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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Glaciers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Flooding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impacts on people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts on people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economic impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vineyards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vineyards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Vineyards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vineyards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Health impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mitigation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Energy transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_and_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_and_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Policies and legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_and_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>International cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_perception_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Public perception of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_about_climate_change_in_weather_forecasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_about_climate_change_in_weather_forecasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Information about climate change in weather forecasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_about_climate_change_in_weather_forecasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emissions, impacts and responses of France related to climate change</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wcmax1_JUL_14_-_AUG_3_2019_cr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wcmax1_JUL_14_-_AUG_3_2019_cr.png/300px-Wcmax1_JUL_14_-_AUG_3_2019_cr.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wcmax1_JUL_14_-_AUG_3_2019_cr.png/450px-Wcmax1_JUL_14_-_AUG_3_2019_cr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wcmax1_JUL_14_-_AUG_3_2019_cr.png/600px-Wcmax1_JUL_14_-_AUG_3_2019_cr.png 2x" data-file-width="2355" data-file-height="2477" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2019_European_heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 European heat waves">July 2019 European heat</a> wave affected France heavily, with temperatures over 40°C.</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has caused some the greatest annual temperature increases registered in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">any country in Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2019_European_heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 European heat waves">2019 heat wave</a> saw record temperatures of 46.0 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat waves</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events">extreme weather events</a> are expected to increase with continued <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Other expected environmental impacts include increased floods due to both <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and increased <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">glacier melt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These environmental changes will lead to shifts in ecosystems and affect local organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change will also cause economic losses in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in France">agriculture</a> and fisheries sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on climate change, under France's presidency, was negotiated and agreed in 2015 at <a href="/wiki/COP21" class="mw-redirect" title="COP21">COP21</a>. France subsequently set a law to have a net zero atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emission (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a>) by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the French government has received criticism for not doing enough to combat climate change, and in 2021 was <a href="/wiki/Grande-Synthe_climate_case" title="Grande-Synthe climate case">found guilty in court</a> for its insufficient efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_Emissions_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CO2_Emissions_of_France.svg/220px-CO2_Emissions_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CO2_Emissions_of_France.svg/330px-CO2_Emissions_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CO2_Emissions_of_France.svg/440px-CO2_Emissions_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Progression of annual <a href="/wiki/CO2_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 emissions">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions</a> by France, 1802 to 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>France strives to have reduced its <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> to 40% below what it was in 1990 by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government hopes to reach a net emission of zero by 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The table below shows the annual total emission of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> in France in <a href="/wiki/Megatonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Megatonnes">Megatonnes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide equivalent">carbon dioxide equivalent</a> (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>). Values for <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU27</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="The UK">the United Kingdom</a> (previously EU28) as well as the values for the world are included to compare trends in emission.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>France (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>) </th> <th>EU27 + UK (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>) </th> <th>World (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>386 </td> <td>4,408 </td> <td>22,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>408 </td> <td>4,249 </td> <td>30,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>314 </td> <td>3,303 </td> <td>38,016 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The four main emitting sectors in France are transport, agriculture, buildings and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the French industry (including <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy supply</a> and other manufacturing) was responsible for 46% of the total CO<sub>2</sub> emission, a number that has been fairly steady since around 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industries and agriculture are responsible for just 20% each of France's CO<sub>2</sub> emissions<small>.</small><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the total CO<sub>2</sub> emission in 2018, France ranked number 19 in the world with a total of 330Mt CO<sub>2</sub> emitted, just below <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> with 340Mt CO<sub>2</sub> emitted and the United Kingdom with 370Mt CO<sub>2</sub> emitted.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The table below shows the annual emission of greenhouse gas in France in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita (tCO<sub>2</sub>/capita).