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class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Michael Gerhardt</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1956 (age 68–69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Michael J. Gerhardt</b> is the Samuel Ashe Distinguished Professor of Constitutional Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_School_of_Law" title="University of North Carolina School of Law">University of North Carolina School of Law</a> in Chapel Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the director of the Center on Law and Government at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> and is an expert on <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, and the legislative process.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a Scholar in Residence at the <a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a> and visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 2, 2019, it was announced that Gerhardt would testify before the House Judiciary Committee regarding the constitutional grounds for presidential impeachment in the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump">impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gerhardt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerhardt was born in 1956 in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>, where he attended UMS-Wright and was ranked second in the state in junior tennis. He is a <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a></i> graduate of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (B.A., 1978), attended graduate school at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (M.Sc., 1979), and graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> (J.D., 1982).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerhardt is <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gerhardt served as a clerk for Chief Judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_McRae" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McRae">Robert McRae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee">United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee</a> (1982–1983) and Judge <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Merritt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Merritt">Gilbert Merritt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a> from 1983 to 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his clerkships, he served as deputy media director of <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>’s Senate campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerhardt then worked for two law firms in Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gerhardt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerhardt joined the UNC law faculty in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to UNC, Gerhardt worked at <a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_University_School_of_Law" title="Wake Forest University School of Law">Wake Forest School of Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_%26_Mary_Law_School" title="William & Mary Law School">William & Mary Law School</a>, served as dean of the Law School at <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Law" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Law">Case Western Reserve</a>, and had been a visiting professor at Duke and Cornell Law Schools. Gerhardt is the author of several books regarding constitutional law and history, including <i>The Power of Precedent.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most recent book is <i>The Forgotten Presidents: Their Untold Constitutional Legacy</i>, published in April 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gerhardt has assisted members of Congress and the White House on a range of various constitutional issues, beginning with drafting the judicial selection policy for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition" title="United States presidential transition">transition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> into office. Gerhardt then worked with the National Commission on Judicial Discipline and Removal.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has testified several times before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a>, including as the only joint witness in the 1998 hearing on the history of U.S. impeachment, during the consideration of the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment of President Bill Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, he was one of only two legal scholars to testify against the constitutionality of the <a href="/wiki/Line_Item_Veto_Act_of_1996" title="Line Item Veto Act of 1996">Line Item Veto Act of 1996</a>, which the Supreme Court struck down in <i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York" title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New York</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, he testified as an expert before the select House committee considering whether to impeach Judge <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Porteous" title="Thomas Porteous">Thomas Porteous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also has testified before the Senate regarding the constitutionality of <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibustering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gerhardt has worked and testified in Senate confirmation proceedings for Supreme Court Justices, beginning in 1994 when he counseled the White House regarding Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>'s confirmation hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, he consulted with senators on the <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> nomination as Chief Justice of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerhardt then served as a witness in the Senate Judiciary Committee's hearings on the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, to become an associate justice of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Professor <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, he is the only legal scholar to have been invited to testify in both the 1998 impeachment proceedings against President Clinton and the confirmation hearings for Associate Justice Alito. He also acted as Special Counsel to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Senator Patrick Leahy</a> regarding the nominations of <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Gerhardt testified again before the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump</a>, Gerhardt served as <a href="/wiki/Special_counsel" title="Special counsel">special counsel</a> to the presiding officer <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gerhardt is interviewed frequently by many news outlets, including <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an expert on constitutional law and issues.