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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transactional databases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transactional_databases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transactional databases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transactional_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_SQL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_SQL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In SQL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_SQL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Object databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributed_transactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_transactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distributed transactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_transactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transactional_filesystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transactional_filesystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transactional filesystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transactional_filesystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veril%C9%99nl%C9%99r_bazas%C4%B1_tranzaksiyas%C4%B1" title="Verilənlər bazası tranzaksiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Verilənlər bazası tranzaksiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transacci%C3%B3_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Transacció (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transacció (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datab%C3%A1zov%C3%A1_transakce" title="Databázová transakce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Databázová transakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasetransaktion" title="Databasetransaktion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Databasetransaktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaktion_(Informatik)" title="Transaktion (Informatik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transaktion (Informatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD)" title="Συναλλαγές (βάσεις δεδομένων) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συναλλαγές (βάσεις δεδομένων)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transacci%C3%B3n_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Transacción (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transacción (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transago_(komputado)" title="Transago (komputado) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transago (komputado)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transakzio_(informatika)" title="Transakzio (informatika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transakzio (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="تراکنش (پایگاه داده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراکنش (پایگاه داده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%9C%EC%9E%AD%EC%85%98" title="데이터베이스 트랜잭션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터베이스 트랜잭션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transazione_(basi_di_dati)" title="Transazione (basi di dati) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transazione (basi di dati)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2)" title="תנועה (מערכות מידע) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועה (מערכות מידע)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транзакция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Транзакция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transakcija" title="Transakcija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transakcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transazion_(database)" title="Transazion (database) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Transazion (database)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactie_(dataopslag)" title="Transactie (dataopslag) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transactie (dataopslag)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="トランザクション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランザクション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transakcja_(informatyka)" title="Transakcja (informatyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transakcja (informatyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(banco_de_dados)" title="Transação (banco de dados) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transação (banco de dados)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Транзакция (информатика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транзакция (информатика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Database transaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Трансакција (базе података) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансакција (базе података)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="தரவுத்தள பரிவர்த்தனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தரவுத்தள பரிவர்த்தனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of work performed within a database management system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Database_transaction" title="Special:EditPage/Database transaction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Database+transaction%22">"Database transaction"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Database+transaction%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Database+transaction%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Database+transaction%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Database+transaction%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Database+transaction%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>database transaction</b> symbolizes a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_work" title="Unit of work">unit of work</a>, performed within a <a href="/wiki/Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management system</a> (or similar system) against a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>, that is treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. A transaction generally represents any change in a database. Transactions in a database environment have two main purposes: </p> <ol><li>To provide reliable units of work that allow correct recovery from failures and keep a database consistent even in cases of system failure. For example: when execution prematurely and unexpectedly stops (completely or partially) in which case many operations upon a database remain uncompleted, with unclear status.</li> <li>To provide isolation between programs accessing a database concurrently. If this isolation is not provided, the programs' outcomes are possibly erroneous.</li></ol> <p>In a database management system, a transaction is a single unit of logic or work, sometimes made up of multiple operations. Any logical calculation done in a consistent mode in a database is known as a transaction. One example is a transfer from one bank account to another: the complete transaction requires subtracting the amount to be transferred from one account and adding that same amount to the other. </p><p>A database transaction, by definition, must be <a href="/wiki/Atomicity_(database_systems)" title="Atomicity (database systems)">atomic</a> (it must either be complete in its entirety or have no effect whatsoever), <a href="/wiki/Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">consistent</a> (it must conform to existing constraints in the database), <a href="/wiki/Isolation_(database_systems)" title="Isolation (database systems)">isolated</a> (it must not affect other transactions) and <a href="/wiki/Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)">durable</a> (it must get written to persistent storage).