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id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars_(1912–13)_and_World_War_One_(1914–18)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars_(1912–13)_and_World_War_One_(1914–18)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Balkan Wars (1912–13) and World War One (1914–18) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars_(1912–13)_and_World_War_One_(1914–18)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period_(1919–39):_State_interference_and_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period_(1919–39):_State_interference_and_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Interwar period (1919–39): State interference and reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period_(1919–39):_State_interference_and_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_Two_(1939–45)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_Two_(1939–45)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 World War Two (1939–45) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_Two_(1939–45)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_period,_state_atheism_and_violent_persecution_(1945–91)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_period,_state_atheism_and_violent_persecution_(1945–91)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Communist period, state atheism and violent persecution (1945–91) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_period,_state_atheism_and_violent_persecution_(1945–91)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Albania_(1992_onward)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Albania_(1992_onward)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Republic of Albania (1992 onward) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Albania_(1992_onward)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revival_of_Sunni_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_Sunni_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Revival of Sunni Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunni_Islam,_transnational_links,_education_and_administrative_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_Islam,_transnational_links,_education_and_administrative_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Sunni Islam, transnational links, education and administrative institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_Islam,_transnational_links,_education_and_administrative_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_Sufi_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_Sufi_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Revival of Sufi Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_Sufi_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bektashism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bektashism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 Bektashism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bektashism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethno-linguistic_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethno-linguistic_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ethno-linguistic composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethno-linguistic_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethno-cultural_Albanian_identity_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethno-cultural_Albanian_identity_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ethno-cultural Albanian identity and Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethno-cultural_Albanian_identity_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_Interreligious_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_and_Interreligious_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Islam and Interreligious relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_and_Interreligious_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_observances,_customs_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_observances,_customs_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Religious observances, customs and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_observances,_customs_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious observances, customs and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_observances,_customs_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food,_dress,_law_and_burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food,_dress,_law_and_burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Food, dress, law and burials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food,_dress,_law_and_burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debates_about_Islam_and_contemporary_Albanian_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_about_Islam_and_contemporary_Albanian_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Debates about Islam and contemporary Albanian identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_about_Islam_and_contemporary_Albanian_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_establishment_views_of_Islam_in_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_establishment_views_of_Islam_in_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religious establishment views of Islam in Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_establishment_views_of_Islam_in_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_Islam_and_Muslim_fundamentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_Islam_and_Muslim_fundamentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Conservative Islam and Muslim fundamentalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_Islam_and_Muslim_fundamentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_Albanian_geopolitical_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_and_Albanian_geopolitical_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Islam and Albanian geopolitical orientation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_and_Albanian_geopolitical_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Islam in Albania</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الإسلام في ألبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام في ألبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniyada_islam" title="Albaniyada islam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albaniyada islam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="আলবেনিয়ায় ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলবেনিয়ায় ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Албанияла ислам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Албанияла ислам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Albanien" title="Islam in Albanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islam in Albanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اسلام در آلبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام در آلبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Albanie" title="Islam en Albanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam en Albanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Albania" title="Islam di Albania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_iszl%C3%A1m_Alb%C3%A1ni%C3%A1ban" title="Az iszlám Albániában – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az iszlám Albániában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Albania" title="Islam di Albania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Albani%C3%AB" title="Islam in Albanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islam in Albanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%95%99" title="アルバニアのイスラム教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバニアのイスラム教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_w_Albanii" title="Islam w Albanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Islam w Albanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamul_%C3%AEn_Albania" title="Islamul în Albania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islamul în Albania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Ислам в Албании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам в Албании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_n%C3%AB_Shqip%C3%ABri" title="Islami në Shqipëri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islami në Shqipëri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam in Albania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Ислам у Албанији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ислам у Албанији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Албаниядә ислам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Албаниядә ислам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutluk%27ta_%C4%B0slam" title="Arnavutluk'ta İslam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavutluk'ta İslam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Іслам в Албанії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іслам в Албанії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="البانیہ میں اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="البانیہ میں اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="阿爾巴尼亞伊斯蘭教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞伊斯蘭教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1674087#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/280px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/420px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/560px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a> by percentage of country population<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> <table style="margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;border:none;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  95–100%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  90–95%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–55%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  30–35%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10–20%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5–10%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein"> Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4–5%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2–4%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1–2%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  < 1%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246112391">.mw-parser-output .sb-ibc img{background-color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sb-ibc"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">World percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> by country</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Americas">Americas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_by_country" title="Template talk:Islam by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1A1182101_283348VIII008_(15246932635).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1A1182101_283348VIII008_%2815246932635%29.jpg/300px-1A1182101_283348VIII008_%2815246932635%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1A1182101_283348VIII008_%2815246932635%29.jpg/450px-1A1182101_283348VIII008_%2815246932635%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1A1182101_283348VIII008_%2815246932635%29.jpg/600px-1A1182101_283348VIII008_%2815246932635%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> clergymen alongside Albanian patriots holding an Albanian flag in 1914</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246112391"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sb-ibc"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">World percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> by country</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Americas">Americas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_by_country" title="Template talk:Islam by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_people" title="Category:Albanian people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanians#Distribution" title="Albanians">Geographical distribution</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Native <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Serbia" title="Albanians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Diaspora <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Albanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Germany" title="Albanians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Romania" title="Albanians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_South_America" title="Albanians in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Spain" title="Albanians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Switzerland" title="Albanians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Albanians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Traditional tattooing</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Customary law</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dance">Dance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dress">Dress</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry" title="Albanian epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2ng%C3%AB_Kreshnik%C3%ABsh" title="Kângë Kreshnikësh">Kângë Kreshnikësh</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folklore" title="Albanian folklore">Folklore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrje">Gjakmarrje</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Vajtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajtim">Gjamë/Vajtim</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian music">Music</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Paganism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Albania" title="National symbols of Albania">Symbols</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Albania" title="Traditions of Albania">Traditions</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes (farefisní)</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_Albanian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Reka Albanian dialect">Upper Reka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvanitika language">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanians#Religion" title="Albanians">Religion</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Albania">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek-Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Judaism</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanians" title="Template:Albanians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanians" title="Template talk:Albanians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> mainly during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_period_in_the_history_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman period in the history of Albania">Ottoman period</a> when the majority of <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> over time converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule. Following the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening (Rilindja)</a> tenets and the de-emphasis of religious tradition in Albania, all governments in the 20th century pursued a <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> policy, most aggressively under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a>, which actively <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">persecuted Muslims</a>. Due to this policy, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, as with all other faiths in the country, underwent radical changes. Decades of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>, which ended in 1991, brought a decline in the religious practice of all traditions. The post-communist period and the lifting of legal and other government restrictions on religion allowed Islam to revive through institutions that generated new infrastructure, literature, educational facilities, international transnational links and other social activities.<a href="#cite_note-Elbasani347353-2">[2]</a> According to the 2023 census, there were 1,101,718 (45.86%) <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> and 115,644 (4.81%) <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Muslims</a> the remaining population consisted of 201,530 (8.38%) <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholics</a>, 173,645 (7.22%) <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>, 9,658 (0.4%) <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a>, 3 670 (0.15%) of other religions, 332,155 (13.82%) believers without denomination, 85,311 (3.55%) <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheists</a> and 378,782 (15.76%) did not provide an answer.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2023-3">[3]</a> This represents a 22% decline of the faith since 1945. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_century">13th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 13th century">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> came into contact with Islam in the 13th century when <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Anjou" title="Counts and dukes of Anjou">Angevin</a> expansion into Albania during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I Anjou</a> was made possible in part by Muslim involvement. <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> is located only about 240 km northwest of <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>, which was the main port of disembarkation. Charles claimed rights in Albania, as Manfred's successor, since 1267 when the Treaty of Viterbo was drawn up. During the winter of 1271, the Angevin forces took <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>. Within a year, Charles began to use the title "rex Albaniae", a title that was later recognized by the king of Serbia and the tsar of Bulgaria. In 1273 both Muslim and Christian contingents sailed across the Adriatic. In April 1273, a Muslim from <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> named Leone was appointed captain of the Muslim forces in Durrës. A month later, Musa took Leone's place as commander of 200 Muslims stationed "in partibus Romaniae". Although relations between the Church of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> improved, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Anjou</a> continued to send Muslim and Christian military forces to the east, towards Albania. The Muslim knight Salem, a regular army officer, led 300 Lucerians - archers and lancers - to <a href="/wiki/Vlora" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlora">Vlora</a>, in 1275. In September of that year, Ibrahim became the captain of the Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, who took the place of Musa. On 19 April 1279, Charles I ordered 53 of the best Muslim archers from Lucera to be selected by the <a href="/wiki/Capitanata" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitanata">Capitanata</a>'s justiciary, Guy d'Allemagne, to go to Durrës. As usually happens in the recruitment process, the advice of Muslim military leaders was sought. Ibrahim had to approve the selections. Orders were given that Ibrahim could take four horses with him as he crossed from Brindisi to <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>. Ibrahim served in <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> again in the early 1280s, as did a man from Lucera, named Pietro Cristiano. One source identifies him as "de... terra Lucerie Saracenorum", most likely a Christian convert from Islam. The demand for Muslim carpenters and blacksmiths to build war machines in Albania was so great during the summer of 1280 that it threatened to exhaust the skilled workers' pool for the construction of forts on the Italian coast. In June 1280, the king ordered the archers of the Capitanata and the Land of <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> to send 60 Muslim archers, as well as carpenters, stonemasons and blacksmiths to Albania. The archers had to report to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Sully" title="Hugh of Sully">Hugues le Rousseau de Sully</a> in Berat. In the fall of the same year, 200 archers from Lucera were sent to Vlora. At the beginning of December, 300 archers were stationed in Durrës. Angevin forces took part in the unsuccessful siege of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a> castle, and were repulsed by Byzantine forces.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_and_consolidation_(15th–18th_centuries)">Conversion and consolidation (15th–18th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conversion and consolidation (15th–18th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></div> Islam was first introduced to Albania in the 15th century after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest of the area.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito20-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crampton38-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boehm307-7">[7]</a> During the 17th and 18th centuries, Albanians in large numbers converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers1724-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito20-5">[5]</a> As Muslims, many Albanians attained important political and military positions within the Ottoman Empire and culturally contributed to the wider Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers1724-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Awakening_(19th_and_early_20th_centuries)">National Awakening (19th and early 20th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Awakening (19th and early 20th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania_(1800-1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Albania (1800-1912)">Islam in Albania (1800-1912)</a></div> By the 19th century, Albanians were divided into three religious groups. Catholic Albanians who had some Albanian ethno-linguistic expression in schooling and church due to Austro-Hungarian protection and Italian clerical patronage.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2122-9">[9]</a> Orthodox Albanians under the Patriarchate of Constantinople had liturgy and schooling in Greek and toward the late Ottoman period mainly identified with Greek national aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2122-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skendi174-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nitsiakos56-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skoulidas227-12">[12]</a> Muslim Albanians during this period formed around 70% of the overall Balkan Albanian population in the Ottoman Empire with an estimated population of more than a million.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2122-9">[9]</a> With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Crisis</a>, Muslim Albanians became torn between loyalties to the Ottoman state and the emerging Albanian nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych4353-13">[13]</a> Islam, the Sultan and the Ottoman Empire were traditionally seen as synonymous in belonging to the wider Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych7286-14">[14]</a> the Albanian nationalist movement advocated self-determination and strived to achieve socio-political recognition of Albanians as a separate people and language within the state.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych86105-15">[15]</a> Wars and socio-political instability resulting in increasing identification with the Ottoman Empire amongst some Muslims within the Balkans during the late Ottoman period made the terms Muslim and Turk synonymous.<a href="#cite_note-Karpat342-16">[16]</a> In this context, Muslim Albanians of the era were conferred and received the term Turk, despite preferring to distance themselves from ethnic Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Karpat342-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hart197-17">[17]</a> This practice has somewhat continued amongst Balkan Christian peoples in contemporary times who still refer to Muslim Albanians as Turks, <a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Albanians">Turco-Albanians</a>, with often pejorative connotations and historic negative socio-political repercussions.<a href="#cite_note-Megalommatis-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nikolopoulou299-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mentzel-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blumi32-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hart197-17">[17]</a> These geo-political events nonetheless pushed Albanian nationalists, many Muslim, to distance themselves from the Ottomans, Islam and the then emerging pan-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulhamid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulhamid II">Abdulhamid II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych86105-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Endresen4043-23">[23]</a> Another factor overlaying these concerns during the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a> (Rilindja) period were thoughts that Western powers would only favour Christian Balkan states and peoples in the anti Ottoman struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen4043-23">[23]</a> During this time Albanian nationalists conceived of Albanians as a European people who under Skanderbeg resisted the Ottoman Turks that later subjugated and cut the Albanians off from Western European civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen4043-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a> overall was a reaction to the gradual breakup of the Ottoman Empire and a response to Balkan and Christian national movements that posed a threat to an Albanian population that was mainly Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-PutoMaurizio183-24">[24]</a> Muslim (Bektashi) Albanians were heavily involved with the Albanian National Awakening producing many figures like <a href="/wiki/Faik_Konitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Faik Konitza">Faik Konitza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Qemali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Frash%C3%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Midhat Frashëri">Midhat Frashëri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahin_Kolonja" title="Shahin Kolonja">Shahin Kolonja</a> and others advocating for Albanian interests and self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych86105-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skendi181189-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skoulidas1926-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShawShaw254-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-TakeyhGvosdev80-28">[28]</a> During the late Ottoman period, Muslims inhabited compactly the entire mountainous and hilly hinterland located north of the Himarë, Tepelenë, Këlcyrë and Frashëri line that encompasses most of the Vlorë, Tepelenë, <a href="/wiki/Mallakast%C3%ABr" title="Mallakastër">Mallakastër</a>, Skrapar, Tomorr and Dishnicë regions.<a href="#cite_note-Kokolakis53-29">[29]</a> There were intervening areas where Muslims lived alongside Albanian speaking Christians in mixed villages, towns and cities with either community forming a majority or minority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Kokolakis53-29">[29]</a> In urban settlements Muslims were almost completely a majority in Tepelenë and Vlorë, a majority in Gjirokastër with a Christian minority, whereas Berat, Përmet and Delvinë had a Muslim majority with a large Christian minority.<a href="#cite_note-Kokolakis53-29">[29]</a> A Muslim population was also located in Konispol and some villages around the town.<a href="#cite_note-Kokolakis53-29">[29]</a> The Ottoman administrative sancaks or districts of <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> in 1908 contained a Muslim population that numbered 95,000 in contrast to 128,000 Orthodox inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Stoppel910-30">[30]</a> Apart from small and spread out numbers of Muslim Romani, Muslims in these areas that eventually came to constitute contemporary southern Albania were all Albanian speaking Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Kokolakis53-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baltsiotis14-31">[31]</a> In southern Albania during the late Ottoman period being Albanian was increasingly associated with Islam, while from the 1880s the emerging Albanian National Movement was viewed as an obstacle to <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenism</a> within the region.<a href="#cite_note-Kokolakis5684-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vickers6061-33">[33]</a> Some Orthodox Albanians began to affiliate with the Albanian National movement causing concern for Greece and they worked together with Muslim Albanians regarding shared social and geo-political Albanian interests and aims.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers6061-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skendi175176179-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kokolakis91-35">[35]</a> In central and southern Albania, Muslim Albanian society was integrated into the Ottoman state.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2228-36">[36]</a> It was organised into a small elite class owning big feudal estates worked by a large peasant class, both Christian and Muslim though few other individuals were also employed in the military, business, as artisans and in other professions.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2228-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hart199-37">[37]</a> While northern Albanian society was little integrated into the Ottoman world,<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2834-38">[38]</a> it was instead organised through a tribal structure of clans (fis) of whom many were Catholic with others being Muslim residing in mountainous terrain that Ottomans often had difficulty in maintaining authority and control.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2834-38">[38]</a> When religious conflict occurred it was between clans of opposing faiths, while within the scope of clan affiliation, religious divisions were sidelined.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings162163-39">[39]</a> Shkodër was inhabited by a Muslim majority with a sizable Catholic minority.