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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chart indicator</div> <p>In stock and securities market <a href="/wiki/Technical_analysis" title="Technical analysis">technical analysis</a>, <b>parabolic SAR</b> (parabolic stop and reverse) is a method devised by <a href="/wiki/J._Welles_Wilder_Jr." title="J. Welles Wilder Jr.">J. Welles Wilder Jr.</a>, to find potential reversals in the <a href="/wiki/Market_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Market price">market price</a> direction of traded goods such as <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> or currency exchanges such as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">forex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a trend-following (lagging) <a href="/wiki/Technical_indicator" title="Technical indicator">indicator</a> and may be used to set a <a href="/wiki/Stop_loss_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop loss order">trailing stop loss</a> or determine entry or exit points based on prices tending to stay within a <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabolic</a> curve during a strong trend. </p><p>Similar to option theory's concept of time decay, the concept draws on the idea that "<a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> is the enemy". Thus, unless a security can continue to generate more profits over time, it should be liquidated. The indicator generally works only in trending markets, and creates "whipsaws" during ranging or, sideways phases. Therefore, Wilder recommends first establishing the direction or change in direction of the trend through the use of parabolic SAR, and then using a different indicator such as the <a href="/wiki/Average_Directional_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Average Directional Index">Average Directional Index</a> to determine the strength of the trend. </p><p>A parabola below the price is generally <a href="/wiki/Bull_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull market">bullish</a>, while a parabola above is generally <a href="/wiki/Bear_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear market">bearish</a>. A parabola below the price may be used as support, whereas a parabola above the price may represent resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabolic_SAR&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parabolic SAR is calculated almost independently for each trend in the price. When the price is in an uptrend, the SAR emerges below the price and converges upwards towards it. Similarly, on a downtrend, the SAR emerges above the price and converges downwards. At each step within a trend, the SAR is calculated one period in advance. That is, tomorrow's SAR value is built using data available today. The general formula used for this is: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {SAR}_{n+1}={SAR}_{n}+\alpha (EP-{SAR}_{n})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {SAR}_{n+1}={SAR}_{n}+\alpha (EP-{SAR}_{n})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79161ddbef22d8485fc8500421bdc992488b2c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.372ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {SAR}_{n+1}={SAR}_{n}+\alpha (EP-{SAR}_{n})}"></span>, </p><p>where <i>SAR<sub>n</sub></i> and <i>SAR<sub>n+1</sub></i> represent the current period and the next period's SAR values, respectively. </p><p><i>EP</i> (the extreme point) is a record kept during each trend that represents the highest value reached by the price during the current uptrend – or lowest value during a downtrend. During each period, if a new maximum (or minimum) is observed, the EP is updated with that value. </p><p>The <i>α</i> value represents the acceleration factor. Usually, this is set initially to a value of 0.02, but can be chosen by the trader. This factor is increased by 0.02 each time a new EP is recorded, which means that every time a new EP is observed, it will make the acceleration factor go up. The rate will then quicken to a point where the SAR converges towards the price. To prevent it from getting too large, a maximum value for the acceleration factor is normally set to 0.20. The traders can set these numbers depending on their trading style and the instruments being traded. Generally, it is preferable in stocks trading to set the acceleration factor to 0.01, so that it is not too sensitive to local decreases. For commodity or currency trading, the preferred value is 0.02. </p><p>The SAR is calculated in this manner for each new period. However, two special cases will modify the SAR value: </p> <ul><li>If the next period's SAR value is inside (or beyond) the current period or the previous period's price range, the SAR must be set to the closest price bound. For example, if in an upward trend, the new SAR value is calculated and if it results to be more than today's or yesterday's lowest price, it must be set equal to that lower boundary.</li> <li>If the next period's SAR value is inside (or beyond) the next period's price range, a new trend direction is then signaled. The SAR must then switch sides.</li></ul> <p>Upon a trend switch, the first SAR value for this new trend is set to the last EP recorded on the prior trend, EP is then reset accordingly to this period's maximum, and the acceleration factor is reset to its initial value of 0.02. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistical_results">Statistical results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabolic_SAR&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Statistical results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A modern study of parabolic SAR based on 2,880 years of <a href="/wiki/Backtesting" title="Backtesting">backtesting</a> over a 12-year period to 2023 on the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> 30 stocks, demonstrated using PSAR with a standard <a href="/wiki/Open-high-low-close_chart" title="Open-high-low-close chart">OHLC</a> chart resulted in a 19% win rate. Using PSAR with a <a href="/wiki/Heikin-Ashi_chart" title="Heikin-Ashi chart">Heikin Ashi</a> chart produced a 63% success rate.