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Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Aurora Biosciences</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora_Bioscience_Corp_logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/78/Aurora_Bioscience_Corp_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="123" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Subsidiary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a> & <a href="/wiki/Biotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotherapy">Biotherapeutics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1995</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by <a href="/wiki/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals" title="Vertex Pharmaceuticals">Vertex Pharmaceuticals</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aurora Biosciences</b> was a biotechnology company founded in 1995 in San Diego to commercialize <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence#Biochemistry_and_medicine" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> <a href="/wiki/Assays" class="mw-redirect" title="Assays">assays</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a>'s discoveries concerning <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a> and its uses in <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> - work for which Tsien eventually won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in chemistry">2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry</a> along with two other chemists. </p><p>Aurora was formed at a time when established pharmaceutical companies were seeking to harness the fruits of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>, which had overwhelmed them with potential <a href="/wiki/Drug_target" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug target">drug targets</a>, and the explosion of new research tools enabled by <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, as well as revolutions in chemistry that allowed many more, and many more kinds, of potential drugs to be made. </p><p>In 2000, as the investment climate turned against platform companies, Aurora started to work on its own drug discovery programs. It struck a deal with the <a href="/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis_Foundation" title="Cystic Fibrosis Foundation">Cystic Fibrosis Foundation</a> under which CFF invested $30 million in Aurora, with the promise of further investment based on success, in exchange for Aurora agreeing to discover and develop new drugs to treat <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">venture philanthropy</a>. Aurora was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals" title="Vertex Pharmaceuticals">Vertex Pharmaceuticals</a> in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the arrangement with CFF continued and resulted in the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">ivacaftor</a> in 2005 and the approval of that drug in 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Aurora Biosciences was founded in 1995 in San Diego to commercialize <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence#Biochemistry_and_medicine" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> <a href="/wiki/Assay" title="Assay">assays</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a>'s discoveries concerning <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a> and its uses in <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a>, work for which he eventually won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in chemistry">2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry</a> along with two other chemists.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2008_Nobel_Chemistry_Prize_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008_Nobel_Chemistry_Prize-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsien2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsien2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aurora was incorporated in California in May 1995 and was reincorporated in Delaware in January 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-S1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsien co-founded the company with two colleagues from the faculty of University of California, San Diego, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Zuker" title="Charles Zuker">Charles Zuker</a> and Michael Geoffrey, and a venture capitalist, Kevin J. Kinsella of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalon_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avalon Ventures (page does not exist)">Avalon Ventures</a>. The first business people they brought on were Tim Rink, who became Chairman and CEO, and Frank Craig to lead assay R&D and Harry Stylli to drive sales in the assay business.<sup id="cite_ref-1stfundingPR_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1stfundingPR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aurora received its first round of funding of $13.6 million in March 1996<sup id="cite_ref-1stfundingPR_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1stfundingPR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was able to raise $40 million in its <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPO</a> in 1997 on the NASDAQ exchange,<sup id="cite_ref-S1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BaltSun_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaltSun-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it held the offering just after a bull run, when the markets had somewhat soured on biotechnology IPOs.<sup id="cite_ref-BaltSun_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaltSun-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LATipo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATipo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aurora's business was focused on providing assay development services to companies trying to discover drugs, and to develop and sell new <a href="/wiki/High-throughput_screening" title="High-throughput screening">high-throughput screening</a> (HTS) equipment and assays to use on the equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were leaders in the effort to increase throughput and lower the cost of screening that took the field from screening 800 compounds a week in 1986 to being able to screen 100,000 compounds in a day, or "ultra HTS".