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2834-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania_(1913-1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Albania (1913-1944)">Islam in Albania (1913-1944)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balkan_Wars_(1912–13)_and_World_War_One_(1914–18)"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–13) and World War One (1914–18)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Balkan Wars (1912–13) and World War One (1914–18)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:28nentor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/28nentor.jpg/220px-28nentor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/28nentor.jpg/330px-28nentor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/28nentor.jpg/440px-28nentor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Qemali</a> on the first anniversary of the session of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Assembly of Vlorë">Assembly of Vlorë</a> which proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence of Albania</a>.</figcaption></figure> Realising that the collapse of Ottoman rule through military defeat in the Balkans was imminent, Albanians represented by Ismail Qemali declared Independence from the Ottoman Empire on 28 November 1912 in Vlorë.<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych197200-40">[40]</a> International recognition of Albanian independence entailed the imposition of a Christian monarch which alongside internal political power struggles generated a failed Muslim <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Revolt_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Revolt in Albania">uprising</a> (1914) in central Albania that sought to restore Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers8286-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brisku35-42">[42]</a> During World War one, northern, central and south-central Albania came under Austro-Hungarian occupation. In the census of 1916–18 conducted by Austro-Hungarian authorities, the results showed that Muslims in the regions of Dibër, Lumë and Gorë were over 80% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Odile36-43">[43]</a> In the western part of the mountainous areas, Shkodër and in the mountains east of the lake were areas that contained a large Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-Odile36-43">[43]</a> In central Albania, the area from the Mat region to the Shkumbini river mouth toward Kavajë encompassing the districts of Tiranë, Peqin, Kavajë and Elbasan the population was mainly Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Odile36-43">[43]</a> In the area of Berat Muslims were a majority population with an Orthodox minority, while south of Elbasan Muslims were a plurality alongside a significant Orthodox population.<a href="#cite_note-Odile36-43">[43]</a> In the region of Gramsh Muslims were a majority except for two people and in the southern Peqin area only Muslims were present.<a href="#cite_note-Odile36-43">[43]</a> Muslims also were a majority population in the Mallakastër region alongside a small Orthodox minority.<a href="#cite_note-Odile36-43">[43]</a> The experience of World War One, concerns over being partitioned and loss of power made the Muslim Albanian population support Albanian nationalism and the territorial integrity of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Psomas263264272280281-44">[44]</a> An understanding emerged between most Sunni and Bektashi Albanians that religious differences needed to be sidelined for national cohesiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Lederer337-45">[45]</a> Whereas an abandonment of pan-Muslim links abroad was viewed in the context of securing support internationally for and maintaining independence, though some Muslim Albanian clergy were against disavowing ties with the wider Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-Lederer337-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interwar_period_(1919–39):_State_interference_and_reforms">Interwar period (1919–39): State interference and reforms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interwar period (1919–39): State interference and reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg/220px-Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg/330px-Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg/440px-Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>World Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> Community in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>.</figcaption></figure> From the early days of interwar Albania and due to Albania's heterogeneous religious makeup, Albania's political leadership defined Albania as without an official religion.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer231233-46">[46]</a> Muslim Albanians at that time formed around 70% of the total population of 800,000 and Albania was the only Muslim country in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer231233-46">[46]</a> In the former Ottoman districts of Korçë and Gjirokastër forming southern Albania, the share of the Muslim population increased in 1923 to 109,000 in contrast to 114,000 Orthodox and by 1927, Muslims were 116,000 to 112,000 Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-Stoppel910-30">[30]</a> From 1920 until 1925, a four-member governing regency council from the four religious denominations (Sunni, Bektashi, Catholic, Orthodox) was appointed.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer2537-47">[47]</a> Albanian secularist elites pushed for a reform of Islam as the process of Islamic religious institutions were nationalised and the state increasingly imposed its will upon them.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer231233-46">[46]</a> At the first Islamic National Congress (1923) the criteria for delegates attending was that being a cleric was unimportant and instead patriots with a liberal outlook were favoured alongside some delegates being selected by the state.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer231233-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Babuna300d-48">[48]</a> Government representatives were present at the congress.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer231233-46">[46]</a> Following the government program of reforms, the Albanian Islamic congress in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> decided to deliberate and reform some Islamic traditional practices adopted from the Ottoman period with the reasoning of allowing Albanian society the opportunity to thrive.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers108109-49">[49]</a> The measures adopted by the congress was a break with the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> and to establish local Muslim structures loyal to Albania, banning <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> (most of the Muslim Albanian population was monogamous) and the mandatory wearing of veil (<a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>) by women in public.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers108109-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Babuna300d-48">[48]</a> A new form of prayer was also implemented (standing, instead of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> ritual).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As with the congress, the attitudes of Muslim clerics were during the interwar period monitored by the state who at times appointed and dismissed them at will.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer231233-46">[46]</a> Amongst those were the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law and replacement with Western law that made Muslims in Albania come under government control while the Quran was translated into Albanian and criticized for its inaccuracies.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer231233-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ezzati450-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Babuna300d-48">[48]</a> After prolonged debate amongst Albanian elites during the interwar era and increasing restrictions, the wearing of the veil in 1937 was banned in legislation by Zog.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer234247-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pavlowitch304-53">[53]</a> Throughout the interwar period, the Albanian intellectual elite often undermined and depreciated Sunni Islam, whereas Sufi Islam and its various orders experienced an important period of promising growth.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer3336-54">[54]</a> After independence, ties amongst the wider Sufi Bektashi community in former Ottoman lands waned.<a href="#cite_note-Doja8687-55">[55]</a> The Bektashi order in 1922 at an assembly of 500 delegates renounced ties with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Babuna300d-48">[48]</a> In 1925 the Bektashi Order whose headquarters were in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> moved to Tiranë to escape <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a>'s secularising <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">reforms</a> and Albania would become the center of Bektashism where there were 260 <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">tekes</a> present.<a href="#cite_note-Ezzati450-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doja8687-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Young-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Babuna300d-48">[48]</a> In 1929, the Bektashi order severed its ties with Sunnism and by 1937 Bektashi adherents formed around 27% of the Muslim population in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Ezzati450-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Apart from Bektashis, there were other main Sufi orders present in Albania during the interwar period such as the <a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Halvetis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufai">Rufais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijaniyyah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer3336-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_Two_(1939–45)">World War Two (1939–45)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War Two (1939–45)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrkischer_Friedhof,_Tirana._(BildID_15573512).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/T%C3%BCrkischer_Friedhof%2C_Tirana._%28BildID_15573512%29.jpg/220px-T%C3%BCrkischer_Friedhof%2C_Tirana._%28BildID_15573512%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/T%C3%BCrkischer_Friedhof%2C_Tirana._%28BildID_15573512%29.jpg/330px-T%C3%BCrkischer_Friedhof%2C_Tirana._%28BildID_15573512%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/T%C3%BCrkischer_Friedhof%2C_Tirana._%28BildID_15573512%29.jpg/440px-T%C3%BCrkischer_Friedhof%2C_Tirana._%28BildID_15573512%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Pasha_Mosque" title="Sulejman Pasha Mosque">Sulejman Pasha Mosque</a> and Muslim graveyard of Tiranë destroyed during World War Two and its minaret in 1967</figcaption></figure> On 7 April 1939, Italy headed by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> after prolonged interest and overarching sphere of influence during the interwar period <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">invaded Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer52125-58">[58]</a> Of the Muslim Albanian population, the Italians attempted to gain their sympathies by proposing to build a large mosque in Rome, though the Vatican opposed this measure and nothing came of it in the end.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-59">[59]</a> The Italian occupiers also won Muslim Albanian sympathies by causing their working wages to rise.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-59">[59]</a> Mussolini's son in law <a href="/wiki/Count_Ciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Ciano">Count Ciano</a> also replaced the leadership of the Sunni Muslim community, which had recognized the Italian regime in Albania with clergy that aligned with Italian interests, with an easily controlled "Moslem Committee" organization, and Fischer notes that "the Moslem community at large accepted this change with little complaint".<a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-59">[59]</a> Most of the Bektashi order and its leadership were against the Italian occupation and remained an opposition group.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-59">[59]</a> Fischer suspects that the Italians eventually tired of the opposition of the Bektashi Order, and had its head, Nijaz Deda, murdered.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communist_period,_state_atheism_and_violent_persecution_(1945–91)">Communist period, state atheism and violent persecution (1945–91)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Communist period, state atheism and violent persecution (1945–91)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirahori_Mosque_Kor%C3%A7a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mirahori_Mosque_Kor%C3%A7a.jpg/154px-Mirahori_Mosque_Kor%C3%A7a.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mirahori_Mosque_Kor%C3%A7a.jpg/231px-Mirahori_Mosque_Kor%C3%A7a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mirahori_Mosque_Kor%C3%A7a.jpg/308px-Mirahori_Mosque_Kor%C3%A7a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyaz_Bej_Mirahori_Mosque%E2%80%932013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ilyaz_Bej_Mirahori_Mosque%E2%80%932013.jpg/160px-Ilyaz_Bej_Mirahori_Mosque%E2%80%932013.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ilyaz_Bej_Mirahori_Mosque%E2%80%932013.jpg/240px-Ilyaz_Bej_Mirahori_Mosque%E2%80%932013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ilyaz_Bej_Mirahori_Mosque%E2%80%932013.jpg/320px-Ilyaz_Bej_Mirahori_Mosque%E2%80%932013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mirahori_Mosque" title="Mirahori Mosque">Mirahori Mosque</a> of Korçë in 2002 with destroyed minaret from communist times (left) and with rebuilt minaret in 2013 (right).</div></div></div></div> In the aftermath of World War Two, the communist regime came to power and Muslims, most from southern Albania, were represented from early on within the communist leadership group, such as leader <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> (1908–1985), his deputy <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a> (1913–1981) and others. <a href="#cite_note-Jelavich379-60">[60]</a> Albanian society was still traditionally divided between four religious communities.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings163-61">[61]</a> In the Albanian census of 1945, Muslims were 72% of the population, 17.2% were Orthodox and 10% Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-Czekalski120-62">[62]</a> The communist regime through Albanian Nationalism attempted to forge a national identity that transcended and eroded these religious and other differences with the aim of forming a unitary Albanian identity.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings163-61">[61]</a> Albanian communists viewed religion as a societal threat that undermined the cohesiveness of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings163-61">[61]</a> Within this context, religions like Islam were denounced as foreign and clergy such as Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftis</a> were criticised as being socially backward with the propensity to become agents of other states and undermine Albanian interests.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings163-61">[61]</a> The communist regime through policy destroyed the Muslim way of life and Islamic culture within Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Kopanski192-63">[63]</a> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Pashko_Vasa" title="Pashko Vasa">Pashko Vasa</a>'s late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poem</a> for the need to overcome religious differences through Albanian unity, Hoxha took the <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> "<a href="/wiki/O_moj_Shqypni" title="O moj Shqypni">the faith of the Albanians is Albanianism</a>" and implemented it literally as state policy.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings163-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trix-64">[64]</a> In 1967 therefore the communist regime declared Albania the only non-religious country in the world, banning all forms of religious practice in public.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings164-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> The Muslim Sunni and Bektashi clergy alongside their Catholic and Orthodox counterparts suffered severe persecution and to prevent a decentralisation of authority in Albania, many of their leaders were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumu'ah</a> or communal Friday prayers in a mosque that involves a sermon afterwards were banned in Albania due to their revolutionary associations that posed a threat to the communist regime.<a href="#cite_note-Akhtar240-67">[67]</a> People who still performed religious practices did so in secret, while others found out were persecuted and personal possession of religious literature such as the Quran forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin81-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duijzings164-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> Amongst Bektashi adherents transmission of knowledge became limited to within few family circles that mainly resided in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer3336-54">[54]</a> Mosques became a target for Albanian communists who saw their continued existence as exerting an ideological presence in the minds of people.<a href="#cite_note-Nurja204205-69">[69]</a> Through the demise of mosques and religion in general within Albania, the regime sought to alter and sever the social basis of religion that lay with traditional religious structures amongst the people and replace it with communism.<a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin81-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nurja204205-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark514-70">[70]</a> Islamic buildings were hence appropriated by the communist state who often turned into them into gathering places, sports halls, warehouses, barns, restaurants, cultural centres and cinemas in an attempt to erase those links between religious buildings and people.<a href="#cite_note-Nurja204205-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duijzings164-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Czekalski129-71">[71]</a> In 1967 within the space of seven months, the communist regime destroyed 2,169 religious buildings and other monuments.<a href="#cite_note-Nurja204205-69">[69]</a> Of those were some 530 tekes, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">turbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">dergah</a> saint shrines that belonged mainly to the Bektashi order.<a href="#cite_note-Nurja204205-69">[69]</a> 740 mosques were destroyed, some of which were prominent and architecturally important like the <a href="/wiki/Kubelie_Mosque" title="Kubelie Mosque">Kubelie Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kavaj%C3%AB" title="Kavajë">Kavajë</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clock_Mosque" title="Clock Mosque">Clock Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peqin" title="Peqin">Peqin</a> and the two domed mosques in Elbasan dating from the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Nurja204205-69">[69]</a> Of the roughly 1,127 Islamic buildings existing in Albania prior to the communists coming to power, only 50 mosques remained thereafter with most being in a state of disrepair.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet220-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Albania_(1992_onward)">Republic of Albania (1992 onward)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Republic of Albania (1992 onward)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhamia_plumbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xhamia_plumbit.jpg/154px-Xhamia_plumbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xhamia_plumbit.jpg/231px-Xhamia_plumbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xhamia_plumbit.jpg/308px-Xhamia_plumbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="320" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-10-03_Lead_Mosque,_Shkod%C3%ABr_0214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/2013-10-03_Lead_Mosque%2C_Shkod%C3%ABr_0214.jpg/160px-2013-10-03_Lead_Mosque%2C_Shkod%C3%ABr_0214.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/2013-10-03_Lead_Mosque%2C_Shkod%C3%ABr_0214.jpg/240px-2013-10-03_Lead_Mosque%2C_Shkod%C3%ABr_0214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/2013-10-03_Lead_Mosque%2C_Shkod%C3%ABr_0214.jpg/320px-2013-10-03_Lead_Mosque%2C_Shkod%C3%ABr_0214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lead_Mosque,_Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Lead Mosque, Shkodër">Lead Mosque</a> with minaret in Shkodër, circa late 1800s (left) and without minaret in dilapidated state and prone to flooding, 2013 (right).</div></div></div></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">wider trends</a> for socio-political pluralism and freedom in Eastern Europe from communism, a series of fierce protests by Albanian society culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">communist regime collapsing</a> after allowing two elections in 1991 and then 1992. Toward the end of the regime's collapse, it had reluctantly allowed for limited religious expression to reemerge.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> In 1990 along with a Catholic church, the Lead mosque in Shkodër were both the first religious buildings reopened in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Lederer346348-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer3640-75">[75]</a> Muslims, this time mainly from northern Albania such as <a href="/wiki/Azem_Hajdari" title="Azem Hajdari">Azem Hajdari</a> (1963–1998) and <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a>, who later served multiple terms as president and prime minister were prominent leaders in the movement for democratic change and between 1992 and 1997 people part of the Albanian government were mostly of a Muslim background.<a href="#cite_note-VickersPettifer3141-76">[76]</a> Areas that had been traditionally Muslim in Albania prior to 1967 reemerged in a post-communist context once again mainly as Muslim with its various internal complexities.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer3640-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer12-77">[77]</a> Due in part to the deprivation and persecution experienced during the communist period, Muslims within Albania have showed strong support for democracy and its institutions including official Muslim religious organisations.<a href="#cite_note-Elbasani347353-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbasani253267-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Öktem-79">[79]</a> Within this context Muslim Albanians have also supported the separation of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">religion from the state</a> with faith being considered as a personal private matter.<a href="#cite_note-Elbasani347353-2">[2]</a> Today, Albania is a parliamentary secular state and with no official religion.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2124-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi501502-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbasani339-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_Demographics_of_Albania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Muslim_Demographics_of_Albania.png/220px-Muslim_Demographics_of_Albania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Muslim_Demographics_of_Albania.png/330px-Muslim_Demographics_of_Albania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Muslim_Demographics_of_Albania.png/440px-Muslim_Demographics_of_Albania.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Muslims in Albania (2011)<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revival_of_Sunni_Islam">Revival of Sunni Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Revival of Sunni Islam">edit</a>]</div> In the 1990s, Muslim Albanians placed their focus on restoring institutions, religious buildings and Islam as a faith in Albania that had overall been decimated by the communists.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pano330-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Sabri_Ko%C3%A7i" title="Hafiz Sabri Koçi">Hafiz Sabri Koçi</a>, (1921–2004) an imam imprisoned by the communist regime and who led the first prayer service in Shkodër 1990 became the grand mufti of the Muslim Community of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Lederer346348-73">[73]</a> During this time the restoration of Islam in Albania appealed to older generations of Muslim Albanian adherents, those families with traditional clerical heredity and limited numbers of young school age people who wished to qualify and study abroad in Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-Pano330-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClayerPopovic22-85">[85]</a> Most mosques and some madrassas destroyed and damaged during the communist era had by 1996 been either reconstructed or restored in former locations where they once stood before 1967 and in contemporary times there are 555 mosques.<a href="#cite_note-Pano330-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2223-86">[86]</a> Muslim religious teachers and prayer leaders were also retrained abroad in Muslim states or in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Pano330-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Community_of_Albania" title="Muslim Community of Albania">Muslim Community of Albania</a> is the main organisation overseeing Sunni Islam in Albania and during the 1990s, it received funding and technical support from abroad to reconstitute its influence within the country.<a href="#cite_note-Pano330-84">[84]</a> Due to interwar and communist era legacies of weakening Islam within Albania and secularisation of the population, the revival of the faith has been somewhat difficult due to people in Albania knowing little about Islam and other religions.<a href="#cite_note-Elbasani340-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2124-80">[80]</a> Emigration in a post-communist environment of Albanians, many Muslim, has also hindered the recovery of religion, its socio-religious structures and organisation in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a> In contemporary times the Muslim community has found itself being a majority population that is within a socio-political and intellectual minority position with often being on the defensive.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> Political links also emerged in the 1990s from parts of the Sunni Albanian community with the then new Albanian political establishment of whom some themselves were Muslim Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> The Sunni community is recognised by the Albanian state and it administers most of the mosques while also viewed as the main representative of Muslims in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2426-89">[89]</a> As such it interprets its position as safeguarding an Albanian specific version of Islam which follows on institutional and ideological models established during the post-Ottoman state-building period and have gradually gained the status of an Albanian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Elbasani342345-90">[90]</a> There are a few prayer houses located throughout Albania and one mosque run by the Sufi Rifai order.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2223-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sunni_Islam,_transnational_links,_education_and_administrative_institutions">Sunni Islam, transnational links, education and administrative institutions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sunni Islam, transnational links, education and administrative institutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg/220px-Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg/330px-Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg/440px-Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Tirana" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Tirana">Great Mosque of Tiranë</a> under construction, August 2018</figcaption></figure> The Albanian Sunni Community has over time established links with overseas Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> Due to funding shortages in Albania these ties have been locally beneficial as they have mobilised resources of several well funded international Muslim organisations like the OIC which has allowed for the reestablishment of Muslim ritual and spiritual practices in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> Particular efforts have been directed toward spreading information about Islam in Albania through media, education and local community centres.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> Around 90% of the budget of the Albanian Muslim community came from foreign sources in the 1990s, though from 2009 after the signing of agreements, the Albanian government allocates funding from the state budget to the four main religions to cover administrative and other costs.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2124-80">[80]</a> Some of these oversees Muslim organisations and charities coming from Arab countries, Turkey, Malaysia, Indonesia, and also the Muslim diaspora in Europe and America have at times exerted sway over the Muslim Albanian community resulting in competition between groups.<a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi27-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a> based on Muslim values of Turkish preacher <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> also is present from 1992 onward and its institutions are viewed as a counterweight to more conservative Muslim organisations from Arab countries in Albania, especially in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito6668-92">[92]</a> Some 7 madrasas (Muslim colleges containing complementary religious instruction) were opened up in Albania by Arab NGO's, although now 2 are administered by the Muslim Community and the Gülen movement runs 5 madrassas and other schools that are known for their high quality and mainly secular education based on Islamic ethics and principles.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2223-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito6668-92">[92]</a> In April 2011, <a href="/wiki/Bed%C3%ABr_University" title="Bedër University">Bedër University</a>, Albania's first Muslim university was opened in Tiranë and is administered by the Gülen movement.