Water | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil 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</option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option 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Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" selected='selected'> Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind 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In addition, the <a href="https://www.aihydrology.org">American Institute of Hydrology (AIH)</a>, <a href="http://ptlim.pl/">The Polish Limnological Society (PLS)</a> and <a href="http://jsph.sub.jp/">Japanese Society of Physical Hydrology (JSPH)</a> are affiliated with <em>Water</em> and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.<br /> <ul> <li><strong><span class="label openaccess"><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">Open Access</a></span></strong>— free for readers, with <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/apc">article processing charges (APC)</a> paid by authors or their institutions.</li> <li><strong>High Visibility:</strong> indexed within <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100255400">Scopus</a>, <a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=2073-4441&hide_exact_match_fl=true&utm_source=mjl&utm_medium=share-by-link&utm_campaign=search-results-share-this-journal">SCIE (Web of Science)</a>, <a href="https://www.engineeringvillage.com/home.url">Ei Compendex</a>, <a href="https://www.engineeringvillage.com/home.url">GEOBASE</a>, <a href="https://www.americangeosciences.org/information">GeoRef</a>, <a href="https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?_=1643989766552&f%5Bjournal_name%5D%5B%5D=Water&q=water&search_field=journal_text&sort=date-desc">PubAg</a>, <a href="https://agris.fao.org/">AGRIS</a>, <a href="https://sso.cas.org/as/authorization.oauth2?response_type=code&client_id=scifinder-n&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fscifinder-n.cas.org%2Fpa%2Foidc%2Fcb&state=eyJ6aXAiOiJERUYiLCJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2Iiwia2lkIjoianMiLCJzdWZmaXgiOiJUYWozcGUu">CAPlus / SciFinder</a>, <a href="https://www.theiet.org/publishing/inspec/inspec-content-coverage/">Inspec</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/indexing">other databases</a>.</li> <li><strong><strong>Journal Rank: </strong></strong>JCR - Q2 (Water Resources) / CiteScore - Q1 (Water Science and Technology)</li> <li><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.</li> <li><strong>Companion journals for</strong><em><strong> Water</strong> </em><strong>include:</strong> <em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/GeoHazards">GeoHazards</a></em>.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>Impact Factor:</strong> 3.0 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.3 (2023) </div> <div> <a href="/journal/water/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/water/water_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2073-4441 </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 8057 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3373/pdf?version=1732361816" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hydrochemical Dynamics and Water Quality Assessment of the Ramsar-Listed Ghodaghodi Lake Complex: Unveiling the Water-Environment Nexus" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3373">Hydrochemical Dynamics and Water Quality Assessment of the Ramsar-Listed Ghodaghodi Lake Complex: Unveiling the Water-Environment Nexus</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ganga Paudel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ramesh Raj Pant</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tark Raj Joshi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ahmed M. Saqr</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bojan Đurin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vlado Cetl</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pramod N. Kamble</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kiran Bishwakarma</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3373; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233373 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Human activities and climate change increasingly threaten wetlands worldwide, yet their hydrochemical properties and water quality are often inadequately studied. This research focused on the Ghodaghodi Lake Complex (GLC) and associated lakes in Nepal, a Ramsar-listed site known for its biodiversity and ecological <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3373/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Human activities and climate change increasingly threaten wetlands worldwide, yet their hydrochemical properties and water quality are often inadequately studied. This research focused on the Ghodaghodi Lake Complex (GLC) and associated lakes in Nepal, a Ramsar-listed site known for its biodiversity and ecological significance. The study was conducted to assess seasonal water quality, investigate the factors influencing hydrochemistry, and assess the lakes’ suitability for irrigation. Forty-nine water samples were collected from the GLC in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Nineteen physicochemical parameters, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and major ions (calcium ‘Ca<sup>2+</sup>’, magnesium ‘Mg<sup>2+</sup>’, and bicarbonate ‘HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>’), were analyzed using standard on-site and laboratory methods. Statistical methods, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-tests, and hydrochemical diagrams, e.g., Piper, were adopted to explore spatial and seasonal variations in water quality, revealing significant fluctuations in key hydrochemical indicators. Results showed marked seasonal differences, with pre-monsoon TDS levels averaging 143.1 mg/L compared to 78.9 mg/L post-monsoon, underscoring evaporation and dilution effects. The hydrochemical analysis identified Ca<sup>2+</sup>-HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> as the dominant water type, highlighting the influence of carbonate weathering on GLC’s water composition. Gibbs, mixing, and Piper diagram analysis supported these findings, confirming the predominance of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, with Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> as the main cations. Additionally, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were consistently below 1, confirming excellent irrigation quality. These findings provided critical data for policymakers and stakeholders, supporting sustainable wetland management and aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals relevant to environmental conservation, i.e., clean water and life on land. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3373">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/2Q35A0SU2F ">Water Quality Assessment of River Basins</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3373/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527934"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527934"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527934" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527934" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527934" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-ag-550.jpg?1732361929" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1527934" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g001-550.jpg?1732361916'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g002-550.jpg?1732361918'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g003-550.jpg?1732361919'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g004-550.jpg?1732361920'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g005-550.jpg?1732361922'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g006-550.jpg?1732361923'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g007-550.jpg?1732361924'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g008-550.jpg?1732361925'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g009-550.jpg?1732361926'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g010-550.jpg?1732361928'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1527934-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g011-550.jpg?1732361929'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527934-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-ag-550.jpg?1732361929" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g001-550.jpg?1732361916" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Study area region illustrating Ghodaghodi Lake and its adjacent lakes, including sampling sites: (<b>i</b>) A global map illustrating the study area, marked by a red polygon; (<b>ii</b>) A map of the Kailali District highlighting Ghodaghodi Municipality in yellow and the Ramsar site encompassing the Ghodaghodi Lake complex (GLC) in red; (<b>iii</b>) A map of the GLC-Ramsar site, depicting the locations of Ghodaghodi Lake and its associated lakes, classified into Section ‘A’ and Section ‘B’ with delineations; (<b>iv</b>) Locations of Bichka Chaita, Budhiya Nakhrod, Ramphal, and Sanopokhari Lakes along with their respective sampling sites BC1–BC5, BN1–BN5, R1–R5, and SP1–SP5, and (<b>v</b>) Locations of Ghodaghodi and Ojahuwa Lakes with their corresponding sampling sites G1–G24 and OH1–OH5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g002-550.jpg?1732361918" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Land use/land cover map of the study area region illustrating different categories adjacent to sampling points of the lakes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g003-550.jpg?1732361919" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Piper diagram for the classification of lake water types in Ghodaghodi and its associated lakes (Ojahuwa, Bichka Chaita, and Sanopokhari) during the pre-monsoon season, featuring three plots: anionic, cationic, and diamond plots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g004-550.jpg?1732361920" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Piper diagram for the classification of lake water types in Ghodaghodi and its related lakes (Ojahuwa, Bichka Chaita, Budhiya Nakhrod, Ramphal, and Sanopokhari) during the post-monsoon season, featuring three plots: anionic, cationic, and diamond plots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g005-550.jpg?1732361922" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Gibbs diagrams illustrating the fluctuation of the weight ratio of Na<sup>+</sup>/(Na<sup>+</sup> + Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and Cl<sup>−</sup>/(Cl<sup>−</sup> + HCO<sup>3−</sup>) concerning TDS (pre-monsoon) throughout all examined lakes (Ghodaghodi, Ojahuwa, Bichka Chaita, and Sanopokhari).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g006-550.jpg?1732361923" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Gibbs diagrams illustrating the fluctuation of the weight ratio of Na<sup>+</sup>/(Na<sup>+</sup> + Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and Cl<sup>−</sup>/(Cl<sup>−</sup> + HCO<sup>3−</sup>) concerning TDS (post-monsoon) throughout all examined lakes (Ghodaghodi, Ojahuwa, Bichka Chaita, Budhiya Nakhrod, Ramphal, and Sanopokhari).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g007-550.jpg?1732361924" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Mixing diagrams illustrating the roles of carbonate, silicate, and evaporates in the hydrochemistry of Ghodaghodi and associated lakes (Ojahuwa, Bichka Chaita, and Sanopokhari) during the pre-monsoon season. (<b>a</b>) represents HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> vs Ca<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> and (<b>b</b>) represents Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> vs Ca<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> of mixing diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g008-550.jpg?1732361925" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Mixing diagrams illustrating the roles of carbonate, silicate, and evaporates in the hydrochemistry of Ghodaghodi and its associated lakes (Ojahuwa, Bichka Chaita, Budhiya Nakhrod, Ramphal, and Sanopokhari) during the post-monsoon season. (<b>a</b>) represents HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> vs Ca<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> and (<b>b</b>) represents Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> vs Ca<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> of mixing diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g009-550.jpg?1732361926" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Wilcox diagram depicting the irrigation water quality based on SAR and EC for Ghodaghodi Lake and three related lakes (Ojahuwa, Bichka Chaita, and Sanopokhari) during the pre-monsoon period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g010-550.jpg?1732361928" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Wilcox diagram depicting the irrigation water quality based on SAR and EC for Ghodaghodi Lake and five related lakes (Ojahuwa, Bichka Chaita, Sanopokhari, Budhiya Nakhrod, and Ramphal) during the post-monsoon period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03373/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03373-g011-550.jpg?1732361929" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Hydrochemical dynamics, sustainable development goals (SDGs) impact, and conservation strategies for Ghodaghodi Lake Complex (GLC).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3373'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527842" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527842" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527842" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3372/s1?version=1732355172"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 4342 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 11913 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3372/pdf?version=1732355171" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Long-Term Spatiotemporal Analysis of Precipitation Trends with Implications of ENSO-Driven Variability in the Department of Magdalena, Colombia" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3372">Long-Term Spatiotemporal Analysis of Precipitation Trends with Implications of ENSO-Driven Variability in the Department of Magdalena, Colombia</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Geraldine M. Pomares-Meza</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yiniva Camargo Caicedo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrés M. Vélez-Pereira</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3372; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233372 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The Magdalena department, influenced by southern trade winds and ocean currents from the Atlantic and Pacific, is a climatically vulnerable region. This study assesses the Magdalena Department’s precipitation trends and stationary patterns by analyzing multi-year monthly records from 55 monitoring stations from 1990 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3372/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The Magdalena department, influenced by southern trade winds and ocean currents from the Atlantic and Pacific, is a climatically vulnerable region. This study assesses the Magdalena Department’s precipitation trends and stationary patterns by analyzing multi-year monthly records from 55 monitoring stations from 1990 to 2022. To achieve this, the following methods were used: (i) homogeneous regions were established by an unsupervised clustering approach, (ii) temporal trends were quantified using non-parametric tests, (iii) stationarity was identified through Morlet wavelet decomposition, and (iv) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in four Niño regions was correlated with stationarity cycles. Silhouette’s results yielded five homogeneous regions, consistent with the National Meteorological Institute (IDEAM) proposal. The Department displayed decreasing annual trends (−32–−100 mm/decade) but exhibited increasing monthly trends (>20 mm/decade) during the wettest season. The wavelet decomposition analysis revealed quasi-bimodal stationarity, with significant semiannual cycles (~4.1 to 5.6 months) observed only in the eastern region. Other regions showed mixed behavior: non-stationary in the year’s first half and stationary in the latter half. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between SST in the El Niño 3 region (which accounted for 50.5% of the coefficients), indicating that strong phases of El Niño anticipated precipitation responses for up to six months. This confirms distinct rainfall patterns and precipitation trends influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), highlighting the need for further hydrometeorological research in the area. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3372">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/4FW3826A7U ">Precipitation under Climate Change: Observation, Analysis and Forecasting</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3372/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527842"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527842"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527842" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527842" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527842" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g001-550.jpg?1732355273" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527842" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g002-550.jpg?1732355276'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g003-550.jpg?1732355278'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g004-550.jpg?1732355279'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g005-550.jpg?1732355281'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g006-550.jpg?1732355283'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g007-550.jpg?1732355285'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g008-550.jpg?1732355289'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g009-550.jpg?1732355291'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527842-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g001-550.jpg?1732355273" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>General location, physiographic units, and hydrometeorological station network of the Department of Magdalena (map on the left), detailing the spatial distribution of average annual precipitation in the Department of Magdalena (1990–2022) (map on the right).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g002-550.jpg?1732355276" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The conceptual framework of the proposed methodology.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g003-550.jpg?1732355278" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between clustering scenarios. The size of the points is proportional to the average Silhouette coefficient (average cluster performance), and the transparency level indicates the individual Silhouette coefficient (station affinity to the cluster’s centroid). Sites indicated by empty symbols represent the centroid for each cluster. (<b>A</b>) Euclidean + non-standardization scenario. (<b>B</b>) Euclidean + z-score scenario (selected scenario). (<b>C</b>) DTW + non-standardization scenario. (<b>D</b>) DTW + z-score scenario.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g004-550.jpg?1732355279" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Spatial distribution of total annual rainfall in the final configuration of homogeneous regions in the Magdalena department.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g005-550.jpg?1732355281" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Results by type of trend (direction of the triangle), statistical significance (size of the triangle), and value of the magnitude of change in mm decade<sup>−1</sup> (color scale) of total annual rainfall (map on the left) and total monthly rainfall (small maps on the right) in the Magdalena department.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g006-550.jpg?1732355283" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Results by type of trend (direction of the triangle), statistical significance (size of the triangle), and value of the magnitude of change in day/decade (color scale) of total annual rainy days (map on the left) and total monthly rainy days (small maps on the right) in the Magdalena department.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g007-550.jpg?1732355285" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of wavelet power across homogeneous rainfall regions in the Magdalena department. For all scalograms, the x-axis represents the time component, and the y-axis represents the scale component, whose limits were adjusted from a 3- to a 120-month (10-year) scale. The color scale indicates wavelet power variation and represents each time-scale component’s contribution to the rainfall series’ variance. Black crosses delimit the regions of significant stationarity, calculated using the Torrence and Compo [<a href="#B72-water-16-03372" class="html-bibr">72</a>] proposed test at a 5% significance level.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g008-550.jpg?1732355289" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Wavelet coherence (<b>left</b>) and phase difference (<b>right</b>) between multi-year precipitation and average SST in the El Niño 3 region. For all scalograms, the x-axis represents the time component (1990–2022), and the y-axis represents the scale component, whose limits were adjusted from a 3- to 120-month (i.e., 10-year) scale. The color scale indicates wavelet coherence and phase difference variation and represents both parameters’ correlation and synchronization (respectively) at the specific time-scale component. Significant correlation at a 5% significance level is represented by dashed black lines, indicating the periods most likely influenced by SST seasonality in their corresponding cycle length.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03372/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03372-g009-550.jpg?1732355291" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between (<b>A</b>) Thornthwaite moisture index classification proposed by IDEAM (2017) and (<b>B</b>) clustering-based precipitation regionalization in the department of Magdalena.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3372'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 1125 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3371/pdf?version=1732353457" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Energy Dissipation Assessment in Flow Downstream of Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weirs" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3371">Energy Dissipation Assessment in Flow Downstream of Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weirs</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hossein Sohrabzadeh Anzani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sameh Ahmed Kantoush</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ali Mahdian Khalili</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mehdi Hamidi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3371; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233371 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Sharp-crested weirs are commonly used in hydraulic engineering for flow measurement and control. Despite extensive research on sharp-crested weirs, particularly regarding their discharge coefficients, more information is needed via research on their energy dissipation downstream. This study conducted experimental tests to assess the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3371/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Sharp-crested weirs are commonly used in hydraulic engineering for flow measurement and control. Despite extensive research on sharp-crested weirs, particularly regarding their discharge coefficients, more information is needed via research on their energy dissipation downstream. This study conducted experimental tests to assess the influence of contraction ratio (<i>b/B</i>) of rectangular sharp-crested weirs (RSCWs) on energy dissipation downstream under free flow conditions. Five RSCWs with different <i>b/B</i> equals 6/24, 7/24, 8/24, 9/24, and 10/24 were used. The results showed a consistent decrease in relative energy dissipation (Δ𝐸<sub>𝑟</sub>) with an increase in the head over the weir. Furthermore, as the discharge per unit width (<i>q</i>) increased, the relative energy dissipation (Δ𝐸<sub>𝑟</sub>) decreased, indicating more efficient discharge over the weir. A higher <i>b/B</i> further reduces Δ𝐸<sub>𝑟</sub>, suggesting that wider weirs are more effective in minimizing energy losses. The maximum relative residual energy (<i>E</i><sub>1</sub>/<i>E</i><sub>0</sub>) and relative energy dissipation (Δ𝐸<sub>𝑟</sub>) occurred at <i>b/B</i> = 10/24 and 6/24, with values of 0.825 and 0.613, respectively. Additionally, the maximum discharge coefficient (<i>C<sub>d</sub></i>) of RSCWs is found at <i>b/B</i> = 6/24, with an average value of 0.623. The results support the accuracy of the proposed equation with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.988, RMSE = 0.0083, and MAPE = 1.43%. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3371">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/water/sections/Hydraulics_Hydrodynamics">Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 6192 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3370/pdf?version=1732352796" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Blackout and Crisis Water Supply: Diversification of Water Intakes" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3370">Blackout and Crisis Water Supply: Diversification of Water Intakes</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Krzysztof Boryczko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Natalia Wazna</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maciej Kawalerski</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3370; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233370 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Ensuring a reliable water supply during crisis situations is an essential global challenge as disruptions can severely affect public health and safety. Despite advances in crisis management, significant gaps persist in the preparedness of many cities to maintain water access during emergencies such <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3370/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Ensuring a reliable water supply during crisis situations is an essential global challenge as disruptions can severely affect public health and safety. Despite advances in crisis management, significant gaps persist in the preparedness of many cities to maintain water access during emergencies such as blackouts. The aim of this work was to develop a concept of crisis water supply for the city of Lubaczow. The theoretical part presents legal aspects related to crisis management, a description of the blackout, the characteristics of the city and issues related to the water supply system in Lubaczow. Based on the data obtained, water balance calculations were performed based on a crisis situation and several variants of solutions for a crisis water supply were proposed. Based on the results of a survey conducted among city residents, the level of residents’ awareness of the blackout was determined. The graphic part includes the location of water intake points. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3370">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/C8XT9602EP ">Decision-Making Theory and Methodology for Water, Energy and Food Security, 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3370/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527737"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527737"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527737" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527737" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527737" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03370/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03370-g001-550.jpg?1732352898" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527737" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03370/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03370-g002-550.jpg?1732352900'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527737-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03370/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03370-g003-550.jpg?1732352903'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527737-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03370/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03370-g001-550.jpg?1732352898" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Emergency water supply flowchart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3370'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03370/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03370-g002-550.jpg?1732352900" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Spacing of water collection points with four tanks and a range of 750 m.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3370'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03370/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03370-g003-550.jpg?1732352903" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Spacing of water collection points with eight tanks and a range of 500 m.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3370'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 6219 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3369/pdf?version=1732352027" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analysis of the Effects of Differently Shaped Embankments on the Density Current" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3369">Analysis of the Effects of Differently Shaped Embankments on the Density Current</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinichi Koue</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3369; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233369 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Density currents, fluid flows driven by differences in density, play a crucial role in disaster prevention for water pollution and tsunami mitigation, particularly due to thermal releases from power plants. Understanding their dynamics is pivotal for effective mitigation strategies. While the influence of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3369/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Density currents, fluid flows driven by differences in density, play a crucial role in disaster prevention for water pollution and tsunami mitigation, particularly due to thermal releases from power plants. Understanding their dynamics is pivotal for effective mitigation strategies. While the influence of seabed and lake bottom topography on density currents is well-studied, research on how embankment shapes affect these currents has been limited. This study aimed to fill this gap by experimentally and numerically analyzing the flow dynamics of density currents using various embankment shapes in a controlled water tank environment. The findings revealed distinct variations in density perturbation across different embankment shapes. Specifically, density currents exhibited reduced head velocities in embankments shaped as right-angled triangles, rectangles, and L-shapes, in that sequential order. This research underscores the significance of embankment design in modifying density currents, offering valuable insights for optimizing disaster management strategies related to water pollution and tsunami hazards induced by thermal effluents from industrial sources. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3369">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/0HCI1265Z9 ">Wave–Structure Interaction in Coastal and Ocean Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 9273 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3368/pdf?version=1732346287" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Towards Accurate Flood Predictions: A Deep Learning Approach Using Wupper River Data" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3368">Towards Accurate Flood Predictions: A Deep Learning Approach Using Wupper River Data</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yannik Hahn</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Philip Kienitz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mark Wönkhaus</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Richard Meyes</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tobias Meisen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3368; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233368 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The increasing frequency and severity of floods due to climate change underscores the need for precise flood forecasting systems. This study focuses on the region surrounding <i>Wuppertal</i> in Germany, known for its high precipitation levels, as a case study to evaluate the effectiveness <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3368/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The increasing frequency and severity of floods due to climate change underscores the need for precise flood forecasting systems. This study focuses on the region surrounding <i>Wuppertal</i> in Germany, known for its high precipitation levels, as a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of flood prediction through deep learning models. Our primary objectives are twofold: (1) to establish a robust dataset from the Wupper river basin, containing over 19 years of time series data from three sensor types such as water level, discharge, and precipitation at multiple locations, and (2) to assess the predictive performance of nine advanced machine learning algorithms, including <i>Pyraformer</i>, <i>TimesNet</i>, and <i>SegRNN</i>, in providing reliable flood warnings 6 to 48 h in advance, based on 48 h of input data. Our models, trained and validated using k-fold cross-validation, achieved high quantitative performance metrics, with an accuracy reaching up to 99.7% and F1-scores up to 91%. Additionally, we analyzed model performance relative to the number of sensors by systematically reducing the sensor count, which led to a noticeable decline in both accuracy and F1-score. These findings highlight critical trade-offs between sensor coverage and predictive reliability. By publishing this comprehensive dataset alongside performance benchmarks, we aim to drive further innovation in flood risk management and resilience strategies, addressing urgent needs in climate adaptation. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3368">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/water/sections/new_sensors_new_technologies">New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3368/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527621"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527621"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527621" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527621" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527621" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527621-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g001-550.jpg?1732346364" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527621" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527621-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g002-550.jpg?1732346365'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527621-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g003-550.jpg?1732346366'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527621-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g004-550.jpg?1732346368'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527621-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g005-550.jpg?1732346369'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527621-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g006-550.jpg?1732346370'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527621-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g001-550.jpg?1732346364" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The placement of the discharge sensor at the <span class="html-italic">Wuppertalsperre</span> (marked 1), the discharge and water level sensor at <span class="html-italic">Kluserbrücke</span> (marked 2), and the river <span class="html-italic">Wupper</span>, highlighted in blue.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3368'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g002-550.jpg?1732346365" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Depiction of the used resampling strategy where sensor measurements are recorded with varying frequencies (e.g., one data point every five or ten minutes). All data were resampled to one value every 30 min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3368'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g003-550.jpg?1732346366" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Visualization of the data split across training, validation, and test sets for each fold.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3368'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g004-550.jpg?1732346368" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Four examples of special flood warning events where water levels at the target sensor exceeded the 125 cm warning threshold (red dashed line), correctly predicted by the deep learning classifier. The orange line shows water levels during the input interval, the green line represents levels during the warning interval to be classified, and rainfall intensity is depicted by light-blue bars. (<b>a</b>) Positive classification example. (<b>b</b>) Positive classification example. (<b>c</b>) Positive classification example—heavy summer rain. (<b>d</b>) Common positive classification example—constant rain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3368'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g005-550.jpg?1732346369" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Special flood warning events. This representation shows 2 exemplary events, where the target sensor’s water level did exceed the warning threshold of 125 cm (red dashed line), but a warning was not issued by the machine learning classifier. These intervals were misclassified. (<b>a</b>) High-intensity, short-term rainfall event—misclassification example. (<b>b</b>) Water level close to the warning threshold—misclassification event.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3368'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03368/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03368-g006-550.jpg?1732346370" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of different sensor combinations and label time intervals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3368'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 6869 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3367/pdf?version=1732346689" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Study on the Spatiotemporal Evolution Pattern of Frazil Ice Based on CFD-DEM Coupled Method" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3367">Study on the Spatiotemporal Evolution Pattern of Frazil Ice Based on CFD-DEM Coupled Method</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fang Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongyi Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xin Zhao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yunfei Chen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3367; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233367 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Frazil ice is the foundation for all other ice phenomena, and its spatiotemporal evolution is critical for regulating ice conditions in rivers and channels, as well as for preventing and controlling ice damage. This paper investigates the dynamic transport pattern of frazil ice <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3367/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Frazil ice is the foundation for all other ice phenomena, and its spatiotemporal evolution is critical for regulating ice conditions in rivers and channels, as well as for preventing and controlling ice damage. This paper investigates the dynamic transport pattern of frazil ice during the early stages of winter freezing in water conveyance channels based on a CFD-DEM coupled numerical model, and derives predictive formulae for the spatiotemporal evolution of frazil ice and floating ice. First, static repose angle simulations and slope sliding simulations were used to calibrate the contact parameters between frazil ice particles and between frazil ice and the channel bed, ensuring the accurate calculation of contact forces in the model. On this basis, the processes of frazil ice transport, aggregation, and upward movement in water transfer channels were simulated, and the influence of contact parameters on simulation results was analyzed, showing a significant effect when the ice concentration was high. Numerical results indicate that the amount of suspended frazil ice is positively correlated with the frazil ice generation rate and water depth, with minimal influence from the flow velocity; the amount of floating ice increases linearly along the channel, with growth positively correlated with the frazil ice generation rate and water depth, and negatively correlated with the flow velocity. Predictive formulae correlating frazil ice and floating ice amounts with the flow velocity, water depth, and other factors were proposed based on numerical results. There is good agreement between the predictive and numerical results: the maximum APE between the predicted and simulated values of suspended frazil ice is 13.24%, and the MAPE is 6.32%; the maximum APE between the predicted and simulated values of floating ice increment is 7.80%, and the MAPE is 2.89%. The proposed prediction formulae can provide a theoretical basis for accurately predicting ice conditions during the early stages of winter freezing in rivers and channels. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3367">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3367/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527625"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527625"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527625" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527625" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527625" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g001-550.jpg?1732346859" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527625" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g002-550.jpg?1732346860'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g003-550.jpg?1732346861'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g004-550.jpg?1732346863'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g005-550.jpg?1732346864'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g006-550.jpg?1732346866'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g007-550.jpg?1732346867'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g008-550.jpg?1732346869'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g009-550.jpg?1732346870'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g010-550.jpg?1732346872'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g011-550.jpg?1732346874'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g012-550.jpg?1732346875'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1527625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g013-550.jpg?1732346877'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527625-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g001-550.jpg?1732346859" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of rising velocities of frazil ice with different diameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g002-550.jpg?1732346860" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>CFD-DEM numerical model for frazil ice transport.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g003-550.jpg?1732346861" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Static repose angle simulation model, and (<b>b</b>) static repose angle measurement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g004-550.jpg?1732346863" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Inclined plane sliding simulation model, and (<b>b</b>) inclined plane sliding angle measurement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g005-550.jpg?1732346864" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The evolution process of (<b>a</b>) total volume of ice particles, (<b>b</b>) volume of suspended frazil ice particles, and (<b>c</b>) volume of floating ice particles in each segment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g006-550.jpg?1732346866" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Spatial distribution of ice particles at the end of the simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g007-550.jpg?1732346867" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Longitudinal distribution of ice particles at the end of the simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g008-550.jpg?1732346869" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of (<b>a</b>) stable total volume of ice, (<b>b</b>) stable suspended frazil ice volume, and (<b>c</b>) stable floating ice volume under different contact parameter combinations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g009-550.jpg?1732346870" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the volume of ice particles along the length of the ice jam under different contact parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g010-550.jpg?1732346872" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Numerical results of suspended frazil ice volume, and (<b>b</b>) scatter plot of theoretical and numerical solutions for suspended frazil ice volume.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g011-550.jpg?1732346874" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The evolution of total volume of ice with (<b>a</b>) frazil ice generation rate, (<b>b</b>) flow velocity, and (<b>c</b>) water depth.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g012-550.jpg?1732346875" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Normalized Mean Absolute Error (NMAE) values between predicted results and numerical simulation results under different conditions, and (<b>b</b>) Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NMSE) values between predicted results and numerical simulation results under different conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03367/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03367-g013-550.jpg?1732346877" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Simulation results of the floating ice growth, and (<b>b</b>) scatter plot of the theoretical and numerical solutions for floating ice growth.