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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epiphany_by_Christian_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epiphany_by_Christian_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Epiphany by Christian tradition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epiphany_by_Christian_tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epiphany by Christian tradition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epiphany_by_Christian_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Protestant churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Eastern Orthodox churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgical_practice_in_Eastern_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_practice_in_Eastern_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Liturgical practice in Eastern churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_practice_in_Eastern_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Oriental Orthodox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Classical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carols_and_hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carols_and_hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Carols and hymns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carols_and_hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_local_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_local_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 National and local customs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_and_local_customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National and local customs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_and_local_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina,_Paraguay,_and_Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina,_Paraguay,_and_Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina,_Paraguay,_and_Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrians_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrians_in_Iraq_and_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Assyrians in Iraq and Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrians_in_Iraq_and_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benelux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benelux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Benelux </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benelux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Dominican Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia_and_Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Ethiopia and Eritrea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia_and_Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francophone_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francophone_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 Francophone Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francophone_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-speaking_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-speaking_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.13 German-speaking Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-speaking_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece,_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece,_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.14 Greece, Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece,_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guadeloupe_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guadeloupe_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.15 Guadeloupe Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guadeloupe_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.16 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.17 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.18 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.19 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.20 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.21 Latvia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.22 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.23 North Macedonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.24 Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.25 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.26 Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.27 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.28 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.29 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania_and_Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania_and_Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.30 Romania and Moldova </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania_and_Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.31 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.32 Slovenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.33 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.34 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.35 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.36 Wales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Epiphany (holiday)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driekoningedag" title="Driekoningedag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Driekoningedag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanias" title="Epiphanias – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Epiphanias" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweotolungd%C3%A6g" title="Sweotolungdæg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sweotolungdæg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A" title="عيد الظهور الإلهي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد الظهور الإلهي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifani" title="Epifani – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Epifani" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Богаяўленне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Богаяўленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Богоявление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Богоявление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouel_ar_Rouaned" title="Gouel ar Rouaned – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouel ar Rouaned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epifania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanie" title="Epifanie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Epifanie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasqua_pifania" title="Pasqua pifania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pasqua pifania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helligtrekongersdag" title="Helligtrekongersdag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Helligtrekongersdag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erscheinung_des_Herrn" title="Erscheinung des Herrn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erscheinung des Herrn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmekuningap%C3%A4ev" title="Kolmekuningapäev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmekuningapäev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_(%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AE)" title="Θεοφάνια (γιορτή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεοφάνια (γιορτή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifan%C3%ADa" title="Epifanía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epifanía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanio" title="Epifanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epifanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epifania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاج‌شویان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاج‌شویان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89piphanie" title="Épiphanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épiphanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijekeningen" title="Trijekeningen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Trijekeningen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanie" title="Epifanie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Epifanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifan%C3%ADa" title="Epifanía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Epifanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%ED%98%84%EC%A0%88" title="주현절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주현절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստվածահայտնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստվածահայտնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रभुप्रकाश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रभुप्रकाश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogojavljenje" title="Bogojavljenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bogojavljenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifani" title="Epifani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Epifani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphania" title="Epiphania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Epiphania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanie" title="Epifanie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Epifanie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Erett%C3%A1ndinn" title="Þrettándinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrettándinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epifania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חג ההתגלות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חג ההתגלות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pifani" title="Épifani – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Épifani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ნათლისღება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნათლისღება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Epifania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A7%D0%BC" title="Ен локтӧм – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ен локтӧм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollemnitas_Epiphaniae_Domini" title="Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvaigznes_diena" title="Zvaigznes diena – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvaigznes diena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ikinneksdag" title="Dräikinneksdag – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dräikinneksdag" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanija" title="Epifanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Epifanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanie_(hoagfi%C3%A8s)" title="Epifanie (hoagfiès) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Epifanie (hoagfiès)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Epifania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADzkereszt" title="Vízkereszt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vízkereszt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Водици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Водици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Epifania" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="ദനഹാ പെരുന്നാൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദനഹാ പെരുന്നാൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="एपिफनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एपिफनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="წაკურთხია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წაკურთხია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="عيد الغطاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيد الغطاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifani" title="Epifani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Epifani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driekoningen" title="Driekoningen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Driekoningen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreekeuningen" title="Dreekeuningen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dreekeuningen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%8F%BE%E7%A5%AD" title="公現祭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公現祭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helligtrekongersdag" title="Helligtrekongersdag – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helligtrekongersdag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trettande_dag_jul" title="Trettande dag jul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trettande dag jul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiphagne" title="Thiphagne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Thiphagne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Epifania" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_di_Tres_Rey" title="Dia di Tres Rey – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Dia di Tres Rey" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objawienie_Pa%C5%84skie" title="Objawienie Pańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Objawienie Pańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania_do_Senhor" title="Epifania do Senhor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epifania do Senhor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreik%C3%BCnninge" title="Dreikünninge – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dreikünninge" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boboteaza" title="Boboteaza – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boboteaza" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Богоявление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Богоявление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uphalyday" title="Uphalyday – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Uphalyday" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Epifania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strina" title="Strina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Strina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epiphany (holiday)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjavenie_P%C3%A1na" title="Zjavenie Pána – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zjavenie Pána" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_trije_kralji_(praznik)" title="Sveti trije kralji (praznik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti trije kralji (praznik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Богојављење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Богојављење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogojavljenje" title="Bogojavljenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bogojavljenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loppiainen" title="Loppiainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Loppiainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trettondedag_jul" title="Trettondedag jul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feast_of_the_Epiphany&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Epiphany">Feast of the Epiphany</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian feast, public holiday in some