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi27-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The presence and influence of the Gülen movement in Albania has recently been a source of tension with the Turkish government headed by <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Recep Tayyip Erdogan">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a> since it has blamed the movement for attempting to destabilize Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The main state run Turkish Muslim organisation <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Diyanet</a> has funded and started construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Tirana" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Tirana">Great Mosque of Tiranë</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Return5911-96">[96]</a> The mosque will be the Balkans largest with minarets 50 meters high and a dome of 30 meters built on a 10,000-square-meter parcel of land near Albania's parliament building able to accommodate up to 4,500 worshipers.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurriyet-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> International assistance from oversees organisations such as the Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_International_Cooperation_and_Development_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency">TIKA</a>) have also helped finance the restoration of Ottoman era mosques, of which only nine survived the communist dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2426-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-ManahasaKolay7079-99">[99]</a> In a post-communist environment the Muslim Community of Albania has been seeking from successive Albanian governments a return and restitution of properties and land confiscated by the communist regime though without much progress.<a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi501502-81">[81]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalaja_n%C3%AB_Qytetin_e_Durr%C3%ABsit_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Mosque of Durrës built in 1931"><img alt="Great Mosque of Durrës built in 1931" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kalaja_n%C3%AB_Qytetin_e_Durr%C3%ABsit_07.jpg/320px-Kalaja_n%C3%AB_Qytetin_e_Durr%C3%ABsit_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kalaja_n%C3%AB_Qytetin_e_Durr%C3%ABsit_07.jpg/480px-Kalaja_n%C3%AB_Qytetin_e_Durr%C3%ABsit_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kalaja_n%C3%AB_Qytetin_e_Durr%C3%ABsit_07.jpg/640px-Kalaja_n%C3%AB_Qytetin_e_Durr%C3%ABsit_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2093" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Great Mosque of Durrës">Great Mosque of Durrës</a> built in 1931</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ebu Beker Mosque in Shkodër"><img alt="Ebu Beker Mosque in Shkodër" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg/269px-Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg/403px-Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg/537px-Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4813" data-file-height="3226" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ebu_Beker_Mosque" title="Ebu Beker Mosque">Ebu Beker Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%ABrmet_%E2%80%93_Gur_i_Qytetit,_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosque in Përmet"><img alt="Mosque in Përmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/P%C3%ABrmet_%E2%80%93_Gur_i_Qytetit%2C_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_02.jpg/269px-P%C3%ABrmet_%E2%80%93_Gur_i_Qytetit%2C_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/P%C3%ABrmet_%E2%80%93_Gur_i_Qytetit%2C_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_02.jpg/404px-P%C3%ABrmet_%E2%80%93_Gur_i_Qytetit%2C_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/P%C3%ABrmet_%E2%80%93_Gur_i_Qytetit%2C_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_02.jpg/539px-P%C3%ABrmet_%E2%80%93_Gur_i_Qytetit%2C_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2006" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosque in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABrmet" title="Përmet">Përmet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanina_neue_Moschee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Mosque in Kaninë"><img alt="New Mosque in Kaninë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kanina_neue_Moschee.jpg/124px-Kanina_neue_Moschee.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kanina_neue_Moschee.jpg/187px-Kanina_neue_Moschee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kanina_neue_Moschee.jpg/249px-Kanina_neue_Moschee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Kanin%C3%AB" title="Kaninë">Kaninë</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revival_of_Sufi_Islam">Revival of Sufi Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revival of Sufi Islam">edit</a>]</div> The Muslim Community of Albania in its statutes claims authority over all Muslim groups in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a> Sufi Sunni Islam was the dominants form of Islam in Albania under the Ottomans <a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a> However the traditional reliance on the establishment hierarchy and internal structures of the restoration of Sufi Islam, historically synonymous to Sunni Islam, has faced organisational problems in reestablishing and stabilising former systems of authority.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> That stood in contrast with the activities of local people who were quick to rebuild the destroyed tyrbes and other mausoleums of Sufi saints by the end of 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer3640-75">[75]</a> As Albanian migrants went abroad financial resources were sent back to fund other reconstruction projects of various Sufi shrines and tekkes.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer3640-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer12-77">[77]</a> The Shia Bektashi order in the 1990s was only able to reopen 6 of its tekkes.<a href="#cite_note-Czekalski133-100">[100]</a> the rest of Sufi orders are present in Albania such as the Rifais, Saidis, Halvetis, Qadiris and the Tijaniyah are Sunni and combined have 384 turbes, tekes, <a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">maqams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiyas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2426-89">[89]</a> In post communist Albania competition between the Sufi orders has reemerged, though the Bektashi remain the largest, most dominant, have 138 tekes<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2426-89">[89]</a> and have on occasion laid claims to Sufi shrines of other orders.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> The Bektashi as the main Sufi order within Albania have attempted to appeal to a younger, urban and also intellectual demographic and placing itself within the wider socio-political space.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer3640-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bektashism">Bektashism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bektashism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempulli_i_bektashinjve_ne_vlore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tempulli_i_bektashinjve_ne_vlore.jpg/220px-Tempulli_i_bektashinjve_ne_vlore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tempulli_i_bektashinjve_ne_vlore.jpg/330px-Tempulli_i_bektashinjve_ne_vlore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tempulli_i_bektashinjve_ne_vlore.jpg/440px-Tempulli_i_bektashinjve_ne_vlore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Bektashi teqe in <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Bektashi order in Albania is a Shia Sufi order. They views themselves as the centre of a worldwide movement and have reconnected with various Turkish educational and Iran religious organisations emphasising their common links, something that other Sufi orders in Albania have done.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer3640-75">[75]</a> Prominent among these have been Iranian Saadi Shriazi foundation who has funded numerous Bektashi cultural programs, while dervishes from the Bektashi have received educational training at the Theological faculty in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bishku95-101">[101]</a> The Bektashi though are selective of outside influence, with sometimes for example editing texts of Iranian Shia thinkers in Bektashi literature or borrowing from others.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> The Bektashi during most of the 1990s had no privileged links with the political establishment until 1997 when the Socialists came to power.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> Members from the then Albanian government, some with Bektashi heritage in the late 1990s onward have favoured Bektashism as a milder form of Islam for Albanian Islam and it playing a role as a conduit between Islam and Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer3640-75">[75]</a> Bektashis also highlight and celebrate figures such as <a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Naim Frashëri</a> who was made an honorary baba because he was involved in the Albanian National Awakening and often referred to his Bektashi roots.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norris162176-102">[102]</a> Bektashis also use Shiite related iconography of Ali, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> and other revered Muslim figures of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s family that adorn the interiors of turbes and tekkes.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> The Bektashis have a few clerical training centres though no schools for religious instruction.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi27-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> movement has also established recently a presence in Albania and owns one mosque in Tiranë, the <a href="/wiki/Bejtyl_Evel_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejtyl Evel Mosque">Bejtyl Evel Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2223-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_majority_religion_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Albania_majority_religion_2011_census.png/300px-Albania_majority_religion_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Albania_majority_religion_2011_census.png/450px-Albania_majority_religion_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Albania_majority_religion_2011_census.png 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>(2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> population estimate in a global study based on growth rates put the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> in Albania at 82.1% (estimated number 2,601,000)<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> However, a Gallup poll gave percentages of religious affiliations with only 43% Muslim, 19% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, 15% <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> and 23% atheist or nonreligious.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] In the 2011 census the declared religious affiliation of the population was: 56.70% (1,587,608) Sunni Muslims, 2.09% (58,628) Bektashis, 10.03% (280,921) Catholics, 6.75% (188,992) Orthodox, 0.14% (3,797) Evangelists, 0.07% (1,919) other Christians, 5.49% (153,630) believers without denomination, 2.05% (69,995) Atheists, 13.79% (386,024) undeclared.<a href="#cite_note-Albaniancensus71-106">[106]</a> Controversies surrounded the Albanian census (2011) over whether a religious affiliation option should be part of the count as people like some intellectuals in Albania feared that the results may make Albania appear "too Muslim" to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Oktem78-107">[107]</a> From previous pre-communist highs of 69.3% (1937) and 72% (1947) the official census of 2011 was the first to count religious affiliation after an absence of many decades that showed the Albanian Muslim population to have decreased to 56.70%.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2124-80">[80]</a> The Muslim community of Albania objected to having the generic Muslim option split according to internal differentiation into categories such as Bektashi.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2124-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oktem78-107">[107]</a> The census results overall have been criticized by the Muslim community of Albania and they have estimated the number of all Muslims in Albania to be 70%.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2124-80">[80]</a> Owing to the large number of people in Albania not having declared a religion the census figures leave scope for other explanations and analyses of what is the actual religious composition of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethno-linguistic_composition">Ethno-linguistic composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethno-linguistic composition">edit</a>]</div> Most Muslims in Albania are ethnic Albanians. There are however small though significant clusters of non-Albanian (speaking) Muslims in the country. The Romani minority in Albania are mostly Muslims and estimated to number some 50,000 to 95,000 located throughout Albania and often residing in major urban centres forming a significant minority population.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshixx-108">[108]</a> The Romani community is often economically disadvantaged with at times facing socio-political discrimination and distance from wider Albanian society like for example little intermarriage or neighbourhood segregation.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi-109">[109]</a> Within the Romani community there exist two main divisions: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabels (page does not exist)">Gabels</a> who speak the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> and those who self identify as <a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Jevgs</a> that consider themselves separate from the Romani, speak Albanian and are somewhat integrated in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshixxi-110">[110]</a> The Romani in Albania were and are still known to be religiously syncretic often combining other elements of religions and nature in Islamic practices and pilgrimages to holy sites.<a href="#cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi921-111">[111]</a> Other Muslim communities are of a Slavic linguistic background. In the north-eastern borderland region of Gorë, the <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a> community inhabits the villages of Zapod, Pakisht, Orçikël, Kosharisht, Cernalevë, Orgjost, Orshekë, Borje, Novosej and Shishtavec.<a href="#cite_note-Steinke11-112">[112]</a> In the central-eastern borderland region of Gollobordë, a Muslim Macedonian speaking community known as Gollobordas inhabits the villages of Ostren i Madh, Kojavec, Lejçan, Lladomericë, Ostren i Vogël, Orzhanovë, Radovesh, Tuçep, Pasinkë, Trebisht, Gjinovec, Klenjë, Vërnicë, Steblevë and three families in Sebisht.<a href="#cite_note-DeRapper6-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steinke10-114">[114]</a> In Albania people from the Gollobordas community are considered Albanians instead of Macedonians, even by the Albanian state, and they are known to intermarry with Muslim Albanians and not with Orthodox Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-DeRapper6-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pieroni2-115">[115]</a> Until the 1990s an Orthodox Macedonian minority who have since migrated used to live in some villages alongside the Gollobordas and the latter community in recent times numbers some roughly 3,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Pieroni2-115">[115]</a> The Bosniak community of the Shijak area whose presence dates back to 1875 inhabits almost entirely the village of Borakaj and in the neighbouring village Koxhas they live alongside Albanians and form a minority.<a href="#cite_note-Steinke2013a-116">[116]</a> Bosniaks from these settlements have also settled in Durrës, Shijak and in 1924 some went and settled in the village of <a href="/wiki/Libofsh%C3%AB" title="Libofshë">Libofshë</a> where they have mostly become linguistically assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-Steinke2013a-116">[116]</a> There is a small Muslim Montenegrin speaking community near Shkodër whose presence dates back to 1878 and are known as Podgoriçani, due to their origins from Podgorica in Montenegro.<a href="#cite_note-Tosic394395-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gruber142-118">[118]</a> Podgoriçani inhabit the villages of Boriç i Madh where they form a majority alongside a few Orthodox Montenegrins and some Albanians, while they live compactly in both Shtoj i Vjetër with 30 families and in Shtoj i Ri with 17 families and some families in Shkodër city.<a href="#cite_note-Tosic394395-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gruber142-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steinke2013b-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethno-cultural_Albanian_identity_and_Islam">Ethno-cultural Albanian identity and Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethno-cultural Albanian identity and Islam">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png/300px-AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png/450px-AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Religious and linguistic map of Albania. The Muslim population is as follows: Albanian Sunni (cherry red), Bektashi (burgundy) and other Sufi (crimson red); Macedonian speakers (Kelly green), Gorani (forest green); Bosniaks (jade green) and Romani (purple).</figcaption></figure> Throughout the duration of the Communist regime, national Albanian identity was constructed as being irreligious and based upon a common unitary Albanian nationality.<a href="#cite_note-DeRapper191-120">[120]</a> This widely spread ideal is still present, though challenged by religious differentiation between Muslim Albanians and Christians which exists at a local level.<a href="#cite_note-DeRapper191-120">[120]</a> In a post communist environment, religious affiliation to either Muslim and Christian groups is viewed within the context of historical belonging (mainly patrilineal) and contemporary social organisation as cultural communities with religious practice playing a somewhat secondary to limited role.<a href="#cite_note-Elbasani340-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kokkali129134135-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin83-122">[122]</a> Some contemporary Muslim Albanians in Albania see themselves as being the purest Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Nitsiakos209-123">[123]</a> This view is based on the large contribution Muslim Albanians made to the National Awakening (<a href="/wiki/Rilindja" class="mw-redirect" title="Rilindja">Rilindja</a>) and resistance to the geo-political aims of the Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-Nitsiakos209-123">[123]</a> Some Muslim Albanians, meanwhile, view Islam as a force that maintained Albanian independence from Christian countries like Greece, Serbia and Italy, and united Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saltmarshe115-124">[124]</a> Some Albanian Muslims also hold the view that unlike them, Christian Albanian communities of the Orthodox historically identified with the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Nitsiakos209-123">[123]</a> Some Muslim Albanians often refer to Orthodox Albanians as Greeks and attribute to them pro-Greek sentiments, while Orthodox Albanians view Muslim Albanians as having historically collaborated and identified with the Ottomans thereby earning the epithet Turk.<a href="#cite_note-Nitsiakos200201-125">[125]</a> Some Muslim Albanians hold and have expressed negative views of Catholic Albanians, while some Catholic Albanians resent past political dominance held by Muslims in Albania and have expressed dislike of Islam and what they have interpreted to be its tenets, mores and values.<a href="#cite_note-Saltmarshe115-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_and_Interreligious_relations">Islam and Interreligious relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Islam and Interreligious relations">edit</a>]</div> In rural areas in northern Albania and southern Albania, relations between Muslim Albanians and Catholic Albanians or Muslim Albanians with Orthodox Albanians vary and are often distant with both Muslim and Christian communities traditionally living in separate villages and or neighbourhoods, even within cities.<a href="#cite_note-DeRapper191-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saltmarshe115-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeRapper-126">[126]</a> Various pejoratives are in use today for different religious groups in Albanian, some based on the Ottoman system of classification: turk, tourko-alvanoi/Turco-Albanians (in Greek), muhamedan/followers of Muhammad for Muslim Albanians, kaur/infidel, kaur i derit/infidel pigs, for Orthodox Albanians, Catholic Albanians, Greeks, Vlachs and Orthodox Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-Saltmarshe115-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nitsiakos200201-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeRapper3-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bon33-128">[128]</a> Among Muslims in Albania the term used for their religious community is myslyman and the word turk is also used in a strictly religious sense to connote Muslim and not ethnic affiliation, while Christians also use the word kaur to at times refer to themselves.<a href="#cite_note-DeRapper3-127">[127]</a> During the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Albanian_civil_war_of_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian civil war of 1997">socio-political and economic crisis</a> of 1997, religious differences did not play a role in the civil unrest that occurred, though the Orthodox Church in Albania at the time privately supported the downfall of the Berisha government made up mainly of Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-VickersPettifer3141-76">[76]</a> Over the years minor incidents between Muslim Albanians with Christian Albanians have occurred such as pig heads thrown into mosque courtyards, Catholic tombstones being knocked down, an Orthodox church in Shkodër being bombed and damage done to frescoes in a church in Voskopojë.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie126-129">[129]</a> An interreligious organisation called the Interreligious Council of Albania was created in 2009 by the four main faiths to foster religious coexistence in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi33-130">[130]</a> In southern Albania, urban centres of central Albania and partially in northern Albania, the status of Christianity dominates in contrast to Islam which is viewed by some Muslim Albanians as a historic accident.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> A rejection of Islam has also been attributed to a divide that has opened up between older city dwellers and rural Muslim Albanian and somewhat conservative newcomers from the north-east to cities like Tiranë, where the latter are referred to pejoratively as "<a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> Some young Muslim Albanians educated in Islamic Universities abroad have viewed their role as defending Islam in the public sphere over issues such as wearing of the veil, organising themselves socially and criticised the Muslim Albanian establishment.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> Following the lead mainly of Albanian Christians obtaining visas for work into Greece there have been instances where Muslim Albanian migrants in Greece converted to Orthodoxy and changed their names into Christian Greek forms in order to be accepted into Greek society.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kokkali129134135-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kretsi2005-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeRapperr6-132">[132]</a> Some other Muslim Albanians when emigrating have also converted to Catholicism and conversions in general to Christianity within Albania are associated with belonging and interpreted as being part of the West, its <a href="/wiki/Western_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Western thought">values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-King210-133">[133]</a> A 2015 study estimated some 13,000 Christians exist in Albania who had converted from a Muslim background, though it is not clear to which Christian churches these people were affiliated.<a href="#cite_note-Miller15-134">[134]</a> Among Albanians and in particular the young, religion is increasingly not seen as important.<a href="#cite_note-Elbasani340-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saltmarshe115-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeWaal201-135">[135]</a> In a Pew research centre survey of Muslim Albanians in 2012, religion was important for only 15%, while 7% prayed, around 5% went to a mosque, 43% gave <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> (alms), 44% fasted during Ramadan and 72% expressed a belief in God and Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi2124-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldsMuslimsA-136">[136]</a> The same Pew survey also estimated that 65% of Albanian Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldsMuslims65-137">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/220px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/330px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/440px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of Albania's four main denominations in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, in a demonstration for interfaith harmony, after the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo attacks from 2015</a>. From left to right: Sunni, Orthodox, Bektashi, and Catholic.</figcaption></figure> Despite occasional issues, Albania's "<a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>" (tolerance fetare) and "religious harmony" (harmonia fetare) are viewed as part of a set of distinctly Albanian national ideals, and said to serve an important part in Albania's civic framework where sectarian communities ideally set aside their difference and work together in the pursuit of national interest.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Although considered a "national myth" by some,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> the "Albanian example" of interfaith tolerance and of tolerant laicism<a href="#cite_note-ElbasaniPuto5367-140">[140]</a> has been advocated as a model for the rest of the world by both Albanians and Western European and American commentators,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> who praised Albania as a "model for a world witnessing conflict in God's name"<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a>, who marched with Christian and Muslim clergy on either side in a demonstration in response to religious motivated violence in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Meanwhile, Albania's "example" has also drawn interest recently in the West, where it has been used to argue that "religious freedom and Islamic values not only can co-exist, but also can flourish together", and is seen as a positive argument in favor of accelerating Albania's accession to the EU.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Interfaith marriages between Muslims and Christians are held to be "common" and "unremarkable" in Albania with little social repercussion, although there is little statistical data on their prevalence. During the communist period, it is known that during the period of 1950–1968, the rates of mixed marriages ranged from 1.6% in Shkodër, 4.3% in Gjirokastër to 15.5% among the textile workers in Tiranë.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In the district of Shkodër they reached 5% in the year 1980.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Most Albanian Muslims nowadays approve of mixed marriages, with 77% approving of a son marrying outside of the faith, and 75% for a daughter, the highest rates of all Muslim nationalities surveyed by Pew at the time.<a href="#cite_note-WorldsMuslimsInter124-148">[148]</a> Meanwhile, 12% of Albanian Muslims agreed that "religious conflict is a big problem in Albania", though only 2% thought Christians were "hostile" to Muslims and 4% admitted that they thought Muslims were "hostile" to Christians.<a href="#cite_note-WorldsMuslimsInter114116-149">[149]</a> 79% of Albanian Muslims said all their close friends were also Muslim, the second lowest number (after Russia) in the survey.<a href="#cite_note-WorldsMuslimsInter123-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_observances,_customs_and_culture">Religious observances, customs and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religious observances, customs and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays in Albania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Holidays">edit</a>]</div> In Albania a series of religious celebrations are held by the Muslim community. Two recognised by the state as official holidays are: Bajrami i Madh (Big Bayram, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>) celebrated at the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> and Kurban Bajram (Bayram of the sacrifice) or Bajrami i Vogël (Small Bayram, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>) celebrated on 10 <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> During the month of Ramadan practicing Sunni Muslims in Albania fast and 5 nights are held sacred and celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> These dates change per year as they follow the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Muslim lunar calendar</a>. In recent times during April <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Muhammad's birthday</a> is commemorated and the Muslim Community of Albania holds a concert in Tiranë.