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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Indo-European languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indo-European languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_American_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_American_English"> <div 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Old English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Norse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Norse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Old Norse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Norse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_and_Yiddish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_and_Yiddish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>German and Yiddish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_and_Yiddish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_Gaelic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_Gaelic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Scottish 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href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptongizazio" title="Diptongizazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diptongizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekking_(taalkunde)" title="Brekking (taalkunde) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brekking (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%9D%8C%EB%B6%84%ED%99%94" title="모음분화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모음분화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangimento_(linguistica)" title="Frangimento (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frangimento (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breking_(taal)" title="Breking (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Breking (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brekking_(taal)" title="Brekking (taal) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Brekking (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process by which monophthongs become diphthongs and triphthongs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width:15em;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding: 0.3em; font-size: 120%;"><a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_metathesis" title="Quantitative metathesis">Quantitative metathesis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">Consonant gradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">Assibilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">Spirantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">Debuccalization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">Fortition</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">Prothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">Paragoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpacking_(linguistics)" title="Unpacking (linguistics)">Unpacking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vowel breaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Apheresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">Syncope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplology" title="Haplology">Haplology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">Cluster reduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transphonologization" title="Transphonologization">Transphonologization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Origin" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_tone" title="Floating tone">Floating tone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">Assimilation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">Coarticulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">Final devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">Metaphony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">Consonant harmony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">Dissimilation</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">Vowel hiatus</a></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">Synalepha</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(prosody)" title="Diaeresis (prosody)">diaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synizesis" title="Synizesis">Synizesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">Affrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" title="Clipping (phonetics)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">Betacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">Iotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">Merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoglottophilia" title="Rhinoglottophilia">Rhinoglottophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shm-reduplication" title="Shm-reduplication">Shm-reduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">Vowel shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">Chain shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; padding-top: 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sound_change" title="Template:Sound change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_change" title="Template talk:Sound change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sound_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sound change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, <b>vowel breaking</b>, <b>vowel fracture</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>diphthongization</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthong</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel breaking may be unconditioned or conditioned. It may be triggered by the presence of another sound, by stress, or in no particular way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel breaking is sometimes defined as a subtype of diphthongization, when it refers to harmonic (<a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilatory</a>) process that involves diphthongization triggered by a following vowel or consonant. </p><p>The original pure vowel typically breaks into two segments. The first segment matches the original vowel, and the second segment is harmonic with the nature of the triggering vowel or consonant. For example, the second segment may be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> (a back vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is back (such as <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a>), and the second segment may be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> (a front vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is front (such as <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a>). </p><p>Thus, vowel breaking, in the restricted sense, can be viewed as an example of <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> of a vowel to a following vowel or consonant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unconditioned">Unconditioned</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unconditioned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel breaking is sometimes not assimilatory and is then not triggered by a neighboring sound. That was the case with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in which all cases of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> changed to diphthongs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel breaking sometimes occurs only in stressed syllables. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> changed to diphthongs only when they were stressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-European_languages">Indo-European languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel breaking is a very common sound change in the history of the English language, occurring at least three times (with some varieties adding a fourth) listed here in reverse chronological order: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_American_English">Southern American English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southern American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a></div> <p>Vowel breaking is characteristic of the "Southern drawl" of <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>, where the short <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> have developed a glide up to [j], and then in some areas back down to schwa: <i>pat</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pæjət]</span>, <i>pet</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɛjət]</span>, <i>pit</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɪjət]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Vowel_Shift">Great Vowel Shift</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Great Vowel Shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a> changed the long vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span> to diphthongs, which became <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>aʊ/</span>. </p> <ul><li>Old English <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">īs</i></span></i> > Modern English <i>ice</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪs/</span></li> <li>Old English <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hūs</i></span></i> > Modern English <i>house</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/haʊs/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_English">Middle English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology#Breaking" title="Middle English phonology">Middle English phonology § Breaking</a></div> <p>In early <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, a vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> was inserted between a front vowel and a following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span> in this context), and a vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> was inserted between a back vowel and a following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> in this context). </p><p>That is a prototypical example of the narrow sense of "vowel breaking" as described above: the original vowel breaks into a diphthong that assimilates to the following consonant, gaining a front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> before a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonant</a> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> before a <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_English">Old English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Old English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Old_English#Breaking_and_retraction" title="Phonological history of Old English">Phonological history of Old English § Breaking and retraction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Old_English#Back_mutation" title="Phonological history of Old English">Phonological history of Old English § Back mutation</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, two forms of harmonic vowel breaking occurred: breaking and retraction and back mutation. </p><p>In prehistoric Old English, breaking and retraction changed stressed short and long front vowels <i>i, e, æ</i> to short and long diphthongs spelled <i>io, eo, ea</i> when followed by <i>h</i> or by <i>r, l</i> + another consonant (short vowels only), and sometimes <i>w</i> (only for certain short vowels):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*fallan</span></span> > Anglo-Frisian <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*fællan</span></span> > Old English <i>feallan</i> "fall"</li> <li>PG <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*erþō</span></span> > OE <i>eorþe</i> "earth"</li> <li>PG <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*lizaną</span></span> > OE <i>liornian</i> "learn"</li></ul> <p>In late prehistoric Old English, back mutation changed short front <i>i, e, æ</i> to short diphthongs spelled <i>io, eo, ea</i> before a back vowel in the next syllable if the intervening consonant was of a certain nature. The specific nature of the consonants that trigger back umlaut or block it varied from dialect to dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Norse">Old Norse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Old Norse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Breaking" title="Old Norse">Old Norse phonological processes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> stressed short <i>e</i> becomes <i>ja</i> or (before <i>u</i>) <i>jǫ</i> regularly in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> except after <i>w, r, l</i>. Examples are: </p> <ul><li>PG *<i>ek(a)</i> "I" → (east) ON <i>jak</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <i>jag</i>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Norwegian Bokmål</a> <i>jeg</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <i>ek</i> → <i>ég</i> (but <a href="/wiki/Jutlandic" title="Jutlandic">Jutlandic</a> <i>æ, a</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> <i>eg</i>). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> has both. The standard form is <i>eg</i>, while the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Suðuroy">Suðuroy</a> have <i>jeg</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>PG *<i>hertōn</i> "heart" → ON <i>hjarta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <i>hjärta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> <i>hjarta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Norwegian Nynorsk</a> <i>hjarta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <i>hjerte</i></li> <li>PG *<i>erþō</i> "earth" → Proto-Norse *<i>erþū</i> → ON <i>jǫrð</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <i>jord</i>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> <i>jørð</i></li></ul> <p>According to some scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the diphthongisation of <i>e</i> is an unconditioned sound change, whereas other scholars speak about <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">umlaut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_and_Yiddish">German and Yiddish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: German and Yiddish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long high vowels of <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> underwent breaking during the transition to <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>yː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔʏ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>aʊ̯/</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, the diphthongization affected the long mid vowels as well: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː<span class="wrap"> </span>øː<span class="wrap"> </span>iː<span class="wrap"> </span>yː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛɪ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔɪ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛɪ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>aɪ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>aɪ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔɪ̯/</span> </p> <ul><li>MHG <i><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">êwic</i></span></i> → NHG <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ewig</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">אייביק‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">eybik</i></span> ("eternal")</li> <li>MHG <i><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">hôch</i></span></i> → NHG <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">hoch</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">הויך‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">hoykh</i></span> ("high")</li> <li>MHG <i><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">schœne</i></span></i> → NHG <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schön</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שיין‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">sheyn</i></span> ("nice")</li> <li>MHG <i><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">snîden</i></span></i> → NHG <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schneiden</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שנײַדן</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">shnaydn</i></span> ("to cut")</li> <li>MHG <i><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">vriunt</i></span></i> → NHG <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freund</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">פֿרײַנד‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">fraynd</i></span> ("friend")</li> <li>MHG <i><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">hût</i></span></i> → NHG <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Haut</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">הויט</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">hoyt</i></span> ("skin")</li></ul> <p>This change started as early as the 12th century in Upper Bavarian and reached Moselle Franconian only in the 16th century. It did not affect Alemannic or Ripuarian dialects, which still retain the original long vowels. </p><p>In Yiddish, the diphthongization applied not only to MHG long vowels but also to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span> in words of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> (in stressed open syllables) or <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> origin: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פסח</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pésach</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">פּסח</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">peysekh</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מנורה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">m'norá</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">מנורה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">mnoyre</i></span> ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/menorah" class="extiw" title="wikt:menorah">menorah</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Czech">Old Czech</a>: <i>chřěn</i> → <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">כריין</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">khreyn</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Chrain" title="Chrain">chrain</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">kosz</i> → <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">קויש</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">koysh</i></span> ("basket")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scottish Gaelic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel breaking is present in Scottish Gaelic with the following changes occurring often but variably between dialects: Archaic Irish <i>eː</i> → Scottish Gaelic <i>iə</i> and Archaic Irish <i>oː</i> → Scottish Gaelic <i>uə</i> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, central dialects have more vowel breaking than others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Romance languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> underwent vowel breaking. The <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> open vowels <i>e</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <i>o</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> position underwent breaking only in open syllables in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, but in both open and closed syllables in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. Vowel breaking was mostly absent in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, in which <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> became diphthongs only before a palatal consonant: Latin coxa 'thigh', octō 'eight', lectum 'bed' > Old Catalan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/kuoiʃa/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/uoit/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/lieit/</span>. The middle vowel was subsequently lost if a triphthong was produced: Modern Catalan cuixa, vuit, llit (cf. Portuguese coxa, oito, leito). Vowel breaking was completely absent in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. The result of breaking varies between languages: <i>e</i> and <i>o</i> became <i>ie</i> and <i>ue</i> in Spanish, <i>ie</i> and <i>uo</i> in Italian and <i>ie</i> and <i>eu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span> in French. </p><p>In the table below, words with breaking are bolded. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Syllable#Open_and_closed" title="Syllable">Syllable shape</a> </th> <th>Latin </th> <th>Spanish </th> <th>French </th> <th>Italian </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th>Catalan </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Syllable#Open_and_closed" title="Syllable">Open</a> </th> <td>p<u>e</u>tram, f<u>o</u>cum </td> <th>p<u>ie</u>dra, f<u>ue</u>go </th> <th>p<u>ie</u>rre, f<u>eu</u> </th> <th>p<u>ie</u>tra, f<u>uo</u>co </th> <td>p<u>e</u>dra, f<u>o</u>go </td> <td>p<u>e</u>dra, f<u>o</u>c </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Syllable#Open_and_closed" title="Syllable">Closed</a> </th> <td>f<u>e</u>stam, p<u>o</u>rtam </td> <th>f<u>ie</u>sta, p<u>ue</u>rta </th> <td>f<u>ê</u>te, p<u>o</u>rte </td> <td>f<u>e</u>sta, p<u>o</u>rta </td> <td>f<u>e</u>sta, p<u>o</u>rta </td> <td>f<u>e</u>sta, p<u>o</u>rta </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanian">Romanian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romanian#Breaking_of_stressed_open_e" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">History of Romanian § Breaking of stressed open e</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romanian#Breaking_of_e_and_o" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">History of Romanian § Breaking of e and o</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> underwent the general Romance breaking only with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, as it did not have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>: </p> <ul><li>Latin <i>pellis</i> > Romanian <i>piele</i> "skin"</li></ul> <p>It underwent a later breaking of stressed <i>e</i> and <i>o</i> to <i>ea</i> and <i>oa</i> before a mid or open vowel: </p> <ul><li>Latin <i>porta</i> > Romanian <i>poartă</i> "gate"</li> <li>Latin <i>flōs</i> (stem <i>flōr-</i>) > Romanian <i>floare</i> "flower"</li></ul> <p>Sometimes a word underwent both forms of breaking in succession: </p> <ul><li>Latin <i>petra</i> > Early Romanian <i>pietră</i> > Romanian <i>piatră</i> "stone" (where <i>ia</i> results from hypothetical *<i>iea</i>)</li></ul> <p>The diphthongs that resulted from the Romance and the Romanian breakings were modified when they occurred after palatalized consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec_French">Quebec French</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Quebec French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec French phonology</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a>, long vowels are generally diphthongized when followed by a consonant in the same syllable (even when a final [ʁ] is optionally made silent). </p> <ul><li><i>tard</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɑːʁ]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɑɔ̯ʁ]</span>; but not in <i>tardif</i> (because short a)</li> <li><i>père</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɛːʁ]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paɛ̯ʁ]</span></li> <li><i>fleur</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[flœːʁ]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[flɶœ̯ʁ]</span>; but not in <i>fleuriste</i> (long œ is at end of syllable)</li> <li><i>fort</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fɔːʁ]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fɑɔ̯ʁ]</span>; but not <i>forte</i> (short o)</li> <li><i>autre</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oːtʁ̥]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ou̯tʁ̥]</span>; but not <i>autrement</i> (long o is at end of syllable)</li> <li><i>neutre</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nøːtʁ̥]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nøy̯tʁ̥]</span>; but not <i>neutralité</i> (long ø is at end of syllable)</li> <li><i>pince</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɛ̃ːs]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pãɛ̃s]</span>; or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pẽːs]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pẽɪ̯̃s]</span>; but not <i>pincer</i></li> <li><i>onze</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[õːz]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[õʊ̯̃z]</span>; but not <i>onzième</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Proto-Indo-European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe that <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) <i>i, u</i> had vowel-breaking before an original <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> but that the other Indo-European languages kept the monophthongs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto_Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto Indo-European language">PIE</a> *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">gʷih<sub>3</sub>wos</span></span></i> → *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">gʷioHwos</span></span></i> "alive" → <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Gk.</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζωός</span></span> <i>zōós</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Toch. B</a> <i>śāw-, śāy-</i> (but <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skt.</a> <i>jīvá-</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Lat.</a> <i>vīvus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto_Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto Indo-European language">PIE</a> *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">protih<sub>3</sub>kʷom</span></span></i> → *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">protioHkʷom</span></span></i> "front side" → <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Gk.</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πρόσωπον</span></span> <i>prósōpon</i> "face", <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Toch. B</a> <i>pratsāko</i> "breast" (but <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skt.</a> <i>prátīka-</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto_Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto Indo-European language">PIE</a> *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">duh<sub>2</sub>ros</span></span></i> → *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">duaHros</span></span></i> "long" → <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Gk.</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δηρός</span></span> <i>dērós</i>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Arm.</a> *<i>twār</i> → <i>erkar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skt.</a> <i>dūrá-</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Lat.</a> <i>dūrus</i>).