countries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lavender">Epiphany</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Burne-Jones_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Edward_Burne-Jones_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Edward_Burne-Jones_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Edward_Burne-Jones_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Edward_Burne-Jones_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Edward_Burne-Jones_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/480px-Edward_Burne-Jones_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5968" data-file-height="4114" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Magi" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adoration of the Magi">The Adoration of the Magi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> (1894)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Baptism of Jesus, Three Kings Day, Denha, Little Christmas, Theophany, Timkat, Reyes, Uphalimass,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Eid al-Ghitas, Eid al-Qiddas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a><a href="#cite_note-antakya1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-antakya2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-antakya3-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Church service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winter_swimming" title="Winter swimming">winter swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">chalking the door</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_blessing" title="House blessing">house blessings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">star singing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>In Eastern Christianity and Alawism: commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of Jesus</a> only</li> <li>In Western Christianity: commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a>, with subordinate commemorations of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of Jesus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>January 6 (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>)</li> <li>January 19 (Gregorian equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> January 6)</li> <li>First Sunday after <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (some countries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanytide" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphanytide">Epiphanytide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Christ">Nativity of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Epiphany (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈpɪfəni/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ə-PIF-ə-nee</a>), also known as "<a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> tradition,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> is a Christian <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">visit of the Magi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism of Jesus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">wedding at Cana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CathIre-6">[6]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, the feast commemorates principally (but not solely) the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">visit of the Magi</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a>, and thus Jesus Christ's physical manifestation to the <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Packer1893-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCJ-8">[8]</a> It is sometimes called Three Kings' Day, and in some traditions celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Little_Christmas" title="Little Christmas">Little Christmas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heiligman2007-9">[9]</a> Moreover, the feast of the Epiphany, in some <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a>, also initiates the liturgical season of <a href="/wiki/Epiphanytide" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphanytide">Epiphanytide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UMPH-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christians">Eastern Christians</a>, on the other hand, commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism of Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">River Jordan</a>, seen as his manifestation to the world as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CathIre-6">[6]</a> and celebrate it as the Feast of the Epiphany or of the Theophany. The traditional site of the ministry of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, with the baptism of Jesus once marked in <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Palestine#Byzantine_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Palestine">Byzantine times</a> by a cross in the middle of the Jordan River, between the Jordanian site and <a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Yahud" title="Qasr al-Yahud">Qasr al-Yahud</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unescobof-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The traditional date for the feast is January 6. However, since 1970 the celebration has been held in some countries on the Sunday after January 1. Those Eastern Churches that are still following the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> observe the feast on what, according to the internationally used <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, is 19 January,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> because of the current 13-day difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle Eastern Christians</a> also observe the feast on January 19.<a href="#cite_note-antakya1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-antakya2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-antakya3-4">[4]</a> In many Western Churches, the <a href="/wiki/Vigil_(liturgy)" title="Vigil (liturgy)">eve of the feast</a> is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> (Epiphany Eve) on January 5.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Monday after Epiphany is known as <a href="/wiki/Plough_Monday" title="Plough Monday">Plough Monday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Popular Epiphany customs include <a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">Epiphany singing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">chalking the door</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_blessing" title="House blessing">having one's house blessed</a>, consuming <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings_Cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kings Cake">Three Kings Cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winter_swimming" title="Winter swimming">winter swimming</a>, as well as attending <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PolonCantwell1983-19">[19]</a> It is customary for Christians in many localities to remove their <a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Christmas decorations</a> on Epiphany Eve (Twelfth Night),<a href="#cite_note-Learning-20">[20]</a> although those in other <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian countries</a> historically remove them on <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a>, the conclusion of Epiphanytide.<a href="#cite_note-McGregor2023-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edworthy2008-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roud2008-23">[23]</a> According to one seventeenth-century tradition, it is inauspicious to remove Christmas decorations before Epiphany Eve and those who do not remove them on that date have the opportunity to take them down on Candlemas.<a href="#cite_note-McGregor2023-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word Epiphany is from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> ἐπιφάνεια, epipháneia, meaning manifestation or appearance. It is derived from the verb φαίνειν, phainein, meaning ‘to appear’.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In classical Greek it was used for the appearance of dawn, of an enemy in war, but especially of a manifestation of a deity to a worshipper (a <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> the word is used of a manifestation of the God of Israel (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2015:27&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 15:27</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Blue-27">[27]</a> In the New Testament the word is used in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%201:10&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 1:10</a> to refer either to the birth of Christ or to his appearance after his resurrection, and five times to refer to his <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blue-27">[27]</a> Alternative names for the feast in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> include τα Θεοφάνια, ta Theophánia, ‘Theophany’ (a neuter plural rather than feminine singular), η Ημέρα των Φώτων, i Iméra ton Fóton (modern Greek pronunciation), ‘The Day of the Lights’, and τα Φώτα, ta Fóta, ‘The Lights’.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In Egypt, it is called Eid al-Ghitas (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: عيد الغِطاس).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magi_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/220px-Magi_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/330px-Magi_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/440px-Magi_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Magi</a>: Balthasar, Melchior, and Gaspar, from a late-6th-century <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg/220px-7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg/330px-7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg/440px-7222_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_Magos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3870" data-file-height="3202" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a> (1568, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Soumaya" title="Museo Soumaya">Museo Soumaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nova_stalna_postavka_Narodnog_muzeja_u_Leskovcu_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nova_stalna_postavka_Narodnog_muzeja_u_Leskovcu_01.jpg/220px-Nova_stalna_postavka_Narodnog_muzeja_u_Leskovcu_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nova_stalna_postavka_Narodnog_muzeja_u_Leskovcu_01.jpg/330px-Nova_stalna_postavka_Narodnog_muzeja_u_Leskovcu_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nova_stalna_postavka_Narodnog_muzeja_u_Leskovcu_01.jpg/440px-Nova_stalna_postavka_Narodnog_muzeja_u_Leskovcu_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Holy (Epiphany) water vessel from 15th–16th centuries. It is found on <a href="/wiki/Hisar_Leskovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisar Leskovac">Hisar</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Leskovac" title="Leskovac">Leskovac</a>, Serbia. Photographed in National museum of Leskovac.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3865" data-file-height="4935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> (17th century)</figcaption></figure> Epiphany may have originated in the Greek-speaking eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> as a feast to honor the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism of Jesus</a>. Around 200, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"But the followers of [the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">early Christian Gnostic</a> religious teacher] <a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> celebrate the day of His Baptism too, spending the previous night in readings. And they say that it was the 15th of the month <a href="/wiki/Tybi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tybi">Tybi</a> of the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar. And some say that it was observed the 11th of the same month."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 200)</cite></div></blockquote> The Egyptian dates given correspond to January 6 and 10.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909-30">[30]</a> The Basilides were a <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> sect.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The reference to "readings" suggests that the Basilides were reading the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>. In ancient <a href="/wiki/Gospel_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel manuscripts">gospel manuscripts</a>, the text is arranged to indicate passages for liturgical readings. If a congregation began reading <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> at the beginning of the year, it might arrive at the story of the Baptism on January 6, thus explaining the date of the feast.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> If Christians read Mark in the same format the Basilides did, the two groups could have arrived at the January 6 date independently.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The earliest reference to Epiphany as a Christian feast was in AD 361, by <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The holiday is listed twice, which suggests a double feast of baptism and birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism of Jesus</a> was originally assigned to the same date as the birth because <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+3:23">Luke 3:23</a> was read to mean that Jesus was exactly 30 when he was baptized; it is said by many <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> that Jesus was the age of 30, although not necessarily exactly that age.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> says that January 6 is Christ's "Birthday; that is, His Epiphany" (hemera genethlion toutestin epiphanion).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> He also asserts that the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle at Cana">Miracle at Cana</a> occurred on the same calendar day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpiphaniuschapters_xxviii_and_xxix_P.G.,_XLI,_940_sq.-37">[37]</a> Epiphanius assigns the Baptism to November 6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909-30">[30]</a> The scope to Epiphany expanded to include the commemoration of his birth; the visit of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_magi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical magi">magi</a>, all of <a href="/wiki/Jesus%27_childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus' childhood">Jesus' childhood</a> events, up to and including the Baptism by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>; and even the miracle at the wedding at Cana in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In the Latin-speaking West, the holiday emphasized the visit of the magi. The magi represented the non-Jewish peoples of the world, so this was considered a "revelation to the gentiles".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In this event, Christian writers also inferred a revelation to the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> identified the significance of the meeting between the magi and <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a>'s court: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The star had been hidden from them so that, on finding themselves without their guide, they would have no alternative but to consult the Jews. In this way the birth of Jesus would be made known to all."