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> It is attended by Albanian political and Muslim religious establishment representatives alongside Albanian citizens, many non-practising Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> Other than the Sunni related celebrations, the Sufis such as the Bektashi have a series of holidays and observances. The Day of Sultan Novruz (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>) on 22 March is an official holiday that celebrates the birth of Imam Ali.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi30-152">[152]</a> Ashura, a day commemorating the massacre at Karbala is also held and multiple local festivals in various areas, some also observed as pilgrimages are held throughout the year at Sufi saints tombs and shrines like that of Sari Salltëk in Krujë.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi30-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsie2000-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolczynska-154">[154]</a> Most prominent of these is the pilgrimage on 20–25 August to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tomorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Tomorr">Mount Tomorr</a> to commemorate and celebrate the Shi'ite saint <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi35-155">[155]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_1_Eingang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sufi tyrbe within citadel of Gjirokastër."><img alt="Sufi tyrbe within citadel of Gjirokastër." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_1_Eingang.jpg/135px-Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_1_Eingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_1_Eingang.jpg/202px-Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_1_Eingang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_1_Eingang.jpg/270px-Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_1_Eingang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sufi tyrbe within citadel of Gjirokastër.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_4_Innenraum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Gjirokastër tyrbe shrine with Sufi saints tombs."><img alt="Interior of Gjirokastër tyrbe shrine with Sufi saints tombs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_4_Innenraum.jpg/240px-Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_4_Innenraum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_4_Innenraum.jpg/360px-Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_4_Innenraum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_4_Innenraum.jpg/480px-Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Festung_-_Bektaschi-Grab_4_Innenraum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Gjirokastër tyrbe shrine with Sufi saints tombs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tekke_of_Abaz_Aliu,_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_(DASwbhxkRx5Rsq-2jKwJpA).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr."><img alt="Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tekke_of_Abaz_Aliu%2C_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28DASwbhxkRx5Rsq-2jKwJpA%29.jpg/309px-Tekke_of_Abaz_Aliu%2C_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28DASwbhxkRx5Rsq-2jKwJpA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tekke_of_Abaz_Aliu%2C_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28DASwbhxkRx5Rsq-2jKwJpA%29.jpg/463px-Tekke_of_Abaz_Aliu%2C_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28DASwbhxkRx5Rsq-2jKwJpA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tekke_of_Abaz_Aliu%2C_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28DASwbhxkRx5Rsq-2jKwJpA%29.jpg/617px-Tekke_of_Abaz_Aliu%2C_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28DASwbhxkRx5Rsq-2jKwJpA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="919" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bektashi_Tekke_at_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_(CnvmU7hfOSibcdQ9bZ79ew).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pilgrims at Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr."><img alt="Pilgrims at Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bektashi_Tekke_at_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28CnvmU7hfOSibcdQ9bZ79ew%29.jpg/294px-Bektashi_Tekke_at_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28CnvmU7hfOSibcdQ9bZ79ew%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bektashi_Tekke_at_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28CnvmU7hfOSibcdQ9bZ79ew%29.jpg/440px-Bektashi_Tekke_at_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28CnvmU7hfOSibcdQ9bZ79ew%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bektashi_Tekke_at_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28CnvmU7hfOSibcdQ9bZ79ew%29.jpg/587px-Bektashi_Tekke_at_Mount_Tomorr_-_Mapillary_%28CnvmU7hfOSibcdQ9bZ79ew%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="992" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pilgrims at Abaz Ali teqe on Mount Tomorr.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramadan_banner_in_Shkodra.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Banner hailing fasting month of Ramadan, Shkodër."><img alt="Banner hailing fasting month of Ramadan, Shkodër." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ramadan_banner_in_Shkodra.JPG/240px-Ramadan_banner_in_Shkodra.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ramadan_banner_in_Shkodra.JPG/360px-Ramadan_banner_in_Shkodra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ramadan_banner_in_Shkodra.JPG/480px-Ramadan_banner_in_Shkodra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banner hailing fasting month of Ramadan, Shkodër.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food,_dress,_law_and_burials">Food, dress, law and burials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Food, dress, law and burials">edit</a>]</div> In Albania <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a> slaughter of animals and food is permitted, mainly available in the eateries of large urban centres and becoming popular among people who are practicing Sunni Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> No centralised organisation exists for Halal certification of food which is unavailable in Albanian state institutions like schools, army, hospitals and so on and people requesting Halal food in those places are usually sidelined. Muslim dress is not prohibited in Albania in public areas.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> Unofficial restrictions and regulations on religious clothing worn within public institutions in order to maintain the secular status of the state were upheld by principals of schools and others.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> Examples included within schools and universities whereby some young women wearing the hijab were expelled or told to remove it.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> These have eased especially after the Albanian government in 2011 backed away from proposed legislation that would have officially banned displays of religious symbols in schools.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> Religious Muslim law as with other religious law is not recognised by the Albanian courts.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> The Sunni Muslim Community of Albania however recognises nikah or <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">religious Muslim marriage</a> although not many people undertake marriage in this form.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> While chaplaincy though not officially recognised within state institutions, access to, religious advice and preaching in prisons is allowed to inmates while chaplains are banned in state schools.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">[151]</a> During the communist period Muslim Albanians were buried alongside Albanians of other faiths and due to that legacy in contemporary times separate Muslim graveyards are uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debates_about_Islam_and_contemporary_Albanian_identity">Debates about Islam and contemporary Albanian identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Debates about Islam and contemporary Albanian identity">edit</a>]</div> Within the Balkans apart from the ethno-linguistic component of Albanian identity, Albania's Orthodox neighbours also view it through religious terms.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings164-65">[65]</a> They refer to Albanians as a Muslim nation and as Muslim fundamentalists, which has placed the secular part of Albanian identity under strain.<a href="#cite_note-DawsonFawn108-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duijzings164-65">[65]</a> Among Albanian intellectuals and other notable Albanians, many Muslim, this has generated much discussion and at times debates about Islam and its role within Albania and amongst Albanians as a whole in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-Brisku181183-158">[158]</a> Within these discourses, controversial Orientalist and biological terminology has been used by some Albanian intellectuals when discussing Islam and Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Sulstarova6872-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElbasaniRoy465-160">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Kadare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/170px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/255px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/340px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a></figcaption></figure> Prominent in those discussions were written exchanges in newspaper articles and books between novelist <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a> of Gjirokastër and literary critic <a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Qosja" title="Rexhep Qosja">Rexhep Qosja</a>, an Albanian from Kosovo in the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Brisku184186-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-162">[162]</a> Kadare asserted that Albania's future lay with Europe due to its ancient European roots, Christian traditions, and being a <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>, while Qosja contended that Albanian identity was both a blend of Western (Christian) and Eastern (Islam) cultures and often adaptable to historical contexts.<a href="#cite_note-Brisku184186-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-162">[162]</a> In a 2005 speech given in Britain by president <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moisiu" title="Alfred Moisiu">Alfred Moisiu</a> of Orthodox heritage, he referred to Islam in Albania as having a "European face", it being "shallow" and that "if you dig a bit in every Albanian, he can discover his Christian core".<a href="#cite_note-Brisku187-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barbullushi153-164">[164]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Forum_of_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim Forum of Albania (page does not exist)">Muslim Forum of Albania</a> called those and Kadare's comments "racist", and charged that they contained "<a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>" and were "deeply offensive".<a href="#cite_note-Brisku187-163">[163]</a> Following trends dating back from the Communist regime, the post-Communist Albanian political establishment continues to approach Islam as the faith of the Ottoman invader.<a href="#cite_note-Barbullushi158-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoscheeDelvina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MoscheeDelvina.jpg/170px-MoscheeDelvina.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MoscheeDelvina.jpg/255px-MoscheeDelvina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MoscheeDelvina.jpg/340px-MoscheeDelvina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in Delvine</figcaption></figure> Islam and the Ottoman legacy has also been a topic of conversation among wider Albanian society. Islam and the Ottomans are viewed by many Albanians as the outcome of warfare, and <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> and within those discourses Albania's sociopolitical problems are attributed as the outcome of that legacy.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen4748-166">[166]</a> In debates over Albanian school textbooks where some historians have asked for offensive content regarding Turks to be removed, some Christian Albanian historians countered angrily by referring to negative experiences of the Ottoman period and wanting Turkey to seek redress for the invasion of Albania and Islamisation of Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi14-167">[167]</a> Some members of the Muslim community, while deemphasizing the Ottoman past, have responded to these views by criticizing what they say is prejudice toward Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen4748-166">[166]</a> Others, like academic Olsi Jazexhi, have added that contemporary Albanian politicians akin to the Communists perceive "<a href="/wiki/Modernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation">Modernisation</a>" to mean "De-Islamisation", making Muslim Albanians feel alienated from their Muslim traditions instead of celebrating them and embracing their Ottoman heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen4748-166">[166]</a> These views, however, are rare and often depicted as extremist in Albanian society. Other debates, often in the media and occasionally heated, have been about public displays of Muslim practices, mosque construction in Albania, or local and international violent incidents and their relationship to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Ajdini1519-168">[168]</a> Issues have also arisen over school textbooks and their inaccurate references of Islam such as describing Muhammad as God's "son", while other matters have been concerns over administrative delays for mosque construction and so on.<a href="#cite_note-Ajdini1519-168">[168]</a> Catholic and Orthodox Albanians hold concerns that any possible <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">unification</a> of Balkan areas populated by sizable numbers of Albanian Muslims to the country would lead to an increasing "Muslimization" of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-LesserLarrabee51-169">[169]</a> Muslim Albanians deemphasize the (Christian) religious heritage of two famous Albanian figures by viewing Skanderbeg as a defender of the nation, while <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> is acknowledged for her charitable works and both individuals are promoted as Albanian symbols of Europe and the West.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen57586971-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Discrimination">edit</a>]</div> The school curriculum of <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a> in northern Albania was criticized for diminishing the role of Muslims in the history of Albania. For example, "out of over 30 famous writers, historical gures, actors named in [a] textbook, there is only one Muslim in the entire list." Similarly, in 2014, Professor of Sociology at the University of Tirana Enis Sulstarova performed a comparative study of school textbooks finding that tenets of the Christian faith were often presented as a historical fact, while aspects of the Muslim faith were rendered a 'superstition.'<a href="#cite_note-Sinani18-171">[171]</a> The Deputy Chairman of the Albanian Muslim Community has accused the media in Albania of <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Muslim bias</a>, frequently calling individuals arrested as 'jihadists' and 'terrorists' before they have been sentenced and perpetuating a "clash of civilizations" narrative between Muslim Albanians and the rest of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Sinani1822-172">[172]</a> Legal experts noted a "violation of legal procedures, and the application of psychological pressure on [detainees] and family members with medical conditions" following the arrests of 150 people suspected of perpetrating the <a href="/wiki/2016_Balkans_terrorism_plot" title="2016 Balkans terrorism plot">2016 Balkans terrorism plot</a>. The majority of those arrested had no connection to the incident and were promptly released, but authorities at the time "did not present arrest warrants" and questioned suspects without the presence of an attorney.<a href="#cite_note-Sinani2223-173">[173]</a> On 7 August 2016, a Muslim woman wearing a headscarf was beaten on a bus and called a "terrorist."<a href="#cite_note-Sinani27-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_establishment_views_of_Islam_in_Albania">Religious establishment views of Islam in Albania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religious establishment views of Islam in Albania">edit</a>]</div> The official religious Christian and Muslim establishments and their clergy hold diverging views of the Ottoman period and conversion of Islam by Albanians. Both Catholic and the Orthodox clergy interpret the Ottoman era as a repressive one that contained anti-Christian discrimination and violence,<a href="#cite_note-Endresen237-175">[175]</a> while Islam is viewed as foreign challenging Albanian tradition and cohesion.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen241-176">[176]</a> The conversion to Islam by Albanians is viewed by both Catholic and Orthodox clergy as falsification of Albanian identity, though Albanian Muslims are interpreted as innocent victims of Islamisation.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen241-176">[176]</a> Albanian Sunni Muslim clergy however views the conversion of Albanians as a voluntary process, while sidelining religious controversies associated with the Ottoman era.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen237-175">[175]</a> Sufi Islam in Albania interprets the Ottoman era as promoting a distorted form of Islam that was corrupted within a Sunni Ottoman polity that persecuted them.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen241242-177">[177]</a> Christian clergy consider Muslim Albanians as part of the wider Albanian nation and Muslim clergy do not express derision to people who did not become Muslim in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen241-176">[176]</a> Christian identities in Albania have been forged on being in a minority position, at times with experiences of discrimination they have had historically in relation to the Muslim majority.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen250-178">[178]</a> Meanwhile, Muslim clergy in Albania highlight the change of fortune the demise of the Ottoman Empire brought with the political empowerment of Balkan Christians making Muslims a religious minority in contemporary times within the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-Endresen250-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_Islam_and_Muslim_fundamentalism">Conservative Islam and Muslim fundamentalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Conservative Islam and Muslim fundamentalism">edit</a>]</div> The Muslim Albanian community has also contended with increasing numbers of Christian charities and missionaries proselytizing (especially those of the Orthodox working often in tandem with official Greek policies) which has made a part of the Sunni Albanian leadership become more assertive and calling for Islam to be declared the official religion of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lederer355-179">[179]</a> These calls within the scope of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a> have greatly waned after non-Muslim Albanians objected to those suggestions.<a href="#cite_note-Buturovic439-66">[66]</a> The Muslim Community of Albania opposes the legalisation of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a> for <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> communities in Albania, as do the Orthodox and Catholic Church leaders of the country too.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Muslim fundamentalism</a> has though become a concern for Albania and its backers amongst the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams233-183">[183]</a> In the 1990s, small groups of militant Muslims took advantage of dysfunctional government, porous borders, corruption, weak laws and illegal activities occurring during Albania's transition to democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams233-183">[183]</a> These Muslim militants used Albania as a base for money laundering and as a transit route into the West with at times the assistance of corrupt government employees.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams233-183">[183]</a> There were claims by critics of the Albanian government that high-profile militants like <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> passed through Albania while president Sali Berisha and head of Albanian intelligence <a href="/wiki/Bashkim_Gazidede" title="Bashkim Gazidede">Bashkim Gazidede</a> had knowledge and assisted militants, though no credible evidence has emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams233-183">[183]</a> Salafi and Wahhabi forms of Islam have also entered Albania and adherents have come mainly from among the young.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a> As of March 2016, some 100 or so Albanians so far have left Albania to become <a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">foreign fighters</a> by joining various fundamentalist <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadist</a> groups involved in the ongoing civil wars of Syria and Iraq; 18 have died.<a href="#cite_note-Globalindex46-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogdani-185">[185]</a> In response to these events the Albanian government has cracked down with arrests of people associated with the few mosques suspected of radicalisation and recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-Ajdini1314-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_and_Albanian_geopolitical_orientation">Islam and Albanian geopolitical orientation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Islam and Albanian geopolitical orientation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Berisha_Tirana_20070610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bush_Berisha_Tirana_20070610.jpg/170px-Bush_Berisha_Tirana_20070610.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bush_Berisha_Tirana_20070610.jpg/255px-Bush_Berisha_Tirana_20070610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bush_Berisha_Tirana_20070610.jpg/340px-Bush_Berisha_Tirana_20070610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and Albanian prime minister Sali Berisha during a joint press conference in Tiranë, Albania (2007)</figcaption></figure> With the collapse of the isolationist communist regime, Albania's geopolitical orientation between West and East and the role of Christianity and Islam became debated among Albanian intellectuals and its politicians.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings164-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sulstarova6872-159">[159]</a> Within the context of nationalist discourses during the 1990s the governing Albanian <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a> regarding European aspirations stressed aspects of Catholicism and as some government members were Muslims made overtures to Islam to join international organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC).<a href="#cite_note-Barbullushi148150-187">[187]</a> In 1992 Albania became the only entirely European member of the OIC, generating intense controversy within Albania due to concerns that Albania might deviate from a secular and Western-aligned political direction.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings164-65">[65]</a> The Albanian government viewed membership in the OIC as being a bridge between the Muslim-Christian worlds and also as having a "civilising mission" role within the Islamic world due to the Western orientation of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Brisku182-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barbullushi149150-189">[189]</a> The government of <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> in the 1990s generated a Muslim network in Albania which was dismantled by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party</a> (organizational heirs of the ultra-secularist Communists) when it came to power in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Barbullushi152-190">[190]</a> By 1998–99 Albania's OIC membership was suspended and temporarily withdrawn by prime-minister <a href="/wiki/Fatos_Nano" title="Fatos Nano">Fatos Nano</a> who viewed it as inhibiting Albania's European aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings164-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayer1424-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mueller233-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In the post communist period different socio-political reactions have occurred by regional neighbours and international powers toward Albania and Muslim Albanians. For example, in the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Orthodox Albanian leaders like Fatos Nano in Albania over Muslim Albanian ones like Sali Berisha as they were seen as being friendlier to Greek interests.<a href="#cite_note-VickersPettifer3141-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris80-193">[193]</a> During the Kosovo crisis (1998–1999), the Albanian political establishment was concerned with Western public opinion viewing Albanians as "Islamic" due to Serbian government claims portraying the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (KLA) as interested in creating a Balkan Islamic state.<a href="#cite_note-Barbullushi152-190">[190]</a> In a post-communist environment, Albania emerged as being generally supportive of the US.<a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin191-194">[194]</a> During the Kosovo War (1999) and ethnic cleansing of mostly Muslim Albanians by Orthodox Serbs alongside the subsequent refugee influx into the country, Albania's status as an ally of the US was confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin191-194">[194]</a> Support for the USA has remained high at 95% in Muslim majority Albania in contrast to the rest of the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin191-194">[194]</a> Albania joined the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military alliance in 2009 which remains popular in the country especially due to its intervention in the Kosovo war and Albania has contributed troops to NATO led operations in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Borodij112-195">[195]</a> Within the wider Balkans Albania is considered to be the most pro-EU and pro-Western country in the region and, unlike its neighbours (except Kosovo), it has little to negligible support for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ragionieri46-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Return5911-96">[96]</a> Albania is an aspirant for <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">membership</a> after formally submitting its application to join in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Bishku93-197">[197]</a> Sentiments among the EU exist of viewing Albania as a mainly Muslim country cause concerns for the Albanian political establishment who promote an image of Western orientation for Euro-Atlantic integration, especially when overt displays of Muslim practice arise such as dress or rituals.<a href="#cite_note-Barbullushi152154-198">[198]</a> State relations of Albania with Turkey are friendly and close, due to maintenance of close links with the Albanian diaspora in Turkey and strong Turkish sociopolitical, cultural, economic and military ties with Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Return5911-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zamanheritage-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabak-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-PetrovicReljicA-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uzgel-203">[203]</a> Turkey has been supportive of Albanian geopolitical interests within the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-PetrovicReljicA-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uzgel-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bishku9799-204">[204]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup polls</a> conducted in recent times Turkey is viewed as a friendly country by 73% of people in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-PetrovicReljicB-205">[205]</a> Albania has established political and economic ties with Arab countries, in particular with <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab Persian Gulf</a> states who have heavily invested in religious, transport and other infrastructure alongside other facets of the economy in addition to the somewhat limited societal links they share.<a href="#cite_note-Bishku99101-206">[206]</a> Albania is also working to develop socio-political and economic ties with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bishku-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Community_of_Albania" title="Muslim Community of Albania">Muslim Community of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Albania">History of Ottoman Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Albania">Roman Catholicism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodoxy in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Albania" title="Protestantism in Albania">Protestantism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Albania" title="Irreligion in Albania">Irreligion in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Judaism in Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.today/vxIaV">"Muslim Population Growth in Europe Pew Research Center"</a>. 10 July 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/">the original</a> on 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Population+Growth+in+Europe+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2017%2F11%2F29%2Feuropes-growing-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbasani347353-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani347353_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani347353_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani347353_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElbasani2015">Elbasani 2015</a>, pp. 347–353. </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2023-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2023_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf">"Population and Housing Census 2023"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">Instituti i Statistikës</a> (INSTAT).