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>France(t CO<sub>2</sub>/capita) </th> <th>EU27 + UK (t CO<sub>2</sub>/capita) </th> <th>World (t CO<sub>2</sub>/capita) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>9.18 </td> <td>9.52 </td> <td>4.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>9.38 </td> <td>10.27 </td> <td>4.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>6.78 </td> <td>9.24 </td> <td>4.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>6.75 </td> <td>8.46 </td> <td>4.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>6.02 </td> <td>7.78 </td> <td>4.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>4.81 </td> <td>6.47 </td> <td>4.93 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_person" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person">per capita emission</a> of France in 2019 was just below the average for the world. In 2018, France ranked number 17 in the world with 5.19 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub> emitted per capita. Its neighbouring countries the United Kingdom (5.62T CO<sub>2</sub>/capita) and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (9.12T CO<sub>2</sub>/capita) ranked 14 and 9, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_the_natural_environment">Impacts on the natural environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impacts on the natural environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current rise in temperature is changing the natural environment in France, from more precipitation during spring and winter to heat waves and fast melting glaciers. All these impacts are only expected to get worse with the increasing temperature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_and_weather_changes">Temperature and weather changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Temperature and weather changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:206px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_present.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_present.svg/432px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_present.svg/576px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map for France for 1980–2016</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_future.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_future.svg/432px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_future.svg/576px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_FRA_future.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">2071–2100 map under <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">the most intense climate change scenario</a>. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely<sup id="cite_ref-HausfatherPeters2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HausfatherPeters2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schuur2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuur2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phiddian2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phiddian2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>During the 20th century, the average annual <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> in mainland France rose by 0.95 °C. Meanwhile, the average annual global temperature rose by 0.74 °C during that same time period. Meaning that France saw an average temperature increase that was around 30% higher compared to the average global temperature rise. If this trend continues by the time the average global temperature has reached 2 °C it would mean that the average temperature in France has increased with almost 3 °C. In present day, warmer summers and cooler winters are already getting more pronounced leading to an increase of 5–35% in autumn and winter <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a> as well as a decrease in summer rainfall,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter combined with an increase in temperature, could increase the risk for more severe <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> events. The Mediterranean part of the country saw an increase of around 0.5 °C per decade in the period of 1979–2005,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the part of the country that is experiencing the highest increase in temperature and highest decrease in annual precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temperature rise in the <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a> is even more extensive than in the rest of the country, and by 2018 approached a 2 °C average increase compared to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial revolution</a> with an accelerating increase in the past few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature_records">Temperature records</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Temperature records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildfires_in_southwest_France_ESA24375606.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wildfires_in_southwest_France_ESA24375606.gif/220px-Wildfires_in_southwest_France_ESA24375606.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wildfires_in_southwest_France_ESA24375606.gif/330px-Wildfires_in_southwest_France_ESA24375606.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wildfires_in_southwest_France_ESA24375606.gif/440px-Wildfires_in_southwest_France_ESA24375606.gif 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of <a href="/wiki/2022_Gironde_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Gironde wildfires">2022 wildfires</a>, amidst a <a href="/wiki/2022_European_heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 European heat waves">heat wave</a>, that caused significant damage to forests in <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hottest year in France on record was in 2020 with an average temperature of 14.0 °C which beat the last record of 13.9 °C in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The all-time hottest day was recorded on the 28th of June 2019, a day that saw a lot of new records during the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 European heat wave">2019 European heat wave</a>. With the hottest place being in <a href="/wiki/Gallargues-le-Montueux" title="Gallargues-le-Montueux">Gallargues-le-Monteux</a> in Southern France with a staggering 45.9 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to an increase in global average temperature France has been hit by several extreme heat waves over the past few years, this is because of hot air passing over Europe from North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heat_waves">Heat waves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heat waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a decrease in summer precipitation and a global increase of average temperature, heat wave events like the <a href="/wiki/2018_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 European heat wave">2018 European heat wave</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 European heat wave">2019 European heat wave</a> set new summer temperature records and are only expected to get more intense and common due to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea-level_rise">Sea-level