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabolic_SAR&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Welles_Wilder,_Jr.1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Welles_Wilder,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Welles Wilder, Jr.">J. Welles Wilder, Jr.</a> (June 1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newconceptsintec00wild"><i>New Concepts in Technical Trading Systems</i></a></span>. Greensboro, NC: Trend Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89459-027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89459-027-6"><bdi>978-0-89459-027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Concepts+in+Technical+Trading+Systems&rft.place=Greensboro%2C+NC&rft.pub=Trend+Research&rft.date=1978-06&rft.isbn=978-0-89459-027-6&rft.au=J.+Welles+Wilder%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewconceptsintec00wild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParabolic+SAR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://school.stockcharts.com/doku.php?id=technical_indicators:parabolic_sar">"Parabolic SAR [ChartSchool]"</a>. <i>school.stockcharts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=school.stockcharts.com&rft.atitle=Parabolic+SAR+%5BChartSchool%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.stockcharts.com%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dtechnical_indicators%3Aparabolic_sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParabolic+SAR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCFTe2023" class="citation web cs1">CFTe, Barry D. Moore (2023-06-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberatedstocktrader.com/parabolic-sar/">"Parabolic SAR Indicator: Strategy Test on 2,880 Years of Data"</a>. <i>www.liberatedstocktrader.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.liberatedstocktrader.com&rft.atitle=Parabolic+SAR+Indicator%3A+Strategy+Test+on+2%2C880+Years+of+Data&rft.date=2023-06-04&rft.aulast=CFTe&rft.aufirst=Barry+D.+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberatedstocktrader.com%2Fparabolic-sar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParabolic+SAR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Market_trend" title="Market trend">Market trend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlestick_chart" title="Candlestick chart">Candlestick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renko_chart" title="Renko chart">Renko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_chart" title="Kagi chart">Kagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_chart" title="Line chart">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-high-low-close_chart" title="Open-high-low-close chart">Open-high-low-close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_and_figure_chart" title="Point and figure chart">Point and figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_break_chart" title="Line break chart">Line break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chart_pattern" title="Chart pattern">Chart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadening_top" title="Broadening top">Broadening top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_handle" title="Cup and handle">Cup and handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_top_and_double_bottom" title="Double top and double bottom">Double top and double bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_pennant_patterns" title="Flag and pennant patterns">Flag and pennant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_(chart_pattern)" title="Gap (chart pattern)">Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_shoulders_(chart_pattern)" title="Head and shoulders (chart pattern)">Head and shoulders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_reversal" title="Island reversal">Island reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_channels" title="Price channels">Price channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(chart_pattern)" title="Triangle (chart pattern)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_top_and_triple_bottom" title="Triple top and triple bottom">Triple top and triple bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_pattern" title="Wedge pattern">Wedge pattern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Candlestick_pattern" title="Candlestick pattern">Candlestick</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Candlestick_pattern#Simple_patterns" title="Candlestick pattern">Simple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doji" title="Doji">Doji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Candlestick_pattern#Complex_patterns" title="Candlestick pattern">Complex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hikkake_pattern" title="Hikkake pattern">Hikkake pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_star_(candlestick_pattern)" title="Morning star (candlestick pattern)">Morning star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_black_crows" title="Three black crows">Three black crows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_white_soldiers" title="Three white soldiers">Three white soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Point_and_figure_chart" title="Point and figure chart">Point and figure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_trap" title="Bull trap">Bull trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear market">Bear trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_indicator" title="Technical indicator">Indicators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Support_and_resistance" title="Support and resistance">Support &<br />resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_retracement" title="Fibonacci retracement">Fibonacci retracement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivot_point_(technical_analysis)" title="Pivot point (technical analysis)">Pivot point</a> (PP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Market_trend" title="Market trend">Trend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_directional_movement_index" title="Average directional movement index">Average directional index</a> (A.D.X.