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Census+2023&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Statistik%C3%ABs+%28INSTAT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshqiptarja.com%2Fuploads%2Fckeditor%2F667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Julie Taylor: Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera, p.106-108 </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito20-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito20_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito20_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2004">Esposito 2004</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crampton38-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Crampton38_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrampton2014">Crampton 2014</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boehm307-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Boehm307_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoehm1994">Boehm 1994</a>, p. 307. "The Ottoman Turks first introduced Islam into Albania when they conquered the country in the late 15th century." </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers1724-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers1724_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers1724_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickers2011">Vickers 2011</a>, pp. 17–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych2122-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2122_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2122_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2122_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi174-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Skendi174_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkendi1967a">Skendi 1967a</a>, p. 174. "The political thinking of the Orthodox Albanians was divided into two categories. Those who lived in Albania were dominated by Greek influence. The majority of them- especially the notables-desired union with Greece. The Orthodox Christians in general had an intense hatred of Ottoman rule. Although this feeling was shared by their co-religionists who lived in the colonies abroad, their political thinking was different." </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitsiakos56-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Nitsiakos56_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNitsiakos2010">Nitsiakos 2010</a>, p. 56. "The Orthodox Christian Albanians, who belonged to the rum millet, identified themselves to a large degree with the rest of the Orthodox, while under the roof of the patriarchate and later the influence of Greek education they started to form Greek national consciousness, a process that was interrupted by the Albanian national movement in the 19th century and subsequently by the Albanian state."; p. 153. "The influence of Hellenism on the Albanian Orthodox was such that, when the Albanian national idea developed, in the three last decades of the 19th century, they were greatly confused regarding their national identity." </li> <li id="cite_note-Skoulidas227-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Skoulidas227_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkoulidas2013">Skoulidas 2013</a>. para. 2, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych4353-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych4353_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 43–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych7286-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych7286_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 72–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych86105-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych86105_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych86105_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych86105_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 86–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-Karpat342-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karpat342_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karpat342_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarpat2001">Karpat 2001</a>, p. 342."After 1856, and especially after 1878, the terms Turk and Muslim became practically synonymous in the Balkans. An Albanian who did not know one word of Turkish thus was given the ethnic name of Turk and accepted it, no matter how much he might have preferred to distance himself from the ethnic Turks." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart197-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hart197_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hart197_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHart1999">Hart 1999</a>, p. 197."Christians in ex-Ottoman domains have frequently and strategically conflated the terms Muslim and Turk to ostracize Muslim or Muslim-descended populations as alien (as in the current Serb-Bosnian conflict; see Sells 1996), and Albanians, though of several religions, have been so labeled." </li> <li id="cite_note-Megalommatis-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Megalommatis_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMegalommatis1994">Megalommatis 1994</a>, p. 28."Muslim Albanians have been called "Turkalvanoi" in Greek, and this is pejorative." </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikolopoulou299-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Nikolopoulou299_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNikolopoulou2013">Nikolopoulou 2013</a>, p. 299. "Instead of the term "Muslim Albanians", nationalist Greek histories use the more known, but pejorative, term "Turkalbanians". </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> League of Nations (October 1921). "Albania". League of Nations –Official Journal. 8: 893. "The memorandum of the Albanian government… The memorandum complains that the Pan-Epirotic Union misnames the Moslem Albanians as "Turco-Albanians"" </li> <li id="cite_note-Mentzel-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Mentzel_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMentzel2000">Mentzel 2000</a>, p. 8. "The attitude of non Muslim Balkan peoples was similar. In most of the Balkans, Muslims were "Turks" regardless of their ethno-linguistic background. This attitude changed significantly, but not completely, over time." </li> <li id="cite_note-Blumi32-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Blumi32_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumi2011">Blumi 2011</a>, p. 32. "As state policy, post- Ottoman "nations" continue to sever most of their cultural, socioeconomic, and institutional links to the Ottoman period. At times, this requires denying a multicultural history, inevitably leading to orgies of cultural destruction (Kiel 1990; Riedlmayer 2002). As a result of this strategic removal of the Ottoman past—the expulsion of the "Turks" (i.e., Muslims); the destruction of buildings; the changing of names of towns, families, and monuments; and the "purification" of languages—many in the region have accepted the conclusion that the Ottoman cultural, political, and economic infrastructure was indeed an "occupying," and thus foreign, entity (Jazexhi 2009). Such logic has powerful intuitive consequences on the way we write about the region's history: If Ottoman Muslims were "Turks" and thus "foreigners" by default, it becomes necessary to differentiate the indigenous from the alien, a deadly calculation made in the twentieth century with terrifying consequences for millions." </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen4043-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen4043_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen4043_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen4043_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndresen2011">Endresen 2011</a>, pp. 40–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-PutoMaurizio183-24"><a href="#cite_ref-PutoMaurizio183_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPutoMaurizio2015">Puto & Maurizio 2015</a>, p. 183."Nineteenth-century Albanianism was not by any means a separatist project based on the desire to break with the Ottoman Empire and to create a nationstate. In its essence Albanian nationalism was a reaction to the gradual disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and a response to the threats posed by Christian and Balkan national movements to a population that was predominantly Muslim." </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi181189-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Skendi181189_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkendi1967a">Skendi 1967a</a>, pp. 181–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-Skoulidas1926-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Skoulidas1926_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkoulidas2013">Skoulidas 2013</a>. para. 19, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-ShawShaw254-27"><a href="#cite_ref-ShawShaw254_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShawShaw1977">Shaw & Shaw 1977</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-TakeyhGvosdev80-28"><a href="#cite_ref-TakeyhGvosdev80_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTakeyhGvosdev2004">Takeyh & Gvosdev 2004</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokolakis53-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kokolakis53_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kokolakis53_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kokolakis53_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kokolakis53_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kokolakis53_29-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKokolakis2003">Kokolakis 2003</a>, p. 53."Με εξαίρεση τις ολιγομελείς κοινότητες των παλιών Ρωμανιωτών Εβραίων της Αρτας και των Ιωαννίνων, και την ακόμη ολιγομελέστερη ομάδα των Καθολικών της Αυλώνας, οι κάτοικοι της Ηπείρου χωρίζονται με το κριτήριο της θρησκείας σε δύο μεγάλες ομάδες, σε Ορθόδοξους και σε Μουσουλμάνους. [With the exception of a few members of the old communities such as Romaniote Jews of Arta and Ioannina, and even small groups of Catholics in Vlora, the residents of Epirus were separated by the criterion of religion into two major groups, the Orthodox and Muslims.]"; p. 54. "Η μουσουλμανική κοινότητα της Ηπείρου, με εξαίρεση τους μικρούς αστικούς πληθυσμούς των νότιων ελληνόφωνων περιοχών, τους οποίους προαναφέραμε, και τις δύο με τρεις χιλιάδες διεσπαρμένους «Τουρκόγυφτους», απαρτιζόταν ολοκληρωτικά από αλβανόφωνους, και στα τέλη της Τουρκοκρατίας κάλυπτε τα 3/4 περίπου του πληθυσμού των αλβανόφωνων περιοχών και περισσότερο από το 40% του συνόλου. [The Muslim community in Epirus, with the exception of small urban populations of the southern Greek-speaking areas, which we mentioned, and 2-3000 dispersed "Muslim Romani", consisted entirely of Albanian speakers, and in the late Ottoman period covered approximately 3/4 of population ethnic Albanian speaking areas and more than 40% of the total area."; pp.55–56. "Σ' αυτά τα μέρη οι μουσουλμανικές κοινότητες, όταν υπήρχαν, περιορίζονταν στο συμπαγή πληθυσμό ορισμένων πόλεων και κωμοπόλεων (Αργυρόκαστρο, Λιμπόχοβο, Λεσκοβίκι, Δέλβινο, Παραμυθιά). [In these parts of the Muslim communities, where present, were limited to compact population of certain towns and cities (Gjirokastër, Libohovë, Leskovik, Delvinë, Paramythia).]", pp. 370, 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoppel910-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoppel910_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoppel910_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoppel2001">Stoppel 2001</a>, pp. 9–10."In den südlichen Landesteilen hielten sich Muslime und Orthodoxe stets in etwa die Waage: So standen sich zB 1908 in den Bezirken (damals türkischen Sandschaks) Korca und Gjirokastro 95.000 Muslime und 128.000 Orthodoxe gegenüber, während 1923 das Verhältnis 109.000 zu 114.000 und 1927 116.000 zu 112.000 betrug. [In the southern parts of the country, Muslims and Orthodox were broadly always balanced: Thus, for example in 1908 were in the districts (then Turkish Sanjaks) Korçë and Gjirokastër 95,000 Muslims and in contrast to 128,000 Orthodox, while in 1923, the ratio of 109,000 to 114,000 and 1927, 116,000 to 112,000 it had amounted too.]" </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltsiotis14-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Baltsiotis14_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaltsiotis2011">Baltsiotis 2011</a>. para. 14. "The fact that the Christian communities within the territory which was claimed by Greece from the mid 19th century until the year 1946, known after 1913 as Northern Epirus, spoke Albanian, Greek and Aromanian (Vlach), was dealt with by the adoption of two different policies by Greek state institutions. The first policy was to take measures to hide the language(s) the population spoke, as we have seen in the case of "Southern Epirus". The second was to put forth the argument that the language used by the population had no relation to their national affiliation... As we will discuss below, under the prevalent ideology in Greece at the time every Orthodox Christian was considered Greek, and conversely after 1913, when the territory which from then onwards was called "Northern Epirus" in Greece was ceded to Albania, every Muslim of that area was considered Albanian." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokolakis5684-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Kokolakis5684_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKokolakis2003">Kokolakis 2003</a>, p. 56. "Η διαδικασία αυτή του εξελληνισμού των ορθόδοξων περιοχών, λειτουργώντας αντίστροφα προς εκείνη του εξισλαμισμού, επιταχύνει την ταύτιση του αλβανικού στοιχείου με το μουσουλμανισμό, στοιχείο που θ' αποβεί αποφασιστικό στην εξέλιξη των εθνικιστικών συγκρούσεων του τέλους του 19ου αιώνα. [This process of Hellenization of Orthodox areas, operating in reverse to that of Islamization, accelerated the identification of the Albanian element with Islam, an element that will prove decisive in the evolution of nationalist conflicts during the 19th century]"; p. 84. "Κύριος εχθρός του ελληνισμού από τη δεκαετία του 1880 και ύστερα ήταν η αλβανική ιδέα, που αργά μα σταθερά απομάκρυνε την πιθανότητα μιας σοβαρής ελληνοαλβανικής συνεργασίας και καθιστούσε αναπόφευκτο το μελλοντικό διαμελισμό της Ηπείρου. [The main enemy of Hellenism from the 1880s onwards was the Albanian idea, slowly but firmly dismissed the possibility of serious Greek-Albanian cooperation and rendered inevitable the future dismemberment of Epirus.]" </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers6061-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers6061_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers6061_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickers2011">Vickers 2011</a>, pp. 60–61. "The Greeks too sought to curtail the spread of nationalism amongst the southern Orthodox Albanians, not only in Albania but also in the Albanian colonies in America." </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi175176179-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Skendi175176179_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkendi1967a">Skendi 1967a</a>, pp. 175–176, 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokolakis91-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Kokolakis91_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKokolakis2003">Kokolakis 2003</a>, p. 91. "Περιορίζοντας τις αρχικές του ισλαμιστικές εξάρσεις, το αλβανικό εθνικιστικό κίνημα εξασφάλισε την πολιτική προστασία των δύο ισχυρών δυνάμεων της Αδριατικής, της Ιταλίας και της Αυστρίας, που δήλωναν έτοιμες να κάνουν ό,τι μπορούσαν για να σώσουν τα Βαλκάνια από την απειλή του Πανσλαβισμού και από την αγγλογαλλική κηδεμονία που υποτίθεται ότι θα αντιπροσώπευε η επέκταση της Ελλάδας. Η διάδοση των αλβανικών ιδεών στο χριστιανικό πληθυσμό άρχισε να γίνεται ορατή και να ανησυχεί ιδιαίτερα την Ελλάδα." "[By limiting the Islamic character, the Albanian nationalist movement secured civil protection from two powerful forces in the Adriatic, Italy and Austria, which was ready to do what they could to save the Balkans from the threat of Pan-Slavism and the Anglo French tutelage that is supposed to represent its extension through Greece. The dissemination of ideas in Albanian Christian population started to become visible and very concerning to Greece]." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych2228-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2228_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2228_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 22–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart199-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Hart199_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHart1999">Hart 1999</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych2834-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2834_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2834_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2834_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 28–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duijzings162163-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings162163_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych197200-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych197200_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 197–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers8286-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers8286_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickers2011">Vickers 2011</a>, pp. 82–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisku35-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Brisku35_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrisku2013">Brisku 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TPUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Odile36-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odile36_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odile36_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odile36_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odile36_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odile36_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odile36_43-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdile1990">Odile 1990</a>, pp. 3–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Psomas263264272280281-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Psomas263264272280281_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPsomas2008">Psomas 2008</a>, pp. 263–264, 272, 280–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lederer337-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer337_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer337_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLederer1994">Lederer 1994</a>, p. 337. "Most Muslims and Bektashis understood that religious differences had to be played down in the name of common ethnicity and that pan-Islamic ideas had to be rejected and fought, even if some so-called 'fanatical' (Sunni) Muslim leaders in Shkoder and elsewhere preferred solidarity with the rest of the Islamic world. Such an attitude was not conducive to Albanian independence to which the international situation was favourable in 1912 and even after World War I." </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer231233-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer231233_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer231233_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer231233_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer231233_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer231233_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer231233_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer231233_46-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayer2014a">Clayer 2014a</a>, pp. 231–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer2537-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Clayer2537_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayer2003">Clayer 2003</a>, pp. 2–5, 37. "Between 1942 (date of the last census taking into account the denominational belonging) or 1967 (date of religion's banning) and 2001, the geographical distribution of the religious communities in Albania has strongly changed. The reasons are first demographic: groups of population, mainly from Southern Albania, came to urban settlements of central Albania in favour of the institution of the Communist regime, during the 1970s and 1980s, Northern Catholic and Sunni Muslim areas have certainly experienced a higher growth rate than Southern Orthodox areas. Since 1990, there were very important population movements, from rural and mountain areas towards the cities (especially in central Albania, i.e. Tirana and Durrës), and from Albania towards Greece, Italy and many other countries". </li> <li id="cite_note-Babuna300d-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babuna300d_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babuna300d_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babuna300d_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babuna300d_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babuna300d_48-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabuna2004">Babuna 2004</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers108109-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers108109_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers108109_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickers2011">Vickers 2011</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716081651/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,727115,00.html">Albania dispatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time magazine</a>, 14 April 1923 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ezzati450-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ezzati450_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ezzati450_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ezzati450_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEzzati2002">Ezzati 2002</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer234247-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Clayer234247_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayer2014a">Clayer 2014a</a>, pp. 234–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavlowitch304-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Pavlowitch304_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPavlowitch2014">Pavlowitch 2014</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer3336-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3336_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3336_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3336_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayer2007">Clayer 2007</a>, pp. 33–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-Doja8687-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doja8687_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doja8687_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoja2006">Doja 2006</a>, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Young_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1999">Young 1999</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet1989">Ramet 1989</a>, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer52125-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer52125_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1999">Fischer 1999</a>, pp. 5, 21–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer5258-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer5258_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer5258_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer5258_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer5258_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer5258_59-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer1999">Fischer 1999</a>, pp. 52–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jelavich379-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich379_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJelavich1983">Jelavich 1983</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duijzings163-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings163_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings163_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings163_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings163_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings163_61-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Czekalski120-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Czekalski120_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzekalski2013">Czekalski 2013</a>, p. 120. "The census of 1945 showed that the vast majority of society (72%) were Muslims, 17.2% of the population declared themselves to be Orthodox, and 10% Catholics." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopanski192-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Kopanski192_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopanski1997">Kopanski 1997</a>, p. 192. "The sophisticated culture, literature and art of Islam were ignored by the generality of historians who hardly even tried to conceal their anti-Muslim bias. Their ferociously anti-Islamic and anti-Turkish attitude not only obscured and distorted the amazing process of mass conversion of entire Christian communities to Islam, but also provided an intellectual prop for the ultra nationalist policy of ethnic and religious cleansing in Bosnia, Hum (Herzegovina), Albania, Bulgaria and Greece. For against the backdrop of the history of the Balkans, as generally portrayed, what appeared as a kind of historical exoneration and an act of retaliation for the 'betrayal' of Christianity in the Middle Ages. The policy of destroying Islamic culture and way of life in Albania after the World War II is the primary reason why the history of medieval Islam in this land has not been properly studied." </li> <li id="cite_note-Trix-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Trix_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrix1994">Trix 1994</a>, p. 536. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duijzings164-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings164_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings164_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings164_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings164_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings164_65-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings164_65-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings164_65-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings164_65-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-Buturovic439-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buturovic439_66-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFButurovic2006">Buturovic 2006</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhtar240-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar240_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkhtar2010">Akhtar 2010</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin81-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin81_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin81_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBogdaniLoughlin2007">Bogdani & Loughlin 2007</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nurja204205-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja204205_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja204205_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja204205_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja204205_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja204205_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja204205_69-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFNurja2012">Nurja 2012</a>, pp. 204–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark514-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark514_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1988">Clark 1988</a>, p. 514. </li> <li id="cite_note-Czekalski129-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Czekalski129_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzekalski2013">Czekalski 2013</a>, p. 129. "The capital's Et’hem Bey Mosque was recognized as a monument. This place later served as a place of prayer for diplomats working in Tirana, but Albanians were forbidden from praying in this place. A few Bektashi temples, including the sacral buildings were changed into cultural centres, warehouses and restaurants." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet220-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet220_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, p. 220. "Of the 1,127 mosques in Albania before the communist takeover, only fifty survived that era, most of them dilapidated. As of 1991, only two mosques in Tiranë were fit for use by worshipers." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lederer346348-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer346348_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer346348_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLederer1994">Lederer 1994</a>, pp. 346–348. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer1424-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer1424_74-21">v</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayer2003">Clayer 2003</a>, pp. 14–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer3640-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3640_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3640_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3640_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3640_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3640_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3640_75-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3640_75-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayer2007">Clayer 2007</a>, pp. 36–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-VickersPettifer3141-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VickersPettifer3141_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VickersPettifer3141_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VickersPettifer3141_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickersPettifer2007">Vickers & Pettifer 2007</a>, p. 31. "Many Greek Orthodox clergy privately relished the downfall of the northern predominantly Muslim government. As always in Balkan conflicts, religion is a major factor under the surface and the no doubt that the Greek Orthodox Church was privately very happy to see the departure of the DP government. It was also clear to Athenian politicians that if they gave a certain amount of tacit diplomatic help to the rebellion, they could expect a post-conflict government in Tirana that was likely to be much more sympathetic to Greece and its regional priorities than the Berisha administration." p. 41. "Islam as a political factor did not emerge at all throughout the crisis, even though most of the Berisha government was nominally Muslim. The presence of prominent northern Catholics such as Pjeter Arbnori, as Speaker of the Parliament and someone close to the government, assisted this perception while on the rebel side Orthodox links with Greece were certainly useful." </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer12-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer12_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer12_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayer2003">Clayer 2003</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbasani253267-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani253267_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElbasani2016">Elbasani 2016</a>, pp. 253–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-Öktem-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Öktem_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖktem2011">Öktem 2011</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi2124-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2124_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2124_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2124_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2124_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2124_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2124_80-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2124_80-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2013">Jazexhi 2013</a>, pp. 21–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi501502-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi501502_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi501502_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumiKrasniqi2014">Blumi & Krasniqi 2014</a>, pp. 501–502. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbasani339-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani339_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElbasani2015">Elbasani 2015</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://databaza.instat.gov.al/pxweb/en/DST/START__Census2011/Census1114/">"1.1.14 Resident population by religious affiliation by Religious affiliation, Type and Year"</a>. Instituti i Statistikave. Retrieved 24 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituti+i+Statistikave&rft.atitle=1.1.14+Resident+population+by+religious+affiliation+by+Religious+affiliation%2C+Type+and+Year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabaza.instat.gov.al%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2FDST%2FSTART__Census2011%2FCensus1114%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pano330-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pano330_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pano330_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pano330_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pano330_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pano330_84-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPano1997">Pano 1997</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-ClayerPopovic22-85"><a href="#cite_ref-ClayerPopovic22_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayerPopovic1997">Clayer & Popovic 1997</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi2223-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2223_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2223_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2223_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2223_86-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2014">Jazexhi 2014</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbasani340-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani340_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani340_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani340_87-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElbasani2015">Elbasani 2015</a>, p. 340. "Another crucial dimension of the post-Communist format of secularism is the imprint of decades of Communist-style propaganda in the perceptions and practices of Muslim believers. Almost everywhere in the post-Communist world, forced Communist-style modernization and eviction of religion from the public arena, has led to a certain secularization of the society and a sharp decline in religious practice. Post-Communist citizens seem to embrace religion more as an aspect of ethnic and social identity rather than a belief in the doctrines of a particular organized spiritual community. This is reflected in the gap between the great number of Albanians who choose to identify with religion and the few who attend religious services and serve religious commandments: 98% of Albanians respond that they belong to one of the religious communities; but only 5.5% attend weekly religious services and 50% only celebrate religious ceremonies during poignant moments in life such as birth, marriage and death (University of Oslo 2013). Additionally, post-Communist Albanians appear strongly committed to institutional arrangements that confine religion strictly within the private sphere—away from state institutions, schools, the arts and the public sphere more generally (ibid). Such secular attitudes show that post-Communist citizens are in general little receptive to concepts of religion as a coherent corpus of beliefs and dogmas collectively managed by a body of legitimate holders of knowledge, and even less receptive to rigid orthodox prescriptions thereof." </li> <li id="cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_88-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumiKrasniqi2014">Blumi & Krasniqi 2014</a>, pp. 480–482. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi2426-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2426_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2426_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2426_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi2426_89-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2013">Jazexhi 2013</a>, pp. 24–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbasani342345-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Elbasani342345_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElbasani2015">Elbasani 2015</a>, pp. 342–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi27-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi27_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi27_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi27_91-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2013">Jazexhi 2013</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito6668-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito6668_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito6668_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEspositoYavuz2003">Esposito & Yavuz 2003</a>, pp. 66–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2011/04/08/nb-11">"Islamic university opens in Tirana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southeast_European_Times" title="Southeast European Times">Southeast European Times</a>. 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Retrieved 23 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GALLUP+WorldView+Login&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldview.gallup.com%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albaniancensus71-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Albaniancensus71_106-0">^</a> <a href="#Albanian_Census_(2011)">Albanian Census (2011). 2012</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oktem78-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oktem78_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oktem78_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖktem2014">Öktem 2014</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshixx-108"><a href="#cite_ref-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshixx_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005">De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005</a>, pp. xx, xxiii–xxv. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi-109"><a href="#cite_ref-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005">De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005</a>, pp. 9–10, 18–19, 115–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshixxi-110"><a href="#cite_ref-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshixxi_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005">De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005</a>, pp. xxi–xxii, xxv, xxvii–xxxxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi921-111"><a href="#cite_ref-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi921_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005">De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005</a>, pp. 9, 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinke11-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinke11_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeYlli2010">Steinke & Ylli 2010</a>, p. 11. "In den 17 Dörfern des Kosovo wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen, und sie gehören zu einer Gemeinde mit dem Verwaltungszentrum in Dragaš. Die 19 Dörfer in Albanien sind hingegen auf drei Gemeinden des Bezirks Kukës aufgeteilt, und zwar auf Shishtavec, Zapod und Topojan. Slavophone findet man freilich nur in den ersten beiden Gemeinden. Zur Gemeinde Shishtavec gehören sieben Dörfer und in den folgenden vier wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Shishtavec (Šištaec/Šišteec), Borja (Borje), Cërnaleva (Cărnolevo/Cărneleve) und Oreshka (Orešek). Zur Gemeinde Zapod gehören ebenfalls sieben Dörfer, und in den folgenden fünf wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Orgjost (Orgosta), Kosharisht (Košarišta), Pakisht (Pakiša/Pakišča) Zapod (Zapod) und Orçikla (Orčikl’e/Očikl’e)’. In der Gemeinde Topojan gibt es inzwischen keine slavophone Bevölkerung mehr. Die Einwohner selbst bezeichnen sich gewöhnlich als Goranen ‘Einwohner von Gora oder Našinci Unsrige, und ihre Sprache wird von ihnen als Našinski und von den Albanern als Gorançe bezeichnet." </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRapper6-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper6_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper6_113-1">b</a> <a href="#Macedonian_village">De Rapper 2001</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinke10-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinke10_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeYlli2008">Steinke & Ylli 2008</a>, p. 10. "Heute umfaßt das Gebiet von Golloborda in Albanien 22 Dörfer, die verwaltungstechnisch auf drei verschiedene Gemeinden aufgeteilt sind: 1. Die Gemeinde Ostren besteht aus dreizehn Dörfern, und Südslavisch wird in den folgenden neun Dörfern gesprochen: Ostreni i Madh (Golemo Ostreni/Ostreni Golemo), Kojavec (Kojovci), Lejçan (Lešničani), Lladomerica (Ladomerica/Ladimerica/Vlademerica), Ostreni i Vogël (Malo Ostreni/Malastreni/Ostreni Malo), Orzhanova (Oržanova), Radovesh (Radoveš/Radoeš/Radoešt), Tuçep (Tučepi) und Pasinka (Pasinki). 2. Die Gemeinde von Trebisht umfaßt die vier Dörfer Trebisht (Trebišta), Gjinovec (G'inovec/G'inec), Klenja (Klen'e) und Vërnica (Vărnica), und in allen wird Südslavisch gesprochen. 3. Die übrigen Dörfer von Golloborda gehören zur Gemeinde Stebleva, und zwar Stebleva, Zabzun, Borova, Sebisht, Llanga. Südslavisch wird in Stebleva (Steblo) sowie von drei Familien in Sebisht (Sebišta) gesprochen. Wie aus den bisherigen Ausführungen und den Erhebungen vor Ort hervorgeht, gibt es nur noch in fünfzehn der insgesamt Dörfer, die heute zu Golloborda gehören, slavophone Einwohner. Die Zahl der Dörfer in Golloborda wird manchmal auch mit 24 angegeben. Dann zählt man die Viertel des Dorfes Trebisht, und zwar Trebisht-Bala, Trebisht-Çelebia und Trebisht-Muçina separat. Zu Golloborda rechnete man traditionell ferner die Dörfer Hotišan, Žepišt, Manastirec, Drenok, Modrič und Lakaica, die heute in Makedonien liegen." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pieroni2-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pieroni2_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pieroni2_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPieroniCianfaglioneNedelchevaHajdari2014">Pieroni et al. 2014</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinke2013a-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinke2013a_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinke2013a_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeYlli2013">Steinke & Ylli 2013</a>, p. 137 "Das Dorf Borakaj (Borak/Borake), zwischen Durrës und Tirana in der Nähe der Kleinstadt Shijak gelegen, wird fast vollständig von Bosniaken bewohnt. Zu dieser Gruppe gehören auch die Bosniaken im Nachbarort Koxhas."; p. 137. "Die Bosniaken sind wahrschlich nach 1875 aus der Umgebung von Mostar, und zwar aus Dörfern zwischen Mostar und Čapljina, nach Albanien gekommen... Einzelne bosnische Familien wohnen in verschiedenen Städten, vie in Shijak, Durrës. Die 1924 nach Libofsha in der Nähe von Fier eingewanderte Gruppe ist inzwischen sprachlich fast vollständig assimiliert, SHEHU-DIZDARI-DUKA (2001: 33) bezeichnet sie ehenfalls als bosniakisch."; p. 139. "Die von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen 1916 durchgeführte Volkszählung in Albanien verzeichnet für Borakaj 73 Häuser mit 305 muslimischen Einwohnern. Von ihnen werden 184 als Albaner und 121 als Serbokroaten bezeichnet. In Koxhas werden 109 Häuser mit 462 muslimischen Einwohnern erfasst, von denen 232 Albaner und 230 Serbokroaten waren, Ferner werden in Shijak 17 Serbokroaten und einer in Sukth registriert (SENER 1922: 35, 36), Für Borakaj sind die Angaben zur ethnischen Zusammensetzung problematisch. Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass innerhalb von vierzig Jahren die Hälfte der Einwohner in Borakaj albanisiert wurde. Dem widerspricht vor allem auch die ethnische Homo-genität des Ortes bis zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre. Andererseits gibt es keine Hinweise, dass die fraglichen Albaner zwischenzeitlich wieder weggezogen sind oder von den Bosniaken assimiliert wurden. Wahrscheinlich hat sich ein Teil aus irgendwelchen Gründen nur falsch deklariert."; p. 139. "Anders stellt sich die Situation in Koxhas dar. Die Albaner dort bilden bis heute die Mehrheit, d.h. der Anteil der Bosniaken war immer kleiner und hat weiter abgenommen, sodass dieses Dorf in der unmittelbaren Nachbarschaft nicht bosniakisch geprägt ist. Weiterhin dubios bleibt jedoch für beide Ortschaften die Beizeichnung der Einwohner als ,,Serbokroaten", weil die muslimischen Slavophonen von Seiner sonst immer in die Rubrik ,,Sonstige" eingeordnet werden." </li> <li id="cite_note-Tosic394395-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tosic394395_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosic394395_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTošić2015">Tošić 2015</a>, pp. 394–395."As noted above, the vernacular mobility term ‘Podgoriçani’ (literally meaning ‘people that came from Podgoriça’, the present-day capital of Montenegro) refers to the progeny of Balkan Muslims, who migrated to Shkodra in four historical periods and in highest numbers after the Congress of Berlin 1878. Like the Ulqinak, the Podgoriçani thus personify the mass forced displacement of the Muslim population from the Balkans and the ‘unmixing of peoples’ (see e.g. Brubaker 1996, 153) at the time of the retreat of the Ottoman Empire, which has only recently sparked renewed scholarly interest (e.g. Blumi 2013; Chatty 2013)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gruber142-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gruber142_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gruber142_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruber2008">Gruber 2008</a>, p. 142. "Migration to Shkodra was mostly from the villages to the south-east of the city and from the cities of Podgorica and Ulcinj in Montenegro. This was connected to the independence of Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire in the year 1878 and the acquisition of additional territories, e.g. Ulcinj in 1881 (Ippen, 1907, p. 3)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinke2013b-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinke2013b_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeYlli2013">Steinke & Ylli 2013</a>, p. 9. "Am östlichen Ufer des Shkodrasees gibt es heute auf dem Gebiet von Vraka vier Dörfer, in denen ein Teil der Bewohner eine montenegrinische Mundart spricht. Es handelt sich dabei um die Ortschaften Boriçi i Madh (Borić Veli), Boriçi i Vogël (Borić Mali/Borić Stari/Borić Vezirov), Gril (Grilj) und Omaraj (Omara), die verwaltungstechnisch Teil der Gemeinde Gruemira in der Region Malësia e Madhe sind. Ferner zählen zu dieser Gruppe noch die Dörfer Shtoji i Ri und Shtoji i Vjetër in der Gemeinde Rrethinat und weiter nordwestlich von Koplik das Dorf Kamica (Kamenica), das zur Gemeinde Qendër in der Region Malësia e Madhe gehört. Desgleichen wohnen vereinzelt in der Stadt sowie im Kreis Shkodra weitere Sprecher der montenegrinischen Mundart. Nach ihrer Konfession unterscheidet man zwei Gruppen, d.h. orthodoxe mid muslimische Slavophone. Die erste, kleinere Gruppe wohnt in Boriçi i Vogël, Gril, Omaraj und Kamica, die zweite, größere Gruppe in Boriçi i Madh und in Shtoj. Unter den in Shkodra wohnenden Slavophonen sind beide Konfessionen vertreten... Die Muslime bezeichnen sich gemeinhin als Podgoričani ‘Zuwanderer aus Podgorica’ und kommen aus Zeta, Podgorica, Tuzi usw."; p. 19. "Ohne genaue Quellenangabe bringt ŠĆEPANOVIĆ (1991: 716–717) folgende ,,aktuelle" Zahlen:... Veliki (Mladi) Borić 112 Familien, davon 86 podgoričanski, 6 crnogorski und 20 albanische Familien. STOPPEL (2012: 28) sagt Folgendes über die Montenegriner in Albanien: ,,hierbei handelt es sich um (nach Erhebungen des Helsinki-Komitees von 1999 geschätzt,, etwa 1800–2000 serbisch-sprachige Personen in Raum des Shkodra-Sees und im nördlichen Berggrenzland zu Montenegro, die 1989 eher symbolisch mit ca. 100 Personen angegeben und nach 1991 zunächst überwiegend nach Jugoslawien übergewechselt waren". p. 20. "Außer in Boriçi i Madh und auch in Shtoj, wo die Slavophonen eine kompakte Gruppe innerhalb des jeweiligen Ortes bilden, sind sie in anderen Dorfern zahlenmäßig bedeutunglos geworden."; p. 131. "In Shtoj i Vjetër leben heute ungefähr 30 und in Shtoj i Ri 17 muslimische Familien, d.h Podgoričaner." </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRapper191-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper191_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper191_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper191_120-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Rapper2002">De Rapper 2002</a>, p. 191. "It is common in Albania to say that all Albanians, whether Christian or Muslim, are brothers, and that their only religion is their common Albanian nationality. The dogma of national unity as against religious differentiation is at the core of the most widely-spread Albanian national rhetoric. However, this rhetoric is challenged when local society is underpinned by, and conceptualised in terms of, religious differentiation. This is the case in mixed areas, where Muslims and Christians live in separate villages (or in separate neighbourhoods), and both have strong identities as religious communities – as in Devoll. In this specific context, religion cannot consist of just being Albanian. On the contrary, people are very well aware of their belonging to a specific religious community, and national identity is rarely thought of outside the basic opposition between Muslims and Christians." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokkali129134135-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kokkali129134135_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kokkali129134135_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKokkali2015">Kokkali 2015</a>, pp. 129, 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin83-122"><a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin83_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBogdaniLoughlin2007">Bogdani & Loughlin 2007</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitsiakos209-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nitsiakos209_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nitsiakos209_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nitsiakos209_123-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNitsiakos2010">Nitsiakos 2010</a>, p. 209. "On their part, the Muslims believe that they are the purest Albanians, because they constituted the nucleus of the national renaissance and as great patriots resisted the Serbs, who tried to penetrate and conquer Albanian territories. In reference to Christians, they claim that the Orthodox identified with the Greeks and the Catholic with the Italians." </li> <li id="cite_note-Saltmarshe115-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saltmarshe115_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saltmarshe115_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saltmarshe115_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saltmarshe115_124-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saltmarshe115_124-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaltmarshe2001">Saltmarshe 2001</a>, p. 115."It is frequently said that how there is no difference between the religions in Albania. While it is true that there is a considerable degree of toleration, indications deriving from this study suggest that religious affiliations plays a significant part in identity formation and therefore in social relations... However the story from the Catholics was very different... there was varying mistrust of the Muslims. Many Catholics expressed resentment of the dominant position of the Muslims during communism and subsequently. Some expressed and underlying dislike of Islam and what they perceived to be its philosophy."; p. 116. "However the Muslim position was that Islam had proved to be a vital force in uniting and maintaining the independence of Albania. Without it they would have been subsumed by the Greeks, Serbs or Italians. From this perspective, they believed, Islam formed the basis of Albanian national identity and should provide the foundation upon which its state was constructed... Yet not far below the surface there was a degree of disdain for the Catholics. In Gura, Catholic migrants reported that Muslims called them kaur, a most unpleasant derogatory term used by the Turks to describe Christians."; pp. 116–117. "So whatever might be said to the contrary, tensions were observable between Catholics and Muslims. At most basic of levels Gura was segregated into Muslim and Catholics areas. The same situation existed in Shkodër where the city was broadly split into neighbourhoods defined by faith with the Roma living on the southern outskirts of town. Yet there were many in the younger generation who did not see religion as being important." </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitsiakos200201-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nitsiakos200201_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nitsiakos200201_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNitsiakos2010">Nitsiakos 2010</a>, pp. 200–201. "Traces of this historical differentiation are still evident in South Albania today between Christian and Muslim Albanians. Very often on hears Christians call Muslim Albanians "Turks"; they, in their turn, often attribute pro-Greek sentiments to Orthodox Christian Albanians." </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRapper-126"><a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Rapper2005">De Rapper 2005</a>, p. 181. "The Muslims from Erind – the only village in Lunxhëri to be Muslim in majority – are not perceived as the descendants of migrants from other Muslim areas, but they are nonetheless definitely different, and the relations between Erind and the neighbouring villages are marked by the same stereotypes as the relations between Muslims and Christians usually are: people from Erind are said to be violent and dirty, to have no culture, and to be responsible for anything bad happening in the area." </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRapper3-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper3_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeRapper3_127-1">b</a> <a href="#Macedonian_village">De Rapper 2001</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bon33-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Bon33_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBon2008">Bon 2008</a>, p. 33. "According to the mainstream public opinion in Greece the Greek speaking people of Orthodox religion living in Southern Albania are called Northern Epirots (Vorioepirotes) (see Triandafyllidou and Veikou 2002: 191). According to the public opinion in Albania they are often referred to by Greeks or Greku or pejoratively Kaure (non-believers) or Kaur i derit (non-believer-pigs, i.e. Greek pigs)."; p. 57. "The locals also use pejorative names such as Turkos or Alvanos, which according to them mark the differences in language skills, religion, financial position, social status and the possibility of unrestricted crossing of the Albanian – Greek border. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie126-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie126_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2001">Elsie 2001</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi33-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi33_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2013">Jazexhi 2013</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kretsi2005-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Kretsi2005_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretsi2005">Kretsi 2005</a>. para: 2, 23, 31–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRapperr6-132"><a href="#cite_ref-DeRapperr6_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Rapper2010">De Rapper 2010</a>, p. 6. "We have seen for instance the case of a Muslim villager building a shrine of a Christian type in his own courtyard, in clear relation to the expectations of some of the people who visit the place before crossing the border to work in Greece. One might draw a parallel between such cases and the conversion of Muslim Albanian migrants to Orthodoxy, in order to facilitate their acceptation in Greek society. </li> <li id="cite_note-King210-133"><a href="#cite_ref-King210_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKingMai2008">King & Mai 2008</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller15-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller15_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillerJohnstone2015">Miller & Johnstone 2015</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeWaal201-135"><a href="#cite_ref-DeWaal201_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Waal2005">De Waal 2005</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldsMuslimsA-136"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldsMuslimsA_136-0">^</a> <a href="#The_World's_Muslims">The World's Muslims 2012</a>, pp. 8, 11, 16–17, 25, 30–33, 35–36, 38–41, 43, 46–48, 50, 52–55, 57, 59–63, 65, 67, 69, 71–73, 75, 77, 79–80, 82, 85, 87–89, 91, 96–98, 100–103, 119–121, 128, 131–148, 150–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldsMuslims65-137"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldsMuslims65_137-0">^</a> <a href="#The_World's_Muslims">The World's Muslims 2012</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Hamiti, Xhabir. 30 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telegrafi.com/toleranca-fetare-dhe-shqiptaret/">Toleranca fetare dhe shqiptarët</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Halili, Nijazi. 7 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botasot.info/opinione/634986/toleranca-fetare-tek-shqiptaret-mit-apo-realitet/">"Tolerance tek Shqiptaret: Mit Apo Realitet"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElbasaniPuto5367-140"><a href="#cite_ref-ElbasaniPuto5367_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElbasaniPuto2017">Elbasani & Puto 2017</a>, pp. 53–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiranaobserver.al/harmonia-nderfetare-nje-shembull-qe-vjen-nga-shqiperia/">http://www.tiranaobserver.al/harmonia-nderfetare-nje-shembull-qe-vjen-nga-shqiperia/ Paja, Sokol. 1 December 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Schwartz, Stephen. 28 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-schwartz/how-albanias-religious-mix-offers-an-example-for-the-rest-of-the-world_b_2199921.html">How Albania’s Religious Mix Offers an Example for the Rest of the World</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Likmeta, Besir. 22 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/pope-frances-praises-albania-s-religious-coexistence">"Pope Francis Praises Albania’s Religious Tolerance"</a>. Balkan Insigh </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Tanner, Marcus. 