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></blockquote> Even before 354,<a href="#cite_note-Pokhilko-41">[41]</a> the Western Church had separated the celebration of the Nativity of Christ as the feast of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and set its date as December 25; it reserved January 6 as a commemoration of the manifestation of Christ, especially to the Magi, but also at his baptism and at the wedding feast of Cana.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 385, the pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> (also known as Silvia) described a celebration in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, which she called "Epiphany" that commemorated the Nativity.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Even at this early date, there was an <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave (liturgical)">octave</a> associated with the feast. The Georgian Chantbook of Jerusalem compiled in the mid 6th century contains hymns for this feast<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> that were likely written between the time of Egeria and the turn of the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In a sermon delivered on December 25, 380, St. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> referred to the day as "the Theophany" (ta theophania, formerly the name of a pagan festival at Delphi),<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> saying expressly that it is a day commemorating "the holy nativity of Christ" and told his listeners that they would soon be celebrating the baptism of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigne1858312Oratio_XXXVIII-47">[47]</a> Then, on January 6 and 7, he preached two more sermons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigne1858333Oratio_XXXIX_&_XL-48">[48]</a> in which he declared that the celebration of the birth of Christ and the visitation of the Magi had already taken place, and that they would now commemorate his Baptism.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> At this time, celebration of the two events was beginning to be observed on separate occasions, at least in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Saint <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a> says that even in his time (beginning of the 5th century), <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> celebrated the Nativity and the Baptism together on January 6.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> continues to celebrate January 6 as the only commemoration of the Nativity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epifania_del_Tallero_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Epifania_del_Tallero_02.jpg/220px-Epifania_del_Tallero_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Epifania_del_Tallero_02.jpg/330px-Epifania_del_Tallero_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Epifania_del_Tallero_02.jpg/440px-Epifania_del_Tallero_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Epiphany celebration in <a href="/wiki/Gemona_del_Friuli" title="Gemona del Friuli">Gemona del Friuli</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, from 1893 until 1955, Epiphany was celebrated as an eight-day feast, known as the Octave of Epiphany, beginning on January 6 and ending on January 13. The Sunday within that octave had been the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a>, and Christmastide was reckoned as the twelve days ending on January 5, followed by the January 6–13 octave. Before the 1969 revision of its liturgy, the Sundays following the Octave of Epiphany or, when this was abolished, following the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a>, which was instituted to take the place of the <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave (liturgical)">Octave Day</a> of Epiphany were named as the "Second (etc., up to Sixth) Sunday after Epiphany", as the at least 24 Sundays following <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecost Sunday">Pentecost Sunday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a> were known as the "Second (etc.) Sunday after Pentecost". (If a year had more than 24 Sundays after Pentecost, up to four unused post-Epiphany Sundays were inserted between the 23rd and the 24th Sunday after Pentecost.) The Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices, which has received the <a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">imprimatur</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_D%27Arcy" title="John Michael D'Arcy">John Michael D'Arcy</a>, with reference to Epiphanytide, thus states that "The Epiphany season extends from January 6 to Septuagesima Sunday, and has from one to six Sundays, according to the date of Easter. White is the color for the octave; green is the liturgical color for the season."<a href="#cite_note-Ball2003-51">[51]</a> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> abolished all but three liturgical <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave (liturgical)">octaves</a>, and the 1969 revision of the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> instituted the modern system, which made the date variable to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> It also made the Feast of the Epiphany part of Christmas Time, which it defined as extending from the First Vespers of Christmas (the evening of December 24) up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany (the Sunday after January 6).<a href="#cite_note-UNLY33-53">[53]</a> In 1955 a separate feast of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a> was also instituted, thus weakening further the connection in the West between the feast of the Epiphany and the commemoration of the baptism of Christ. (However, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, in an apparent reference to baptism, refer to the January 6 celebration as Vízkereszt, a term that recalls the words "víz" (water) and "kereszt, kereszt-ség" (baptism).) Prior to 1976, Anglican churches observed an eight-day <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave (liturgical)">octave</a>, beginning on January 6. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epiphany_by_Christian_tradition">Epiphany by Christian tradition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Epiphany by Christian tradition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lstibo%C5%99,_detail_dve%C5%99%C3%AD_fary.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lstibo%C5%99%2C_detail_dve%C5%99%C3%AD_fary.JPG/220px-Lstibo%C5%99%2C_detail_dve%C5%99%C3%AD_fary.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lstibo%C5%99%2C_detail_dve%C5%99%C3%AD_fary.JPG/330px-Lstibo%C5%99%2C_detail_dve%C5%99%C3%AD_fary.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lstibo%C5%99%2C_detail_dve%C5%99%C3%AD_fary.JPG/440px-Lstibo%C5%99%2C_detail_dve%C5%99%C3%AD_fary.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4416" /></a><figcaption>K † M † B † 2009 written on a door of a rectory in a Czech village, to bless the house by Christ. Christians of various denominations, including Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans practice the <a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">chalking the door</a> on Epiphanytide.</figcaption></figure> Epiphany is celebrated by both the Eastern and Western Churches, but a major difference between them is precisely which events the feast commemorates. For Western Christians, the feast primarily commemorates the coming of the Magi, with only a minor reference to the baptism of Jesus and the miracle at the Wedding at Cana. Eastern churches celebrate the Baptism of Christ in the Jordan. In both traditions, the essence of the feast is the same: the manifestation of Christ to the world (whether as an infant or in the Jordan), and the Mystery of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a>. The miracle at the Wedding at Cana is also celebrated during Epiphany as a first manifestation of Christ's public life.<a href="#cite_note-BBCepiphany-54">[54]</a> In some Churches, the feast of the Epiphany initiates the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany season</a>, also known as Epiphanytide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-23-_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-23-_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg/220px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-23-_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-23-_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg/330px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-23-_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-23-_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg/440px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-23-_-_Baptism_of_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Baptism of Christ <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a>, c. 1305 (<a href="/wiki/Cappella_Scrovegni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappella Scrovegni">Cappella Scrovegni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy)</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, Epiphany is either observed on the traditional fixed date of January 6, or it is transferred to the Sunday between January 2 and January 8. Most dioceses in the United States observe the latter. In each system, the date of Epiphany affects the dates of other feasts:<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <ul><li>Where Epiphany is always celebrated on January 6, the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Feast of the Baptism of the Lord</a> is celebrated the following Sunday. During years where there are two Sundays between Christmas and Epiphany, the second is known as the "Second Sunday after Christmas".</li> <li>Where Epiphany is on a moveable date and does not occur on January 6, it is moved earlier to replace the Second Sunday after Christmas in years where it would have occurred; otherwise it is moved later to the following Sunday, and displaces the Feast of the Baptism to the following Monday.</li></ul> Currently, Epiphany is considered part of Christmas Time, which runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of Christmas up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany,<a href="#cite_note-UNLY33-53">[53]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a> beginning on the following Monday.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Some regions and especially some communities celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> extend the season to as many as forty days, ending Christmastide traditionally on <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (February 2). On the Feast of the Epiphany in some parts of central Europe the priest, wearing white vestments, blesses Epiphany water, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, gold, and chalk. The chalk is used to write the initials of the three <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a> (traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Caspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Caspar">Caspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melchior_(Magi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior (Magi)">Melchior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(Magus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balthazar (Magus)">Balthasar</a>), over the doors of churches and homes. The initials may also be interpreted as the Latin phrase, Christus mansionem benedicat (may Christ bless the house). According to ancient custom, the priest announced the <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">date of Easter</a> on the feast of Epiphany. This tradition dated from a time when calendars were not readily available, and the church needed to publicize the date of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, since many celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a> depend on it.<a href="#cite_note-Missal-57">[57]</a> The proclamation may be sung or proclaimed at the <a href="/wiki/Ambon_(liturgy)" title="Ambon (liturgy)">ambo</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantor_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor (church)">cantor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)" title="Reader (liturgy)">reader</a> either after the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel</a> or after the <a href="/wiki/Postcommunion" title="Postcommunion">postcommunion prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Missal-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> thus provides a formula with appropriate chant (in the tone of the <a href="/wiki/Exsultet" title="Exsultet">Exsultet</a>) for proclaiming on Epiphany, wherever it is customary to do so, the dates in the calendar for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension of Jesus Christ">Ascension of Jesus Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">the Body and Blood of Christ</a>, and the First Sunday of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> that will mark the following liturgical year.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_churches">Protestant churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protestant churches">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, Moravian, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant">United Protestant</a> congregations, along with those of other denominations, may celebrate Epiphany on January 6, on the following Sunday within the Epiphany week (<a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave (liturgical)">octave</a>), or at another time (Epiphany Eve January 5, the nearest Sunday, etc.) as local custom dictates.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Many in the West, such as adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Churches</a>, observe a twelve-day festival, starting on December 25, and ending on January 5, known as <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">The Twelve Days of Christmas</a>, which the Epiphany season follows. Today, The Epiphany of our Lord,<a href="#cite_note-prayerbook.ca-61">[61]</a> classified as a <a href="/wiki/Principal_Feast" title="Principal Feast">Principal Feast</a>, is observed in some Anglican provinces on January 6 exclusively (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a>)<a href="#cite_note-prayerbook.ca-61">[61]</a> but in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> the celebration is "on 6 January or transferred to the Sunday falling between 2 and 8 January".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Church">Mother Church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, introduced into its liturgy an optional Epiphany season by approving the <a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a> series of services as an alternative to those in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, which remains the Church's normative liturgy and in which no such liturgical season appears. An official publication of the Church of England states: "The Christmas season is often celebrated for <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">twelve days</a>, ending with the Epiphany. Contemporary use has sought to express an alternative tradition, in which Christmas lasts for a full forty days, ending with the Feast of the Presentation on 2 February."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> It presents the latter part of this period as the Epiphany season, comprising the Sundays of Epiphany and ending "only with the Feast of the Presentation (Candlemas)".