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3367'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 3102 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3366/pdf?version=1732340382" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Multi-Isotope-Based Tracing of Drainage Nitrogen Behavior and Surface and Groundwater Pathways in High-Nitrogen Rare Earth Mines" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3366">Multi-Isotope-Based Tracing of Drainage Nitrogen Behavior and Surface and Groundwater Pathways in High-Nitrogen Rare Earth Mines</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rui Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Changyuan Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Quanzhou Gao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianhong Zhong</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yingjie Cao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3366; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233366 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> High-nitrogen mining drainage (HNMD) is a significant source of watershed nitrogen pollution, influencing the nitrogen distribution in streams through various pathways, including surface runoff (HNMD<sub>s</sub>) and subsurface runoff (HNMD<sub>g</sub>). In this study, the nitrogen contributions of HNMD<sub>s</sub> and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3366/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> High-nitrogen mining drainage (HNMD) is a significant source of watershed nitrogen pollution, influencing the nitrogen distribution in streams through various pathways, including surface runoff (HNMD<sub>s</sub>) and subsurface runoff (HNMD<sub>g</sub>). In this study, the nitrogen contributions of HNMD<sub>s</sub> and HNMD<sub>g</sub> were characterized by using water chemistry analysis, isotope analysis, and a Bayesian stable isotope mixing model. The combined effects of HNMD<sub>s</sub>, HNMD<sub>g</sub>, and domestic sewage (DS) were found to substantially impact nitrogen dynamics in the study area. On average, HNMD<sub>s</sub> and HNMD<sub>g</sub> contributed 60.5 ± 8.8% and 19.8 ± 12.5%, respectively, to riverine nitrogen. After accounting for the exclusion of DS, the dominance of HNMD<sub>s</sub> became more pronounced, contributing 67.0 ± 4.1% and 81.9 ± 0.1% of the HNMD nitrogen in the Chakeng and Caiyang Rivers, respectively. HNMD<sub>s</sub> and HNMD<sub>g</sub> displayed distinct nitrogen discharge behaviors within the watershed, which influenced the observed variations in nitrogen fluxes. Precipitation had a stronger influence on nitrogen discharge from HNMD<sub>s</sub> compared to HNMD<sub>g</sub>. Furthermore, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N from HNMD was more likely to enter streams via surface runoff, while HNMD<sub>g</sub> served as a critical and relatively stable source of nitrogen discharge. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3366">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/A4476559P3 ">Advances in Surface Water and Groundwater Simulation in River Basin</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3366/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527577"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527577"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527577" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527577" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527577" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527577-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g001-550.jpg?1732340448" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527577" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527577-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g002-550.jpg?1732340450'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527577-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g003-550.jpg?1732340451'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527577-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g004-550.jpg?1732340452'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527577-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g005-550.jpg?1732340454'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527577-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g006-550.jpg?1732340455'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527577-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g001-550.jpg?1732340448" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The location and distribution of the sampling points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3366'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g002-550.jpg?1732340450" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The variation trend of nitrogen and its related isotopes along the river. The dotted lines in the figure are to assist in displaying the sampling point numbers and locations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3366'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g003-550.jpg?1732340451" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between <span class="html-italic">f</span> (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N) and δ<sup>15</sup>N-NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and Rayleigh fractionation of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N in a river affected by HNMD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3366'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g004-550.jpg?1732340452" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between δ<sup>15</sup>N-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and δ<sup>18</sup>O-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> in the study area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3366'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g005-550.jpg?1732340454" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Contribution ratio of different nitrogen sources in river nitrogen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3366'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03366/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03366-g006-550.jpg?1732340455" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Contributions of different nitrogen sources in river nitrogen flux.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3366'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527542" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527542" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527542" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3365/s1?version=1732333409"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 82 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 8 pages, 1365 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3365/pdf?version=1732333409" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effects of Trap Funnel and Finger Design on Sea Lamprey Entrance and Retention" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Communication</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3365">Effects of Trap Funnel and Finger Design on Sea Lamprey Entrance and Retention</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter J. Hrodey</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gale Bravener</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Scott M. Miehls</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3365; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233365 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Traps are used to catch adult sea lampreys during their upstream migration to estimate their abundance in streams and, in turn, provide a measure of the Sea Lamprey Control Program’s effectiveness. During 2015 and 2016, we experimentally compared two components of sea lamprey <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3365/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Traps are used to catch adult sea lampreys during their upstream migration to estimate their abundance in streams and, in turn, provide a measure of the Sea Lamprey Control Program’s effectiveness. During 2015 and 2016, we experimentally compared two components of sea lamprey trap design: trap entrance funnel type and the presence of retention devices, using side-by-side instream test chambers as well as laboratory flumes. We modeled how likelihoods of entrance and retention were influenced by funnel type, retention fingers, water temperature, and lamprey sex. Likelihood of entrance was highest with bottom-oriented funnels and no retention fingers. As water temperature increased, the likelihood of entrance generally increased, but funnel type and retention fingers determined the magnitude of the increase. Likelihood of retention was highest with bottom-oriented funnels and retention fingers and was also influenced by water temperature. Overall, the likelihood of capture (result of entrance + retention) was highest for bottom-oriented funnels and varied by water temperature and lamprey sex but not retention fingers. Further testing on other components of trap design is needed. This type of controlled experimental design can help guide future work to improve trap exploitation rates. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3365">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/water/sections/Biodiversity_Ecosystem_Functioning">Biodiversity and Functionality of Aquatic Ecosystems</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3365/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527542"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527542"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527542" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527542" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527542" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527542-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03365/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03365-g001-550.jpg?1732333498" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527542" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527542-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03365/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03365-g002-550.jpg?1732333500'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527542-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03365/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03365-g003-550.jpg?1732333502'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527542-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03365/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03365-g004-550.jpg?1732333506'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527542-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03365/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03365-g001-550.jpg?1732333498" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Expanded view of the enclosed experimental flumes deployed in stream during 2015 and 2016 to test rate of entrance and retention for bottom-oriented and symmetrical funnels with and without retention fingers. Each chamber (1 m × 1 m × 1.5 m) was constructed of aluminum mesh (3/16” diamond). Sea lamprey movement around the funnel was monitored using underwater video cameras.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3365'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03365/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03365-g002-550.jpg?1732333500" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Likelihood of a sea lamprey entering a trap with bottom-oriented funnel (solid line) compared to center-oriented funnel (dashed line) relative to water temperature (Panel <b>A</b>). Likelihood of a sea lamprey entering a trap funnel (bottom or center-oriented) equipped with retention fingers (solid line) or without (dashed line) (Panel <b>B</b>). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals are shown with grey lines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3365'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03365/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03365-g003-550.jpg?1732333502" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Averge proportion of sea lampreys captured by experimental trap entrances installed in an instream, experimental flume. Proportions were compared for center-oriented and bottom-oriented funnels with and without retention fingers installed. Error bars represent standard error.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3365'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03365/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03365-g004-550.jpg?1732333506" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Male sea lampreys (solid line) and female sea lampreys (dashed line) along with 90% confidence intervals (grey lines) being captured in traps with low-profile (Panel <b>A</b>) and center-oriented (Panel <b>B</b>) funnel entrances.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3365'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 4830 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3364/pdf?version=1732330609" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Integrating Policy Instruments for Enhanced Urban Resilience: A Machine Learning and IoT-Based Approach to Flood Mitigation" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3364">Integrating Policy Instruments for Enhanced Urban Resilience: A Machine Learning and IoT-Based Approach to Flood Mitigation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lili Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Linlong Bian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arturo S. Leon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zeda Yin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Beichao Hu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3364; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233364 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In the context of global urbanization, the interconnected architecture of economic, social, and administrative activities in modern cities cultivates a complex web of interdependencies. This intricacy amplifies the impacts of natural disasters such as urban flooding, presenting unprecedented challenges in risk management and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3364/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In the context of global urbanization, the interconnected architecture of economic, social, and administrative activities in modern cities cultivates a complex web of interdependencies. This intricacy amplifies the impacts of natural disasters such as urban flooding, presenting unprecedented challenges in risk management and disaster responsiveness. To address these challenges, this study defines the concept of urban flood resilience and outlines its practical applications in flood risk management, proposing an integrated resilience governance framework. The framework systematically enhances urban flood management by combining structural flood mitigation methods with advanced technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and non-structural decision-support tools powered by Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs). This integrated approach aims to improve early flood warning systems, optimize urban infrastructure planning, and reduce flood-related risks. The case study of the Cypress Creek watershed validates the framework’s effectiveness under specific scenarios, achieving reductions of 25% in inundation area, 30% in peak flow, and 20% in total flood volume. These results not only demonstrate the framework’s efficacy in mitigating flood impacts but also provide empirical support for developing resilient urban governance models, highlighting the essential role of adaptive policy instruments in urban flood management. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3364">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/3VSGC6C7U4 ">Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Water Resources Systems</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3364/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527536"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527536"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527536" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527536" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527536" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g001-550.jpg?1732330710" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527536" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g002-550.jpg?1732330711'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g003-550.jpg?1732330712'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g004-550.jpg?1732330714'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g005-550.jpg?1732330715'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g006-550.jpg?1732330717'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g007-550.jpg?1732330721'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g008-550.jpg?1732330724'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g009-550.jpg?1732330727'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g010-550.jpg?1732330729'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527536-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g001-550.jpg?1732330710" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Graphical representation of resilience.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g002-550.jpg?1732330711" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Structural approach for the IoT of the resilience framework.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g003-550.jpg?1732330712" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Non-structural approach for the decision support system of the resilience framework.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g004-550.jpg?1732330714" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The framework for urban resilience improvement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g005-550.jpg?1732330715" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The prototype of the automatic remotely water releasing structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g006-550.jpg?1732330717" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The hydrological information condition in the Cypress Creek Watershed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g007-550.jpg?1732330721" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The precipitation distribution of the interpolated observed accumulated rainfall records for the seven meteorological stations in the Cypress Creek watershed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g008-550.jpg?1732330724" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The comparison of the hydrographs between the simulated and the observed streamflow.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g009-550.jpg?1732330727" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Flood mitigation effect for medium rainfall events.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03364/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03364-g010-550.jpg?1732330729" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Flood mitigation for extreme rainfall events.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3364'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527490" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527490" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527490" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3363/s1?version=1732292368"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2060 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 18439 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3363/pdf?version=1732349134" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Comparative Investigation of the Anammox Process Using Free-Floating Carriers of Activated Sludge-Attached Biocenosis" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3363">Comparative Investigation of the Anammox Process Using Free-Floating Carriers of Activated Sludge-Attached Biocenosis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yury A. Nikolaev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Timur A. Kanapatskiy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vladimir A. Grachev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexander G. Dorofeev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yury V. Litti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrey V. Mardanov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexey Yu. Kozhusko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Evgeny V. Gruzdev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yulia Yu. Berestovskaya</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikolay V. Pimenov</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3363; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233363">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233363</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> For ammonium removal from wastewater, anammox technologies are among the most efficient and rapidly developing ones. Due to the low growth rate of anammox bacteria and their sensitivity to various inhibitors, technologies using attached biocenosis carriers (ABCs) provide for reliable operation. The goal <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3363/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> For ammonium removal from wastewater, anammox technologies are among the most efficient and rapidly developing ones. Due to the low growth rate of anammox bacteria and their sensitivity to various inhibitors, technologies using attached biocenosis carriers (ABCs) provide for reliable operation. The goal of the present work was to investigate a new ABC type, ETEK biochips based on a nonwoven fibrous material. The work involved the techniques of materials science (design of a new ABC type) and physical modeling of the anammox process (in a laboratory bioreactor), as well as electron microscopy and molecular profiling of activated sludge communities. Comparison of the ETEK biochips with the ABCs of foamed polyethylene BF33 and Mutag revealed more rapid accumulation (5-fold) of the activated sludge biomass on ETEK biochips upon reactor launching, as well as comparable buoyancy and reactor productivity regarding N removal. The specific rate of nitrogen removal obtained with ETEK biochips considerably exceeded that for foamed polyethylene with a filler: 1.5–3 times higher per chip and 1.5 times higher per activated sludge biomass unit. The studied ABC shared the same issue of floating to the surface due to the active formation of gas (N<sub>2</sub>). The algorithm for calculating the downward flows in bioreactors with rapidly surfacing ABC is proposed, and a new hydrodynamic type of a bioreactor (with hybrid hydrodynamics) is described, a moving bed–sequencing batch reactor (MB-SBR). <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3363">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/water/sections/Wastewater_Treatment_Reuse">Wastewater Treatment and Reuse</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 5867 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3362/pdf?version=1732291008" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Optimization and Screening of Chl-a Inversion Model for Urban Water Bodies Based on Ground-Based Hyperspectra" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3362">Optimization and Screening of <i>Chl-a</i> Inversion Model for Urban Water Bodies Based on Ground-Based Hyperspectra</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liling Xia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuelong Zhu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhenhua Zhao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3362; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233362">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233362</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Chlorophyll-a (<i>Chl-a</i>) serves as a crucial indicator of water quality, making the precise monitoring of its concentration essential for aquatic environment ecosystem protection. Water color retrieval technology has gained prominence in monitoring spatiotemporal variations in water quality. This study evaluated inversion <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3362/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Chlorophyll-a (<i>Chl-a</i>) serves as a crucial indicator of water quality, making the precise monitoring of its concentration essential for aquatic environment ecosystem protection. Water color retrieval technology has gained prominence in monitoring spatiotemporal variations in water quality. This study evaluated inversion models for <i>Chl-a</i> estimation in urban water bodies using ground-based hyperspectral data in Nanjing, China. The results indicate that the normalizing of water-leaving reflectance significantly enhances the correlation between water-leaving reflectance and measured <i>Chl-a </i>concentration. However, due to the complexity of urban water bodies and the diversity of interfering components, the three ratio algorithms of OC2V4, OC4V4, and T<i>Chla</i> using blue–green bands yielded suboptimal inversion results. In contrast, the normalized fluorescence line height (NFH) algorithm exhibited a robust performance, yielding an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.70. Furthermore, the overall performance of the near-infrared–Red (NIR-red)-band algorithms showed a commendable overall performance (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.60), and the best four-band algorithm, 4BDA, achieved an <i>R</i><sup>2 </sup>of 0.72. Other index algorithms, such as the Yang index and the normalized difference<i> Chl-a</i> index (NDCI), also performed well (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.61). Notably, the classification of <i>Chl-a</i> concentrations did not significantly enhance the inversion accuracy of the empirical and semi-analytical models. Only the NFH algorithm using the fluorescence band greatly improved the inversion accuracy for low <i>Chl-a</i> concentrations (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.75), likely due to the influence of <i>Chl-a</i> and other substances on fluorescence peak positioning and height. Ultimately, the NFH model is identified as the optimal approach for <i>Chl-a</i> inversion across varying <i>Chl-a</i> concentrations in urban water bodies. This study provides critical technical support for the protection of aquatic environments and the management of urban water resources. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3362">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/9794MYA78Y ">Advancing the Monitoring and Modelling of Freshwater Systems with New Remote Sensing Technologies</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 2532 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3361/pdf?version=1732290007" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Solving the Solute Transport Equation Using Breakthrough Curve Modeling" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3361">Solving the Solute Transport Equation Using Breakthrough Curve Modeling</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amir Panahi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arezoo N. Ghameshlou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abdolmajid Liaghat</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miguel Ángel Campo-Bescós</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amin Seyedzadeh</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3361; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233361">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233361</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The movement of solutes in soil is crucial due to their potential to cause soil and groundwater pollution. In this study, a mathematical model based on the Advection Dispersion Equation (ADE) was developed to evaluate solutions for solute transport. This equation enabled us <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3361/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The movement of solutes in soil is crucial due to their potential to cause soil and groundwater pollution. In this study, a mathematical model based on the Advection Dispersion Equation (ADE) was developed to evaluate solutions for solute transport. This equation enabled us to attain a relationship for concentrations at different locations and times, also known as the breakthrough curve. Five columns (5 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height) of soil types were prepared to check the validity of the results. An evaluation of the calculated relations showed high accuracy in estimating the breakthrough curve and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3361">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527411" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527411" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527411" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3360/s1?version=1732288575"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1148 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 2467 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3360/pdf?version=1732288574" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Utilizing a Novel Halotolerant Bordetella Bacterium Combined with Co-Metabolites to Boost the Degradation of P-Nitrophenol in High-Salinity Wastewater" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3360">Utilizing a Novel Halotolerant <i>Bordetella</i> Bacterium Combined with Co-Metabolites to Boost the Degradation of P-Nitrophenol in High-Salinity Wastewater</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Qin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haorui Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yingyu Tan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuenan Yan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peng Tao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zheng Fan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tiejun Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jia Tan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yiwei Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Jin</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3360; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233360">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233360</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A novel strain capable of fully utilizing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the sole carbon source under high-salinity conditions was isolated from the sediments of wastewater discharged from an aquaculture company. The identification of the strain as <i>Bordetella</i> sp. was confirmed by analyzing its morphological, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3360/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A novel strain capable of fully utilizing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the sole carbon source under high-salinity conditions was isolated from the sediments of wastewater discharged from an aquaculture company. The identification of the strain as <i>Bordetella</i> sp. was confirmed by analyzing its morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits in conjunction with its 16S rDNA sequence. Furthermore, pantothenic acid, serving as a carbon source for co-metabolites, could significantly enhance the biodegradation process of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Under the optimal growth conditions at a temperature of 30 °C, pH of 8.0, aeration of 0.32 m<sup>3</sup>·(m<sup>3</sup>·min)<sup>−1</sup> and salinity of 3% (NaCl, <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>), the degradation rate of 350 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> PNP increased from 60.8% to 85.9% within 72 h after adding 30 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> of pantothenic acid to a 12-liter bioreactor. The intermediate products from the degradation process, analyzed via GC/MS, were determined to be hydroquinone, which suggests that the degradation pathway of the bacterium for PNP involves the breakdown of hydroquinone. Benefits have been derived from the microorganism’s tolerance to high salinity and high PNP concentrations, coupled with its superior PNP degradation performance, offering new insights and a research basis for the efficient biological treatment of high-salinity PNP wastewater. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3360">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/YW2D8ZS22J ">Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and the Circular Economy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3360/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527411"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527411"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527411" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527411" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527411" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-ag-550.jpg?1732288732" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1527411" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g001-550.jpg?1732288726'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g002-550.jpg?1732288728'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g003-550.jpg?1732288729'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g004-550.jpg?1732288730'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g005-550.jpg?1732288731'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527411-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-ag-550.jpg?1732288732" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3360'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g001-550.jpg?1732288726" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Phylogenetic tree derived from 16S rDNA gene sequence of <span class="html-italic">Bordetella</span> S113 strain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3360'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g002-550.jpg?1732288728" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Effects of temperature (<b>A</b>), pH (<b>B</b>), salinity (<b>C</b>), and aeration (<b>D</b>) on the metabolic activity and PNP degradation of <span class="html-italic">Bordetella</span> S113 strains.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3360'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g003-550.jpg?1732288729" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Degradation rate after adding co-substrate supplementation. (<b>B</b>) Effect of the concentration of pantothenic acid on PNP degradation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3360'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g004-550.jpg?1732288730" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The possible biodegradation pathways of PNP by <span class="html-italic">Bordetella</span> S113 and the functioning process of pantothenic acid.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3360'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03360/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03360-g005-550.jpg?1732288731" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Effects of initial concentrations on the degradation process of PNP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3360'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527364" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527364" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527364" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3359/s1?version=1732286837"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 84 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 1137 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3359/pdf?version=1732286836" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Qualitative Definition of Reliable Water Supply for Public Water Systems" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3359">A Qualitative Definition of Reliable Water Supply for Public Water Systems</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Easton G. Hopkins</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Robert B. Sowby</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3359; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233359">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233359</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> “Reliable water supply” does not have a clear definition in the Western United States, where water resources are limited and such a definition would be especially useful. In Utah, the three water agencies and 500 public water systems have no consistent method to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3359/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> “Reliable water supply” does not have a clear definition in the Western United States, where water resources are limited and such a definition would be especially useful. In Utah, the three water agencies and 500 public water systems have no consistent method to define, evaluate, and report it, potentially leading to an inability to meet regulatory water demands. We propose a unified definition of reliable water supply for Utah’s public water suppliers that can also be used elsewhere. We derive our definition from a two-part qualitative analysis: (1) an extensive review of existing definitions in industry and academia and (2) semi-structured interviews with managers of six diverse Utah water utilities. We propose that water supply be defined by three overlapping components—hydrology, infrastructure, and governance—and that reliability be defined by the capacity of the limiting component. The results from the qualitative analysis support our definition and further indicate that a definition is necessary to precede quantitative evaluations, set policy, and provide consistency to water resources management. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3359">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/water/sections/Urban_Water_Management">Urban Water Management</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3359/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527364"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527364"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527364" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527364" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527364" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03359/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03359-g001-550.jpg?1732286929" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527364" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03359/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03359-g002-550.jpg?1732286930'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03359/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03359-g003-550.jpg?1732286932'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03359/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03359-g004-550.jpg?1732286932'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527364-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03359/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03359-g001-550.jpg?1732286929" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Reliable water supply components.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3359'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03359/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03359-g002-550.jpg?1732286930" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Summary of reliable water supply definitions in the literature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3359'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03359/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03359-g003-550.jpg?1732286932" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Summary of methods used in the literature by reliable water supply component.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3359'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03359/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03359-g004-550.jpg?1732286932" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Governance as outlined by interview responses.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3359'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 8716 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3358/pdf?version=1732285330" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Experimental Investigation of the Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness of Granular Snow Ice Under a Three-Point Bending Test" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3358">An Experimental Investigation of the Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness of Granular Snow Ice Under a Three-Point Bending Test</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongwei Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wanyun Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhi Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xingchao Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3358; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233358">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233358</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Ice is a common natural phenomenon in cold areas, which plays an important role in the construction of cold areas and the design of artificial ice rinks. To supplement our knowledge of ice mechanics, this paper investigates the mechanical properties of granular snow <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3358/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Ice is a common natural phenomenon in cold areas, which plays an important role in the construction of cold areas and the design of artificial ice rinks. To supplement our knowledge of ice mechanics, this paper investigates the mechanical properties of granular snow ice. The factors influencing the flexural strength of granular snow ice are analyzed through a three-point bending test. It is found that flexural strength is affected by strain rate. At low strain rates, flexural strength increases with increasing strain rate, whereas at high strain rates, flexural strength decreases with increasing strain rate. As temperature decreases, the flexural strength value of ice increases, but its brittleness becomes more pronounced, indicating that the strain rate corresponding to the maximum flexural strength is lower. Within the test temperature range, the tough-brittle transition range is from 6.67 × 10<sup>−5</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> to 3.11 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. At −5 °C, the strain rate corresponding to the maximum bending strength is 3.11 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, while at −10 °C, it is only 6.67 × 10<sup>−5</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. Flexural strength is influenced by crystal structure. At −20 °C, the average flexural strength of granular snow ice is 2.85 MPa, compared to 1.93 MPa for columnar ice at the same temperature. Through observation, we found that there are straight cracks and oblique cracks. The fracture toughness of granular snow ice was investigated by cutting prefabricated cracks at the bottom of the ice beam and employing a three-point bending device. It is found that fracture toughness decreases with increasing strain rate. Temperature also affects granular snow ice. At −15 °C, fracture toughness is 181.60 kPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>, but at −6 °C, it decreases to 147.28 kPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>. However, at varying temperatures and strain rates, there is no significant difference in the fracture patterns of ice samples, which predominantly develop upward along the prefabricated cracks. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3358">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/NZ1N9BSRS3 ">Ice and Snow Properties and Their Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3358/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527309"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527309"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527309" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527309" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527309" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g001-550.jpg?1732285546" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527309" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g002-550.jpg?1732285546'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g003-550.jpg?1732285547'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g004-550.jpg?1732285548'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g005-550.jpg?1732285550'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g006-550.jpg?1732285550'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g007-550.jpg?1732285550'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g008-550.jpg?1732285551'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g009-550.jpg?1732285552'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g010-550.jpg?1732285553'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g011-550.jpg?1732285554'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g012-550.jpg?1732285554'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1527309-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g013-550.jpg?1732285555'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527309-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g001-550.jpg?1732285546" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Test devices. (<b>a</b>) WDW–100 electronic universal testing machine. (<b>b</b>) Testing zone.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g002-550.jpg?1732285546" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A schematic diagram of ice-sample loading (here, <span class="html-italic">L</span>, <span class="html-italic">S</span>, <span class="html-italic">W</span>, and <span class="html-italic">B</span> represent the ice beam’s span, length, height, and thickness, respectively; a is the initial crack length, and <span class="html-italic">P</span> is the applied load).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g003-550.jpg?1732285547" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Horizontal slice of granular snow ice.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g004-550.jpg?1732285548" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The curve of flexural stress over time in the three-point bending test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g005-550.jpg?1732285550" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The flexural strength of granular snow ice at different temperatures and strain rates. (<b>a</b>–<b>i</b>) is the bending strength variation trend with strain rate at −5 °C, −8 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C, −18 °C, −20 °C, −25 °C and −30 °C and −35 °C, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g006-550.jpg?1732285550" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Logarithmic simulation of average flexural strength and ice temperature of granular snow ice.