31 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2015/04/03/hardliners-nightmare-religious-tolerance-europes-only-majority-muslim-country-318212.html">"‘A Hardliner’s Nightmare’: Religious Tolerance in Europe’s Only Majority-Muslim Country"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Melady, Thomas Patrick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academicus.edu.al/nr7/Academicus-MMXIII-7-013-018.pdf">Albania: a nation of unique inter-religious tolerance and steadfast aspirations for EU integration</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/50c05ac62.pdf">"Albania – Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 13 November 2012 "</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00189819/document">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00189819/document</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldsMuslimsInter124-148"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldsMuslimsInter124_148-0">^</a> <a href="#The_World's_Muslims_Interfaith_Relations">The World's Muslims 2013</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldsMuslimsInter114116-149"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldsMuslimsInter114116_149-0">^</a> <a href="#The_World's_Muslims_Interfaith_Relations">The World's Muslims 2013</a>, pp. 114, 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldsMuslimsInter123-150"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldsMuslimsInter123_150-0">^</a> <a href="#The_World's_Muslims_Interfaith_Relations">The World's Muslims 2013</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi272934-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi272934_151-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2014">Jazexhi 2014</a>, pp. 27–29, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi30-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi30_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi30_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2013">Jazexhi 2013</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie2000-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie2000_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2000">Elsie 2000</a>, pp. 46, 50, 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolczynska-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolczynska_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKołczyńska2013">Kołczyńska 2013</a>, pp. 53–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi35-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi35_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2013">Jazexhi 2013</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2014">Jazexhi 2014</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-DawsonFawn108-157"><a href="#cite_ref-DawsonFawn108_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawsonFawn2002">Dawson & Fawn 2002</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisku181183-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Brisku181183_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrisku2013">Brisku 2013</a>, pp. 181–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulstarova6872-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sulstarova6872_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sulstarova6872_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSulstarova2013">Sulstarova 2013</a>, pp. 68–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-ElbasaniRoy465-160"><a href="#cite_ref-ElbasaniRoy465_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElbasaniRoy2015">Elbasani & Roy 2015</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisku184186-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brisku184186_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brisku184186_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrisku2013">Brisku 2013</a>, pp. 184–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_162-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt-Neke2014">Schmidt-Neke 2014</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisku187-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brisku187_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brisku187_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrisku2013">Brisku 2013</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbullushi153-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbullushi153_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbullushi2010">Barbullushi 2010</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbullushi158-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbullushi158_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbullushi2010">Barbullushi 2010</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen4748-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen4748_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen4748_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen4748_166-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndresen2011">Endresen 2011</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi14-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi14_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2012">Jazexhi 2012</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajdini1519-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ajdini1519_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajdini1519_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAjdini2016">Ajdini 2016</a>, pp. 15–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-LesserLarrabee51-169"><a href="#cite_ref-LesserLarrabee51_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLesserLarrabeeZaniniVlachos-Dengler2001">Lesser et al. 2001</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen57586971-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Endresen57586971_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndresen2015">Endresen 2015</a>, pp. 57–58, 69–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinani18-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinani18_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinani2017">Sinani 2017</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinani1822-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinani1822_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinani2017">Sinani 2017</a>, pp. 18–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinani2223-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinani2223_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinani2017">Sinani 2017</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinani27-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinani27_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinani2017">Sinani 2017</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen237-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen237_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen237_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndresen2010">Endresen 2010</a>, p. 237 "The Muslim leaders advocate the view that the Albanians' embracing of Islam was voluntary. The Christians, conversely, characterise the Ottoman rule as anti-Christian and oppressive."; pp. 238–239; p. 241. "In Christian narratives, by contrast, Islam represents a foreign element disrupting Albanian unity and tradition."; pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen241-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen241_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen241_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen241_176-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndresen2010">Endresen 2010</a>, p. 241. "The Christians’ view that the historical conversion to Islam presents a kind of falsification of national identity has interesting similarities with Serbian nationalist interpretations of Slavic conversions to Islam, though the Albanian clergy distinguish between Islam and local Muslims and not consider their compatriots’ conversion as treason to the same extent. While the Christian leaders do place Islam on the wrong side of history, its Albanian adherents are portrayed as innocent victims of the cruel polities of foreign intruders. Moreover, the Christian clergy do not exclude Albanian Muslims from the national community, and by the same token none of the Muslim leaders seem to nurture any resentment towards those who did not embrace Islam." </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen241242-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Endresen241242_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndresen2010">Endresen 2010</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen250-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen250_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen250_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndresen2010">Endresen 2010</a>, p. 250. "Myths of martyrdom and "unjust treatment" in the sense that the national and/or the religious community is a "victim of aggression", run like a thread through the clerics’ discourse. These are partly based on the historical fact that in one way or another each community is or has been under threat: since the second half of the 19th Century, Albania and Albanians in the Balkans have been in the firing line of Christian neighbours with territorial claims, which have made efforts to assimilate, expel or even kill the population in disputed areas. This is reflected in the Communities’ constructions of the national community. Orthodox and Catholic identities are shaped by the fact that Christianity is a minority religion in Albania, and that the country’s Christians have a long history as second class citizens under various forms of Muslim pressures, either as imperial, Islamist polity or under authoritarian leadership dominated by leaders with a Muslim background (Zogu and Hoxha). Conversely, the Muslim clerics focus on how the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire has given the Balkans’s Christians the upper hand politically. Islam is also a minority religion in Europe with a historical reputation as demonic and with a modern image problem in the West related to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and global terrorist networks." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lederer355-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Lederer355_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLederer1994">Lederer 1994</a>, p. 355. "This relative tolerance is tested daily by the anti-Islamic attitude of Western-minded laic democrats, various foreign Christian proselytizers, and especially by a section of the Greek Orthodox whose aggressive campaigns are often coordinated with official Greek policies." </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazetaexpress.com/lajme-nga-shqiperia/martesat-gay-komuniteti-mysliman-cenon-familjen-200775/">Martesat "gay", Komuniteti Mysliman: Cënon familjen! ["Gay" Marriage, Muslim Community: Violates the family!]</a>". Gazeta Express. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8177544.stm">"Albania 'to approve gay marriage'"</a>. BBC. 30 July 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Albania+%27to+approve+gay+marriage%27&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8177544.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇako2016" class="citation web cs1">Çako, Miron (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518100612/http://www.tiranaobserver.al/perse-kisha-orthodhokse-eshte-kunder-martesave-homoseksuale/">"Përse Kisha Orthodhokse është kundër martesave "homoseksuale"?"</a> [Why is the Orthodox Church against "homosexual" marriage?]. Tirana Observer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiranaobserver.al/perse-kisha-orthodhokse-eshte-kunder-martesave-homoseksuale/">the original</a> on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tirana+Observer&rft.atitle=P%C3%ABrse+Kisha+Orthodhokse+%C3%ABsht%C3%AB+kund%C3%ABr+martesave+%22homoseksuale%22%3F&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=%C3%87ako&rft.aufirst=Miron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiranaobserver.al%2Fperse-kisha-orthodhokse-eshte-kunder-martesave-homoseksuale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahams233-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams233_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams233_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams233_183-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams233_183-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahams2015">Abrahams 2015</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-Globalindex46-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Globalindex46_184-0">^</a> <a href="#Global_Terrorism_Index_2015">Global Terrorism Index 2015</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdani-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogdani_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandra_Bogdani2016" class="citation news cs1">Aleksandra Bogdani (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-faces-jihadi-fighters-in-the-shadows-threat-03-21-2016">"Albania Faces 'Jihadi Fighters in the Shadows' Threat"</a>. Balkan Insight. Retrieved 3 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Albania+Faces+%27Jihadi+Fighters+in+the+Shadows%27+Threat&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.au=Aleksandra+Bogdani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Falbania-faces-jihadi-fighters-in-the-shadows-threat-03-21-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajdini1314-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Ajdini1314_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAjdini2016">Ajdini 2016</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbullushi148150-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbullushi148150_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbullushi2010">Barbullushi 2010</a>, pp. 148–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisku182-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Brisku182_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrisku2013">Brisku 2013</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbullushi149150-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbullushi149150_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbullushi2010">Barbullushi 2010</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbullushi152-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbullushi152_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbullushi152_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbullushi2010">Barbullushi 2010</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller233-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Mueller233_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuellerCastilloMorganPegahi2006">Mueller et al. 2006</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv3/states/?lan=en">"Official website of the OIC"</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+OIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oic-oci.org%2Foicv3%2Fstates%2F%3Flan%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Konidaris80-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris80_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonidaris2005">Konidaris 2005</a>, pp. 80–81. "Greece's favorite candidate in these elections was clearly MR. Nano. As emerges from the interview material, he –unlike Berisha- was held in high esteem by the Greek side. It should not escape notice that Nano was by origin Orthodox Christian from Southern Albania, whereas Berisha was a northern Muslim... Greece's favour towards Nano was clearly demonstrated in June, when he was allowed to speak to a crowd of Albanian citizens at a pre-election rally in one of Athens' central squares. The police did not interfere and no arrests of illegal immigrants were made." </li> <li id="cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin191-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin191_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin191_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin191_194-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBogdaniLoughlin2007">Bogdani & Loughlin 2007</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-Borodij112-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Borodij112_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorodij2012">Borodij 2012</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragionieri46-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Ragionieri46_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRagionieri2008">Ragionieri 2008</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishku93-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Bishku93_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBishku2013">Bishku 2013</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbullushi152154-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbullushi152154_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbullushi2010">Barbullushi 2010</a>, pp. 152, 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamanheritage-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Zamanheritage_199-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/national_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html">Albanians in Turkey celebrate their cultural heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031102644/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html">Archived</a> October 31, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Today's Zaman. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabak-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Tabak_200-0">^</a> Tabak, Hüsrev (3 March 2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_albanian-awakening-the-worm-has-turnedby-husrev-tabak-_308705.html">Albanian awakening: The worm has turned!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717210057/http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_albanian-awakening-the-worm-has-turnedby-husrev-tabak-_308705.html">Archived</a> July 17, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 17 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-PetrovicReljicA-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PetrovicReljicA_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetrovicReljicA_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrovićReljić2011">Petrović & Reljić 2011</a>, pp. 162, 166, 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kohajone.com/index.php/english/genci-mucaj-albania-enjoys-magnificent-relations-with-turkey">Genci Muçaj: Albania enjoys magnificent relations with Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903030421/http://www.kohajone.com/index.php/english/genci-mucaj-albania-enjoys-magnificent-relations-with-turkey">Archived</a> September 3, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Koha Jonë. 14 Mars 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Uzgel-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uzgel_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uzgel_203-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFUzgel2001">Uzgel 2001</a>, pp. 54–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishku9799-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Bishku9799_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBishku2013">Bishku 2013</a>, pp. 97–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-PetrovicReljicB-205"><a href="#cite_ref-PetrovicReljicB_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrovićReljić2011">Petrović & Reljić 2011</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishku99101-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Bishku99101_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBishku2013">Bishku 2013</a>, pp. 99–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishku-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Bishku_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBishku2013">Bishku 2013</a>, pp. 101–103. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams2015" class="citation book cs1">Abrahams, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cATMCgAAQBAJ&q=OIC+Albania&pg=PA233">Modern Albania: from dictatorship to democracy in Europe</a>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479838097" title="Special:BookSources/9781479838097"><bdi>9781479838097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Albania%3A+from+dictatorship+to+democracy+in+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781479838097&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcATMCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DOIC%2BAlbania%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjdini2016" class="citation book cs1">Ajdini, Juliana (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x27QCwAAQBAJ&q=bektashi+census+2011&pg=PA17">"Islamophobia in Albania. 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New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136901430" title="Special:BookSources/9781136901430"><bdi>9781136901430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+as+political+religion%3A+The+future+of+an+Imperial+Faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781136901430&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Shabbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAThZBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIslam%2BHoxha%2Bcommunism%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabuna2004" class="citation journal cs1">Babuna, Aydin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233460310">"The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism"</a>. 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Europe, the USA and political Islam: Strategies for engagement. Springer. pp. 140–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230298156" title="Special:BookSources/9780230298156"><bdi>9780230298156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+%E2%80%98Religious+Tolerance%E2%80%99+in+Post-Communist+Albania%3A+Ideology%2C+Security+and+Euro-Atlantic+Integration&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+the+USA+and+political+Islam%3A+Strategies+for+engagement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230298156&rft.aulast=Barbullushi&rft.aufirst=Odeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dva-DDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DErvin%2BHatibi%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishku2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bishku, Michael (2013). 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Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 105–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4254-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4254-9"><bdi>978-1-4438-4254-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Involvement+of+Central+European+states+in+the+military+operations+of+NATO&rft.btitle=Central+Europe+on+the+Threshold+of+the+21st+Century%3A+Interdisciplinary+perspectives+on+Challenges+in+Politics+and+Society&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4254-9&rft.aulast=Borodij&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdsxBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbania%2BNATO%2Bmember%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisku2013" class="citation book cs1">Brisku, Adrian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TPUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008</a>. New York: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857459855" title="Special:BookSources/9780857459855"><bdi>9780857459855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bittersweet+Europe%3A+Albanian+and+Georgian+Discourses+on+Europe%2C+1878%E2%80%932008&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780857459855&rft.aulast=Brisku&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TPUAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButurovic2006" class="citation book cs1">Buturovic, Amila (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwXz4uFWiRgC&q=Islam+Albania+communism+persecution&pg=PA439">"European Islam"</a>. 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The Religious Communities in Albania since 1990"</a>. In Jordan, Peter; Kaser, Karl; Lukan, Walter (eds.). Albanien: Geographie - historische Anthropologie - Geschichte - Kultur - postkommunistische Transformation [Albania: Geography - Historical Anthropology - History - Culture - postcommunist transformation]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 277–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-39416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-39416-8"><bdi>978-3-631-39416-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+in+the+%27Land+of+the+Mercedes.%27+The+Religious+Communities+in+Albania+since+1990&rft.btitle=Albanien%3A+Geographie+-+historische+Anthropologie+-+Geschichte+-+Kultur+-+postkommunistische+Transformation+%26%2391%3BAlbania%3A+Geography+-+Historical+Anthropology+-+History+-+Culture+-+postcommunist+transformation%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-631-39416-8&rft.aulast=Clayer&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00189819%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayer2007" class="citation book cs1">Clayer, Nathalie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zxeWxCAkokC&q=Islam+Albania+communism&pg=PA33">"Saints and Sufi's in post-Communist Albania"</a>. In Kisaichi, Masatoshi (ed.). Popular Movements and Democratization in the Islamic World. London: Routledge. pp. 33–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134150618" title="Special:BookSources/9781134150618"><bdi>9781134150618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saints+and+Sufi%27s+in+post-Communist+Albania&rft.btitle=Popular+Movements+and+Democratization+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134150618&rft.aulast=Clayer&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zxeWxCAkokC%26q%3DIslam%2BAlbania%2Bcommunism%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayer2014a" class="citation book cs1">Clayer, Nathalie (2014a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00575956/document">"Behind the veil The reform of Islam in Inter-war Albania or the search for a "modern" and "European" Islam"</a>. In Cronin, Stephanie (ed.). Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World Gender, Modernism and the Politics of Dress. New York: Routledge. pp. 231–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134653058" title="Special:BookSources/9781134653058"><bdi>9781134653058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Behind+the+veil+The+reform+of+Islam+in+Inter-war+Albania+or+the+search+for+a+%22modern%22+and+%22European%22+Islam&rft.btitle=Anti-Veiling+Campaigns+in+the+Muslim+World+Gender%2C+Modernism+and+the+Politics+of+Dress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781134653058&rft.aulast=Clayer&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00575956%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzekalski2013" class="citation book cs1">Czekalski, Tadeusz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5553117">The shining beacon of socialism in Europe: The Albanian state and society in the period of communist dictatorship 1944–1992</a>. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323335153" title="Special:BookSources/9788323335153"><bdi>9788323335153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shining+beacon+of+socialism+in+Europe%3A+The+Albanian+state+and+society+in+the+period+of+communist+dictatorship+1944%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Krakow&rft.pub=Jagiellonian+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788323335153&rft.aulast=Czekalski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5553117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2014" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, Richard J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tEFBAAAQBAJ&q=The+Ottomans+brought+Islam+which+was+adopted+by+approximately+70+per+cent+of+the+population%2C+the+remainder+being+divided&pg=PA38">The Balkans since the Second World War</a>. Hoboken: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317891178" title="Special:BookSources/9781317891178"><bdi>9781317891178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+since+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317891178&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tEFBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BOttomans%2Bbrought%2BIslam%2Bwhich%2Bwas%2Badopted%2Bby%2Bapproximately%2B70%2Bper%2Bcent%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpopulation%252C%2Bthe%2Bremainder%2Bbeing%2Bdivided%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonFawn2002" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Andrew H.; Fawn, Rick (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUIAAgAAQBAJ&q=Albania+Islam+geopolitics&pg=PA108">The changing geopolitics of Eastern Europe</a>. London: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135314026" title="Special:BookSources/9781135314026"><bdi>9781135314026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+changing+geopolitics+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781135314026&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rft.au=Fawn%2C+Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUIAAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbania%2BIslam%2Bgeopolitics%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Macedonian_village" class="citation journal cs1">De Rapper, Gilles (14–16 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00291660/document">"The son of three fathers has no hat on his head. Life and social representations in a Macedonian village of Albania"</a>. University College London. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+son+of+three+fathers+has+no+hat+on+his+head.+Life+and+social+representations+in+a+Macedonian+village+of+Albania&rft.date=2001-06-14%2F2001-06-16&rft.aulast=De+Rapper&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00291660%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rapper2002" class="citation book cs1">De Rapper, Gilles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00169783/document">"Culture and the Reinvention of Myths in a Border Area"</a>. In Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (eds.). Albanian Identities. Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850655725" title="Special:BookSources/9781850655725"><bdi>9781850655725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture+and+the+Reinvention+of+Myths+in+a+Border+Area&rft.btitle=Albanian+Identities.