<sup id="cite_ref-Wells1997_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The business model of providing discovery services based on a "platform technology" was typical in the late 1990s, as established pharmaceutical companies were seeking to harness rapid advances in biotechnology, and small biotech companies making those advances useful proliferated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C&EN2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&EN2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides deploying its know-how in use of GFP as a <a href="/wiki/Reporter_gene" title="Reporter gene">reporter gene</a>, scientists at Aurora invented CCF2, a dye combining <a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">fluorescein</a> and <a href="/wiki/7-hydroxycoumarin" class="mw-redirect" title="7-hydroxycoumarin">7-hydroxycoumarin</a> that creates a fluorescent signal when cleaved by <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactamase" title="Beta-lactamase">beta-lactamase</a>; this allowed beta-lactamase to be used as a reporter gene. The BLA system has become widely used in research labs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aurora also sold proprietary stable cell lines containing its reporters for use in assays conducted with its equipment, and was unusual among its peers for requiring milestones and royalty payments on drugs brought to market that were discovered using its cell lines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2000, its customers included <a href="/wiki/Becton_Dickinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Becton Dickinson">Becton Dickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly" title="Eli Lilly">Eli Lilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Roche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a>, <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">Glaxo Wellcome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacia" title="Pharmacia">Pharmacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner-Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner-Lambert">Warner-Lambert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyeth" title="Wyeth">Wyeth Ayerst</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was recognized as the industry leader in assay development and high-throughput screening services.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Aurora changed its business model to focus on discovering and developing new drugs itself, rather than providing services to help others do so, as part of the general trend in the biotechnology industry away from discovery platforms and toward product-focused companies, which occurred as the hype over the "genomic revolution" waned.<sup id="cite_ref-C&EN2003_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&EN2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDTrib2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDTrib2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year it received a $30 million investment from <a href="/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis_Foundation" title="Cystic Fibrosis Foundation">Cystic Fibrosis Foundation</a> to identify and develop up to three drug candidates to treat <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>; this transaction was one of the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">venture philanthropy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That funding eventually grew to $150 million and led to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">ivacaftor</a> in 2005 and contributed to the eventual FDA approval of that drug in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000 Aurora acquired PanVera, a <a href="/wiki/Contract_manufacturing_organization" title="Contract manufacturing organization">contract manufacturing organization</a> that specialized in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">protein production</a> and that also sold assays, for $86 million in stock.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Aurora was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals" title="Vertex Pharmaceuticals">Vertex Pharmaceuticals</a> for $592 million in stock.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vertex wanted access to Aurora's insight into drug targeting of <a href="/wiki/Ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channels">ion channels</a> and <a href="/wiki/G-protein_coupled_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein coupled receptors">G-protein coupled receptors</a>, wanted to apply Aurora's assay expertise to its programs in <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_inhibitor" title="Protein kinase inhibitor">kinase inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspase" title="Caspase">caspase</a> inhibitors, and wanted access to PanVera's protein production capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Vertex sold PanVera to Invitrogen for $95 million in cash and $10 million in assumption of debt and other costs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year Vertex sold Aurora's instrument business to a private equity group, which created Aurora Discovery from it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aurora Discovery eventually changed its name to Aurora Biotechnologies, and in 2009 was acquired by Nexus Biosystems, which made and sold automated <a href="/wiki/Biobank" title="Biobank">biobank</a> and chemical storage equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vertex retained Aurora's drug discovery facility and staff in San Diego; ivacaftor was discovered there in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-SDTrib2005_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDTrib2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bioprocessonline.com/doc/aurora-biosciences-receives-funding-from-the-0001">"Aurora Biosciences Receives Funding from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation"</a>. <i>www.bioprocessonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Wiley & Sons, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470583111" title="Special:BookSources/9780470583111">9780470583111</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxKqC1aGLBIC&pg=PA280">pp 280-281</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQureshi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Qureshi, SA (Jan 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2144%2F000112292">"Beta-lactamase: an ideal reporter system for monitoring gene expression in live eukaryotic cells"</a>. <i>BioTechniques</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 91–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2144%2F000112292">10.2144/000112292</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17269490">17269490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioTechniques&rft.atitle=Beta-lactamase%3A+an+ideal+reporter+system+for+monitoring+gene+expression+in+live+eukaryotic+cells&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-6&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2144%2F000112292&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17269490&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2144%252F000112292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAurora+Biosciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDove1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dove, A (Sep 1999). "Drug screening--beyond the bottleneck". <i>Nat Biotechnol</i>. <b>17</b> (9): 859–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F12845">10.1038/12845</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10471925">10471925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43022779">43022779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&rft.atitle=Drug+screening--beyond+the+bottleneck&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=859-63&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43022779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10471925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F12845&rft.aulast=Dove&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAurora+Biosciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aurora Press Release. January 11, 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evaluategroup.com/Universal/View.aspx?type=Story&id=8178">Aurora Biosciences Successful Demonstration of UHTSS Components with 100,00 Cell-Based Assays in 12 Hours</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jorge Cortese for The Scientist. July 10, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/12927/title/At-the-Speed-of-Light/">At the Speed of Light</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Abate for the San Francisco. October 30, 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/IMAGE-is-everything-Automated-tools-take-a-look-3238632.php">IMAGE is everything: Automated tools take a look inside living cells</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDTrib2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SDTrib2005_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDTrib2005_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Penni Crabtree for the San Diego Tribune. October 21, 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20051021/news_1b21vertex.html">Poised to be a star: Cystic fibrosis project has San Diego unit of Vertex on verge of a treatment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vera Kallmeyer and Marc Canabou <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43503272">Risks and Rewards in Biotech Investing</a> <i>The Journal of Private Equity</i> 2001; (4)4: 6-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2000" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, E (2000). "Disease Group Invests in Do-It-Yourself Drugs". <i>Science</i>. <b>288</b> (5472): 1715b–7b. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5472.1715b">10.1126/science.288.5472.1715b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17836682">17836682</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19499135">19499135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Disease+Group+Invests+in+Do-It-Yourself+Drugs&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5472&rft.pages=1715b-7b&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19499135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17836682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5472.1715b&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAurora+Biosciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Fleisher-Black for Corporate Counsel. June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062932/http://www.schanerlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Corporate-Counsel-June-2002.pdf">Patient, Heal Thyself</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff, Bioprocessing Online. June 5, 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioprocessonline.com/doc/aurora-biosciences-receives-funding-from-the-0001">Aurora Biosciences Receives Funding from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Pollack for the New York Times. Nov 19, 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/business/for-cystic-fibrosis-foundation-venture-yields-windfall-in-hope-and-cash.html">Deal by Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Raises Cash and Some Concern</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie O'Brienf for Market Watch. Nov 17, 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/aurora-biosciences-to-acquire-panvera">Aurora Biosciences to buy PanVera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview, Roger Tsien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsb.org.uk/images/pdf/Biochemistry_supplement_final_proofs.pdf">The light fantastic</a>, pages 7-9 in The Biologist, Biochemistry Supplement. Vol 62 No 5 supplement. Oct/Nov 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Pollack for the New York Times. May 1, 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/01/business/technology-vertex-buys-biotechnology-rival-for-592-million.html">Vertex Buys Biotechnology Rival for $592 Million</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff, ICIS Chemical Business. May 7, 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2001/05/07/138283/vertex-pharmaceuticals-bags-aurora-biosciences-in-592-mm-stock-deal/">Vertex Pharmaceuticals Bags Aurora Biosciences In $592 MM Stock Deal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff, GenomeWeb. Apr 30, 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genomeweb.com/vertex-pharmaceuticals-acquire-aurora-biosciences-592-million-stock">Vertex Pharmaceuticals to Acquire Aurora Biosciences for $592 Million in Stock</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Richgels for The Capital Times. February 5, 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biotechprofiles.com/companyfiles/madisonnetwork/e913c7965d4e4ac7bde801ae0fddd496.pdf">Panvera Sold Again</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222060906/http://www.biotechprofiles.com/companyfiles/madisonnetwork/e913c7965d4e4ac7bde801ae0fddd496.pdf">Archived</a> February 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff, Boston Business Journal. Dec 1, 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2003/12/vertex-pharmaceuticals-sells-out.html">Vertex Pharmaceuticals sells out of instrumentation business</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9709322">Bloomberg profile: Aurora Biotechnologies</a> Page accessed March 4, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denise Gellene for Xconomy. December 7th, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2009/12/07/tools-company-nexus-biosystems-acquires-aurora-biotechnologies/">Tools Company Nexus Biosystems Acquires Aurora Biotechnologies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian McGrory for the Boston Globe. 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