1381 – 16 February 1391 (9 years and 9 month)<a href="#cite_note-226">[ag]</a> </td> <td>1333/4 – August 1397 (aged 63–54) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irene_Asanina" title="Irene Asanina">Irene</a>, lost her title after the coup of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV</a> in 1376. <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V</a> escaped his imprisonment and regained the throne on July 1379, but Helena was taken hostage and was not released until May 1381. Became a nun and changed her name to "Hypomone". </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1341–1391) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3865mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Helene_(#21365)]-227">[194]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1968135–137-228">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Irene Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Irene Palaiologina</a> Εἰρήνη Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>February 1354 – December 1357 (3 years and 10 months) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_(son_of_Andronikos_II)" title="Demetrios Palaiologos (son of Andronikos II)">Demetrios Palaiologos (son of Andronikos II)</a>. Capture alongside Matthew and delivered to <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V</a>; probably lived in retirement with her husband. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew Kantakouzenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1353–1357) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3861mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_(#21356)_(#21357)_(#21358)]-222">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Keratsa_of_Bulgaria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria.png/100px-Keratsa_of_Bulgaria.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria.png/150px-Keratsa_of_Bulgaria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria.png/200px-Keratsa_of_Bulgaria.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="586" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria" title="Keratsa of Bulgaria">Keratsa / Maria of Bulgaria</a> Μαρία (Παλαιολογίνα) </td> <td>spring 1356 – 30 May 1373 (17 years) <hr />12 August 1376 – 28 June 1385 (8 years, 10 months and 16 days)<a href="#cite_note-229">[ah]</a> </td> <td>1346 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 (aged approx. 54) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Alexander_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria">Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria</a>, betrothed on 17 August 1355. She was captured alongside Andronikos following his failed rebellion in 1373. Andronikos escaped and deposed his father in 1376, but was deposed on 1 July 1379 and forced to flee. Their imperial status was re-acknowledged in May 1381. She became a nun under the monastic name of "Mathissa". </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1376–1379)<a href="#cite_note-230">[ai]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3033mode2upviewtheater_Maria_(#16891)]-231">[196]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Helena_Dragas_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Helena_Dragas_crop.png/100px-Helena_Dragas_crop.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Helena_Dragas_crop.png/150px-Helena_Dragas_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Helena_Dragas_crop.png/200px-Helena_Dragas_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="329" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1" title="Helena Dragaš">Helena Dragaš</a> Ἑλένη Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>February 1392 – 21 July 1425 (33 years and 5 months) </td> <td>Daughter of magnate <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Draga%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Dragaš">Konstantin Dragaš</a>, arrived in Constantinople in December 1391, during Manuel's travels in the West. She ruled as regent between the death of her son <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII</a> (31 Oct. 1448) and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI</a> (12 March 1449). Died on 23 March 1450. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1391–1425) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3865mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Helene_(#21366)]-232">[197]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999227-233">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gattilusio" title="Irene Gattilusio">Irene Gattilusio</a> Εἰρήνη Παλαιολογίνα (Γατελούζου) </td> <td>late 1403 – 22 September 1408 (5 years, in Thessalonica) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_of_Lesbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco II of Lesbos">Francesco II of Lesbos</a>, married in July 1397. Died as a nun under the monastic name "Eugenia" on 1 January 1440. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1390; 1403–1408)<a href="#cite_note-234">[aj]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3861mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_(#21356)_(#21357)_(#21358)]-222">[190]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1977-235">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3,_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="743" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Moscow" title="Anna of Moscow">Anna / Irene of Moscow</a> Εἰρήνη Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>1414 – August 1417 (3 year) </td> <td>1403 – August 1417 (aged 14) <hr />Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I of Moscow</a>, betrothed by 1411; died young. </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1425–1448)<a href="#cite_note-236">[ak]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3857mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Anna_(#21347)_(#21348)_(#21349)]-217">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Montferrat" title="Sophia of Montferrat">Sophia of Montferrat</a> Σοφία (Παλαιολογίνα) </td> <td>19 January 1421 – August 1426 (5 years and 7 months) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore II of Montferrat">Theodore II of Montferrat</a>, she was disliked because of her appearance and thus lived in isolation. She divorced John and returned to Italy, where she died on 21 August 1434. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen4753mode2upviewtheater_Sophia_(#26389)]-237">[200]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Comnena_Greek_Princess_Trebizond_by_Pisanello.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maria_Comnena_Greek_Princess_Trebizond_by_Pisanello.JPG/100px-Maria_Comnena_Greek_Princess_Trebizond_by_Pisanello.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maria_Comnena_Greek_Princess_Trebizond_by_Pisanello.JPG/150px-Maria_Comnena_Greek_Princess_Trebizond_by_Pisanello.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maria_Comnena_Greek_Princess_Trebizond_by_Pisanello.JPG/200px-Maria_Comnena_Greek_Princess_Trebizond_by_Pisanello.JPG 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="412" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Trebizond" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Trebizond">Maria of Trebizond</a> Μαρία Κομνηνή Καντακουζηνή Παλαιολογίνα </td> <td>September 1427 – 17 December 1439 (12 years and 3 months) </td> <td>Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV of Trebizond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Kantakouzene_(wife_of_Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond)" title="Theodora Kantakouzene (wife of Alexios IV of Trebizond)">Theodora Kantakouzene</a>, arrived in Constantinople on 30 August 1427. She became a nun shortly before her death in 1439, adopting the monastic name "Makaria". </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3877mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina,_Maria_Komnene_Kantakuzene_(#21397)]_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3877mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina,_Maria_Komnene_Kantakuzene_(#21397)]-238">[201]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_empresses" title="List of Latin empresses">List of Latin empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Byzantine_successor_states" title="List of empresses of the Byzantine successor states">List of empresses of the Byzantine successor states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_royal_consorts" title="List of Greek royal consorts">List of Greek royal consorts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Her full name is disputed; <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> calls her "Livia Orestilla", but <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> and later historians call her "Cornelia Orestina". See <a href="#CITEREFKajava1984">Kajava 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Divorced "within a few days" according to Suetonius, but "before two months had elapsed" according to Dio. The latter figure may actually refer to the period between the divorce and her exile, which was two years according to Suetonius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajava1984-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Suetonius states that Caligula divorced Paulina "in a short time". Dio explains that Caesonia was Caligulas' mistress and that she got pregnant during this time. Suetonius writes that Caesonia married on the same day she gave birth, while Dio states that she married one month before giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-Su-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-dio-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iovine-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iovine_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iovine_22-1">b</a> The <a href="/wiki/Feriale_Duranum" title="Feriale Duranum">Feriale Duranum</a> records the birthday of "Faustina wife of Antoninus" as 20/22 September. However, it's not possible to determine if this refers to Faustina I, wife of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Titus Aelius Antoninus Pius</a>, or Faustina II, wife of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIovine2018-21">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> was named co-emperor in 177, at the age of 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> was named co-emperor in 198, still less than 10 years old. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Empresses during the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> often adopted their husband's nomen after their marriage. Diocletian's daughter Valeria thus became "<a href="/wiki/Galeria_Valeria" title="Galeria Valeria">Galeria Valeria</a>" upon her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 317, give her name as "Albia (?) Dominica", but does not elaborate. This name is not mentioned by the PLRE or other sources. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> was crowned co-emperor in 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Empress after <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a> adopted "Aelia" as a title, which was then shown in their coinage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonMays19927-83">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Flaccilla is called "Flavia" in a few inscriptions. She probably adopted the name following the accession of her husband, who also used "Flavius" as part of his nomenclature. Emperors after the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a> were often addressed as "Flavius", but it was used as an honorific rather than a personal name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1988-85">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> continued to claim the imperial title in exile until May 480. He was apparently recognized by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zeno">Emperor Zeno</a>, but held no real power. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Byzantine_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)">Constantine III</a> was crowned co-emperor in 613. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Empresses were proclaimed augusta at their coronation. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> was crowned co-emperor in 720. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a> was crowned co-emperor in 751. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> She acted as de facto empress-regnant during almost all of Constantine VI's reign. She was banished in December 791, but was recalled and proclaimed empress (and in practice co-ruler) a month later, on 15 January 792.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–94-142">[126]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> The name and background of Nikephoros I's wife is not given in any primary source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230Niavis198483-146">[129]</a> Some modern historians mistakenly call her Prokopia, out of confusion with her daughter (and later also empress) <a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20190801231441httpwwwroman-emperorsorgstaurichtm_Staurakios_(A.D._811)]-147">[130]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-er-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-er_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-er_156-1">b</a> De facto empress regnant. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> was crowned co-emperor in 866. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a> was crowned co-emperor in 870. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a> was crowned co-emperor in 945. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> She stopped being empress for 6 months in 963, between the death of Romanos II (15 March) and her marriage to Nikephoros II (20 September). </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a> was crowned co-emperor in 945. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a> was crowned co-emperor in 962. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII</a> was crowned co-emperor in 1060. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II</a> was crowned co-emperor in 1092. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> She stopped being empress for a few months in 1183. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II</a> was proclaimed co-emperor in 1235, but was never crowned. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Some Palaiologan empresses displayed over-complicated surnames, probably as an imitation of their husband's (although theirs were justified by their long ancestry, see <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree of Byzantine emperors</a>). The full surname of the Palaiologan emperors was "Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos". </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II</a> was crowned co-emperor on 8 November 1272. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III</a> was proclaimed co-emperor around 1310, but not crowned until 1325. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> A total reign of 39 years a few weeks; just some months behind <a href="/wiki/Empress_Ariadne" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Ariadne">Empress Ariadne</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> A total reign of 25 years and about 10 months. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV</a> was proclaiemd co-emperor in 1352. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII</a> was proclaimed co-emperor in 1377. He deposed his father in 1390, but was quickly defeated. He was released and ruled as regent during Manuel's absence (1399–1403), although it's not clear whether he ruled as "emperor". He was expelled from Constantinople as soon as Manuel returned, but was appointed "Emperor of Thessalonica" soon after. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII</a> was proclaimed co-emperor in or shortly before 1407, but was not crowned until 1421. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Oliver (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA534">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 534–537. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3"><bdi>978-0-19-256246-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=534-537&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-256246-3&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA09WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland19991–4-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland19991–4_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 1–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil60-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil60_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajava1984-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKajava1984_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKajava1984">Kajava 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Su-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Su_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Su_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#25">"Caligula"</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_vita_Caesarum" class="mw-redirect" title="De vita Caesarum">De vita</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caligula&rft.btitle=De+vita&rft.au=Suetonius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FSuetonius%2F12Caesars%2FCaligula%2A.html%2325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dio-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dio_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dio_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Cassius Dio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html">"Book 59"</a>. Historia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+59&rft.btitle=Historia&rft.au=Cassius+Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2F59%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil79-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil79_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil62-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil62_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil84–85-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil84–85_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil86–87-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil86–87_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil90–93-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil90–93_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 90–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil100-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil100_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi2000210–211-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi2000210–211_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVagi2000">Vagi 2000</a>, p. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil112-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil112_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil119-121-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil119-121_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 119-121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi2000231–233-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi2000231–233_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVagi2000">Vagi 2000</a>, p. 231–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil125–126-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil125–126_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIovine2018-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIovine2018_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIovine2018">Iovine 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil130-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil130_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil137-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil137_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil138-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil138_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil144-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil144_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil145_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005174-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005174_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil148-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil148_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi2000261–262-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi2000261–262_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVagi2000">Vagi 2000</a>, p. 261–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil152–153-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil152–153_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil161-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil161_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Diadumenianus*.html">"Life of Diadumenianus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Diadumenianus&rft.btitle=Historia+Augusta&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHistoria_Augusta%2FDiadumenianus%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil166–167-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil166–167_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil173-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil173_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVagi2000316-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVagi2000316_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVagi2000">Vagi 2000</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20120207095441httpwwwroman-emperorsorggordo1htm_Gordian_I_(238_A.D.)]