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Database practitioners often refer to these properties of database transactions using the acronym <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a> and other data stores which treat the <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">integrity</a> of data as paramount often include the ability to handle transactions to maintain the integrity of data. A single transaction consists of one or more independent units of work, each reading and/or writing information to a database or other data store. When this happens it is often important to ensure that all such processing leaves the database or data store in a consistent state. </p><p>Examples from <a href="/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-entry bookkeeping system">double-entry accounting systems</a> often illustrate the concept of transactions. In double-entry accounting every debit requires the recording of an associated credit. If one writes a check for $100 to buy groceries, a transactional double-entry accounting system must record the following two entries to cover the single transaction: </p> <ol><li>Debit $100 to Groceries Expense Account</li> <li>Credit $100 to Checking Account</li></ol> <p>A transactional system would make both entries pass or both entries would fail. By treating the recording of multiple entries as an atomic transactional unit of work the system maintains the integrity of the data recorded. In other words, nobody ends up with a situation in which a debit is recorded but no associated credit is recorded, or vice versa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transactional_databases">Transactional databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transactional databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>transactional database</b> is a <a href="/wiki/DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="DBMS">DBMS</a> that provides the <a href="/wiki/ACID_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="ACID properties">ACID properties</a> for a bracketed set of database operations (begin-commit). Transactions ensure that the database is always in a consistent state, even in the event of concurrent updates and failures.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the write operations within a transaction have an all-or-nothing effect, that is, either the transaction succeeds and all writes take effect, or otherwise, the database is brought to a state that does not include any of the writes of the transaction. Transactions also ensure that the effect of concurrent transactions satisfies certain guarantees, known as <a href="/wiki/Isolation_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolation level">isolation level</a>. The highest isolation level is <a href="/wiki/Serializability" class="mw-redirect" title="Serializability">serializability</a>, which guarantees that the effect of concurrent transactions is equivalent to their serial (i.e. sequential) execution. </p><p>Most modern<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management systems</a> support transactions. <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> databases prioritize scalability along with supporting transactions in order to guarantee data consistency in the event of concurrent updates and accesses. </p><p>In a database system, a transaction might consist of one or more data-manipulation statements and queries, each reading and/or writing information in the database. Users of <a href="/wiki/Database_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database system">database systems</a> consider <a href="/wiki/Data_consistency" title="Data consistency">consistency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">integrity</a> of data as highly important. A simple transaction is usually issued to the database system in a language like <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> wrapped in a transaction, using a pattern similar to the following: </p> <ol><li>Begin the transaction.</li> <li>Execute a set of data manipulations and/or queries.</li> <li>If no error occurs, then commit the transaction.</li> <li>If an error occurs, then roll back the transaction.</li></ol> <p>A transaction commit operation persists all the results of data manipulations within the scope of the transaction to the database. A transaction rollback operation does not persist the partial results of data manipulations within the scope of the transaction to the database. In no case can a partial transaction be committed to the database since that would leave the database in an inconsistent state. </p><p>Internally, multi-user databases store and process transactions, often by using a transaction <a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">ID</a> or XID. </p><p>There are multiple varying ways for transactions to be implemented other than the simple way documented above. <a href="/wiki/Nested_transaction" title="Nested transaction">Nested transactions</a>, for example, are transactions which contain statements within them that start new transactions (i.e. sub-transactions). <i>Multi-level transactions</i> are a variant of nested transactions where the sub-transactions take place at different levels of a layered system architecture (e.g., with one operation at the database-engine level, one operation at the operating-system level).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another type of transaction is the <a href="/wiki/Compensating_transaction" title="Compensating transaction">compensating transaction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_SQL">In SQL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In SQL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transactions are available in most SQL database implementations, though with varying levels of robustness. For example, <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> began supporting transactions from early version 3.23, but the <a href="/wiki/InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB</a> storage engine was not default before version 5.5. The earlier available storage engine, <a href="/wiki/MyISAM" title="MyISAM">MyISAM</a> does not support transactions. </p><p>A transaction is typically started using the command <code>BEGIN</code> (although the SQL standard specifies <code>START TRANSACTION</code>). When the system processes a <code><a href="/wiki/Commit_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commit (SQL)">COMMIT</a></code> statement, the transaction ends with successful completion. A <code><a href="/wiki/Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">ROLLBACK</a></code> statement can also end the transaction, undoing any work performed since <code>BEGIN</code>. If <a href="/wiki/Autocommit" title="Autocommit">autocommit</a> was disabled with the start of a transaction, autocommit will also be re-enabled with the end of the transaction. </p><p>One can set the <a href="/wiki/Isolation_(database_systems)" title="Isolation (database systems)">isolation level</a> for individual transactional operations as well as globally. At the highest level (<code>READ COMMITTED</code>), the result of any operation performed after a transaction has started will remain invisible to other database users until the transaction has ended. At the lowest level (<code>READ UNCOMMITTED</code>), which may occasionally be used to ensure high concurrency, such changes will be immediately visible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Object_databases">Object databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Object databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relational databases are traditionally composed of tables with fixed-size fields and records. Object databases comprise variable-sized <a href="/wiki/Binary_large_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary large object">blobs</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serializable</a> or incorporating a <a href="/wiki/Mime-type" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime-type">mime-type</a>. The fundamental similarities between Relational and Object databases are the start and the <a href="/wiki/Commit_(data_management)" title="Commit (data management)">commit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">rollback</a>. </p><p>After starting a transaction, database records or objects are locked, either read-only or read-write. Reads and writes can then occur. Once the transaction is fully defined, changes are committed or rolled back <a href="/wiki/Atomicity_(database_systems)" title="Atomicity (database systems)">atomically</a>, such that at the end of the transaction there is no <a href="/wiki/Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">inconsistency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distributed_transactions">Distributed transactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distributed transactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Database systems implement <a href="/wiki/Distributed_transaction" title="Distributed transaction">distributed transactions</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as transactions accessing data over multiple nodes. A distributed transaction enforces the ACID properties over multiple nodes, and might include systems such as databases, storage managers, file systems, messaging systems, and other data managers. In a distributed transaction there is typically an entity coordinating all the process to ensure that all parts of the transaction are applied to all relevant systems. Moreover, the integration of Storage as a Service (StaaS) within these environments is crucial, as it offers a virtually infinite pool of storage resources, accommodating a range of cloud-based data store classes with varying availability, scalability, and ACID properties. This integration is essential for achieving higher availability, lower response time, and cost efficiency in data-intensive applications deployed across cloud-based data stores.