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gerhardt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerhardt is married to Deborah Gerhardt, who teaches contracts, copyright, and trademark law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_School_of_Law" title="University of North Carolina School of Law">University of North Carolina School of Law</a>. They have three children together – Benjamin, Daniel, and Noah Gerhardt.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gerhardt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731020603/http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj/">"Michael J. Gerhardt"</a>. University of North Carolina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj">the original</a> on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.unc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdirectory%2Fgerhardtmichaelj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731020603/http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj/">"Michael J. Gerhardt"</a>. University of North Carolina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj">the original</a> on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.unc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdirectory%2Fgerhardtmichaelj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/media/files/Michael_Gerhardt_Bio_2016FINAL.pdf">https://constitutioncenter.org/media/files/Michael_Gerhardt_Bio_2016FINAL.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2019" class="citation web cs1">Swanson, Ian (2019-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/472672-house-judiciary-announces-impeachment-witnesses/">"House Judiciary announces impeachment witnesses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=House+Judiciary+announces+impeachment+witnesses&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F472672-house-judiciary-announces-impeachment-witnesses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legaltimes.typepad.com/files/gerhardt-alito-testimony.pdf">"Statement of Michael J. Gerhardt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Legal Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=Legal+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegaltimes.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fgerhardt-alito-testimony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamb2018" class="citation web cs1">Lamb, Brian (August 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/transcript/?id=57499">"Q&A with Michael Gerhardt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></i>. <q>I grew up in Alabama, and I grew up Jewish in Alabama in the 1960s...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft.atitle=Q%26A+with+Michael+Gerhardt&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2Ftranscript%2F%3Fid%3D57499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/utol16&div=32&g_sent=1&collection=journals">"Reflections on Appellate Practice in the Sixth Circuit"</a>. Sixth Circuit Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Appellate+Practice+in+the+Sixth+Circuit&rft.pub=Sixth+Circuit+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Futol16%26div%3D32%26g_sent%3D1%26collection%3Djournals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fed-soc.org/publications/author/michael-gerhardt">"Prof. Michael Gerhardt Profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Michael+Gerhardt+Profile&rft.pub=Federalist+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fed-soc.org%2Fpublications%2Fauthor%2Fmichael-gerhardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731020603/http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj/">"Michael J. Gerhardt"</a>. University of North Carolina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj">the original</a> on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.unc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdirectory%2Fgerhardtmichaelj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2011" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Michael (2011). <i>The Power of Precedent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Precedent&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Michael (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199967797"><i>The Forgotten Presidents: Their Untold Constitutional Legacy</i></a></span>. Oup USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-996779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-996779-7"><bdi>978-0-19-996779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Presidents%3A+Their+Untold+Constitutional+Legacy&rft.pub=Oup+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-996779-7&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199967797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judicial-discipline-reform.org/judicial_complaints/1993_Report_Removal.pdf">"Report of the National Commission on Judicial Discipline and Removal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Commission on Judicial Discipline and Removal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+National+Commission+on+Judicial+Discipline+and+Removal&rft.pub=National+Commission+on+Judicial+Discipline+and+Removal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudicial-discipline-reform.org%2Fjudicial_complaints%2F1993_Report_Removal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/gerhardt.htm">"Testimony of Michael J. Gerhardt"</a>. Jurist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=Jurist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurist.law.pitt.edu%2Fgerhardt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218124634/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?i104:I05270:i104LeVINE.html">"Letter Regarding Line Item Vetoes from Michael J. Gerhardt"</a>. United States Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?i104:I05270:i104LeVINE.html">the original</a> on 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+Regarding+Line+Item+Vetoes+from+Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=United+States+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fz%3Fi104%3AI05270%3Ai104LeVINE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218124634/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?i104:I05270:i104LeVINE.html">"Testimony of Michael J. Gerhardt"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?i104:I05270:i104LeVINE.html">the original</a> on 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fz%3Fi104%3AI05270%3Ai104LeVINE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121220092324/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281feb4d09&wit_id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281feb4d09-2-4">"Testimony of Michael J. Gerhardt"</a>. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281feb4d09&wit_id=4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281feb4d09-2-4">the original</a> on 20 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=United+States+Senate+Committee+on+the+Judiciary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.senate.gov%2Fhearings%2Ftestimony.cfm%3Fid%3D4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281feb4d09%26wit_id%3D4f1e0899533f7680e78d03281feb4d09-2-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legaltimes.typepad.com/files/gerhardt-alito-testimony.pdf">"Statement of Michael J. Gerhardt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Legal Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=Legal+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegaltimes.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fgerhardt-alito-testimony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fed-soc.org/publications/author/michael-gerhardt">"Prof. Michael Gerhardt Profile"</a>. The Federalist Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Michael+Gerhardt+Profile&rft.pub=The+Federalist+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fed-soc.org%2Fpublications%2Fauthor%2Fmichael-gerhardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219235949/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=e655f9e2809e5476862f735da10dc772&wit_id=e655f9e2809e5476862f735da10dc772-3-2">"Testimony of Michael J. Gerhardt"</a>. United States Senate Committee of the Judiciary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=e655f9e2809e5476862f735da10dc772&wit_id=e655f9e2809e5476862f735da10dc772-3-2">the original</a> on 19 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=United+States+Senate+Committee+of+the+Judiciary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.senate.gov%2Fhearings%2Ftestimony.cfm%3Fid%3De655f9e2809e5476862f735da10dc772%26wit_id%3De655f9e2809e5476862f735da10dc772-3-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_W._Painter2012" class="citation news cs1">Richard W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Time+to+support+the+president+on+judicial+nominations&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.au=Richard+W.+Painter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fcongress-blog%2Fjudicial%2F108400-time-to-support-the-president-on-judicial-nominations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2-1-2012_Gerhardt-Full.pdf">"Testimony of Michael J. Gerhardt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft.pub=United+States+House+of+Representatives+Committee+on+Oversight+and+Government+Reform&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foversight.house.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F02%2F2-1-2012_Gerhardt-Full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-rhode-island-sheldon-whitehouse-trials-impeachments-0ccd414b0e7cad30b1d9d96047a24ae0">"Insiders to discuss 2nd Trump impeachment trial"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 21 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Insiders+to+discuss+2nd+Trump+impeachment+trial&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdonald-trump-rhode-island-sheldon-whitehouse-trials-impeachments-0ccd414b0e7cad30b1d9d96047a24ae0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/01/06/132713954/House-GOP-Champions-Constitutional-Rule">"House GOP Champions Constitutional Rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. Washington, D.C. 6 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=House+GOP+Champions+Constitutional+Rule&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F01%2F06%2F132713954%2FHouse-GOP-Champions-Constitutional-Rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/05/bp.00.html">"Burden of Proof"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Atlanta, GA. 5 September 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Burden+of+Proof&rft.date=2000-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0009%2F05%2Fbp.00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedsoc.org/contributors/michael-gerhardt-1">"Prof. Michael Gerhardt Profile"</a>. The Federalist Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Michael+Gerhardt+Profile&rft.pub=The+Federalist+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffedsoc.org%2Fcontributors%2Fmichael-gerhardt-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Michael (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199967797"><i>The Forgotten Presidents: Their Untold Constitutional Legacy</i></a></span>. Oup USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-996779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-996779-7"><bdi>978-0-19-996779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Presidents%3A+Their+Untold+Constitutional+Legacy&rft.pub=Oup+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-996779-7&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199967797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2007" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Michael (2007). <i>Constitutional Theory: Arguments and Perspective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Theory%3A+Arguments+and+Perspective&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2011" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Michael (2011). <i>The Power of Precedent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Precedent&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2000" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Michael (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalimpeachme00gerh"><i>The Federal Impeachment Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Impeachment+Process%3A+A+Constitutional+and+Historical+Analysis&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalimpeachme00gerh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2003" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Michael (2003). <i>The Federal Impeachment Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis (Constitutional Conflicts)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Impeachment+Process%3A+A+Constitutional+and+Historical+Analysis+%28Constitutional+Conflicts%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Gerhardt" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gerhardt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj/">http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731020603/http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/gerhardtmichaelj/">Archived</a> 2013-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?25755">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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