-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20120207095441httpwwwroman-emperorsorggordo1htm_Gordian_I_(238_A.D.)]_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDIR">DIR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207095441/http://www.roman-emperors.org/gordo1.htm">Gordian I (238 A.D.)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil189-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil189_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil192_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil197_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil204-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil204_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil212-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil212_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._273-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._273_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil215-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil215_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._830-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._830_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 830. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil227-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil227_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1999109–115-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1999109–115_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1999">Watson 1999</a>, pp. 109–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._990-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._990_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 990. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._983-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._983_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 983. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252–253-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252–253_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil252–253_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 252–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._726-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._726_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 726. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil260-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil260_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._316-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._316_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._937-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._937_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._937_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 937. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil275-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil275_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._576-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._576_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 576. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil277-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil277_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._221-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._221_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._221_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._602–603-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._602–603_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, pp. 602–603. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._325–326-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._325–326_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._325–326_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, pp. 325–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil291–292-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil291–292_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil291–292_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 291–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._222Kienast304-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._222Kienast304_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, pp. 222; <a href="#CITEREFKienast">Kienast</a>, p. 304 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFKienast (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolum1989" class="citation book cs1">Holum, Kenneth G. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oq1ntYVZnt4C&pg=PA31">Theodosian Empresses</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90970-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90970-0"><bdi>978-0-520-90970-0</bdi></a>. <q>More likely, the rank of Constantina was a convenient fiction that lent weight to the temporary promotion of <a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodosian+Empresses&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-90970-0&rft.aulast=Holum&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doq1ntYVZnt4C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderspoel202042–43-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderspoel202042–43_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderspoel2020">Vanderspoel 2020</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._226-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._226_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil302-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil302_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil302_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._300–301-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._300–301_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, pp. 300–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._326-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._326_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._488–490-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._488–490_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._488–490_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, pp. 488–490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil305,_314-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil305,_314_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil305,_314_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 305, 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._409–410-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._409–410_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, pp. 409–410. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._201-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._201_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._828-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._828_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 828. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil314-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil314_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._265,_690-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._265,_690_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, pp. 265, 690. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil317-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil317_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._492-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._492_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 492. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonMays19927-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriersonMays19927_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriersonMays1992">Grierson & Mays 1992</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1988-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1988_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron1988">Cameron 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._341–342-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_pp._341–342_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, pp. 341–342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil326–327-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil326–327_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienastEckHeil326–327_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienastEckHeil">Kienast, Eck & Heil</a>, pp. 326–327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._382-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._382_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeming2005246-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeming2005246_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeming2005">Leeming 2005</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._410-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._410_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, p. 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB174,_740-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB174,_740_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 174, 740. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._558-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_1,_p._558_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 1, p. 558. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1112-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1112_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, p. 1112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._408–409-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._408–409_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, pp. 408–409. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194999/Eudocia">"Eudocia"</a>. Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eudocia&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F194999%2FEudocia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._888–889-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._888–889_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, pp. 888–889. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB818-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB818_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 818. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._568–569-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._568–569_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, pp. 568–569. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._410–412-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._410–412_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, pp. 410–412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._929–930-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._929–930_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, pp. 929–930. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1757–1758-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1757–1758_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1757–1758. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1994-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess1994_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgess1994">Burgess 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._423–424-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._423–424_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, pp. 423–424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._887-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._887_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, p. 887. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._777-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._777_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, p. 777. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1156-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1156_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, p. 1156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2160-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2160_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._140–141-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_pp._140–141_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB166–167-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB166–167_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1203-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREVol_2,_p._1203_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, Vol 2, p. 1203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._2,_pp._423-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._2,_pp._423_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, vol. 2, pp. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._1240–1241-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._1240–1241_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, vol. 3, pp. 1240–1241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199911–39-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199911–39_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 11–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._1179–1180-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._1179–1180_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, vol. 3, pp. 1179–1180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199940–58-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199940–58_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 40–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._60–61-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._60–61_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, vol. 3, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._337–339-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._337–339_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, vol. 3, pp. 337–339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_p._772-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_p._772_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, vol. 3, p. 772. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20120207031848httpwwwroman-emperorsorgfabiahtm_Fabia]-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20120207031848httpwwwroman-emperorsorgfabiahtm_Fabia]_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDIR">DIR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207031848/http://www.roman-emperors.org/fabia.htm">Fabia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199961–72-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199961–72_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 61–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._154,_838-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLREvol._3,_pp._154,_838_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLRE">PLRE</a>, vol. 3, pp. 154, 838. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaegi2003" class="citation book cs1">Kaegi, Walter E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC&pg=PA267">Heraclius</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81459-1"><bdi>978-0-521-81459-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraclius&rft.pages=267-268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81459-1&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtlNlFZ_7UhoC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20211122093023httpwwwroman-emperorsorggegoriahtm_Gregoria]-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20211122093023httpwwwroman-emperorsorggegoriahtm_Gregoria]_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDIR">DIR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122093023/http://www.roman-emperors.org/gegoria.htm">Gregoria</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD64F13htm_Phausta_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ17318html_Phusta_(#6119)]-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD64F13htm_Phausta_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ17318html_Phusta_(#6119)]_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D64/F13.htm">Phausta 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ17318/html">Phusta (#6119)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD02F25htm_Anastasia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ11310html_Anastasia_(#228)]-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD02F25htm_Anastasia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ11310html_Anastasia_(#228)]_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D02/F25.htm">Anastasia 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ11310/html">Anastasia (#228)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD24F60htm_Eudokia_8]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12728html_(#1624)]-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD24F60htm_Eudokia_8]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12728html_(#1624)]_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F60.htm">Eudokia 8</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12728/html">(#1624)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230_130-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085,_2084DIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20211203155245httpwwwroman-emperorsorgtheodoiihtm_Theodora]Grierson196250–51-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1084–1085,_2084DIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20211203155245httpwwwroman-emperorsorgtheodoiihtm_Theodora]Grierson196250–51_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 1084–1085, 2084; <a href="#CITEREFDIR">DIR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203155245/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theodoii.htm">Theodora</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGrierson1962">Grierson 1962</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F57htm_Maria_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15891html_Maria_(#4723)]-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F57htm_Maria_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15891html_Maria_(#4723)]_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F57.htm">Maria 3</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15891/html">Maria (#4723)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD23F11htm_Eirene_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12535html_Eirene_(#1437)]-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD23F11htm_Eirene_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12535html_Eirene_(#1437)]_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D23/F11.htm">Eirene 3</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12535/html">Eirene (#1437)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F55htm_Maria_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15893html_Maria_(#4725)]-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F55htm_Maria_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15893html_Maria_(#4725)]_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F55.htm">Maria 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15893/html">Maria (#4725)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD24F53htm_Eudokia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12730html_Eudokia_(#1626)]-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD24F53htm_Eudokia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12730html_Eudokia_(#1626)]_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F53.htm">Eudokia 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12730/html">Eudokia (#1626)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD04F05htm_Anna_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ11528html_Anna_(#443)]-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD04F05htm_Anna_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ11528html_Anna_(#443)]_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D04/F05.htm">Anna 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ11528/html">Anna (#443)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Garland199973–94-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009Garland199973–94_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1008–1009; <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 73–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD23F09htm_Eirene_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12537html_Eirene_(#1439)]-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD23F09htm_Eirene_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12537html_Eirene_(#1439)]_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D23/F09.htm">Eirene 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12537/html">Eirene (#1439)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–94-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–94_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 73–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F56htm_Maria_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15895html_Maria_(#4727)]-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD52F56htm_Maria_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ15895html_Maria_(#4727)]_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D52/F56.htm">Maria 2</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ15895/html">Maria (#4727)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD78F07htm_Theodote_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19150html_Theodote_(#7899)]-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD78F07htm_Theodote_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19150html_Theodote_(#7899)]_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D78/F07.htm">Theodote 