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Another interpretation of "Epiphany season" applies the term to the period from Epiphany to the day before <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>. Some Methodists in the United States and Singapore follow these liturgies.<a href="#cite_note-UMPH-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Lutherans celebrate the last Sunday before Ash Wednesday as the Transfiguration of our Lord, and it has been said that they call the whole period from Epiphany to then as Epiphany season.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> used the terms "Time after Epiphany" to refer to this period.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The expression with "after" has been interpreted as making the period in question correspond to that of <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)">Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)</a> does not celebrate Epiphany or Pentecost as seasons; for this Church, expressions such as "Fifth Sunday after Epiphany" indicate the passing of time, rather than a liturgical season. It instead uses the term "Ordinary Time".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Some Western Rite churches in the Protestant tradition, such as the Luthearn and Anglican churches, will follow practices similar to the Catholic Church. <a href="/wiki/List_of_church_cantatas_by_liturgical_occasion#Epiphany_(6_January)" title="List of church cantatas by liturgical occasion">Church cantatas for the Feast of Epiphany</a> were written by Protestant composers such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Christoph Graupner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel" title="Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel">Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox_churches">Eastern Orthodox churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox churches">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tabor_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor light">Tabor light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">theoria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_(Kirillo-Belozersk).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Baptism_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg/220px-Baptism_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Baptism_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg/330px-Baptism_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Baptism_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg/440px-Baptism_%28Kirillo-Belozersk%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_icons" title="Russian icons">Russian icon</a> of the Theophany (<a href="/wiki/Kirillo-Belozersky_Monastery" title="Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery">Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery</a>, 1497)</figcaption></figure> Eastern churches celebrate Epiphany (Theophany) on January 6. Some, as in Greece, employ the modern <a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian calendar</a>, which until 2800 coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, the one in use for civil purposes in most countries. Other Eastern churches, as in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, hold to the older <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> for reckoning church dates. In these old-calendar churches Epiphany falls at present on Gregorian January 19 – which is January 6 in the Julian calendar. The name of the feast as celebrated in the Orthodox churches may be rendered in English as the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a>, as closer in form to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Θεοφάνια ("God shining forth" or "divine manifestation"). Here it is one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Feasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feasts">Great Feasts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a>, being third in rank, behind only <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Paskha</a> (Easter) and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> in importance. It is celebrated on January 6 of the calendar that a particular Church uses. On the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, which some of the Orthodox churches follow, that date corresponds, during the present century, to January 19 on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian calendar</a>. The earliest reference to the feast in the Eastern Church is a remark by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">St. Clement of Alexandria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stromata" title="Stromata">Stromateis</a>, I, xxi, 45: <blockquote>And there are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord's birth, but also the day… And the followers of <a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> hold the day of his baptism as a festival, spending the night before in readings. And they say that it was the fifteenth year of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a>, the fifteenth day of the <a href="/wiki/Month_of_Tubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Month of Tubi">month of Tubi</a>; and some that it was the eleventh of the same month.</blockquote> (11 and 15 of Tubi are January 6 and 10, respectively.) If this is a reference to a celebration of Christ's birth, as well as of his baptism, on January 6, it corresponds to what continues to be the custom of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, which celebrates the birth of Jesus on January 6 of the calendar used, calling the feast that of the Nativity and Theophany of Our Lord.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>'s list of festivals (in <a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a>, VIII, xxii) omits any reference to Epiphany. The first reference to an ecclesiastical feast of the Epiphany, in <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> (XXI:ii), is in 361. In parts of the Eastern Church, January 6 continued for some time as a composite feast that included the Nativity of Jesus: though Constantinople adopted December 25 to commemorate Jesus' birth in the fourth century, in other parts the Nativity of Jesus continued to be celebrated on January 6, a date later devoted exclusively to commemorating his Baptism.<a href="#cite_note-Pokhilko-41">[41]</a> Today in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches, the emphasis at this feast is on the shining forth and revelation of Jesus Christ as the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Second Person</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> at the time of his baptism. It is also celebrated because, according to tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism of Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> by <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a> marked one of only two occasions when all three Persons of the Trinity manifested themselves simultaneously to humanity: <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> by speaking through the clouds, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> being baptized in the river, and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Holy Spirit">God the Holy Spirit</a> in the shape of a dove descending from heaven (the other occasion was the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a>). Thus the holy day is considered to be a Trinitarian feast. The Orthodox consider Jesus' Baptism to be the first step towards the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a>, and there are some parallels in the hymnography used on this day and the hymns chanted on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liturgical_practice_in_Eastern_churches">Liturgical practice in Eastern churches</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liturgical practice in Eastern churches">edit</a>]</div> Forefeast: The liturgical <a href="/wiki/Forefeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Forefeast">Forefeast</a> of Theophany begins on January 2<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and concludes with the Paramony on January 5. Paramony: The <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> of the Feast is called Paramony (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: παραμονή, <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Slavonic</a>: navechérie). Paramony is observed as a strict <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Fasting">fast day</a>, on which those faithful who are physically able, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening, when a meal with wine and oil may be taken. On this day the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hours" title="Royal Hours">Royal Hours</a> are celebrated, thus tying together this feast with <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Nativity</a> and Good Friday. The Royal Hours are followed by the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. Basil">Divine Liturgy of St. Basil</a> which combines <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. During the Vespers, fifteen <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Lection" title="Lection">lections</a> which foreshadow the Baptism of Christ are read, and special <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphons</a> are chanted. If the Feast of the Theophany falls on a Sunday or Monday, the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday, and on the Paramony the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom">Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a> is celebrated in the morning. The fasting is lessened to some degree in this case. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg/220px-Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg/330px-Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg/440px-Theophany_Crucession_in_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Theophany <a href="/wiki/Crucession" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucession">Crucession</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a>. The priests are going to throw a wooden cross in the <a href="/wiki/Yantra_(river)" title="Yantra (river)">Yantra river</a>. Believers will then jump into the icy waters to recover the cross.</figcaption></figure> Blessing of Waters: The Orthodox Churches perform the <a href="/wiki/Great_Blessing_of_Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Blessing of Waters">Great Blessing of Waters</a> on Theophany.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The blessing is normally done twice: once on the Eve of the Feast – usually at a <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">Baptismal font</a> inside the church – and then again on the day of the feast, outdoors at a body of water. Following the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>, the clergy and people go in a <a href="/wiki/Crucession" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucession">Crucession</a> (procession with the cross) to the nearest body of water, be it a beach, harbor, quay, river, lake, swimming pool, water depot, etc. (ideally, it should be a body of "living water"). At the end of the ceremony the priest will bless the waters. In the Greek practice, he does this by casting a cross into the water. If swimming is feasible on the spot, any number of volunteers may try to recover the cross. The person who gets the cross first swims back and returns it to the priest, who then delivers a special blessing to the swimmer and their household. Certain such ceremonies have achieved particular prominence, such as the one held annually at <a href="/wiki/Tarpon_Springs,_Florida" title="Tarpon Springs, Florida">Tarpon Springs</a>, Florida. In Russia, where the winters are severe, a hole will be cut into the ice so that the waters may be blessed. In such conditions, the cross is not cast into the water, but is held securely by the priest and dipped three times into the water. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_being_thrown_at_Theophany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cross_being_thrown_at_Theophany.jpg/220px-Cross_being_thrown_at_Theophany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cross_being_thrown_at_Theophany.jpg/330px-Cross_being_thrown_at_Theophany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cross_being_thrown_at_Theophany.jpg/440px-Cross_being_thrown_at_Theophany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Blessing_of_Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Blessing of Waters">Great Blessing of Waters</a> on Theophany, releasing the cross off the <a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia" title="Glenelg, South Australia">Glenelg</a> Jetty, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, for one of the swimmers below to retrieve</figcaption></figure> The water that is blessed on this day is sometimes known as "Theophany Water", though usually just "holy water", and is taken home by the faithful, and used with prayer as a blessing. People will not only bless themselves and their homes by sprinkling with holy water, but will also drink it. The Orthodox Church teaches that holy water differs from ordinary water by virtue of the incorruptibility bestowed upon it by a blessing that transforms its very nature.