CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "journals.aps.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '918473596f0a820a',cH: 'dySGLxI1Jr5oI1JVQQXaMu2cgXOg5YZEZr2XH7HFakI-1740620256-1.2.1.1-ijB7X3xWc8lNkzIg5GAqy_8zIlgsyqvOymoVbpECs_RSyJnUQRKT20ABBON_lnWw',cUPMDTk: "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.106.106021?__cf_chl_tk=VegwPKZ41lFKLcvXk5_.XsZHJi09krpfA2uow.YnlNw-1740620256-1.0.1.1-vd3XDLxyLVRiZpCkHRMMH1K6AnU7sKPptr30tWJ4nKY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740620256',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.106.106021?__cf_chl_f_tk=VegwPKZ41lFKLcvXk5_.XsZHJi09krpfA2uow.YnlNw-1740620256-1.0.1.1-vd3XDLxyLVRiZpCkHRMMH1K6AnU7sKPptr30tWJ4nKY",md: "56AZOuB9x0GHkvj1JbEc3OwzyrQ4TClgzjx.NREK_8o-1740620256-1.2.1.1-987XcUnySZA_eYB7lKKvcocPR9hpLmq2fE4d2Jq_HDRlcRDMpZcZH9t7VeQVrfS1ANRpWz8Y.k3pR3jWUzkw5MRGRSTTvfqdESDZpXKpS9KPNsGe.KV34aOH9MprS2gPLfMtB40j6v3fHdQY24XlomMaozv0RB2QklSjMte.ZeaJxsoTHgGCo6XxgIgeOEzSxKUMk6pJS24XKxFdQzNxYD9NpZt4bYo_8VNOsjDwQPGzthYHSzFSNCIhg1g9be.5x4akX41eACGnYN.JUdPTPJC1BaKDUGeWGTSvrhCXzOfYgS7kuFFqPvPYKwBNKBd71.fodIGJcjA6duYL8xzL7XgWucfHqJP1HYQ7Mj6rYwmIcT.CB8Lm1LnwrGSNaCb90a0YWnY_rn4UAViIDa1cAnKYvJFPkwyj1e3GZ_FeHh3IYa6Is5Y7zv83rrcy2mXoNke725O2IS_RVfZrMQV4F7VuwDYD_jJwhQEhKNxyyY06QA.ym7DaQvcGJIE2hBE6wIJlOU6LYVlYLx7FWvVan2H19lPUF9YnpbUCq9clDhNiOSPOJMF8h2bFo4rONHsrBzARCH4pnrDZSLc0GeTcXKD6gSHGlFGKS40FR7deeppv.ds.BOq4pDvEo4g_.7oCPVDyRm86vwXaVVwEsS6ejSUdxzeqwN.2UD4Yv6dWvK.FO41cr7j2_r8H5OuMO2BNdW9RE8j8_mQ4hv.k389tnbPo2fZ8fWLC7AjSXz4vxTPcpQ4q6JzlM3cvwsDGiOv84FMjHXLmT9QMv9To10FtPDX4DNN0wf3O4lWW9ay4iDDd7AF2J3odFI1jLXSP.lzHXeD8rFRBDWH1lcqpZNQDoGWzSnrdNEYowQs4UI7kOay.NYjmMwIYk5gGoaNNlgE3lVw8TFzFKv0IXXK9xI036I1_75aeV7fUau2oNWY9KH9aE7UwS2rH9ZqFpUjdclifBQhAZXiQRTvqQKU26la1kV4Y8vYypF0VjHqSSzbZMLLPpBg.6GjHudwTT.Rz24t01D.xhvF989OsBzEM_rCebZLNizrqaT5Hd0QLerNl72G863ft5Vr.XuT17C31zhx02ujSlgmGKK0ZE8jXsNCjdeLaOrBmD37r5nyE4Vw_jrVBhcvo0SUVv4mQG0VojZg9oOu8uy1yLBLi6_HtHq8m9fOkg7SpVyZ6XFFV3WO1Yjrej_2SSFz3nlGZBHJa.RK7WWbSsBp0WAIM5DoW5gIff2ORdz0IdNqEGilAjslU5IkZnVKYfqoEM1tjbl.m42kZ46N.9BRJ3.ZGqo6aGbuD.bE3qsZOAuOH7rLjpGlBuUWMZ4UVL.YHFqg5O7z7lsPDA0cIZfqMrlyqtD3kN9c5aIvdhvVrrH.JG3PSdirHms16sg2aXaU5QGh0RNKtIS_n.Pg73TyMgXW_MmLpINavgx3iaLRMmt7utEma5MFEesJ_YmF9fvMxwi8hqRJSda.yxe0ZfCtBblewMZdwiulot1cWPlBEpXcSumfir2IG8FVUEmz6s4Ic5gRinZoTRLybSzMgRRggLV8bpwDqHBrCzuJVB4i1P2H6g9uKbsfADV9joZCDOs7ceIXzszaZf2xyZwbOTaN5irZ0PXp7EU46jfM5mSzihUEgaquhSD3ZZwkc6jC325BTVVjrc5bV6qlWxVzwEmJh.Yh4wqf.UhIJTs.T5bxlRIhEW2hfdzJHe5JSdffJmSKhlock0F2yb97eTzBr.jVEkfybEteLnxXY5daA4IrSmhTmC6rFgp4ilipT0pNOSigwVqq5hd2ZvZZmxvDdN2ajbm6s0FJIkmZjBTYkHbx3Vf8Vs1z5w6VAHBTTxQvD4.5ybrRoHJ0kXoNeZyYNS4tQ0lXZWer9lzj24pKT7qcd_zm.KzqBAZcsVvajzSoEzFb5pX5YbIBP_qgukO6tRTLl3kf9ydkgLPqdTdfrgacL8a15QtXtYX8mEBPkk4PvmldltW6hqES_9vHkSXarPO_z.kjyhD6UvKCbLrcfUOa2eCe2k_0NxwkIn0yp3GT79fauPjls5tzgVFQGkS310EyAvUKnTrfZfaLXXnaNnKdFk9t1Ic7.6gcfRfOHpKvVfuloCPnq9AAsMnk2KmcIspGAieqSIdmrTqjpYcLE5ooB9qxKah4vZZnZ8nQ4nyENGstZ.Q7MvEew4svxjHTUk.e_oeihRpZ_edRfbqQfB1ST1leb1Fh.wXKQfIwaVFX.HLqeyHpBwYiuWI_nvC6hBsIjVktoPs7uJMnRU4F7RdlScmTFlAYXEbUnEMeuXOUIVL18wmNuWArBVnGdX5DAfSAfriuSpDX3JZWdD4u2jdIYSoRJlMHcFMggJtXp332v8BTNTpoSNwDXzQTNkiIdLQUR0tjO9mgi30Ahz_XDs72LnmDINrFfZ6nuSfrI3aD6eibzjm_CZjGUx06xZ2SAP3jfEcn.kW8X1Px5RhBg0zAn20kuhFq6g0RkEPFMlvq0rtBbHXvMQxDUyiCEBbAkeYSOEMTXlDqe2R3R5HGTaoolkeGRNPDrBwCJECyj_Try.ZTxASJNtnaB04J9lGjzNfGJcEiLR44jOX2HmG2LS3eDRusdZWb8B3.j7fk",mdrd: "jXjnLpZZvsuentslkY3W.dBlpBD.W7oWZ1Up6p3d7_c-1740620256-1.2.1.1-sosIJKNfxDoS9R1js.lUnlAiAhTu5yya0AZs._2LbTpbHTsTJ.tBRtTpEW4nLChtjpUzjK5uB3iUlN_u4qNhNUoj3rlhVnHKw9k11Jst.OZn9kpXRHRedOat0wQx_NbdCoBoGDoycJDxxqpWNv5EBRlYxJPo6fWLYy44Ler.foQrjP_QRG3e8RitRxJYAU9ilv9mOEpYkuESWgeGPKIYCvv_w6VFW4Eer2k2hsDnG.Ok1a79P1szB_YkOzhw4r4SQDjgv4NELP2xNdFIaU0lASZtO108fTc9cF.BcfzU3l8RWu8tomwUW1AqX9zcMFkQltaq2YaVX91oNYzMULwK0RjvQ9IZ5RZsz5fK7wKZEP_rrOcIyFUdeBEu