rise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sea-level rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With an increase in glacier and polar ice cap <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> is expected to increase, affecting both the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coasts. Future climate projections predict that sea levels around France will increase by at least 1 meter by the year 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low coasts will be in danger of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and being permanently submerged, heavily threatening coastal infrastructure, new coasts will be under threat from temporal flooding, an estimated 140,000 homes and 80,000 people are located in the zone that is at risk for permanent submersion by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Glaciers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retroceso_de_un_glaciar_de_valle_o_alpino_-_Glacier_Blanc_(PN_Ecrins,_Alpes,_Francia)_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Retroceso_de_un_glaciar_de_valle_o_alpino_-_Glacier_Blanc_%28PN_Ecrins%2C_Alpes%2C_Francia%29_-_01.jpg/220px-Retroceso_de_un_glaciar_de_valle_o_alpino_-_Glacier_Blanc_%28PN_Ecrins%2C_Alpes%2C_Francia%29_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Retroceso_de_un_glaciar_de_valle_o_alpino_-_Glacier_Blanc_%28PN_Ecrins%2C_Alpes%2C_Francia%29_-_01.jpg/330px-Retroceso_de_un_glaciar_de_valle_o_alpino_-_Glacier_Blanc_%28PN_Ecrins%2C_Alpes%2C_Francia%29_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Retroceso_de_un_glaciar_de_valle_o_alpino_-_Glacier_Blanc_%28PN_Ecrins%2C_Alpes%2C_Francia%29_-_01.jpg/440px-Retroceso_de_un_glaciar_de_valle_o_alpino_-_Glacier_Blanc_%28PN_Ecrins%2C_Alpes%2C_Francia%29_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>Images of <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Blanc" title="Glacier Blanc">Glacier Blanc</a> in 1991, 1999 and 2019, showing its <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">retreat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An increase in mean annual temperature causes glacial retreat. In the European Alps it is estimated that around half of glacial ice had disappeared between 1850 and 1975. Another 30–40% from what remained was estimated to have disappeared between the time period 1980–2005.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to future climate models, what remains of the glaciers in the Alps as of the year 2100 compared to 2017, could be nothing more than one-third in a best case scenario regardless if the global carbon emission hits zero. If these emissions continue to rise those glaciers will be gone by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> altitudes between 1500 and 2500 meters saw a total of 25 more snow-free days when comparing the years 1964–75 and 2005–2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasing temperature is the primary cause of this rapid snow melting from glaciers, making more ground become exposed to sunlight which changes the <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> of the surrounding area. This secondary cause creates in its turn a positive feedback effect of more extensive heat and therefore promoting even more glacial and snow melt. </p><p>A rapid rise in melting glaciers increases the risk of avalanches, floods, mudslides and landslides. A reduction in melting glacial water causes problems for local water reservoirs used for energy, agriculture and daily use of water. This causes high risk as parts of the Alps are densely populated.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flooding">Flooding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flooding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France is in present-day not under serious threat of <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a> because of climate change. However, with an expected sea-level rise, coastal regions are likely to get effected by coastal flooding. Other than that future climate projections have difficulties estimating where and when an increase in flooding events might occur due to high uncertainties in weather patterns. High altitude areas, like the French Alps, are most likely to see more flooding events due to melting glaciers and because of mountains being good at capturing rain from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than half of all land in France belongs to agriculture or urban areas, both of which are generally biodiverse poor ecosystems. The most numerous naturally occurring ecosystem is forests. In France around 27% of land and 36% of marine environments fall under some form of protection, like <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Habitats directive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current conservation plans to help existing organisms and ecosystems cope with a changing climate is to reduce any other forms of pressure like human interference in order to promote the resilience in those ecosystems as well as more protected areas and stricter rules, legislation and management.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olan_Ecrins_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olan_Ecrins_National_Park.jpg/220px-Olan_Ecrins_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olan_Ecrins_National_Park.jpg/330px-Olan_Ecrins_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olan_Ecrins_National_Park.jpg/440px-Olan_Ecrins_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>The ecosystems of the <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a> are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plant communities affect the biophysical properties of their surrounding soil through interactions with both <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbial</a> communities and animals as well as through adding soil from decaying plant matter and root growth which holds both water and soil in place.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a shift in climate these communities will have to move as well. For plant communities living in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, this is more problematic as according to one source a roughly 100 meter change in altitude corresponds to a difference of 0.5 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A higher winter temperature could also be devastating for many forms of <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernating</a> wildlife, as an early spike in temperature would promote hibernating organisms like cold-blooded reptiles and amphibians to wake up, as well as cause plants to flower early. Most of these organisms would not survive if a late winter cold snap were to hit the area. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">blueberry</a>, which is sensitive to frost and can therefore become severely damaged if its productivity starts to early.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_people">Impacts on people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impacts on people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impacts">Economic impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate change is expected to bring longer, warmer summers and less precipitation to France, which will severely affect many of the crops used in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Due to the warmer weather, the evaporation will be higher and less rain is expected. As most crops currently grown in France are to some extent sensitive to drought, there will likely be a higher need for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, leading to a higher cost of crop production.