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> a miracle attested to as early as <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">St. John Chrysostom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Theophany is a traditional day for performing <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptisms</a>, and this is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> by singing the baptismal hymn, "As many as have been baptized into Christ, have put on Christ. Alleluia," in place of the <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a>. House Blessings: On Theophany the priest will begin making the round of the parishioner's homes to bless them. He will perform a short prayer service in each home, and then go through the entire house, gardens and outside-buildings, blessing them with the newly blessed Theophany Water, while all sing the <a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a> of the feast. This is normally done on Theophany, or at least during the <a href="/wiki/Afterfeast" title="Afterfeast">Afterfeast</a>, but if the parishioners are numerous, and especially if many live far away from the church, it may take some time to bless each house. Traditionally, these blessings should all be finished before the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>. Afterfeast: The Feast of Theophany is followed by an eight-day <a href="/wiki/Afterfeast" title="Afterfeast">Afterfeast</a> on which the normal fasting laws are suspended. The Saturday and Sunday after Theophany have special readings assigned to them, which relate to the <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temptation of Jesus">Temptation of Christ</a> and to penance and perseverance in the Christian struggle. There is thus a liturgical continuum between the Feast of Theophany and the beginning of Great Lent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oriental_Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodox">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_04.jpg/220px-Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_04.jpg/330px-Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_04.jpg/440px-Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Epiphany in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, the feast is known as <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a> and is celebrated on the day that the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> calls January 19, but on January 20 in years when <a href="/wiki/Enkutatash" title="Enkutatash">Enkutatash</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a> falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred <a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">tabot</a>. A priest carries this to a body of water where it stays overnight, with the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Metsehafe Qeddassie</a> celebrated in the early morning. Later in the morning, the water is blessed to the accompaniment of the reading of the four Gospel accounts of the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan and the people are sprinkled with or go into the water. The tabot returns in procession to the church[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Among the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac Christians</a> the feast is called denho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:78&version=nrsv">Luke 1:78</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="East Syriac rite">East Syriac rite</a>, the season of Epiphany (Epiphanytide) is known as Denha[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. In the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, January 6 is celebrated as the Nativity (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:Սուրբ Ծնունդ">Soorp Tsnund</a>) and Theophany of Christ. The feast is preceded by a seven-day fast. On the eve of the feast, the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> is celebrated. This liturgy is referred to as the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:ճրագալույց">Chragaluytsi</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:պատարագ">Patarag</a> (the Eucharist of the lighting of the lamps) in honor of the manifestation of Jesus as the Son of God. Both the Armenian Apostolic Church's and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>'s liturgy is followed by a blessing of water, during which the cross is immersed in the water, symbolizing Jesus' descent into the Jordan, and holy myron (<a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a>) is poured in, symbolic of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon Jesus. The next morning, after the Liturgy, the cross is removed from the vessel of holy water and all come forward to kiss the cross and partake of the blessed water[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a> celebrates the feast of Epiphany, Denaha [Syriac term which means rising] on January 6, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church celebrates on January 19 as the Timkath festival, which was included in the UNESCO heritage list of festivals[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> composed in Leipzig two <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">cantatas</a> for the feast which concluded Christmastide: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sie_werden_aus_Saba_alle_kommen,_BWV_65" title="Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen, BWV 65">Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen, BWV 65</a>, (1724)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebster_Immanuel,_Herzog_der_Frommen,_BWV_123" title="Liebster Immanuel, Herzog der Frommen, BWV 123">Liebster Immanuel, Herzog der Frommen, BWV 123</a>, (1725)<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Oratorio#Part_VI" title="Christmas Oratorio">Part VI</a> of his Christmas Oratorio, <a href="/wiki/Herr,_wenn_die_stolzen_Feinde_schnauben,_BWV_248_VI" title="Herr, wenn die stolzen Feinde schnauben, BWV 248 VI">Herr, wenn die stolzen Feinde schnauben</a>, was also designated to be performed during the service for Epiphany.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The first three movements of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>'s oratorio <a href="/wiki/Christus_(Mendelssohn)" title="Christus (Mendelssohn)">Christus</a> are sometimes sung at Epiphany as they make reference to the Magi and the Star of Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic tone poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Festivals_(Respighi)" title="Roman Festivals (Respighi)">Roman Festivals</a>, the final movement is subtitled "Bofana" and takes place during Epiphany. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carols_and_hymns">Carols and hymns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carols and hymns">edit</a>]</div> "<a href="/wiki/Nun_liebe_Seel,_nun_ist_es_Zeit" title="Nun liebe Seel, nun ist es Zeit">Nun liebe Seel, nun ist es Zeit</a>" is a German Epiphany hymn by Georg Weissel, first printed in 1642. Two very familiar <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">Christmas carols</a> are associated with the Epiphany holiday: "<a href="/wiki/As_with_gladness,_men_of_old" class="mw-redirect" title="As with gladness, men of old">As with gladness, men of old</a>", written by <a href="/wiki/William_Chatterton_Dix" title="William Chatterton Dix">William Chatterton Dix</a> in 1860 as a response to the many legends which had grown up surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>;<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/We_Three_Kings" title="We Three Kings">We Three Kings</a> of Orient Are", written by the Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hopkins_Jr." title="John Henry Hopkins Jr.">John Henry Hopkins Jr.</a> – then an ordained <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> in the Episcopal Church<a href="#cite_note-cyber-88">[88]</a> – who was instrumental in organizing an elaborate holiday pageant (which featured this hymn) for the students of the General Theological Seminary in New York City in 1857 while serving as the seminary's music director. Another popular hymn, less known culturally as a carol, is "Songs of thankfulness and praise", with words written by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wordsworth" title="Christopher Wordsworth">Christopher Wordsworth</a> and commonly sung to the tune "St. Edmund" by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Steggall" title="Charles Steggall">Charles Steggall</a>. A carol used as an anthem for the Epiphany holiday is "<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Kings" title="The Three Kings">The Three Kings</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_and_local_customs">National and local customs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National and local customs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bgnr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bgnr.jpg/220px-Bgnr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bgnr.jpg/330px-Bgnr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bgnr.jpg/440px-Bgnr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> all-male <a href="/wiki/Horo_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horo (dance)">horo</a> dance in ice-cold water on Theophany</figcaption></figure> Epiphany is celebrated with a wide array of customs around the world. In some cultures, the greenery and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scenes</a> put up at Christmas are taken down at Epiphany. In other cultures these remain up until <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Candlemas</a> on February 2. In countries historically shaped by <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>) these customs often involve gift giving, "king cakes" and a celebratory close to the Christmas season. In traditionally <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodox</a> nations, water, baptismal rites and house blessings are typically central to these celebrations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina,_Paraguay,_and_Uruguay">Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay">edit</a>]</div> In Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, as in other Latin American countries, the day is called "Día de Reyes" (The Day of Kings, a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a>), commemorating the arrival of the Magi to revere Jesus as son of God. The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as "Noche de Reyes" (The Night of Kings) and children leave their shoes by the door, along with grass and water for the camels. On the morning of January 6, they get up early and rush to see their shoes, where they are expecting to find gifts left by the "Reyes" who, according to tradition, bypass the houses of children who are awake. On January 6, a "Rosca de Reyes" (a ring-shaped Epiphany cake) is eaten and all Christmas decorations are traditionally put away. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrians_in_Iraq_and_Syria">Assyrians in Iraq and Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Assyrians in Iraq and Syria">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> Christians in Iraq celebrate "the feast of Epiphany", "Etha de Denha" ("rising in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a>) on January 6, this holiday is celebrated by people of all ages splashing water at each other with buckets or hoses as a symbol of Jesus’s baptism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Blessing_of_Waters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Great_Blessing_of_Waters.jpg/220px-Great_Blessing_of_Waters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Great_Blessing_of_Waters.jpg/330px-Great_Blessing_of_Waters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Great_Blessing_of_Waters.jpg/440px-Great_Blessing_of_Waters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Epiphany celebration in <a href="/wiki/Gabrovo" title="Gabrovo">Gabrovo</a>, Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> In Bulgaria, Epiphany is celebrated on January 6 and is known as Bogoyavlenie ("Manifestation of God"), Кръщение Господне (Krashtenie Gospodne or "Baptism of the Lord") or Yordanovden ("Day of Jordan", referring to <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">the river</a>). On this day, a wooden cross is thrown by a priest into the sea, river or lake and young men race to retrieve it. As the date is in early January and the waters are close to freezing, this is considered an honorable act and it is said that good health will be bestowed upon the home of the swimmer who is the first to reach the cross.<a href="#cite_note-nat-geo-89">[89]</a> In the town of <a href="/wiki/Kalofer" title="Kalofer">Kalofer</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">horo</a> with drums and <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a> is played in the icy waters of the <a href="/wiki/Tundzha" title="Tundzha">Tundzha</a> river before the throwing of the cross.<a href="#cite_note-kalofer-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-kal-vid-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benelux">Benelux</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Benelux">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driekoningen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Driekoningen.JPG/220px-Driekoningen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Driekoningen.JPG/330px-Driekoningen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Driekoningen.JPG/440px-Driekoningen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Children in Flanders celebrating Driekoningen</figcaption></figure> Speakers of Dutch and Flemish call this day Driekoningen (Three kings), while German speakers call it Dreikönigstag (Three Kings' Day). In Belgium, Luxembourg, the southern parts of the Netherlands and in neighboring Germany, children in groups of three (symbolizing the Biblical Magi) proceed in costume from house to house while singing songs typical for the occasion, and receiving a coin or some sweets at each door. They may each carry a paper lantern symbolizing the star.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In the Netherlands (provinces of Brabant and Limburg only),<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> these troupes gather for competitions and present their skits/songs for an audience. As in Belgium, Koningentaart (Kings' tart), puff pastry with almond filling, is prepared with a black bean hidden inside. Whoever finds the bean in his or her piece is king or queen for the day. A more typically Dutch version is Koningenbrood, or Kings' bread. In the north of the Netherlands, the traditions have died out, except for a very few places.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> tradition on Epiphany is to open up doors and windows to let good luck in for the coming year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> In Brazil, the day is called "Dia dos Reis" (The Day of Kings) and in the rest of Latin America "Día de Reyes" commemorating the arrival of the Magi to confirm Jesus as son of God. The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as "Night of Kings" (also called the Twelfth Night) and is feasted with music, sweets and regional dishes as the last night of Nativity, when Christmas decorations are traditionally put away.<a href="#cite_note-Wigder1977-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chile">edit</a>]</div> This day is sometimes known as the Día de los Tres Reyes Magos (The day of the Three Royal <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a>) or La Pascua de los Negros (Holy Day of the Black men)<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> in Chile, although the latter is rarely heard, because it was the day when slaves were allowed not to work. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic">edit</a>]</div> In the Dominican Republic, the Día de los Tres Reyes Magos (The day of the Three Royal <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a>) and in this day children receive gifts on the christmas tree in a similar fashion to Christmas day. On this day public areas are very active with children accompanied by their parents trying out their new toys. A common practice is to leave toys under the children's beds on January 5, so when they wake up on January 6, they are made to believe the gifts and toys were left from Santa Claus or the Three Kings. However, and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> The feast of the Epiphany, locally called Eid al-Ghitas (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عيد الغِطاس),<a href="#cite_note-Makary_2023_r722-97">[97]</a> is celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, which falls on 11 Tobe of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a>, as the moment when in the baptism of Jesus the skies opened and God himself revealed to all as father of Jesus and all mankind. It is then a moment of revelation of epiphany. This celebration started to include all the processes of incarnation of Jesus, from his birth on Christmas until his baptism in the river Jordan. For the Coptic Orthodox Church it is also a moment in which the path of Jesus to the Cross begins. Therefore, in many celebrations there are certain similarities with the celebrations of Holy Friday during the time of Easter. Since the Epiphany is one of the seven great feasts of the Coptic Orthodox Church, it is a day of strict fasting, and several religious celebrations are held on this day. The day is related to the blessing of waters that are used all throughout the year in the church celebrations, and it is a privileged day to celebrate baptisms. It is also a day in which many houses are blessed with water. It may take several days for the local priest to bless all the houses of the parishioners that ask for it, and so the blessing of the houses may go into the after-feasts of the Epiphany celebrations. However, it must be done before the beginning of Lent.