+Myth+and+History&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781850655725&rft.aulast=De+Rapper&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00169783%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rapper2005" class="citation book cs1">De Rapper, Gilles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00165725/document">"Better than Muslims, Not as Good as Greeks: Emigration as Experienced and Imagined by the Albanian Christians of Lunxhëri"</a>. In King, Russell; Mai, Nicola; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (eds.). The New Albanian Migration. Brighton-Portland: Sussex Academic. pp. 173–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903900789" title="Special:BookSources/9781903900789"><bdi>9781903900789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Better+than+Muslims%2C+Not+as+Good+as+Greeks%3A+Emigration+as+Experienced+and+Imagined+by+the+Albanian+Christians+of+Lunxh%C3%ABri&rft.btitle=The+New+Albanian+Migration&rft.place=Brighton-Portland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781903900789&rft.aulast=De+Rapper&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00165725%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rapper2010" class="citation book cs1">De Rapper, Gilles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400432/document">"Religion on the Border: sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania"</a>. In Valtchinova, Galia (ed.). Religion and Boundaries: Studies from the Balkans, Eastern Europe and Turkey. Istanbul: Istanbul ISIS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789754284126" title="Special:BookSources/9789754284126"><bdi>9789754284126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+on+the+Border%3A+sanctuaries+and+festivals+in+post-communist+Albania&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Boundaries%3A+Studies+from+the+Balkans%2C+Eastern+Europe+and+Turkey&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Istanbul+ISIS+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789754284126&rft.aulast=De+Rapper&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00400432%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005" class="citation book cs1">De Soto, Hermine; Beddies, Sabine; Gedeshi, Ilir (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDiHsezD8EC&q=islam&pg=PA16">Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From social exclusion to social inclusion</a>. Washington D.C.: World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821361719" title="Special:BookSources/9780821361719"><bdi>9780821361719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+and+Egyptians+in+Albania%3A+From+social+exclusion+to+social+inclusion&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780821361719&rft.aulast=De+Soto&rft.aufirst=Hermine&rft.au=Beddies%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Gedeshi%2C+Ilir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLDiHsezD8EC%26q%3Dislam%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal2005" class="citation book cs1">De Waal, Clarissa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KAqH9jkZ4C&q=Muslims">Albania Today: A portrait of post-communist turbulence</a>. London: IB. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850438595" title="Special:BookSources/9781850438595"><bdi>9781850438595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+Today%3A+A+portrait+of+post-communist+turbulence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781850438595&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3KAqH9jkZ4C%26q%3DMuslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoja2006" class="citation journal cs1">Doja, Albert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00425475/document">"A Political History of Bektashism in Albania"</a>. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 7 (1): 83–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14690760500477919">10.1080/14690760500477919</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53695233">53695233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totalitarian+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.atitle=A+Political+History+of+Bektashism+in+Albania&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14690760500477919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53695233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Doja&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00425475%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuijzings2000" class="citation book cs1">Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJRYkzl5YC4C&q=Islam+Albania+communist+persecution&pg=PA164">Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo</a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654315" title="Special:BookSources/9781850654315"><bdi>9781850654315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+politics+of+identity+in+Kosovo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781850654315&rft.aulast=Duijzings&rft.aufirst=Gerlachlus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJRYkzl5YC4C%26q%3DIslam%2BAlbania%2Bcommunist%2Bpersecution%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbasani2015" class="citation journal cs1">Elbasani, Arolda (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/854688">"Islam and Democracy at the Fringes of Europe: The Role of Useful Historical Legacies"</a>. Politics and Religion. 08 (2): 334–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1755048315000012">10.1017/s1755048315000012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145131026">145131026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+and+Religion&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Democracy+at+the+Fringes+of+Europe%3A+The+Role+of+Useful+Historical+Legacies&rft.volume=08&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E334-%3C%2Fspan%3E357&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1755048315000012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145131026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elbasani&rft.aufirst=Arolda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F854688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbasaniRoy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Elbasani, Arolda; Roy, Olivier (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/853344">"Islam in the post-Communist Balkans: Alternative pathways to God"</a>. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 15 (4): 457–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2015.1050273">10.1080/14683857.2015.1050273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143368513">143368513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Islam+in+the+post-Communist+Balkans%3A+Alternative+pathways+to+God&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E471&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683857.2015.1050273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143368513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elbasani&rft.aufirst=Arolda&rft.au=Roy%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F853344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbasani2016" class="citation journal cs1">Elbasani, Arolda (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/854662">"State-organised Religion and Muslims' Commitment to Democracy in Albania"</a>. Europe-Asia Studies. 68 (2): 253–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2015.1136596">10.1080/09668136.2015.1136596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147282597">147282597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=State-organised+Religion+and+Muslims%27+Commitment+to+Democracy+in+Albania&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2015.1136596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147282597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elbasani&rft.aufirst=Arolda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F854662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbasaniPuto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Elbasani, Arolda; Puto, Artan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/853339">"Albanian-style laïcité: A Model for a Multi-religious European Home?"</a>. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 19 (1): 53–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19448953.2016.1201994">10.1080/19448953.2016.1201994</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F45536">1814/45536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152138186">152138186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Balkan+and+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Albanian-style+la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9%3A+A+Model+for+a+Multi-religious+European+Home%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F45536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152138186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19448953.2016.1201994&rft.aulast=Elbasani&rft.aufirst=Arolda&rft.au=Puto%2C+Artan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F853339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2000" class="citation journal cs1">Elsie, Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.olemiss.edu/~mldyer/balk/article2.html">"The Christian Saints of Albania"</a>. Balkanistica. 13 (36): 35–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkanistica&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Saints+of+Albania&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.olemiss.edu%2F~mldyer%2Fbalk%2Farticle2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2001" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC&q=A+Dictionary+of+Albanian+Religion%2C+Mythology+and+Folk+Culture+respected&pg=PA126">A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology, and folk culture</a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850655701" title="Special:BookSources/9781850655701"><bdi>9781850655701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Albanian+religion%2C+mythology%2C+and+folk+culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781850655701&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_IXHrXIsYkC%26q%3DA%2BDictionary%2Bof%2BAlbanian%2BReligion%252C%2BMythology%2Band%2BFolk%2BCulture%2Brespected%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndresen2010" class="citation book cs1">Endresen, Cecilie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCdYHU9PtiIC&q=%E2%80%9CDo+not+look+to+church+and+mosque%E2%80%9D%3F+Albania%E2%80%99s+post-Communist+clergy+on+nation+and+religion&pg=PA233">""Do not look to church and mosque"? Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion"</a>. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631602959" title="Special:BookSources/9783631602959"><bdi>9783631602959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CDo+not+look+to+church+and+mosque%E2%80%9D%3F+Albania%E2%80%99s+post-Communist+clergy+on+nation+and+religion&rft.btitle=Religion+und+Kultur+im+albanischsprachigen+S%C3%BCdosteuropa+%26%2391%3BReligion+and+culture+in+Albanian-speaking+southeastern+Europe%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631602959&rft.aulast=Endresen&rft.aufirst=Cecilie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCdYHU9PtiIC%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CDo%2Bnot%2Blook%2Bto%2Bchurch%2Band%2Bmosque%25E2%2580%259D%253F%2BAlbania%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bpost-Communist%2Bclergy%2Bon%2Bnation%2Band%2Breligion%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndresen2011" class="citation book cs1">Endresen, Cecilie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SY1KtsDAtnMC&q=Images+of+Imperial+Legacy+Shqypni&pg=PA39">"Diverging images of the Ottoman legacy in Albania"</a>. 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Islam and Christian Muslim Relations. 26 (1): 53–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410.2014.961765">10.1080/09596410.2014.961765</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143946229">143946229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian+Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Nation+and+the+Nun%3A+Mother+Teresa%2C+Albania%27s+Muslim+Majority+and+the+Secular+State&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09596410.2014.961765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143946229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Endresen&rft.aufirst=Cecilie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErgo2010" class="citation book cs1">Ergo, Dritan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCdYHU9PtiIC&q=Islam+in+the+Albanian+lands+%28XVth-XVIIth+Century%29&pg=PA13">"Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)"</a>. 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Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631602959" title="Special:BookSources/9783631602959"><bdi>9783631602959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+in+the+Albanian+lands+%28XVth-XVIIth+Century%29&rft.btitle=Religion+und+Kultur+im+albanischsprachigen+S%C3%BCdosteuropa+%26%2391%3BReligion+and+culture+in+Albanian-speaking+southeastern+Europe%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631602959&rft.aulast=Ergo&rft.aufirst=Dritan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCdYHU9PtiIC%26q%3DIslam%2Bin%2Bthe%2BAlbanian%2Blands%2B%2528XVth-XVIIth%2BCentury%2529%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspositoYavuz2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John; Yavuz, M. Hakan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19q9N0IBf9wC&q=Gulen+movement+Albania&pg=PA66">Turkish Islam and the secular state: The Gülen movement</a>. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815630401" title="Special:BookSources/9780815630401"><bdi>9780815630401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Islam+and+the+secular+state%3A+The+G%C3%BClen+movement&rft.place=Syracuse&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780815630401&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Yavuz%2C+M.+Hakan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19q9N0IBf9wC%26q%3DGulen%2Bmovement%2BAlbania%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195175929" title="Special:BookSources/9780195175929"><bdi>9780195175929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World%3A+Abbasid+caliphate-Historians.+Vol.+1&rft.place=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195175929&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZcohRpc4OsC%26q%3Dalbania%2Bintroduced%2Bislam%2BEsposito%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzzati2002" class="citation book cs1">Ezzati, Abul-Fazl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPyl6WLVSuUC&q=Zog+Islam&pg=PA450">The Spread of Islam: The Contributing Factors</a>. London: Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904063018" title="Special:BookSources/9781904063018"><bdi>9781904063018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Islam%3A+The+Contributing+Factors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Islamic+College+for+Advanced+Studies+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781904063018&rft.aulast=Ezzati&rft.aufirst=Abul-Fazl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPyl6WLVSuUC%26q%3DZog%2BIslam%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1999" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C&q=mosque">Albania at war, 1939–1945</a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850655312" title="Special:BookSources/9781850655312"><bdi>9781850655312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+at+war%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781850655312&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-MiG9ngCp8C%26q%3Dmosque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hart, Laurie Kain (1999). "Culture, Civilization, and Demarcation at the Northwest Borders of Greece". American Ethnologist. 26 (1): 196–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1999.26.1.196">10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.196</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/647505">647505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Civilization%2C+and+Demarcation+at+the+Northwest+Borders+of+Greece&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1999.26.1.196&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F647505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Laurie+Kain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawrych2006" class="citation book cs1">Gawrych, George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&q=The+crescent+and+the+eagle%3A+Ottoman+rule%2C+Islam+and+the+Albanians%2C+1874-1913+lexicon&pg=PA21">The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913</a>. London: IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112875" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112875"><bdi>9781845112875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crescent+and+the+eagle%3A+Ottoman+rule%2C+Islam+and+the+Albanians%2C+1874%E2%80%931913&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845112875&rft.aulast=Gawrych&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPOtzk-unJgC%26q%3DThe%2Bcrescent%2Band%2Bthe%2Beagle%253A%2BOttoman%2Brule%252C%2BIslam%2Band%2Bthe%2BAlbanians%252C%2B1874-1913%2Blexicon%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Global_Terrorism_Index_2015" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2015.pdf">Global Terrorism Index 2015</a> (PDF) (Report). Institute for Economics and Peace. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Terrorism+Index+2015&rft.pub=Institute+for+Economics+and+Peace&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F11%2FGlobal-Terrorism-Index-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruber2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gruber, Siegfried (2008). "Household structures in urban Albania in 1918". 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In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 4. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225213" title="Special:BookSources/9789004225213"><bdi>9789004225213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%3A+Volume+4&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004225213&rft.aulast=Jazexhi&rft.aufirst=Olsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwzsW6k6pzAC%26q%3Dneo-ottoman%2BAlbania%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazexhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Jazexhi, Olsi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ia5AAQAAQBAJ&q=albania&pg=PA351">"Albania"</a>. 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Changement de prénom et stratégies identitaires, entre culture d'origine et migration [Shkëlzen or Giannis? Change of Name and Identity strategies, between Culture of Origin and Migration]"</a>. Balkanologie. 1 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkanologie&rft.atitle=Shk%C3%ABlzen+ou+Giannis%3F+Changement+de+pr%C3%A9nom+et+strat%C3%A9gies+identitaires%2C+entre+culture+d%27origine+et+migration+%26%2391%3BShk%C3%ABlzen+or+Giannis%3F+Change+of+Name+and+Identity+strategies%2C+between+Culture+of+Origin+and+Migration%26%2393%3B&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kretsi&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalkanologie.revues.org%2F583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederer1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lederer, Gyorgy (1994). 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Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86688-363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86688-363-5"><bdi>978-3-86688-363-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+slavischen+Minderheiten+in+Albanien+%28SMA%29.+4.+Teil%3A+Vraka+-+Borakaj&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Verlag+Otto+Sagner&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-86688-363-5&rft.aulast=Steinke&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Ylli%2C+Xhelal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzeLingEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoppel2001" class="citation report cs1">Stoppel, Wolfgang (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193825/http://www.uni-koeln.de/jur-fak/ostrecht/minderheitenschutz/Vortraege/Albanien/Albanien_Stoppel.pdf">Minderheitenschutz im östlichen Europa (Albanien) [Protection of minorities in Eastern Europe (Albania)]</a> (PDF) (Report). 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London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 49–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-954-9"><bdi>978-1-55587-954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Balkans%3A+Turkey%27s+Stabilizing+role&rft.btitle=Turkey+in+world+politics%3A+An+emerging+multiregional+power&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-954-9&rft.aulast=Uzgel&rft.aufirst=Ilhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM01_djppi18C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2011" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">The Albanians: a modern history</a>. 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London: IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-974-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-974-5"><bdi>978-1-86064-974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanian+Question%3A+Reshaping+the+Balkans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-974-5&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft.au=Pettifer%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyuh2NebIN3oC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeltonBrisku2007" class="citation book cs1">Welton, George; Brisku, Adrian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzXP_r6oAxwC&pg=PA99">"Contradictory Inclinations? The role of 'Europe' in Albanian Nationalist Discourse"</a>. In Sanghera, Balihar; Amsler, Sarah (eds.). Theorising social change in post-Soviet countries: critical approaches. 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Europe77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Europe77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam in southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission of the Classics">Transmission of the Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe">Cultural transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_yoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar yoke">Tatar yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception of Islam in early modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_the_Arctic_and_Subarctic_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions">Islam in the Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Islam and secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Islam" title="European Islam">European Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion in the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_and_burka_controversies_in_Europe" title="Hijab and burka controversies in Europe">Hijab and burka controversies in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Islam in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslims_in_Europe33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Muslims" title="Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Muslims" title="Template talk:European Muslims"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslims_in_Europe33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Muslims in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Dobrujan Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubachi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubachi people">Kubachins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudakhars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian peoples">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe" title="Arabs in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">in Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hemshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Muslims" title="Ossetian Muslims">Ossetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&oldid=1274932829">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Albania&oldid=1274932829</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfdf5498-kr2p7","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.664","walltime":"1.831","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13928,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":450265,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11306,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":555114,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1466.575 1 -total"," 28.58% 419.185 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.26% 326.464 70 Template:Cite_book"," 13.26% 194.510 176 Template:Harvnb"," 9.45% 138.616 30 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.86% 100.630 9 Template:Cite_web"," 5.08% 74.454 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.73% 69.375 1 Template:Islam_in_Europe_by_country"," 4.56% 66.927 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.42% 64.862 2 Template:Islam_by_country"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.949","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9739073,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Albanian_Census_(2011)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjdini2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkhtar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAleksandra_Bogdani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabuna2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaltsiotis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbullushi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishku2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumiKrasniqi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoehm1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogdaniLoughlin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorodij2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrisku2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButurovic2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayer2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayerPopovic1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzekalski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonFawn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Rapper2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Rapper2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Rapper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Waal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoja2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuijzings2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbasani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbasani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbasaniPuto2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbasaniRoy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndresen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndresen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndresen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErgo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspositoYavuz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEzzati2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawrych2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJazexhi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJazexhi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJazexhi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpat2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingMai2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokkali2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokolakis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonidaris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopanski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKołczyńska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretsi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLederer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesserLarrabeeZaniniVlachos-Dengler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLikmeta,_Besar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManahasaKolay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMegalommatis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMentzel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerJohnstone2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuellerCastilloMorganPegahi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikolopoulou2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitsiakos2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNurja2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdile1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPano1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlowitch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrovićReljić2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieroniCianfaglioneNedelchevaHajdari2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPsomas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutoMaurizio2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagionieri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaltmarshe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt-Neke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawShaw1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkendi1967a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkoulidas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinkeYlli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinkeYlli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinkeYlli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoppel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulstarova2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakeyhGvosdev2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTošić2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrix1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUzgel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickersPettifer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeltonBrisku2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇako2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖktem2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖktem2014\"] = 1,\n [\"Global_Terrorism_Index_2015\"] = 1,\n [\"Macedonian_village\"] = 1,\n [\"Mapping_the_Global_Muslim_Population\"] = 1,\n [\"Return_to_Instability\"] = 1,\n [\"The_World\u0026#039;s_Muslims\"] = 1,\n [\"The_World\u0026#039;s_Muslims_Interfaith_Relations\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Albanians\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL PDF\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 70,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"European Muslims\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 176,\n [\"Islam by country\"] = 2,\n [\"Islam in Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam in Europe by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-kvl86","timestamp":"20250220070300","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Islam in Albania","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Albania","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1674087","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1674087","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-20T17:55:12Z","dateModified":"2025-02-10T02:41:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/25\/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg","headline":"overview about the Islam in Albania"}</script> </body> </html>