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19150/html">Theodote (#7899)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230Niavis198483-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230Niavis198483_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999230Niavis198483_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 230; <a href="#CITEREFNiavis1984">Niavis 1984</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20190801231441httpwwwroman-emperorsorgstaurichtm_Staurakios_(A.D._811)]-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDIR[httpswebarchiveorgweb20190801231441httpwwwroman-emperorsorgstaurichtm_Staurakios_(A.D._811)]_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDIR">DIR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801231441/http://www.roman-emperors.org/stauric.htm">Staurakios (A.D. 811)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD80F03htm_Theophano_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19426html_Theophano_(#8164)]-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD80F03htm_Theophano_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19426html_Theophano_(#8164)]_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D80/F03.htm">Theophano 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19426/html">Theophano (#8164)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD65F99htm_Prokopia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ17552html_Prokopia_(#6351)]-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD65F99htm_Prokopia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ17552html_Prokopia_(#6351)]_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D65/F99.htm">Prokopia 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ17552/html">Prokopia (#6351)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD77F25htm_Theodosia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19038html_Theodosia_(#7790)]-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD77F25htm_Theodosia_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19038html_Theodosia_(#7790)]_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D77/F25.htm">Theodosia 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19038/html">Theodosia (#7790)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F36htm_Thekla_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18489html_Thekla_(#7259)]-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F36htm_Thekla_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18489html_Thekla_(#7259)]_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F36.htm">Thekla 2</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18489/html">Thekla (#7259)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD25F21htm_Euphrosyne_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18489html_Thekla_(#7259)]-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD25F21htm_Euphrosyne_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18489html_Thekla_(#7259)]_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D25/F21.htm">Euphrosyne 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18489/html">Thekla (#7259)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038PBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F51htm_Theodora_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18519html_Theodora_(#7286)]-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2037–2038PBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F51htm_Theodora_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18519html_Theodora_(#7286)]_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 2037–2038; <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F51.htm">Theodora 2</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18519/html">Theodora (#7286)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199995–108-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199995–108_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 95–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F35htm_Thekla_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18491html_Thekla_(#7261)]-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD73F35htm_Thekla_1]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ18491html_Thekla_(#7261)]_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D73/F35.htm">Thekla 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ18491/html">Thekla (#7261)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD24F55htm_Eudokia_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12735html_Eudokia_Dekapolitissa_(#1631)]-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBE[httpspbekclacukdataD24F55htm_Eudokia_3]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12735html_Eudokia_Dekapolitissa_(#1631)]_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F55.htm">Eudokia 3</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12735/html">Eudokia Dekapolitissa (#1631)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739PBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD24F54htm_Eudokia_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12736html_Eudokia_Ingerina_(#1632)]-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB739PBE[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD24F54htm_Eudokia_2]PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12736html_Eudokia_Ingerina_(#1632)]_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 739; <a href="#CITEREFPBE">PBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D24/F54.htm">Eudokia 2</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12736/html">Eudokia Ingerina (#1632)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2064PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19427html_Theophano_(#8165)]-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2064PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ19427html_Theophano_(#8165)]_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2064; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ19427/html">Theophano (#8165)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumel1936-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumel1936_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrumel1936">Grumel 1936</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30660html_Zoe_Zautzina_(#28505)]-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30660html_Zoe_Zautzina_(#28505)]_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30660/html">Zoe Zautzina (#28505)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ23912html_Eudokia_Baïane_(#21759)]-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ23912html_Eudokia_Baïane_(#21759)]_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ23912/html">Eudokia Baïane (#21759)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2228PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30661html_Zoe_Karbonopsina_(#28506)]-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2228PmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30661html_Zoe_Karbonopsina_(#28506)]_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2228; <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30661/html">Zoe Karbonopsina (#28506)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ24727html_Helene_Lakapene_(#22574)]-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ24727html_Helene_Lakapene_(#22574)]_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ24727/html">Helene Lakapene (#22574)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ29757html_Theodora_(#27602)]-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ29757html_Theodora_(#27602)]_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ29757/html">Theodora (#27602)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ23309html_Berta-Eudokia_(#21156)]-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ23309html_Berta-Eudokia_(#21156)]_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ23309/html">Berta-Eudokia (#21156)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999126–135-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999126–135_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 126–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30280html_Theophano_(#28125)]-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ30280html_Theophano_(#28125)]_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30280/html">Theophano (#28125)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ29759html_Theodora_(#_27604)]-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ29759html_Theodora_(#_27604)]_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ29759/html">Theodora (# 27604)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ24731html_Helene_(#22578)]-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ24731html_Helene_(#22578)]_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ24731/html">Helene (#22578)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2228-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2228_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999136–160-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999136–160_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 136–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB2038-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB2038_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 2038. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999161–167-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999161–167_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 161–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarzos198441–47-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarzos198441–47_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarzos1984">Varzos 1984</a>, p. 41–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB739–740PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEudokia1_Eudokia_1]-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB739–740PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEudokia1_Eudokia_1]_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, pp. 739–740; <a href="#CITEREFPBW">PBW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eudokia/1/">Eudokia 1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999168–179-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999168–179_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 168–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1298PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonMaria61_Maria_61]-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1298PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonMaria61_Maria_61]_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1298; <a href="#CITEREFPBW">PBW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Maria/61/">Maria 61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2006-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2006_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland2006">Garland 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1009PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene61_Irene_61]-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1009PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene61_Irene_61]_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1009; <a href="#CITEREFPBW">PBW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eirene/61/">Irene 61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999180–198-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999180–198_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 180–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB578-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB578_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 578. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene62_Irene_62]-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene62_Irene_62]_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBW">PBW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eirene/62/">Irene 62</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999199-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999199_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene66_Irene_66]-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonEirene66_Irene_66]_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBW">PBW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Eirene/66/">Irene 66</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999199–201-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999199–201_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 199–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1298PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonMaria63_Maria_63]-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1298PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonMaria63_Maria_63]_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1298; <a href="#CITEREFPBW">PBW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Maria/63/">Maria 63</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999201–209-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999201–209_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 201–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB37,_64,_94PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonAgnes101_Agnes_101]-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB37,_64,_94PBW[httppbw2016kdlkclacukpersonAgnes101_Agnes_101]_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 37, 64, 94; <a href="#CITEREFPBW">PBW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Agnes/101/">Agnes 101</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999224-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999224_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999210–224-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999210–224_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 210–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> The honorific augusta (ΑΥΓΟΥCΤΑ) appears on her picture. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelov2019xv-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelov2019xv_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov 2019</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelov201932-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelov201932_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov 2019</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelov201932Bellinger1999544-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelov201932Bellinger1999544_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov 2019</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFBellinger1999">Bellinger 1999</a>, p. 544. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurata2021-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurata2021_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurata2021">Murata 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007148–150-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007148–150_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrides2007">Macrides 2007</a>, pp. 148–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007275-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacrides2007275_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacrides2007">Macrides 2007</a>, pp. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen1213mode2upviewtheater_Helene_(#6000)]-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen1213mode2upviewtheater_Helene_(#6000)]_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n1213/mode/2up?view=theater">Helene (#6000)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2013412Angelov2019128–9-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeihammer2013412Angelov2019128–9_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeihammer2013">Beihammer 2013</a>, p. 412; <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2019">Angelov 2019</a>, pp. 128–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200432–34-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200432–34_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2004">Evans 2004</a>, pp. 32–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen1145mode2upviewtheater_Dukas_Isaakios_(#5691)];_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3871mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina,_Theodora_Doukaina_Komnene_(#21380)]-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen1145mode2upviewtheater_Dukas_Isaakios_(#5691)];_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3871mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina,_Theodora_Doukaina_Komnene_(#21380)]_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n1145/mode/2up?view=theater">Dukas Isaakios (#5691)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3871/mode/2up?view=theater">Palaiologina, Theodora Doukaina Komnene (#21380)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1992-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1992_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbot1992">Talbot 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3857mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Anna_(#21347)_(#21348)_(#21349)]-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3857mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Anna_(#21347)_(#21348)_(#21349)]_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3857mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Anna_(#21347)_(#21348)_(#21349)]_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3857mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Anna_(#21347)_(#21348)_(#21349)]_217-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3857/mode/2up?view=theater">Palaiologina Anna (#21347) (#21348) (#21349)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3863mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_Komnene_Dukaina_(#21361)]-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3863mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_Komnene_Dukaina_(#21361)]_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3863/mode/2up?view=theater">Palaiologina Eirene Komnene Dukaina (#21361)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19941010,_48–58-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol19941010,_48–58_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1994">Nicol 1994</a>, pp. 1010, 48–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3875mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Maria_Dukaina_(#21394)]-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3875mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Maria_Dukaina_(#21394)]_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3875/mode/2up?view=theater">Palaiologina Maria Dukaina (#21394)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3861mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_(#21356)_(#21357)_(#21358)]-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3861mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_(#21356)_(#21357)_(#21358)]_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3861mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_(#21356)_(#21357)_(#21358)]_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3861mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Eirene_(#21356)_(#21357)_(#21358)]_222-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3861/mode/2up?view=theater">Palaiologina Eirene (#21356) (#21357) (#21358)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199482–95-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199482–95_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1994">Nicol 1994</a>, pp. 82–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen2033mode2upviewtheater_Kantakuzene_Eirene_(#10935)]-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen2033mode2upviewtheater_Kantakuzene_Eirene_(#10935)]_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n2033/mode/2up?view=theater">Kantakuzene Eirene (#10935)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199471–81-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol199471–81_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1994">Nicol 1994</a>, pp. 71–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3865mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Helene_(#21365)]-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3865mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Helene_(#21365)]_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3865/mode/2up?view=theater">Palaiologina Helene (#21365)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1968135–137-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1968135–137_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1968">Nicol 1968</a>, pp. 135–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3033mode2upviewtheater_Maria_(#16891)]-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3033mode2upviewtheater_Maria_(#16891)]_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3033/mode/2up?view=theater">Maria (#16891)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3865mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Helene_(#21366)]-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3865mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina_Helene_(#21366)]_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3865/mode/2up?view=theater">Palaiologina Helene (#21366)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999227-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999227_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1977-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomides1977_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOikonomides1977">Oikonomides 