<a href="#cite_note-Copticheritage-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: England">edit</a>]</div> In England, the celebration of the night before Epiphany, <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_Eve" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphany Eve">Epiphany Eve</a>, is known as Twelfth Night (the first night of Christmas is December 25–26, and Twelfth Night is January 5–6), and was a traditional time for <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers Play">mumming</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wassail" title="Wassail">wassail</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a> was left burning until this day, and the charcoal left was kept until the next Christmas to kindle next year's Yule log, as well as to protect the house from fire and lightning.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In the past, Epiphany was also a day for playing practical jokes, similar to <a href="/wiki/April_Fool%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="April Fool's Day">April Fool's Day</a>. Today in England, Twelfth Night is still as popular a day for plays as when <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a> was first performed in 1601, and annual celebrations involving the <a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Holly Man</a> are held in London.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A traditional dish for Epiphany was Twelfth Cake, a rich, dense, typically English <a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">fruitcake</a>. As in Europe, whoever found the baked-in bean was king for a day, but uniquely to English tradition other items were sometimes included in the cake. Whoever found the clove was the villain; the twig, the fool; and the rag, the tart.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Anything spicy or hot, like ginger snaps and spiced ale, was considered proper Twelfth Night fare, recalling the costly spices brought by the Wise Men. Another English Epiphany sweetmeat was the traditional jam tart, made appropriate to the occasion by being fashioned in the form of a six-pointed star symbolising the Star of Bethlehem, and thus called Epiphany tart. The discerning English cook sometimes tried to use thirteen different colored jams on the tart on this day for luck, creating a pastry resembling stained glass.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia_and_Eritrea">Ethiopia and Eritrea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethiopia and Eritrea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_-_Priests_dancing_for_Timkat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/01_-_Priests_dancing_for_Timkat.jpg/220px-01_-_Priests_dancing_for_Timkat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/01_-_Priests_dancing_for_Timkat.jpg/330px-01_-_Priests_dancing_for_Timkat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/01_-_Priests_dancing_for_Timkat.jpg/440px-01_-_Priests_dancing_for_Timkat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3959" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox priests dancing during the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox Church">Eritrean Orthodox Church</a>, the feast is known as <a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a> and is celebrated on the day that the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> calls January 19, but on January 20 in years when <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a> falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred <a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">Tabot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HufpostEthiopian-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> In Finland, Epiphany is called loppiainen, a name which goes back to the 1600s. In the 1500s the Swedish-Finnish <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Lutheran</a> church called Epiphany "Day of the Holy Three Kings", while before this, the older term Epiphania was used. In the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian language</a> Epiphany is called vieristä, meaning cross, from the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> custom of submerging a cross three times to bless water on this day.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Today, in the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Lutheran</a> church, Epiphany is a day dedicated to a focus on <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> work in addition to the Wise Men narrative. Between 1973 and 1991 Epiphany was observed in Finland on a Saturday each year no earlier than January 6, and no later than January 12. After that time however, the traditional date of January 6 was restored and has since been observed once again as a national public holiday. The Christmas tree is traditionally taken out of the house on Epiphany. While the term loppiainen means "ending [of Christmas time]," in reality, Christmas celebrations in Finland are extended to Nuutti's or <a href="/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark" title="Canute IV of Denmark">St. Canute's</a> Day on January 13, completing the Scandinavian Twenty Days of Christmas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francophone_Europe">Francophone Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Francophone Europe">edit</a>]</div> In France people share one of two types of king cake. In the northern half of France and Belgium the cake is called a <a href="/wiki/French_king_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="French king cake">galette des Rois</a>, and is a round, flat, and golden cake made with flake pastry and often filled with <a href="/wiki/Frangipane" title="Frangipane">frangipane</a>, fruit, or chocolate. In the south, in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, and in the south-west, a crown-shaped cake or <a href="/wiki/Brioche" title="Brioche">brioche</a> filled with fruit called a <a href="/wiki/Tortell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortell">gâteau des Rois</a> is eaten. In <a href="/wiki/Romandie" class="mw-redirect" title="Romandie">Romandie</a>, both types can be found though the latter is more common. Both types of cake contain a charm, usually a porcelain or plastic figurine, called a <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8ve" title="Fève">fève</a> (<a href="/wiki/Broad_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad bean">broad bean</a> in French).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The cake is cut by the youngest (and therefore most innocent) person at the table to assure that the recipient of the bean is random. The person who gets the piece of cake with the trinket becomes "king" or "queen" and wears a paper crown provided with the cake. In some regions this person has a choice between offering a beverage to everyone around the table (usually a sparkling wine or champagne), or volunteering to host the next king cake at their home. This can extend the festivities through all of January.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-speaking_Europe">German-speaking Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: German-speaking Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064527-0016,_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_empf%C3%A4ngt_Sternsinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064527-0016%2C_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_empf%C3%A4ngt_Sternsinger.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064527-0016%2C_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_empf%C3%A4ngt_Sternsinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064527-0016%2C_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_empf%C3%A4ngt_Sternsinger.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064527-0016%2C_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_empf%C3%A4ngt_Sternsinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064527-0016%2C_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_empf%C3%A4ngt_Sternsinger.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064527-0016%2C_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_empf%C3%A4ngt_Sternsinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">Star singers</a> visit President <a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a> (1982).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sternsinger_Segensbitte_Regen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sternsinger_Segensbitte_Regen.jpg/220px-Sternsinger_Segensbitte_Regen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sternsinger_Segensbitte_Regen.jpg/330px-Sternsinger_Segensbitte_Regen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Sternsinger_Segensbitte_Regen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="54" /></a><figcaption>Traditional house blessing in chalk, written by Sternsinger on the door beam of the home</figcaption></figure> January 6 is a public holiday in Austria, three <a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal states of Germany">federal states of Germany</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons of Switzerland</a>, as well as in parts of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a>. In the German-speaking lands, groups of young people called Sternsinger (<a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">star singers</a>) travel from door to door. They are dressed as the Biblical Magi, and their leader carries a star, usually of painted wood attached to a broom handle. Often these groups are four girls, or two boys and two girls in order to sing in four-part harmony. They sing traditional songs and newer ones such as "<a href="/wiki/Stern_%C3%BCber_Bethlehem" title="Stern über Bethlehem">Stern über Bethlehem</a>". They are not necessarily three wise men. German Lutherans often note in a lighthearted fashion that the Bible never specifies that the Weisen (<a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>) were men, or that there were three. The star singers solicit donations for worthy causes, such as efforts to end hunger in Africa, organized jointly by the Catholic and Protestant churches, and they will also be offered treats at the homes they visit.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The young people then perform the traditional house blessing, by marking the year over the doorway with chalk. In Roman Catholic communities this may even today be a serious spiritual event with the priest present, but among Protestants it is more a tradition, and a part of the German notion of <a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%BCtlichkeit" title="Gemütlichkeit">Gemütlichkeit</a>. Usually on the Sunday following Epiphany, these donations are brought into churches. Here all of the children who have gone out as star singers, once again in their costumes, form a procession of sometimes dozens of wise men and stars. The German Chancellor and Parliament also receive a visit from the star singers at Epiphany.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The Three Kings cake is a golden pastry ring filled with orange and spice representing gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Most often found in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, these cakes take the form of <a href="/wiki/Buchteln" title="Buchteln">Buchteln</a> but for Epiphany, studded with citron, and baked as seven large buns in a round rather than square pan, forming a crown. Or they may be made of typical rich Christmas bread dough with cardamom and pearl sugar in the same seven bun crown shape. These varieties are most typically purchased in supermarkets, with the trinket and gold paper crown included.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> As in other countries, the person who receives the piece or bun containing the trinket or whole almond becomes the king or queen for a day. Epiphany is also an especially joyful occasion for the young and young at heart, as this is the day dedicated to plündern – that is, when Christmas trees are "plundered" of their cookies and sweets by eager children (and adults) and when <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a> houses, and any other good things left in the house from Christmas, are devoured.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Lastly, there is a German rhyme saying, or <a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">Bauernregel</a>, that goes Ist's bis Dreikönigs kein Winter, kommt keiner dahinter, meaning "If there hasn't been any winter (weather) until Epiphany, none is coming afterward." Another of these Bauernregel (German farmer's rules) for Epiphany states: Dreikönigsabend hell und klar, verspricht ein gutes Weinjahr, or "If the eve of Epiphany is bright and clear, it foretells a good wine year." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece,_Cyprus">Greece, Cyprus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Greece, Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epiphany_Mass_in_the_Monastery_of_Prophet_Elias_of_Santorini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Epiphany_Mass_in_the_Monastery_of_Prophet_Elias_of_Santorini.jpg/220px-Epiphany_Mass_in_the_Monastery_of_Prophet_Elias_of_Santorini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Epiphany_Mass_in_the_Monastery_of_Prophet_Elias_of_Santorini.jpg/330px-Epiphany_Mass_in_the_Monastery_of_Prophet_Elias_of_Santorini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Epiphany_Mass_in_the_Monastery_of_Prophet_Elias_of_Santorini.jpg/440px-Epiphany_Mass_in_the_Monastery_of_Prophet_Elias_of_Santorini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Epiphany Mass in <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> In Greece, Cyprus and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> throughout the world, the feast is called the Theophany,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] or colloquially Phōta (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Φώτα, "Lights").