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme weather events and droughts can also eliminate crop yields for some years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warm weather, although it will prolong the growing season, will also shorten the crop growth phases and crops such as <a href="/wiki/Oilseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseed">oilseed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> will hence experience a shorter grain filling phase, resulting in smaller size.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smaller size also means a smaller yield volume, resulting in the need to expand current agriculture or import additional crop. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> will also be affected by the warmer climate. Animals kept indoors will have a higher need for ventilation and cooling systems, and animals let outdoors will need shelter to protect from the sun during grazing, and likely need a higher water supply available,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing the cost of production. The biggest impact on livestock production will possibly be through <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> yield reduction. The warmer weather will alter the seasonal growth, decreasing the summer yields, while likely giving an increase in spring and autumn yields, resulting in a skewed and variable fodder availability.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">climate change on livestock</a>, and the effect of livestock on climate change, it is likely necessary to rethink the livestock system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vineyards">Vineyards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vineyards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendanges_france_1892-2014_en_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Vendanges_france_1892-2014_en_US.svg/400px-Vendanges_france_1892-2014_en_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Vendanges_france_1892-2014_en_US.svg/600px-Vendanges_france_1892-2014_en_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Vendanges_france_1892-2014_en_US.svg/800px-Vendanges_france_1892-2014_en_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Visualisation of wine grape production in France between 1892 and 2014, showing downward trends in several regions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with Italy and Spain, France is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> producers in the world, with <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> found in all regions of France.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wine production is the second largest trade in France, after <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>. In 2017, French wine production had a profit of 8.24 billion Euros (9.97bn USD).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High temperatures during the grape maturation period can lead to a reduced quality of the grapes. Drier weather also causes a decreased annual yield, unless more efficient irrigation systems are implemented on vineyards, with the effect of increasing the production costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of the wine may also decrease, as the warmer temperature-effects on the grapes gives it a higher sugar content, and hence higher <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> degree, but also a lower <a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">acid</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But the warmer climate also allows for new opportunities, for example moving wine production further north. Existing vineyards located in the north of France, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_wine_region" title="Champagne wine region">Champagne</a>, are expected to experience optimal conditions for wine production.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fisheries">Fisheries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a lot of uncertainties about how the future fish stocks along the French coasts will behave. Changes in migratory patterns, trophic interactions, vulnerability to fishing pressure and general fish stock production are difficult to predict as they depend on more factors than just the changing climate.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent observations report variable effects on different species. In the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a> catches are increasing due to a warmer climate, whereas catches of <a href="/wiki/Pollack_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollack (fish)">pollack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkfish">monkfish</a> are declining.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, France has a fish consumption that exceeds their catch volumes, and already import fish to sustain their demand.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With altered future catches, the need for imported fish may increase, imposing a bigger expense than currently. </p><p>France is one of the biggest producers of marine <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a> in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-:14_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> farming both <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With climate change, the ocean will take up increased quantities of CO<sub>2</sub>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>. Calcifying organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, will have a harder time producing their skeletal structures, hence decreasing growth rates and potentially increasing mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could lead to significant economic loss for France. For all of Europe, the predicted economic losses due to mollusc production damage is calculated to annually be almost 0.9 billion Euro (1bn USD) by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate change, bringing increased temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events, will highly impact the French <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. Temperature increases the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, and flooding and big rain events cause the risk of dislodging parts of the road.