1977</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen4753mode2upviewtheater_Sophia_(#26389)]-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen4753mode2upviewtheater_Sophia_(#26389)]_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n4753/mode/2up?view=theater">Sophia (#26389)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3877mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina,_Maria_Komnene_Kantakuzene_(#21397)]-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP[httpsarchiveorgdetailsErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEITpagen3877mode2upviewtheater_Palaiologina,_Maria_Komnene_Kantakuzene_(#21397)]_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT/page/n3877/mode/2up?view=theater">Palaiologina, Maria Komnene Kantakuzene (#21397)</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_bibliography">Main bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Main bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LyndaGarlandByzantineEmpressesWomenAndPowerInByzantiumAA.D.52712041999">Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14688-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14688-7"><bdi>0-415-14688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Empresses%3A+Women+and+Power+in+Byzantium+AD+527%E2%80%931204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-14688-7&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLyndaGarlandByzantineEmpressesWomenAndPowerInByzantiumAA.D.52712041999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Grierson" title="Philip Grierson">Grierson, Philip</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/details/SevcenkoStudies19611992/page/n23/mode/2up">"The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors (337–1042)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a>. 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291157">10.2307/1291157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291157">1291157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Tombs+and+Obits+of+the+Byzantine+Emperors+%28337%E2%80%931042%29&rft.volume=16&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291157%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2FSevcenkoStudies19611992%2Fpage%2Fn23%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPBW" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Michael, ed. (2016). <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Byzantine_World" title="Prosopography of the Byzantine World">Prosopography of the Byzantine World</a>. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908951-20-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908951-20-5"><bdi>978-1-908951-20-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Byzantine+World&rft.pub=King%27s+College+London&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-908951-20-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFODB" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodb_20210521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienastEckHeil" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar; <a href="/wiki/Werner_Eck" title="Werner Eck">Werner Eck</a> & Matthäus Heil (2017) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romische-kaisertabelle">Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie</a> (in German) (6th ed.). Darmstadt: <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Buchgesellschaft" title="Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft">WBG</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26724-8"><bdi>978-3-534-26724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle%3A+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=WBG&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26724-8&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft.au=Werner+Eck&rft.au=Matth%C3%A4us+Heil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromische-kaisertabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPmbZ" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>; et al. (2001). <a href="/wiki/Prosopographie_der_mittelbyzantinischen_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit">Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/BBAW" class="mw-redirect" title="BBAW">BBAW</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopographie+der+mittelbyzantinischen+Zeit&rft.place=BBAW&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPLRE" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">Martindale, J. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a>, eds. (1971–1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire">Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971%2F1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPBE" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">Martindale, J.R.</a>; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/">Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897747-32-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897747-32-2"><bdi>978-1-897747-32-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-897747-32-2&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbe.kcl.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr7WFLexQyIC">The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250-1500</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45531-2"><bdi>978-0-521-45531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Lady%3A+Ten+Portraits%2C+1250-1500&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45531-2&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLr7WFLexQyIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPLP" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trapp, Erich; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT">Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit</a> (in German). Vienna: <a href="/wiki/%C3%96AW" class="mw-redirect" title="ÖAW">ÖAW</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-1462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-1462-8"><bdi>978-3-7001-1462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopographisches+Lexikon+der+Palaiologenzeit&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=%C3%96AW&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-1462-8&rft.aulast=Trapp&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FErichTrappProsopographischesLexikonDerPALAIOLOGENZEIT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarzos1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134228/http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf">Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών</a> [I Genealogía ton Komninón] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A1. Thessaloniki: <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Byzantine_Research" title="Centre for Byzantine Research">Centre for Byzantine Research</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834784634">834784634</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kbe.auth.gr/sites/default/files/bkm20a1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%97+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pub=Centre+for+Byzantine+Research&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834784634&rft.aulast=Varzos&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kbe.auth.gr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fbkm20a1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_bibliography">Secondary bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Secondary bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelov2019" class="citation book cs1">Angelov, Dimiter (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=md9KvAEACAAJ">The Byzantine Hellene: The Life of Emperor Theodore Laskaris and Byzantium in the Thirteenth Century</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48071-0"><bdi>978-1-108-48071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Hellene%3A+The+Life+of+Emperor+Theodore+Laskaris+and+Byzantium+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48071-0&rft.aulast=Angelov&rft.aufirst=Dimiter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmd9KvAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeihammer2013" class="citation book cs1">Beihammer, Alexander; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WJTAQAAQBAJ">Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25815-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25815-0"><bdi>978-90-04-25815-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+Ceremonies+and+Rituals+of+Power+in+Byzantium+and+the+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25815-0&rft.aulast=Beihammer&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WJTAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellinger1999" class="citation book cs1">Bellinger, Alfred Raymond (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NN1xNdYH6n0C&pg=PA544">Catalogue of Byzantine Coins</a>. Vol. 4. Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-233-6"><bdi>978-0-88402-233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Byzantine+Coins&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-233-6&rft.aulast=Bellinger&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNN1xNdYH6n0C%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2005" class="citation book cs1">Birley, Anthony R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkkVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174">The Roman Government of Britain</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925237-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925237-4"><bdi>978-0-19-925237-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Government+of+Britain&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925237-4&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkkVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Burgess, R.W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3432032">"The Accession of Marcian in the Light of Chalcedonian Apologetic and Monophysite Polemic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ByzZ" class="mw-redirect" title="ByzZ">ByzZ</a>. 86/87: 47–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ByzZ&rft.atitle=The+Accession+of+Marcian+in+the+Light+of+Chalcedonian+Apologetic+and+Monophysite+Polemic&rft.volume=86%2F87&rft.pages=47-68&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3432032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Alan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol"</a>. Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">41540754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Flavius%3A+a+Nicety+of+Protocol&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_C._Evans" title="Helen C. Evans">Evans, Helen C.</a>, ed. 