<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> It is the "Great Celebration" or Theotromi. In some regions of Macedonia (West) it is the biggest festival of the year. The Baptism of Christ symbolizes the rebirth of man, its importance is such that until the fourth century Christians celebrated New Year on this day. Customs revolve around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Blessing_of_Waters#Great_Blessing_of_Waters_at_Theophany" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Blessing of Waters">Great Blessing of the Waters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> It marks the end of the traditional ban on sailing, as the tumultuous winter seas are cleansed of the mischief-prone kalikántzaroi, the goblins that try to torment God-fearing Christians through the festive season. During this ceremony, a cross is thrown into the water, and the men compete to retrieve it for good luck. The Phota form the middle of another festive <a href="/wiki/Triduum" title="Triduum">triduum</a>, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a> (January 7 and eve),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day. It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called "small sanctification", Protagiasi or "Enlightment" is practiced on the eve of Epiphany. The priest goes door to door with the cross and a branch of basil to "sanctify" or "brighten" the rooms by sprinkling them with holy water. The protagiasi casts away the goblins ; bonfires are also lit in some places for that purpose. The "Great Blessing" happens in church on the day of the Epiphany. In the Churches in a special rig embellished upon which brought large pot full of water[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>]. Then the "Dive of the Cross" is performed: a cross is throwned by the priest in the sea, a nearby river, a lake or an ancient Roman cistern (as in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>). According to popular belief, this ritual gives the water the power to cleanse and sanitize. In many places, after the dive of the cross, the locals run to the beaches or the shores of rivers or lakes to wash their agricultural tools and even icons. Indeed, according common folk belief, icons lose their original strength and power with the passage of time, but they can be restored by dipping the icons in the water cleansed by the cross. This may be a survival of ancient beliefs. Athenians held a ceremony called "washing": the statue of Athena was carried in procession to the coast of Faliro where it was washed with salt water to cleanse it and renew its sacred powers. Today, women in many parts repeating this ancient custom of washing the images but combined with other instruments of medieval and ancient magic. As the plate of Mytilene while the divers dive to catch the Cross women at the same time "getting a detaining (= pumpkin) water from 40 waves and then with cotton dipped it clean icons without talking to throughout this process ("dumb water") and then the water is thrown out of the not pressed (in the crucible of the church).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guadeloupe_Islands">Guadeloupe Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Guadeloupe Islands">edit</a>]</div> Celebrations in Guadeloupe have a different feel from elsewhere in the world. Epiphany here does not mean the last day of Christmas celebrations, but rather the first day of Kannaval (<a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>), which lasts until the evening before <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>. Carnival, in turn, ends with the grand brilé Vaval, the burning of Vaval, the king of the Kannaval, amidst the cries and wails of the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Csillagozas_Hajdudorog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Csillagozás" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Csillagozas_Hajdudorog.jpg/220px-Csillagozas_Hajdudorog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Csillagozas_Hajdudorog.jpg/330px-Csillagozas_Hajdudorog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Csillagozas_Hajdudorog.jpg/440px-Csillagozas_Hajdudorog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>The picture depicts a Christmas-star, the main part of an old Hungarian Christmas-tradition called csillagozás (star-play). Unlike other usual Christmas traditions the csillagozás is a play that isn't performed in a group. Usually it is performed by a child who is younger than 10 years. The play itself is a string of Christmas carols that tells the story of Jesus' birth. In the end of the performance the child asks the Lord's blessings for the house and ones who're living in it and wishes them merry Christmas. In return the child usually gets some sweets or money.</figcaption></figure> On this day, the Christmas trees are taken down. Nowadays, the traditions associated with the holiday are being followed in fewer and fewer villages. Many traditions and superstition are associated with this day. During house blessings (called koleda), it was common to write with chalk e.g. 20CMB25 over the door = „Christus Mansionem Benedicat!” in the year 2025, or with meaning by people's ethimology: C = Caspar, M = Melchior, B = Balthasar (a monogram made out of the names of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">3 Kings</a>) next to the year to protect them against witches hex or <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightnings</a>. The preachers were given a bowl of corn, a bowl of peas, a pig's foot to eat and gifted them a bag of plums, nuts, flour, salo and sausages. With the holywater they blessed their kids, house and animals and their dead (sprinkled on coffins). There were places where people attributed magical powers to simple brooks, like in Jászdózsa, where they cut a hole in the Tarna (today: Trnava) and people splashed each other with the icy water to be healthy. <a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">Csillagének (Star singing)</a> and Csillagozás were both common. The children doing the Csillagének prepared costumes and mechanically-moved stars, and it wasn't only performed by boys. This was accomponied by Háromkirályjárás where next to the singing they also performed the story of the Biblical Magi and the Story of Herod. As with most Hungarian holidays, there were also superstitions connected to Epiphany (Vízkereszt): for example, in <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vornicenii_Mici,_Suceava" class="extiw" title="ro:Vornicenii Mici, Suceava">Józseffalva, Bukovina</a>, it was believed that if you braid that day the sausages will become longer next year.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_03.jpg/220px-Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_03.jpg/330px-Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_03.jpg/440px-Pindi_Perunnal_2019_In_Kunnamkulam_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diyas</a> (lights) are used to celebrate Epiphany in some Kerala Christian households.</figcaption></figure> In parts of southern India, Epiphany is called the Three Kings Festival and is celebrated in front of the local church like a fair. This day marks the close of the Advent and Christmas season and people remove the cribs and nativity sets at home. In <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> Epiphany may be locally known by its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> name Festa dos Reis. In the village of Reis Magos, in Goa, there is a fort called Reis Magos (Wise Men) or Três Reis Magos for Biblical Magi. Celebrations include a widely attended procession, with boys arrayed as the Magi, leading to the Franciscan Chapel of the Magi near the Goan capital of <a href="/wiki/Panjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjim">Panjim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Other popular Epiphany processions are held in <a href="/wiki/Chandor" title="Chandor">Chandor</a>. Here three young boys in regal robes and splendid crowns descend the nearby hill of Our Lady of Mercy on horseback towards the main church where a three-hour festival Mass is celebrated. The route before them is decorated with streamers, palm leaves and balloons with the smallest children present lining the way, shouting greetings to the Kings. The Kings are traditionally chosen, one each, from Chandor's three hamlets of Kott, Cavorim and Gurdolim, whose residents helped build the Chandor church in 1645. In the past the kings were chosen only from among high-<a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> families, but since 1946 the celebration has been open to all. Participation is still expensive as it involves getting a horse, costumes, and providing a lavish buffet to the community afterwards, in all totaling some 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">rupees</a> (about US$2,250) per king. This is undertaken gladly since having son serve as a king is considered a great honor and a blessing on the family.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cansaulim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cansaulim (page does not exist)">Cansaulim</a> in South Goa is similarly famous for its Three Kings festival, which draws tourists from around the state and India. Three boys are selected from the three neighboring villages of Quelim, Cansaulim and Arrosim to present the gifts of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> in a procession. Only a native of these villages may serve as king; outsiders are barred from the role. Throughout the year, excitement runs high in the villages to see who will be chosen. The boys selected are meticulously groomed, and must grow their hair long in time for the festival. The procession involves the three kings wearing jeweled red <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a> robes and crowns, riding white horses decked with flowers and fine cloth, and they are shaded by colorful <a href="/wiki/Parasols" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasols">parasols</a>, with a retinue of hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The procession ends at the local church built in 1581, and in its central window a large white star hangs, and colored banners stream out across the square from those around it. Inside, the church will have been decorated with <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garlands</a>. After presenting their gifts and reverencing the altar and Nativity scene, the kings take special seats of honor and assist at the High Mass.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala State">Kerala State</a>, Epiphany is known by its Syriac name Denha. Saint Thomas Christians, like other Eastern Christians, celebrate Denha as a great feast to commemorate the Baptism of Jesus in the river Jordan. The liturgical season Denhakalam ("Weeks of Epiphany") commemorates the second revelation at the Baptism and the subsequent public life of Jesus. Denha is celebrated on January 6 by the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> in two ways – Pindiperunnal ("<a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">Plantain</a> trunk feast") and Rakkuliperunal ("Feast with a night bath").<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> The Irish call the day the Feast of the Epiphany or traditionally <a href="/wiki/Little_Christmas" title="Little Christmas">Little Christmas</a> or "Women's Christmas" (Irish: Nollaig na mBan). On Nollaig na mBan, women traditionally rested and celebrated for themselves after the cooking and work of the Christmas holidays. The custom was for women to gather on this day for a special meal, but on the occasion of Epiphany accompanied by wine, to honor the Miracle at the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today, women may dine at a restaurant or gather in a <a href="/wiki/Public_houses_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Public houses in Ireland">pub</a> in the evening. They may also receive gifts from children, grandchildren or other family members on this day. Other Epiphany customs, which symbolize the end of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_days_of_Christmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve days of Christmas">Christmas season</a>, are popular in Ireland, such as the burning the sprigs of Christmas <a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly">holly</a> in the fireplace which have been used as decorations during the past twelve days.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-rte.ie-121">[121]</a> In Ireland, certain traditions celebrate Epiphany to conclude the Twelfth Night of Christmas, and Christmas decorations should not be removed before this day.<a href="#cite_note-rte.ie-121">[121]</a> The Epiphany celebration serves as the initial setting for – and anchors the action, theme, and climax of – <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Dead_(Joyce_short_story)" title="The Dead (Joyce short story)">The Dead</a>" in his 1914 collection <a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epifania_del_Tallero_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Epifania_del_Tallero_06.jpg/220px-Epifania_del_Tallero_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Epifania_del_Tallero_06.jpg/330px-Epifania_del_Tallero_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Epifania_del_Tallero_06.jpg/440px-Epifania_del_Tallero_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Epiphany celebration in <a href="/wiki/Gemona_del_Friuli" title="Gemona del Friuli">Gemona del Friuli</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_-_Spinello_di_Santa_Sofia_-_Festa_della_Befana_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Italia_-_Spinello_di_Santa_Sofia_-_Festa_della_Befana_2.jpg/220px-Italia_-_Spinello_di_Santa_Sofia_-_Festa_della_Befana_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Italia_-_Spinello_di_Santa_Sofia_-_Festa_della_Befana_2.jpg/330px-Italia_-_Spinello_di_Santa_Sofia_-_Festa_della_Befana_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Italia_-_Spinello_di_Santa_Sofia_-_Festa_della_Befana_2.jpg/440px-Italia_-_Spinello_di_Santa_Sofia_-_Festa_della_Befana_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a> feast in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Emilia%E2%80%93Romagna" title="Santa Sofia, Emilia–Romagna">Santa Sofia</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Christmas in Italy</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">country's major holidays</a> and begins on 8 December, with the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Feast of the Immaculate Conception</a>, the day on which traditionally the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> is mounted and ends on 6 January, of the following year with the Epiphany.<a href="#cite_note-:2-122">[122]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Italian folklore</a> and folk customs, the <a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a> (the name being a corruption of the word Epifania) is a <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witch-like</a> old woman who delivers gifts to children throughout <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> on Epiphany Eve (the night of January 5) in a similar way to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Magi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ultimate_Guide-123">[123]</a> The Befana is a widespread tradition among <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> and thus has many names. She is a part of both popular national culture and traditional folk culture and is akin to other figures who roam about sometime during the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a> and reward the good, punish the bad, and receive offerings. The Befana is a mysterious, contradictory figure of unclear origins. The legend told of her is that, having missed her opportunity to bring a gift to the child Jesus together with the Biblical Magi, she now brings gifts to other children on that night.