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_France" title="Rail transport in France">Railways</a> may also be dislodged, and high temperatures may further make the tracks expand and buckle, causing the need for reparation. Tunnels and other low infrastructures will also be severely affected by extreme rain events and flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All together, this will slow down transports while increasing operating maintenance and costs. </p><p>Flooding due to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea-level rise</a> will further affect infrastructure in coastal areas. The water rise will cause loss of roads and buildings, and further cause people to lose their houses and jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased expenses will come either from building structures to increase flood protection, or from redeveloping and rebuilding transport infrastructures and relocating people in the affected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_impacts">Health impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Health impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France is one of the countries worst affected by European heat waves. During the <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 European heat wave">heat wave of 2003</a>, where big parts of France measured over 40 °C (104 °F), closer to 15,000 people died due to the elevated temperatures. Up until that year, heat wave events had been underestimated as a threat to the French public health.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, local authorities have undertaken measures to be more prepared. During the heat waves of 2018 and 2019, despite the latter reaching record high temperatures of 45.9 °C (114.6 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-:20_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fatalities reached approximately 1,500 people each year.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With climate change, heat waves are expected to get more intense and frequent in France,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the number of fatalities with it. </p><p>Deaths due to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> has likely been undervalued in France.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Premature deaths due to <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">pulmonary diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> were previously estimated to 16,000 fatalities annually.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the premature deaths due to the levels of <a href="/wiki/Particulate_pollution" title="Particulate pollution">particulate matter</a> (PM2.5), <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (NO<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (O<sub>3</sub>) were calculated to be over 40,000 people annually.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change affects the flow and development of air pollutants and is likely to decrease the over-all health of the population, though it is very difficult to predict what the exact effects will be.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a warmer climate, like that brought about by climate change, there is a risk of an increase in <a href="/wiki/Vector-borne_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector-borne disease">vector- borne</a> diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a><sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">Leishmaniasis</a>, a disease transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Sandfly" title="Sandfly">sandflies</a>, is currently found only in the Mediterranean area, but could spread northwards with a warmer climate.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a warmer climate will likely bring more favourable conditions for the vectors, the exact effects or the extent of the spread also depend on factors such as <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land-use</a> as well as available treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_transition">Energy transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Energy transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">Renewable energy in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_eolien_de_Saint-Seine_l%27Abbaye_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Parc_eolien_de_Saint-Seine_l%27Abbaye_4.jpg/220px-Parc_eolien_de_Saint-Seine_l%27Abbaye_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Parc_eolien_de_Saint-Seine_l%27Abbaye_4.jpg/330px-Parc_eolien_de_Saint-Seine_l%27Abbaye_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Parc_eolien_de_Saint-Seine_l%27Abbaye_4.jpg/440px-Parc_eolien_de_Saint-Seine_l%27Abbaye_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_France" title="Wind power in France">Wind turbines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Seine-l%27Abbaye" title="Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye">Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2017, the industrial sectors were responsible for 17.6% of the French total energy consumption, with the non industrial sectors standing for the remaining 82.4% of the total energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total energy supply of France in 2019 relied mainly on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> (just over 40%) and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">oil</a> (30%). The use of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> accounted for only 5% of the total energy supply and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> for just over 15%. The rest came from renewable sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Energy Transition Ministry is increasing wind power.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solar power is also being increased so the country will depend on both nuclear and renewables.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France has set a goal to get 32% of its total consumed energy from renewable sources by 2030. They also hope to reduce the share of nuclear power for generating electricity from 70% to 50% until 2030 (in 2020, it is still approximately 70%<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). France further intends to close its last coal plant by 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would make them the fourth coal-free state in Europe, following after <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All efforts are in line with a target of carbon neutrality law, which France hopes to reach by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France has made an effort to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in the power and transport sector, where they have almost phased out their coal usage and reduced the number of gas cars.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, about 90% of all road traffic still runs on oil products,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they have not managed to reduce the number of vehicles in favour of public transportation, or biking.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the building sector, new houses are built to be low-consuming of energy, and France hopes that the construction of energy-plus houses will be standard after 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry sector is doing a good job in reducing its carbon emissions, but are still not able to keep their limit when it comes to for example energy usage in installations for metals, minerals and the waste management industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policies_and_legislation">Policies and legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Policies and legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_France,_His_Excellency_Mr._Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_(23316745292).