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-316-3"><bdi>978-1-57958-316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+and+History+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-316-3&rft.aulast=Vagi&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraE7qzBM-OIC%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1999" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alaric (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218093748/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8c91/960944f3f731ece4c99828c0e0e4f9f01c64.pdf">Aurelian and the Third Century</a> (PDF). The Classical World. Vol. 94. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4352566">10.2307/4352566</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07248-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07248-4"><bdi>0-415-07248-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4352566">4352566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153920517">153920517</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8c91/960944f3f731ece4c99828c0e0e4f9f01c64.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurelian+and+the+Third+Century&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Classical+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4352566&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153920517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4352566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=0-415-07248-4&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F8c91%2F960944f3f731ece4c99828c0e0e4f9f01c64.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Roman+and+Byzantine+empresses" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDIR"><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></cite>. <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina_University" title="Salve Regina University">Salve Regina University</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Preceding</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Early (330–717)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Middle (717–1204)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Late (1204–1453)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_empresses" title="Template:Roman empresses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_empresses" title="Template talk:Roman empresses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_empresses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman empresses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman and Byzantine</a> empresses</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia_Orestilla" title="Livia Orestilla">Livia Orestilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollia_Paulina" title="Lollia Paulina">Lollia Paulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Milonia Caesonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statilia_Messalina" title="Statilia Messalina">Statilia Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Fundana" title="Galeria Fundana">Galeria Fundana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruttia_Crispina" title="Bruttia Crispina">Bruttia Crispina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Titiana" title="Flavia Titiana">Flavia Titiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlia_Scantilla" title="Manlia Scantilla">Manlia Scantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Paulina" title="Caecilia Paulina">Caecilia Paulina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Tranquillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Otacilia_Severa" title="Marcia Otacilia Severa">Marcia Otacilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herennia_Etruscilla" title="Herennia Etruscilla">Herennia Etruscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Supera" title="Cornelia Supera">Cornelia Supera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Salonina" title="Cornelia Salonina">Cornelia Salonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Severina" title="Ulpia Severina">Ulpia Severina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnia_Urbica" title="Magnia Urbica">Magnia Urbica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> 284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisca_(empress)" title="Prisca (empress)">Prisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Valeria" title="Galeria Valeria">Galeria Valeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Flavia Maximiana Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Maximilla" title="Valeria Maximilla">Valeria Maximilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebia_(empress)" title="Eusebia (empress)">Eusebia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charito" title="Charito">Charito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnica" title="Domnica">Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeta" title="Laeta">Laeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos%27s_wife" title="Julius Nepos's wife">Julius Nepos's wife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Aelia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenonis" title="Zenonis">Zenonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_(empress)" title="Euphemia (empress)">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(empress)" title="Sophia (empress)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_Anastasia" title="Ino Anastasia">Ino Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontia" title="Leontia">Leontia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Fabia Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta_(wife_of_Constans_II)" title="Fausta (wife of Constans II)">Fausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(wife_of_Constantine_IV)" title="Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)">Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Justinian_II)" title="Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora of Khazaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Leo_III)" title="Maria (wife of Leo III)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzak" title="Tzitzak">Tzitzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Maria (wife of Constantine V)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Eudokia (wife of Constantine V)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_(wife_of_Artabasdos)" title="Anna (wife of Artabasdos)">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria of Amnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodote_(empress)" title="Theodote (empress)">Theodote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_of_Athens" title="Theophano of Athens">Theophano of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosia_(wife_of_Leo_V)" title="Theodosia (wife of Leo V)">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(wife_of_Michael_II)" title="Thekla (wife of Michael II)">Thekla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_Martinakia" title="Theophano Martinakia">Theophano Martinakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Zaoutzaina" title="Zoe Zaoutzaina">Zoe Zaoutzaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ba%C3%AFana" title="Eudokia Baïana">Eudokia Baïana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Karbonopsina" title="Zoe Karbonopsina">Zoe Karbonopsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Romanos_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Romanos I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(daughter_of_Constantine_VII)" title="Theodora (daughter of Constantine VII)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(daughter_of_Alypius)" title="Helena (daughter of Alypius)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bulgaria" title="Catherine of Bulgaria">Catherine of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Dobrodeia_of_Kiev" title="Dobrodeia of Kiev">Dobrodeia of Kiev</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach" title="Bertha of Sulzbach">Bertha of Sulzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary" title="Margaret of Hungary">Margaret of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Angelina" title="Eudokia Angelina">Eudokia Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Armenia" title="Philippa of Armenia">Philippa of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Courtenay" title="Maria of Courtenay">Maria of Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Anna of Hohenstaufen">Anna of Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Asenina_of_Bulgaria" title="Elena Asenina of Bulgaria">Elena Asenina of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Theodora Palaiologina</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)">Anna of Hungary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Rita of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Brunswick" title="Irene of Brunswick">Irene of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene" title="Helena Kantakouzene">Helena Kantakouzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Asanina" title="Irene Asanina">Irene Asanina</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Irene Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Irene Palaiologina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria" title="Keratsa of Bulgaria">Keratsa of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gattilusio" title="Irene Gattilusio">Irene Gattilusio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1" title="Helena Dragaš">Helena Dragaš</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Moscow" title="Anna of Moscow">Anna of Moscow</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Montferrat" title="Sophia of Montferrat">Sophia of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_IV)" title="Maria Komnene (daughter of Alexios IV)">Maria of Trebizond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and bold incidates an empress regnant.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&oldid=1257034502">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses&oldid=1257034502</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_empresses" title="Category:Roman empresses">Roman empresses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_empresses" title="Category:Byzantine empresses">Byzantine empresses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Empire-related_lists" title="Category:Byzantine Empire-related lists">Byzantine Empire-related lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_ancient_Roman_women" title="Category:Lists of ancient Roman women">Lists of ancient Roman women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_empresses" title="Category:Lists of empresses">Lists of empresses</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" 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