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_channel_index" title="Commodity channel index">Commodity channel index</a> (CCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detrended_price_oscillator" title="Detrended price oscillator">Detrended price oscillator</a> (DPO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KST_oscillator" title="KST oscillator">Know sure thing oscillator</a> (KST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichimoku_Kink%C5%8D_Hy%C5%8D" title="Ichimoku Kinkō Hyō">Ichimoku Kinkō Hyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACD" title="MACD">Moving average convergence/divergence</a> (MACD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_index" title="Mass index">Mass index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_average" title="Moving average">Moving average</a> (MA)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parabolic SAR</a> (SAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_money_index" title="Smart money index">Smart money index</a> (SMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trend_line_(technical_analysis)" title="Trend line (technical analysis)">Trend line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trix_(technical_analysis)" title="Trix (technical analysis)">Trix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_indicator" title="Vortex indicator">Vortex indicator</a> (VI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Momentum_(finance)" title="Momentum (finance)">Momentum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Money_flow_index" title="Money flow index">Money flow index</a> (MFI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_strength_index" title="Relative strength index">Relative strength index</a> (RSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_oscillator" title="Stochastic oscillator">Stochastic oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_strength_index" title="True strength index">True strength index</a> (TSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_oscillator" title="Ultimate oscillator">Ultimate oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_%25R" title="Williams %R">Williams %R</a> (%R)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volume_(finance)" title="Volume (finance)">Volume</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation/distribution_index" title="Accumulation/distribution index">Accumulation/distribution line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ease_of_movement" title="Ease of movement">Ease of movement</a> (EMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_index" title="Force index">Force index</a> (FI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_volume_index" title="Negative volume index">Negative volume index</a> (NVI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-balance_volume" title="On-balance volume">On-balance volume</a> (OBV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put/call_ratio" title="Put/call ratio">Put/call ratio</a> (PCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume%E2%80%93price_trend" title="Volume–price trend">Volume–price trend</a> (VPT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">Volatility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_true_range" title="Average true range">Average true range</a> (ATR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollinger_Bands" title="Bollinger Bands">Bollinger Bands</a> (BB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchian_channel" title="Donchian channel">Donchian channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keltner_channel" title="Keltner channel">Keltner channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIX" title="VIX">CBOE Market Volatility Index</a> (VIX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">Standard deviation</a> (σ)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breadth_of_market" title="Breadth of market">Breadth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance%E2%80%93decline_line" title="Advance–decline line">Advance–decline line</a> (ADL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIN_(finance)" title="TRIN (finance)">Arms index</a> (TRIN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClellan_oscillator" title="McClellan oscillator">McClellan oscillator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppock_curve" title="Coppock curve">Coppock curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcer_index" title="Ulcer index">Ulcer index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bollinger" title="John Bollinger">John Bollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Davis_(analyst)" title="Ned Davis (analyst)">Ned Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dow" title="Charles Dow">Charles Dow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nelson_Elliott" title="Ralph Nelson Elliott">Ralph Nelson Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Farrell_(technical_analyst)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Farrell (technical analyst)">Bob Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(technical_analyst)" title="John Murphy (technical analyst)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulbert" title="Mark Hulbert">Mark Hulbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabolic_SAR&oldid=1247090655">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabolic_SAR&oldid=1247090655</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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