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_of_France%2C_His_Excellency_Mr._Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_%2823316745292%29.jpg/220px-President_of_France%2C_His_Excellency_Mr._Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_%2823316745292%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_of_France%2C_His_Excellency_Mr._Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_%2823316745292%29.jpg/330px-President_of_France%2C_His_Excellency_Mr._Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_%2823316745292%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_of_France%2C_His_Excellency_Mr._Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_%2823316745292%29.jpg/440px-President_of_France%2C_His_Excellency_Mr._Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_%2823316745292%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> speaking at <a href="/wiki/COP21" class="mw-redirect" title="COP21">COP21</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> was negotiated and agreed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nationally_Determined_Contributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationally Determined Contributions">Nationally Determined Contributions</a> (NDC) are set by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, as an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>. The overall goal is to reach a 43% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 compared to 2005. According to this, France should carry out adaptive measures to reduce its emissions by 37% until 2030, compared to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, France has set a law to achieve <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">climate neutrality</a> in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France is currently insufficient in its efforts to reach the goal, which led to a government lawsuit in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2022 the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> approved a law <a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">forbidding short-haul flights in France</a>, if people can pass the distance on a train in 2.5 hours. <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> demanded to extend the law, by following the advice of the European Commission to include connecting flights. Greenpeace cited a report according to which, if it will be 6 hours instead of 2.5, it will cut global greenhouse gas emissions by an amount equivalent to 3.5 million tonnes CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> annually.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the French president <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> France will end sales of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2040 to meet its targets under the <a href="/wiki/Paris_climate_accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris climate accord">Paris climate accord</a>. The Netherlands is expected to have the same ban by 2025 and some parts of Germany will have a phase-out by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, French lawmakers also set out to ban domestic flights where train rides taking under two and a half hours are available, in an effort to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm/220px--Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1136" data-mwtitle="Discours_d'Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm/Discours_d%27Emmanuel_Macron_-_COP27.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> delivering a speech at <a href="/wiki/COP27" class="mw-redirect" title="COP27">COP27</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>France hosted the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a>, where the landmark <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> was negotiated and agreed. The agreement forms a key international framework for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptation">Adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To adapt to climate change, France has made a National Adaptation Plan. They are currently on the second one, called The Second National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change (NAP-2 or PNACC-2), which is in place from 2018 until 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan is based on the first plan that was in place from 2011 to 2015, and was revised with a national consultation involving 300 representatives and experts.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan includes adaption strategies for the main economic and social sectors in the country as well as for the different territories in France.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuits">Lawsuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grande-Synthe_climate_case" title="Grande-Synthe climate case">Grande-Synthe climate case</a></div> <p>In 2021 the French government was found guilty of not keeping its pledges to reduce greenhouse gases. A court in France convicted the government after four <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGO's) had collected 2.3 million signatures from the French people for their petition, which is the largest amount of collected signatures in history.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NGO's include <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> France and <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> France. The petition was created to counteract the current lack of action the French government was doing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions despite having promised to reduce its GHG emission with 40% by the year 2030 and going carbon neutral by 2050. The NGO's accused the government of currently dealing with the climate problem in a pace that is going twice as slow.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the years 2018-19 the GHG emission in France dropped by 0.9% instead of the annual target of 1.5% until the year 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each organisation was awarded a symbolic €1 by the French government.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism">Activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_de_nettoyage_g%C3%A9ant_%C3%A0_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Paris_le_14_d%C3%A9cembre_2018_-_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Action_de_nettoyage_g%C3%A9ant_%C3%A0_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Paris_le_14_d%C3%A9cembre_2018_-_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg/220px-Action_de_nettoyage_g%C3%A9ant_%C3%A0_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Paris_le_14_d%C3%A9cembre_2018_-_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Action_de_nettoyage_g%C3%A9ant_%C3%A0_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Paris_le_14_d%C3%A9cembre_2018_-_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg/330px-Action_de_nettoyage_g%C3%A9ant_%C3%A0_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Paris_le_14_d%C3%A9cembre_2018_-_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Action_de_nettoyage_g%C3%A9ant_%C3%A0_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Paris_le_14_d%C3%A9cembre_2018_-_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg/440px-Action_de_nettoyage_g%C3%A9ant_%C3%A0_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Paris_le_14_d%C3%A9cembre_2018_-_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>A 2018 climate change protest in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 2019 a summit of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a> members convened in <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>, France. In protest of the country doing too little to stop their carbon emissions, protesters marched in the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, as Biarritz had been under lockdown due to the summit. The protesters held portraits of <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> upside down to highlight the gap between the president's climate goals and the lack of action thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more than 100 portraits of the president had been stolen from French town halls all over the country, many activists were held responsible for "group theft by deceit".