</li></ul> <p>However, the hypothesis has not been widely adopted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Indo-European_languages">Non-Indo-European languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austronesian_languages">Austronesian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Austronesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> have vowel breaking processes, almost exclusively in syllable-final position. In <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayic_language" title="Proto-Malayic language">Proto-Malayic</a> vowels <i>*i</i> and <i>*u</i> are broken to <i>ia</i> and <i>ua</i> before word-final <i>*h</i>, <i>*k</i>, <i>*l</i>, <i>*ŋ</i>, <i>*r</i> (<i>*təlur</i> > <i>*təluar</i> > <i>talua</i> "egg").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> vowels <i>*ə</i>, <i>i</i>, and <i>u</i> are broken to <i>êa</i>, <i>ea</i>, and <i>oa</i> before any of word-final consonants above except <i>*k</i> and <i>*ŋ</i> (<i>*tənur</i> > <i>*tənoar</i> > <i>tênoa</i> "egg").<sup id="cite_ref-reflex_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reflex-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process has been <a href="/wiki/Transphonologization" title="Transphonologization">transphonologized</a> by loss of <i>*l</i> and <i>*r</i> and merging of several word-final consonants into a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (<i>*p</i>, <i>*t</i>, <i>*k</i> in Minangkabau, or <i>*k</i>, <i>*h</i> in most dialects of Rejang except Kebanagung). </p><p>Word-final Proto-Malayo-Polynesian <i>*-i</i> and <i>*-u</i> were also broken in Sumatra. In Rejang, these vowels are broken into <i>-ai</i> and <i>-au</i> in <i>Pesisir</i> dialect, or into <i>-êi</i> and <i>-êu</i> elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-reflex_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reflex-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoothing (phonetics)">Smoothing (phonetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpacking_(linguistics)" title="Unpacking (linguistics)">Unpacking (linguistics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathryn LaBouff, <i>Singing and Communicating in English</i>, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert B. Howell 1991. Old English breaking and its Germanic analogues (Linguistische Arbeiten, 253.). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Svensson, <i>Diftongering med palatalt förslag i de nordiska språken</i>, Lund 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Paul" title="Hermann Paul">H. Paul</a>, "Zur Geschichte des germanischen Vocalismus", <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Kultur</i> 6 (1879) 16-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Martin_Nielsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Martin Nielsen (page does not exist)">K. M. Nielsen</a>, <i>Acta Philologica Scandinavica</i> 24 (1957) 33-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin_John_Ball,_James_Fife1993" class="citation book cs1">Martin John Ball, James Fife (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnCqZ5p60VoC&q=scottish+gaelic+vowel+breaking&pg=PA145"><i>The Celtic Languages</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415010351" title="Special:BookSources/9780415010351"><bdi>9780415010351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780415010351&rft.au=Martin+John+Ball%2C+James+Fife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnCqZ5p60VoC%26q%3Dscottish%2Bgaelic%2Bvowel%2Bbreaking%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVowel+breaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Normier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Normier (page does not exist)">F. Normier</a>, in: <i><a href="/wiki/Historische_Sprachforschung" title="Historische Sprachforschung">Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung</a></i> 91 (1977) 171-218; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jared_S._Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jared S. Klein (page does not exist)">J.S. Klein</a>, in: <i>Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems</i>, Heidelberg 1988, 257-279; <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Anette_Olsen" title="Birgit Anette Olsen">Olsen, Birgit Anette</a>, in: <i>Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Armenian linguistics, Cleveland's State University, Cleveland, Ohio, September 14–18, 1991</i>, Delmar (NY) 1992, 129-146; <a href="/wiki/Jens_Elmeg%C3%A5rd_Rasmussen" title="Jens Elmegård Rasmussen">J.E. Rasmussen</a>, in: <i>Selected Papers on Indo-European Linguistics</i>, Copenhagen 1999, 442-458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar1992" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander (1992). <i>Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology</i>. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 119. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C119">10.15144/PL-C119</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F145782">1885/145782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-408-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-408-8"><bdi>978-0-85883-408-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Malayic%3A+The+Reconstruction+of+its+Phonology+and+Parts+of+its+Lexicon+and+Morphology&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics%2C+Series+C%2C+no.+119&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F145782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-C119&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-408-8&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVowel+breaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reflex-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reflex_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reflex_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808113107/http://www.ohio.edu/people/mcginn/Irreg_Reflex.pdf">"Some Irregular Reflexes of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Vowels in the Rejang Language of Sumatra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohio.edu/people/mcginn/Irreg_Reflex.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Irregular+Reflexes+of+Proto-Malayo-Polynesian+Vowels+in+the+Rejang+Language+of+Sumatra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohio.edu%2Fpeople%2Fmcginn%2FIrreg_Reflex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVowel+breaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crowley, Terry. (1997) <i>An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.</i> 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665529#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4150090-8">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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