1EM7.H8sBUTt0RjVZNox1w5srGShlNRKkP9HwsLcZ9LitjFnzbA8Ibi2Xu62bO12E06HihAQZnKL11PmFH8UOD4kWVkiF8xqHJE27KIheyLfacDQeRBJO6n4JXzjtIV2c3l9B4ZLfBNk4uPPi5kgaKLq7pAglpbPHQjkLImBxR4p8UlxhwF9FeEc55dTfu9SbGc_e5FQHDbplXpf0TND7ObDxO4v4UROUefoZFTaB0opy3knBZhIyOxJP2pDTjtdL5BRL1Fa7Ow7ONzMzH4hL2tWdyOSYXmxYyd2tKbKF7NOvwbTYMKZDn8BchXeJME47RU_c7xN6wsRfI_1evBOGN8L4vBiBU3CQN1pYWvg9w9H1M84MCkCDfaAerbEHuPPofgnZjijPcT83vYl4UDdvkuOyeJXYjglMkzGi_4O4GUI76MwgR6fkDnXhf3ml49YkWzsnUdWG72W34X95KO1M5AG534eiG8n43SQ78p1tFNw4Cn3G48QWK1qJsgimLGn25Wer39XGWhMI2YvfywNR.G1e1mY9YDQzXzzwDYW2Y0UGncBQqYz7PKBBA4Far8ppzIJpbavi49ONQz5lk1seJoYsTrl1WBZL9TsFV6Xlrw6N8b72.xb2vdjk38PauoxwVFC2.YFoakO6acNzpHtPa96_YO_FrpzRRn.53huUfeQtPogen8RYhxbBdrcnR3vm3mQ0BdpIAxogRSET38oG3LPwmj1ZzPYNl_eFf2cZe3MLXzrz8ksk_WOFdjZW8c5w3A1NkC_ECc13M13a.ziKuT0f8CBYX3TblGOeu_OXGHhgXWd7ddRRbQdSFk3kGbsIP23W4AUfETshA5._KRYBHjojxdR7DrPQ7PaGF6PLbTaiy48fk1Cw3OwSFrZVzu9m9bpEvQw.FGhT2jtJ0y.lva3axrzvuVfhf8zkh7kai6axXskGQkxHnJO4nN3xHmLezTUQ5.4PdbQqPX9qh5_vKRZ7uGAdijyAHouDn3VLQkmLAOhs8GV.sVyv5NBq.EvriXLyV1UClCgwAjj9i5SkEnOEzwU5g1.KSUhqC28_pPJ5maAIUwzRIi1HF1UixL.lW.fr8nS5mQRDWSKQTJsqXn0Bz.9aM8Dr3Zvy8QtYU6MdhAFPXWnmNS36W4WwfC8XTaqffpuMH.zIJv8lDT47tq5JKIP58NopwTmyMoyCwtchCgGIznyHoeLOej_MKRFANQ9U4pl5bR2tAcfwnJif_EPyvgZEasA896nqvQ.E3V6qCMU3zIGIZoxY.SAUpxxlC_gzdJ94yNf0P5b33nKZPX7PiOeeXeOQsKFxOU3uMyMGcRWkM2zNr9TWRXZI3Q4d.k1Y5itjabxlnWpnknZJHUl83MeHccagQwxeeoV8KmwyHT6hFqWnTgUb_Ym0PciAsJb01ce9XA2a9AaHVanG4zovL67xSaCFCAGxaQbhHHVeG2pC2lYWA3mA6mjyQQXTDNBj_aFU_JVu2ucJ3WdGmliL7YqkYSfl9Tgi4GkOW2to5aeeHiE5iP.pTBRIQYWhiooCQa3TuIbuBcy7ZaJhuglfBSzKTl2guhUcXe9pQCcRGTJX2H8S85R8x7t7z2IPnQ54cWQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=918473596f0a820a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.106.106021?__cf_chl_rt_tk=VegwPKZ41lFKLcvXk5_.XsZHJi09krpfA2uow.YnlNw-1740620256-1.0.1.1-vd3XDLxyLVRiZpCkHRMMH1K6AnU7sKPptr30tWJ4nKY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>