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the trials, more than 9,000 protesters showed up and marched with the inverted portraits. The protests were eventually broken up with tear gas and water cannons and around 70 people were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow vests movement">Yellow vest movement</a> was initially started in France due to a public wide outrage over the increase in fuel prices. In 2018 the price of <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> saw an increase by 20%, the added on carbon tax and the overall increase of the price of fuel was done by the government to take climate action and reduce the number of times people would use cars or other forms of personal transportation. The only problem was that the people who got affected the most by this were also the once that could not afford it and only had their cars as means of transportation. The increased price was done in favour of people living in the city where public transportation is plentiful, but this is not the case in rural regions and on the countryside, thus starting the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_perception_of_climate_change">Public perception of climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Public perception of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-1heart1tree_-_Tour_Eiffel_%C3%A0_-Paris_-_Eiffel_Tower_-_COP_21_(22779585433).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/-1heart1tree_-_Tour_Eiffel_%C3%A0_-Paris_-_Eiffel_Tower_-_COP_21_%2822779585433%29.jpg/220px--1heart1tree_-_Tour_Eiffel_%C3%A0_-Paris_-_Eiffel_Tower_-_COP_21_%2822779585433%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/-1heart1tree_-_Tour_Eiffel_%C3%A0_-Paris_-_Eiffel_Tower_-_COP_21_%2822779585433%29.jpg/330px--1heart1tree_-_Tour_Eiffel_%C3%A0_-Paris_-_Eiffel_Tower_-_COP_21_%2822779585433%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/-1heart1tree_-_Tour_Eiffel_%C3%A0_-Paris_-_Eiffel_Tower_-_COP_21_%2822779585433%29.jpg/440px--1heart1tree_-_Tour_Eiffel_%C3%A0_-Paris_-_Eiffel_Tower_-_COP_21_%2822779585433%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4338" data-file-height="2711" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> lit with green lights during <a href="/wiki/COP21" class="mw-redirect" title="COP21">COP21</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A nationwide survey in 2017 containing answers from 3,480 French citizens looked at how the general public perceived climate change. According to the study 85% of people believe climate change is happening with only 1.9% being absolutely not sure. A total of 90% of participants believed that human activity is completely or partly responsible for climate change and only 2.5% were found to be <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change deniers</a>. Around 85% showed concern about the effects of climate change. Most concerned were younger people, students and those who are full-time employed. On the other hand, the number of people that believed that their actions could mitigate climate change was found to only be moderate. With many people not knowing what actions to take or believing that their actions would not make any difference. The survey also found that the public's knowledge about climate change was low to moderate, while being high in mid-range educational qualifications, students, the full-time employed and those that had experienced the direct effects of climate change through droughts, floods or extreme storms.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_about_climate_change_in_weather_forecasts">Information about climate change in weather forecasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Information about climate change in weather forecasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2023, 2 state TV channels, <a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_3" title="France 3">France 3</a> have begun to enter information regarding <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> in their weather forecasts. This will make the forecasts 1.5–2 minutes longer. The climate related information will rely on experts. The channels will also provide information about climate change and the ways stopping it to their workers. In France, except in case of breaking news they will ask reporters to take the train instead of a plane.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in the European Union">Climate change in the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_France" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in France">Plug-in electric vehicles in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_weather_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="The weather in France">The weather in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Observatory for the Impacts of Global Warming. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/ONERC_rapport_Climate%20change_Costs%20of%20impacts%20and%20lines%20of%20adaptation_ENG.pdf">Climate change: costs of impacts and lines of adaptation.</a> Report to the Prime Minister and Parliament, 2009. Accessed 2021-08-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/28/france-on-red-alert-as-heatwave-forecast-to-reach-record-45c">"France records all-time highest temperature of 45.9C"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2019-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Taking+Macron+down%3A+climate+protesters+strip+French+town+halls+of+portraits&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Faug%2F02%2Ftaking-macron-down-climate-protesters-strip-french-town-halls-of-portraits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJetten2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jetten (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Firsp.356">"How Economic Inequality Fuels the Rise and Persistence of the Yellow Vest Movement"</a>. <i>International Review of Social Psychology</i>. <b>33</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Firsp.356">10.5334/irsp.356</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=How+Economic+Inequality+Fuels+the+Rise+and+Persistence+of+the+Yellow+Vest+Movement&rft.volume=33&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Firsp.356&rft.au=Jetten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Firsp.356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabutsidze2018" class="citation journal cs1">Babutsidze (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341539801">"Public Perceptions and Responses to Climate