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transactional_filesystems">Transactional filesystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transactional filesystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Namesys" title="Namesys">Namesys</a> <a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a> filesystem for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supports transactions, and as of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>, the Microsoft <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> filesystem<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supports <a href="/wiki/Distributed_transaction" title="Distributed transaction">distributed transactions</a> across networks. There is occurring research into more data coherent filesystems, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warp_Transactional_Filesystem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warp Transactional Filesystem (page does not exist)">Warp Transactional Filesystem</a> (WTF).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_section" title="Critical section">Critical section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_void" title="Post void">Post void</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_transaction_schedule" title="Database transaction schedule">Database transaction schedule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa366402(VS.85).aspx">"What is a Transaction? (Windows)"</a>. <i>msdn.microsoft.com</i>. 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msdn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Transaction%3F+%28Windows%29&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Faa366402%28VS.85%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADatabase+transaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDINCĂAXINTEBACIVAROV2022" class="citation journal cs1">DINCĂ, Ana-Maria; AXINTE, Sabina-Daniela; BACIVAROV, Ioan (2022-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.19107/ijisc.2022.02.02">"Performance Enhancements for Database Transactions"</a>. <i>International Journal of Information Security and Cybercrime</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 29–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19107%2Fijisc.2022.02.02">10.19107/ijisc.2022.02.02</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2285-9225">2285-9225</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259653728">259653728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Information+Security+and+Cybercrime&rft.atitle=Performance+Enhancements+for+Database+Transactions&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-34&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259653728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2285-9225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19107%2Fijisc.2022.02.02&rft.aulast=DINC%C4%82&rft.aufirst=Ana-Maria&rft.au=AXINTE%2C+Sabina-Daniela&rft.au=BACIVAROV%2C+Ioan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.19107%2Fijisc.2022.02.02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADatabase+transaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeriBernsteinGoodman1989" class="citation journal cs1">Beeri, C.; Bernstein, P. 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Tamer; Valduriez, Patrick (2011). <i>Principles of Distributed Database Systems, Third Edition</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011podd.book.....O">2011podd.book.....O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-8834-8">10.1007/978-1-4419-8834-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8833-1"><bdi>978-1-4419-8833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Distributed+Database+Systems%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-8834-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011podd.book.....O&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-8833-1&rft.aulast=%C3%96zsu&rft.aufirst=M.+Tamer&rft.au=Valduriez%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADatabase+transaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansouriToosiBuyya2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mansouri, Yaser; Toosi, Adel Nadjaran; Buyya, Rajkumar (2017-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3136623">"Data Storage Management in Cloud Environments: Taxonomy, Survey, and Future Directions"</a>. <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i>. <b>50</b> (6): 91:1–91:51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3136623">10.1145/3136623</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0300">0360-0300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Computing+Surveys&rft.atitle=Data+Storage+Management+in+Cloud+Environments%3A+Taxonomy%2C+Survey%2C+and+Future+Directions&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=91%3A1-91%3A51&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3136623&rft.issn=0360-0300&rft.aulast=Mansouri&rft.aufirst=Yaser&rft.au=Toosi%2C+Adel+Nadjaran&rft.au=Buyya%2C+Rajkumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F3136623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADatabase+transaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux.org/">"Linux.org"</a>. <i>Linux.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux.org&rft.atitle=Linux.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADatabase+transaction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff361664(v=vs.110).aspx">"MSDN Library"</a>. 4 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="Bern2009"><a href="/wiki/Philip_A._Bernstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip A. Bernstein">Philip A. Bernstein</a>, Eric Newcomer (2009): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807151625/http://www.elsevierdirect.com/product.jsp?isbn=9781558606234"><i>Principles of Transaction Processing</i>, 2nd Edition</a>, Morgan Kaufmann (Elsevier), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-623-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-623-4">978-1-55860-623-4</a> </cite></li> <li>Gerhard Weikum, Gottfried Vossen (2001), <i>Transactional information systems: theory, algorithms, and the practice of concurrency control and recovery</i>, Morgan Kaufmann, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-508-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-508-8">1-55860-508-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Database_transaction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://wiki.c2.com/?TransactionProcessing" class="extiw" title="c2:TransactionProcessing">c2:TransactionProcessing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/CNCPT/transact.htm#CNCPT016">https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/CNCPT/transact.htm#CNCPT016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/transact.htm">https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/transact.htm</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Databases" title="Template:Databases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Databases" title="Template talk:Databases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Databases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Databases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Database_management_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="List of relational database management systems">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_column-oriented_DBMSes" title="List of column-oriented DBMSes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSQL" title="NewSQL">NewSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_in-memory_databases" title="List of in-memory databases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain-based_database" title="Blockchain-based database">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong%27s_axioms" title="Armstrong's axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codd%27s_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete" title="Create, read, update and delete">CRUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">Null</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACELC_theorem" title="PACELC theorem">PACELC theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_(SQL)" title="View (SQL)">View</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Database_Connectivity" title="Java Database Connectivity">JDBC</a></li> <li><a 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title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_storage_structures" title="Database storage structures">Database storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li> 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