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g007-550.jpg?1732285550" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between flexural strength and strain rate of columnar ice at −20 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g008-550.jpg?1732285551" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The forms of ice failure under different conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g009-550.jpg?1732285552" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Time variation curve of load at −6 °C and loading rate of 0.1 mm/min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g010-550.jpg?1732285553" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) is the relationship between fracture toughness and strain rate (10<sup>−6</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>~10<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>) of granular snow ice at −6 °C, −8 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g011-550.jpg?1732285554" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) Fit the fracture toughness and strain rate of granular snow ice at −6 °C, −8 °C, −10 °C, and −15 °C, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g012-550.jpg?1732285554" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Fitting curves of fracture toughness values and average values of granular snow ice at different temperatures (−6 °C, −8 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03358/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03358-g013-550.jpg?1732285555" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Failure modes of granular snow ice under different temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3358'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 4448 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3357/pdf?version=1732283512" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Egg White Protein–Soybean Protein Isolate Hierarchical Network Hydrogel for Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3357">Egg White Protein–Soybean Protein Isolate Hierarchical Network Hydrogel for Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mei Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xu Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3357; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233357">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233357</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In terms of environmental protection and the sustainable development of society, the constraint of dye concentrations in industrial wastewater is vitally important for the development of every country. In this study, egg white protein (EWP)–soybean protein isolate (SPI) hierarchical-network hydrogel beads reinforced with <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3357/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In terms of environmental protection and the sustainable development of society, the constraint of dye concentrations in industrial wastewater is vitally important for the development of every country. In this study, egg white protein (EWP)–soybean protein isolate (SPI) hierarchical-network hydrogel beads reinforced with calcium alginate are devised using a one-step chemical crosslinking. The prepared EWP/SPI beads, with a specific surface area of 26.55 m<sup>2</sup>∙g<sup>−1</sup>, possess a self-floating ability that enhances their solid–liquid separation of methylene blue (MB) from industrial sewage and achieves adsorption equilibrium within 60 min. The investigation of adsorption behavior indicates that the results fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm mode and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Based on the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model, the equilibrium adsorption capacity and maximum adsorption capacity of the EWP/SPI hydrogel beads towards MB are 187.495 and 336.265 mg∙g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Furthermore, the favorable regeneration of the EWP/SPI hydrogel is demonstrated, with a removal efficiency towards MB decreasing from 94% to 82% (10 mg dose, 100 mg∙L<sup>−1</sup> MB, pH 7, 25 °C) after five adsorption–desorption cycles. The resulting EWP/SPI hydrogel beads with hydrophilicity exhibited good self-floating stability (above 80%) in wastewater for 7 days, suggesting their potential for recycling in diverse complex environments. Therefore, the inexpensive and sustainable floating EWP/SPI hydrogel beads provide a new insight for organic pollutant treatment in wastewater. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3357">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/water/sections/Wastewater_Treatment_Reuse">Wastewater Treatment and Reuse</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3357/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527267"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527267"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527267" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527267" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527267" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g001-550.jpg?1732283700" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527267" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g002-550.jpg?1732283704'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g003-550.jpg?1732283705'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g004-550.jpg?1732283706'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g005-550.jpg?1732283707'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g006-550.jpg?1732283708'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g007-550.jpg?1732283709'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g008-550.jpg?1732283710'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g009-550.jpg?1732283711'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g010-550.jpg?1732283712'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1527267-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g011-550.jpg?1732283713'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527267-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g001-550.jpg?1732283700" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the preparation process of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g002-550.jpg?1732283704" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The morphology analysis of the as-fabricated EWP and EWP/SPI hydrogel beads. (<b>a</b>) SEM image of EWP hydrogel, (<b>b</b>) SEM images of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads, (<b>c</b>) pore size distribution histogram of EWP hydrogel, (<b>d</b>) pore size distribution histogram of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads, (<b>e</b>) N<sub>2</sub> adsorption–desorption isotherms of EWP and EWP/SPI hydrogel beads, (<b>f</b>) EDS of EWP and EWP/SPI hydrogel beads, (<b>g</b>) pore size distribution of EWP, and (<b>h</b>) pore size distribution of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g003-550.jpg?1732283705" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Chemical composition analysis of as-synthesized EWP/SPI hydrogel beads. (<b>a</b>) FTIR spectra of EWP and EWP/SPI hydrogel beads. (<b>b</b>) TGA analysis of EWP and EWP/SPI hydrogel beads.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g004-550.jpg?1732283706" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The UV–Vis spectra of MB treated with different hydrogels for 60 min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g005-550.jpg?1732283707" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Effects of (<b>a</b>) adsorbent dosage and (<b>b</b>) pH on the adsorption of MB on EWP/SPI hydrogel beads.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g006-550.jpg?1732283708" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Effect of time on the adsorption of MB on EWP/SPI hydrogel beads.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g007-550.jpg?1732283709" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Model fitting of the adsorption of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads for MB. (<b>a</b>) Adsorption kinetics. (<b>b</b>) Intraparticle diffusion model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g008-550.jpg?1732283710" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Adsorption isotherm fitting of the adsorption of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads for MB.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g009-550.jpg?1732283711" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The floating behavior of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads in water for 7 days (the inset is WCA of EWP/SPI).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g010-550.jpg?1732283712" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Regeneration performance of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads towards the adsorption of MB.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03357/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03357-g011-550.jpg?1732283713" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of EWP/SPI hydrogel beads before and after desorption of MB.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3357'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 5248 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3356/pdf?version=1732277047" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Data-Informed Synthetic Networks of Water Distribution Systems for Resilience Analysis in Puerto Rico" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3356">Data-Informed Synthetic Networks of Water Distribution Systems for Resilience Analysis in Puerto Rico</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kirk L. Bonney</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katherine A. Klise</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jason W. Poff</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Samuel Rivera</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ian Searles</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mikhail Chester</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3356; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233356">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233356</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The increasing potential of infrastructure disruptions calls for high-quality infrastructure models to be used in resilience analysis and decision making. Unfortunately, many utilities and communities do not have access to accurate and detailed models due to a lack of data and resources. Furthermore, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3356/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The increasing potential of infrastructure disruptions calls for high-quality infrastructure models to be used in resilience analysis and decision making. Unfortunately, many utilities and communities do not have access to accurate and detailed models due to a lack of data and resources. Furthermore, security restrictions on sharing infrastructure models present roadblocks to research, analysis, and decision making. Recent advances in the development of synthetic water distribution models provide a potential solution to this problem. There is an opportunity to improve these methods by leveraging incomplete pipe datasets to aid synthetic network generation. To address this gap, we developed a methodology for synthetic network generation that incorporates partial pipe data using a modification of the minimum cost flow algorithm for network generation and pipe sizing. This methodology demonstrates how partial pipe data can be leveraged to improve site-specific synthetic network generation. For the study area of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, a synthetic model generated using 50% of real pipe data matches the pressure of the validation system with an average error of 23.5 m of head, which improves upon the average error of 31.6 m of head produced by a synthetic model generated using no data of the real pipes. Additionally, synthetic networks are shown to replicate the pressure response under a disruption scenario of the validation network, suggesting potential use in resilience analysis. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3356">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/water/sections/Urban_Water_Management">Urban Water Management</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3356/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527124"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527124"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527124" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527124" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527124" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g001-550.jpg?1732277121" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527124" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g002-550.jpg?1732277123'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g003-550.jpg?1732277124'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g004-550.jpg?1732277126'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g005-550.jpg?1732277127'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g006-550.jpg?1732277129'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g0A1-550.jpg?1732277129'><p>Figure A1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527124-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g001-550.jpg?1732277121" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Pipe, reservoir, tank, and pump datasets in Mayagüez. Service area shown in transparent gray.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3356'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g002-550.jpg?1732277123" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Validation and synthetic models with pipes colored by diameter (meters). Two regions, one western and one eastern, with significant structural differences are highlighted by boxes. (<b>a</b>) Validation; (<b>b</b>) Synthetic 0%; (<b>c</b>) Synthetic 50%; (<b>d</b>) Synthetic 100%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3356'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g003-550.jpg?1732277124" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of network length across diameter bins.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3356'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g004-550.jpg?1732277126" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Nodal pressures from steady-state simulation. (<b>a</b>) Validation; (<b>b</b>) Synthetic 0%; (<b>c</b>) Synthetic 50%; (<b>d</b>) Synthetic 100%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3356'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g005-550.jpg?1732277127" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Scatterplot of synthetic pressures against validation pressures, averaged within CBGs. Each CBG is represented three times for each synthetic model. CBG boundaries for Mayagüez are shown in the inset map.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3356'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g006-550.jpg?1732277129" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Nodal pressures drop 48 h after failure at the Miradero plant; pressure drop is computed as the difference between the baseline and failure scenario. (<b>a</b>) Validation; (<b>b</b>) Synthetic 0%; (<b>c</b>) Synthetic 50%; (<b>d</b>) Synthetic 100%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3356'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03356/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03356-g0A1-550.jpg?1732277129" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>Diagrams illustrating issues with spatial association: (<b>a</b>) segmentation misalignment, (<b>b</b>) directional misalignment, and (<b>c</b>) positional misalignment. In each figure, the gray line is a road segment, the dark blue line is a water pipe segment, and the light blue rectangle is a buffer around the water pipe.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3356'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 3057 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3355/pdf?version=1732271046" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Variability of Drinking Water Quality on the Basis of Analysis of Qualitative Monitoring from a Selected Water Supply Network Located in South-Eastern Poland" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3355">Variability of Drinking Water Quality on the Basis of Analysis of Qualitative Monitoring from a Selected Water Supply Network Located in South-Eastern Poland</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Izabela Piegdoń</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3355; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233355">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233355</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Various groups of contaminants can be found in water intended for human consumption, such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and heavy metals. Many of these contaminants can cause serious health problems, so it is extremely important to ensure that water quality meets current standards. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3355/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Various groups of contaminants can be found in water intended for human consumption, such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and heavy metals. Many of these contaminants can cause serious health problems, so it is extremely important to ensure that water quality meets current standards. The main objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the variability of drinking water quality in a selected water supply system located in the southern part of Poland. The results of the research and analysis presented in the study were prepared on the basis of test reports carried out by the water supply company during the operating years 2018–2022. A total of 28 indicators from the group of physicochemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed: color, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, chromium, aluminum, cadmium, magnesium, manganese, copper, nickel, lead, mercury, sulfates, total iron, oxidizability, chloroform, total THM (Trihalomethanes), total organic carbon, chlorites and chlorates, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Enterococci</i>, <i>Coliform Bacteria</i>, <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> (with spores), and total hardness. The results obtained were compared with national and European standards. The analyzed tap water was characterized by a stable physicochemical composition and did not exceed microbiological parameters. The only parameter that would not meet the acceptable value is chromium. Its value in each of the analyzed months was <3.0 μg/L, while the new directive tightens the requirements to 0.25 μg/L. The water supply network operator should take action to reduce the amount of chromium in tap water so that it follows the introduction of new regulations on the quality of drinking water. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3355">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/R5Z9UZ505U">Sustainable Development of Clean Water and Sanitation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3355/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527017"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527017"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527017" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527017" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527017" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527017-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g001-550.jpg?1732271162" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527017" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527017-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g002-550.jpg?1732271165'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527017-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g003-550.jpg?1732271168'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527017-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g004a-550.jpg?1732271173'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527017-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g004b-550.jpg?1732271175'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527017-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g001-550.jpg?1732271162" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Steps of analyzing and assessing the process of the variability of drinking water quality.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g002-550.jpg?1732271165" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Location map of analyzed water supply network.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g003-550.jpg?1732271168" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Location of monitoring points of water quality on analyzed water supply network, based on [<a href="#B42-water-16-03355" class="html-bibr">42</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g004a-550.jpg?1732271173" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Variability of parameters in water network during operational years 2018–2022: (<b>a</b>) pH; (<b>b</b>) electrolytic conductivity; (<b>c</b>) nitrates; (<b>d</b>) chlorides; (<b>e</b>) magnesium; (<b>f</b>) copper; (<b>g</b>) sulfate; (<b>h</b>) oxidizability with KMnO<sub>4</sub>; (<b>i</b>) total organic carbon; (<b>j</b>) and general hardness, based on [<a href="#B55-water-16-03355" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03355/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03355-g004b-550.jpg?1732271175" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Variability of parameters in water network during operational years 2018–2022: (<b>a</b>) pH; (<b>b</b>) electrolytic conductivity; (<b>c</b>) nitrates; (<b>d</b>) chlorides; (<b>e</b>) magnesium; (<b>f</b>) copper; (<b>g</b>) sulfate; (<b>h</b>) oxidizability with KMnO<sub>4</sub>; (<b>i</b>) total organic carbon; (<b>j</b>) and general hardness, based on [<a href="#B55-water-16-03355" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 30 pages, 45867 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3354/pdf?version=1732271025" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Quantitative Assessment of Future Environmental Changes in Hydrological Risk Components: Integration of Remote Sensing, Machine Learning, and Hydraulic Modeling" data-journal="water"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4441/16/23/3354">Quantitative Assessment of Future Environmental Changes in Hydrological Risk Components: Integration of Remote Sensing, Machine Learning, and Hydraulic Modeling</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Farinaz Gholami</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yue Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junlong Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alireza Nemati</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Water</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3354; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233354">https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233354</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Floods are one of the most devastating natural hazards that have intensified due to land use land cover (LULC) changes in recent years. Flood risk assessment is a crucial task for disaster management in flood-prone areas. In this study, we proposed a flood <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3354/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Floods are one of the most devastating natural hazards that have intensified due to land use land cover (LULC) changes in recent years. Flood risk assessment is a crucial task for disaster management in flood-prone areas. In this study, we proposed a flood risk assessment framework that combines flood vulnerability, hazard, and damages under long-term LULC changes in the Tajan watershed, northern Iran. The research analyzed historical land use change trends and predicted changes up to 2040 by employing a Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing, and land change modeling. The flood vulnerability map was generated using the Random Forest model, incorporating historical data from 332 flooded locations and 12 geophysical and anthropogenic flood factors under LULC change scenarios. The potential flood damage costs in residential and agricultural areas, considering long-term LULC changes, were calculated using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model and a global damage function. The results revealed that unplanned urban growth, agricultural expansion, and deforestation near the river downstream amplify flood risk in 2040. High and very high flood vulnerability areas would increase by 43% in 2040 due to human activities and LULC changes. Estimated annual flood damage for agriculture and built-up areas was projected to surge from USD 162 million to USD 376 million and USD 91 million to USD 220 million, respectively, considering 2021 and 2040 land use change scenarios in the flood-prone region. This research highlights the importance of land use planning in mitigating flood-associated risks, both in the studied area and other flood-prone regions. <a href="/2073-4441/16/23/3354">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/water/special_issues/GDCK9X5BY1 ">Application of Artificial Intelligence Models for Prediction of Groundwater Level</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/23/3354/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527005"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527005"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527005" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527005" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527005" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g001-550.jpg?1732271159" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527005" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g002-550.jpg?1732271162'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img 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data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g005-550.jpg?1732271169'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g006-550.jpg?1732271170'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g007-550.jpg?1732271172'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g008-550.jpg?1732271173'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g009-550.jpg?1732271174'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g010-550.jpg?1732271175'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g011-550.jpg?1732271177'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g012-550.jpg?1732271178'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g013-550.jpg?1732271180'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g014-550.jpg?1732271180'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g015-550.jpg?1732271182'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g016-550.jpg?1732271182'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1527005-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g017-550.jpg?1732271183'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527005-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g001-550.jpg?1732271159" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The location of the study area and the flooded and non-flooded points’ distribution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g002-550.jpg?1732271162" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The conceptual framework of the methodology used in this study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g003a-550.jpg?1732271163" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Influencing flood factor maps: (<b>a</b>) slope, (<b>b</b>) aspect, (<b>c</b>) altitude, (<b>d</b>) TWI, (<b>e</b>) TPI, (<b>f</b>) TRI, (<b>g</b>) soil, (<b>h</b>) rainfall, (<b>i</b>) drainage density, (<b>j</b>) distance from river, (<b>k</b>) lithology, and (<b>l</b>) LULC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g003b-550.jpg?1732271164" title=" <strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Influencing flood factor maps: (<b>a</b>) slope, (<b>b</b>) aspect, (<b>c</b>) altitude, (<b>d</b>) TWI, (<b>e</b>) TPI, (<b>f</b>) TRI, (<b>g</b>) soil, (<b>h</b>) rainfall, (<b>i</b>) drainage density, (<b>j</b>) distance from river, (<b>k</b>) lithology, and (<b>l</b>) LULC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g003c-550.jpg?1732271166" title=" <strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Influencing flood factor maps: (<b>a</b>) slope, (<b>b</b>) aspect, (<b>c</b>) altitude, (<b>d</b>) TWI, (<b>e</b>) TPI, (<b>f</b>) TRI, (<b>g</b>) soil, (<b>h</b>) rainfall, (<b>i</b>) drainage density, (<b>j</b>) distance from river, (<b>k</b>) lithology, and (<b>l</b>) LULC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g004-550.jpg?1732271168" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>A selected portion of the Tajan watershed for studying flood hazards and damages (<b>a</b>); images of the flood consequences in 2019 in the Tajan watershed (<b>b</b>) [<a href="#B23-water-16-03354" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g005-550.jpg?1732271169" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The yearly maximum discharge data from 1989 to 2020 upstream and downstream of the Tajan River.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g006-550.jpg?1732271170" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Depth–damage curves adapted from [<a href="#B48-water-16-03354" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g007-550.jpg?1732271172" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Land use land cover maps of (<b>a</b>) 2001, (<b>b</b>) 2011, and (<b>c</b>) 2021.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g008-550.jpg?1732271173" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Predicted land use land cover maps in 2040.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g009-550.jpg?1732271174" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Ranking flood influencing factors’ importance for LULC scenarios in (<b>a</b>) 2021 and (<b>b</b>) 2040.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g010-550.jpg?1732271175" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>ROC-AUC curve of RF model utilizing (<b>a</b>) the training dataset and (<b>b</b>) the validation dataset based on 2021 and 2040 LULC scenarios.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g011-550.jpg?1732271177" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Flood vulnerability maps derived from RF in two scenarios: (<b>a</b>) scenario 2021 and (<b>b</b>) scenario 2040.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g012-550.jpg?1732271178" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Area of generated flood vulnerability regions: (<b>a</b>) scenario 2021; (<b>b</b>) scenario 2040.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g013-550.jpg?1732271180" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The simulated depth and inundation extent for return periods of 1000 years (<b>a</b>); the amount of each LULC class in the selected portion of the Tajan watershed from 2021 to 2040 (<b>b</b>); the simulated peak discharge and maximum depth at different return periods (<b>c</b>); the simulated food inundation extent at various return periods (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g014-550.jpg?1732271180" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of simulated and observed depths (m) at upstream and downstream stations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g015-550.jpg?1732271182" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Flood damages estimation at various return periods under LULC scenarios: (<b>a</b>) built-up area; (<b>b</b>) agricultural land.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g016-550.jpg?1732271182" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Probability of exceedance curves: (<b>a</b>) built-up area; (<b>b</b>) agricultural land.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/water/water-16-03354/article_deploy/html/images/water-16-03354-g017-550.jpg?1732271183" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Total expected annual damage (EAD) assessment based on LULC scenarios for agricultural land and built-up areas in 2021 and 2040.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4441/16/23/3354'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=water&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/water"> <img 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Water | An Open Access Journal from MDPI