Change in France"</a>. <i>Université Côte d'Azur: Nice</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A9+C%C3%B4te+d%27Azur%3A+Nice&rft.atitle=Public+Perceptions+and+Responses+to+Climate+Change+in+France&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Babutsidze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F341539801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHird2023" class="citation news cs1">Hird, Alison (14 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20230314-french-tv-transforms-weather-forecasts-to-include-climate-change-context">"French TV transforms weather forecasts to include climate change context"</a>. RFI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French+TV+transforms+weather+forecasts+to+include+climate+change+context&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft.aulast=Hird&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Ffrance%2F20230314-french-tv-transforms-weather-forecasts-to-include-climate-change-context&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_France&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a> in each country</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Algeria" title="Climate change in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Botswana" title="Climate change in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Egypt" title="Climate change in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Eritrea" title="Climate change in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Eswatini" title="Climate change in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ethiopia" title="Climate change in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Gambia" title="Climate change in the Gambia">the Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ghana" title="Climate change in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kenya" title="Climate change in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Lesotho" title="Climate change in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Liberia" title="Climate change in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Madagascar" title="Climate change in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malawi" title="Climate change in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Morocco" title="Climate change in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mozambique" title="Climate change in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Namibia" title="Climate change in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria" title="Climate change in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Senegal" title="Climate change in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Somalia" title="Climate change in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Africa" title="Climate change in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Sudan" title="Climate change in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sudan" title="Climate change in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tanzania" title="Climate change in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tunisia" title="Climate change in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uganda" title="Climate change in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Zimbabwe" title="Climate change in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Argentina" title="Climate change in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada" title="Climate change in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Greenland" title="Climate change in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Grenada" title="Climate change in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Guatemala" title="Climate change in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Honduras" title="Climate change in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nicaragua" title="Climate change in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Suriname" title="Climate change in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uruguay" title="Climate change in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh" title="Climate change in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia" title="Climate change in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iraq" title="Climate change in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Israel" title="Climate change in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan" title="Climate change in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Jordan" title="Climate change in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Climate change in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Maldives" title="Climate change in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_North_Korea" title="Climate change in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Singapore" title="Climate change in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Korea" title="Climate change in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Climate change in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Taiwan" title="Climate change in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Thailand" title="Climate change in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vietnam" title="Climate change in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Austria" title="Climate change in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Belgium" title="Climate change in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cyprus" title="Climate change in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Germany" title="Climate change in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Greece" title="Climate change in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Norway" title="Climate change in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Poland" title="Climate change in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Russia" title="Climate change in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Spain" title="Climate change in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sweden" title="Climate change in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Fiji" title="Climate change in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Climate change in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Zealand" title="Climate change in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tuvalu" title="Climate change in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polar regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_tropics" title="Effects of climate change on the tropics">Tropics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Climate change">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/climate_change" class="extiw" title="wikt:climate change">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="France_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:France_topics" title="Template:France topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:France_topics" title="Template talk:France topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:France topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="France_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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