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909-30">[30]</a> This character is enhanced by the fact that she is overall neglected by scholars but is the subject of much speculation by the ones who do mention her. Pre-Christian, Christian, and syncretism of the two have all been postulated as explanations of her origins. In some parts of Italy, especially the central regions, <a href="/wiki/Mumming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumming">mumming</a> takes place on Epiphany eve. Dolls are made of her and effigies are burnt and bonfires are often lit. She brings gifts to good children, typically sweets, candies or toys, but coal to bad children. She is usually portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">hag</a> riding a broomstick through the air wearing a black shawl and is covered in soot because she enters the children's houses through the chimney. She is often smiling and carries a bag or hamper filled with candy, gifts, or both. She is not only loved but also feared and mocked, particularly by children. Written records of the Befana and Befanata date to the Middle Ages. Her origins are the subject of speculation by scholars who have variously proposed they lie in paganism, Christianity, or a mix of the two. John B. Smith said she, like her High German counterpart Perchta, is nothing more than the personification of Epiphany invented by medieval Christians who had a tendency to personify feast and fast days<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> found it not credible that two separate cultures would personify a feast day as a supernatural figure ("a name in the calendar had caused the invention of a supernatural being") and concluded it was far more likely that the Befana and Perchta were pre-Christian in origin and that they blended with the Christian holiday name.<a href="#cite_note-Grimm-127">[127]</a> It has been pointed out that there was "a clear attempt to Christianize the disturbing female character by transforming her into the female personification of the feast."<a href="#cite_note-Cattabiani-128">[128]</a> Generally the pre-Christian origin is the one most proposed and the Befana is often said to be a goddess or the remnant of one, though what culture and time period she comes from has been less uniform. Cultures that have been proposed include Roman, Celtic, Neolithic farmers, and Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. However, in some parts of today's Italian state, different traditions exist, and instead of the Befana it is the three Magi who bring gifts. in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, for example, where local traditions and customs of the Hispanic period coexist, the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian language</a>, Sa Pasca de is Tres Reis) bringing gifts to children is very present. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Jordan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" (Al-Maghtas)</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethany_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/220px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/330px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/440px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> ruins on the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, believed to be the location where <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a> was baptised by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balqa_Governorate" title="Balqa Governorate">Balqa Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1446">1446</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2015 (39th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptismsite.com">www.baptismsite.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordanian Christians</a>, tourists and pilgrims flock to <a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> site on the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">east bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> in January every year to mark Epiphany, where large masses and celebrations are held.<a href="#cite_note-JoTimes2-129">[129]</a> "Al-Maghtas", meaning "baptism" or "immersion" in Arabic, is an archaeological <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Jordan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan">World Heritage</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, officially known as "Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" (Al-Maghtas)". It is considered to be the original location of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> and the ministry of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and has been venerated as such since at least the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-unescobof-12">[12]</a> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:28&version=nrsv">John 1:28</a>: These things took place in <a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a> beyond the Jordan, where <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John</a> was baptising.</dd></dl> The site has then seen several archaeological digs, four papal visits and state visits and attracts tourists and pilgrimage activity.<a href="#cite_note-JoTimes2-129">[129]</a> Approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, mostly European, American and Arab tourists.<a href="#cite_note-no-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Latvia">edit</a>]</div> Epiphany is known in Latvia as Trijkungu diena (Three Kings Day) by Catholics or Zvaigznes diena (Star Day) by Lutherans after the custom of star singing, and the Star of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> which led the Magi to the Christ Child.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In the past bright stars of fabric were sewn onto the background of dark colored quilts, representing the night sky. Epiphany was a day of enjoyment, spent in horse-drawn open <a href="/wiki/Sleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh">sleighs</a>, and these quilts would then be taken along to cover the laps of the merry riders.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> If Epiphany Day was bright and mild and the sun "warmed the horses' backs" it was said that the coming year would bring only peace. If the night before Epiphany saw clear starry skies, it meant Latvia could expect a fine harvest in the coming Summer. <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a> and wood-cutting were "bad luck", giving both men and women a proper holiday, and if a dog was heard barking on Epiphany one ought to look for his or her future spouse in that same direction. Special three-corner apple cakes are eaten on this day, and as in other countries, star singing, visiting and house blessings have long been popular.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> Epiphany, celebrated on January 6, is the feast for the Roman Church that commemorates the visit of the Wise Men, the magi. However, in the Maronite Church, in accordance with the ancient tradition, it represents the public announcement of Jesus' mission when he was baptized in the Jordan by John the Forerunner, also known as "John the Baptist". On the occasion, Lebanese Christians pray for their deceased.<a href="#cite_note-maronite1-134">[134]</a> It is celebrated by attending church most often to the midnight mass by the <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">maronites</a>. The reason why it is at midnight is because the Christ will be passing to bless homes, also Lebanese Christians who gathered for the mass congratulate each other on that day by saying: "El Deyim Deyim" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دايم دايم) which translates as "The permanent is permanent". They also mix dough made out of water and flour only and it rises outdoors with no yeast by being blessed.<a href="#cite_note-maronite1-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: North Macedonia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vodoci_vo_Skopje_stara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vodoci_vo_Skopje_stara.jpg/220px-Vodoci_vo_Skopje_stara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vodoci_vo_Skopje_stara.jpg/330px-Vodoci_vo_Skopje_stara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vodoci_vo_Skopje_stara.jpg/440px-Vodoci_vo_Skopje_stara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Epiphany procession in the capital of North Macedonia <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> near Stone Bridge on the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardar river">Vardar river</a> in the early 1920s</figcaption></figure> Epiphany in North Macedonia is known as Vodici (Водици).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> On this day the priest throws a wooden cross into the water, to symbolize the baptism of Christ.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Men jump into the cold water to retrieve the cross, and whoever retrieves it is believed to be blessed during the whole year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These are very festive gatherings with many spectacles attending the sites. Special food jelly from pork and beef meat and bones called "pacha" (пача) or "pivtii" (пивтии) is prepared the day before, but served on the day after Epiphany, together with warm local <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakija" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakija">rakija</a> (ракија).<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Epiphany is a non-working day for the Orthodox believers in North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Malta">edit</a>]</div> In Malta, Epiphany is commonly known as It-Tre Re (The Three Kings). Until the 1980s, January 6 was a public holiday, but today the Maltese celebrate Epiphany on the first Sunday of the year. Children and students still take January 6 as a school holiday and Christmas decorations are lit up through this day on most public streets. The Maltese also have a long-standing custom of presenting concerts in honor of Epiphany, including the prestigious annual Epiphany Concert organized by the Malta Council for Culture and Arts, performed by the <a href="/wiki/Malta_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Malta Philharmonic Orchestra">National Orchestra</a>. In 2010, the Epiphany Concert which used to be held before a select audience, was opened to the general public following a decision by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">President</a>. The Ministry of Education and Culture therefore moved from the venue from the <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster%27s_Palace_in_Valletta" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta">Palace</a> to the historic Sacra Infermeria, also known as the Mediterranean Conference Centre.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Qagħaq tal-Għasel or tal-Qastanija (Maltese honey rings) are typically served at Epiphany in Malta. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> The evening of January 5 marks the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> of Christmas and is when the figurines of the three Biblical Magi are added to the nativity scene. Traditionally in Mexico, as with many other Latin American countries, Santa Claus does not hold the cachet that he does in the United States. Rather, it is the Magi who are the bearers of gifts, who leave presents in or near the shoes of small children.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Mexican families also commemorate the date by eating <a href="/wiki/Rosca_de_reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosca de reyes">Rosca de reyes</a>. In modern Mexico however, and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascar_D%C3%ADa_de_Reyes_Magos_procession_(Celebration_of_Epiphany)_(Ollantaytambo)_(4578168158).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lascar_D%C3%ADa_de_Reyes_Magos_procession_%28Celebration_of_Epiphany%29_%28Ollantaytambo%29_%284578168158%29.jpg/220px-Lascar_D%C3%ADa_de_Reyes_Magos_procession_%28Celebration_of_Epiphany%29_%28Ollantaytambo%29_%284578168158%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lascar_D%C3%ADa_de_Reyes_Magos_procession_%28Celebration_of_Epiphany%29_%28Ollantaytambo%29_%284578168158%29.jpg/330px-Lascar_D%C3%ADa_de_Reyes_Magos_procession_%28Celebration_of_Epiphany%29_%28Ollantaytambo%29_%284578168158%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lascar_D%C3%ADa_de_Reyes_Magos_procession_%28Celebration_of_Epiphany%29_%28Ollantaytambo%29_%284578168158%29.jpg/440px-Lascar_D%C3%ADa_de_Reyes_Magos_procession_%28Celebration_of_Epiphany%29_%28Ollantaytambo%29_%284578168158%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Feast of Día de Reyes in Peru</figcaption></figure> Peru shares Epiphany customs with Spain and the rest of Latin America. Peruvian national lore holds that <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> was the first to call <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> "Ciudad de los Reyes" (City of the Kings) because the date of the Epiphany coincided with the day he and his two companions searched for, and found, an ideal location for a new capital. Even more popular in Peru than gift giving is the custom of the Bajada de Reyes when parties are held in honor of the taking down of family and public nativity scenes, and carefully putting them away until the next <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> In the Philippines, Epiphany is known as "Three Kings' Day" and Pasko ng Matatanda ("Feast of the Elderly"), and marks the official close of the country's <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Christmas season</a>. As a day of feasting, some <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipinos</a> celebrate with gift-giving and greet each other "Happy Three Kings!".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Nycz_(12108245473).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kazimierz_Nycz_%2812108245473%29.jpg/220px-Kazimierz_Nycz_%2812108245473%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kazimierz_Nycz_%2812108245473%29.jpg/330px-Kazimierz_Nycz_%2812108245473%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kazimierz_Nycz_%2812108245473%29.jpg/440px-Kazimierz_Nycz_%2812108245473%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5331" data-file-height="3554" /></a><figcaption>Epiphany celebration in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> In Poland, Epiphany, or Trzech Króli (Three Kings) is celebrated in grand fashion, with huge parades held welcoming the Wise Men, often riding on <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> or other animals from the zoo, in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and over 2,000 other cities. The Wise Men pass out sweets, children process in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> wear, carols are sung, and living nativity scenes are enacted, all similar to celebrations in Italy or Spain, pointing to the country's Catholic heritage. Children may also dress in colors signifying Europe, Asia, and Africa (the supposed homes of the Wise Men) and at the end of the parade route, church leaders often preach on the spiritual significance of the Epiphany. In 2011, by an act of Parliament, Epiphany was restored as an official non-working national public holiday in Poland for the first time since it was canceled under <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> fifty years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Poles though take small boxes containing <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, a gold ring, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> and a piece of <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, in memory of the gifts of the Magi, to church to be blessed. Once at home, they inscribe "K+M+B+" and the year with the blessed chalk above every door in the house, according to tradition, to provide protection against illness and misfortune for those within. The letters, with a cross after each one, are said to stand either for the traditionally applied names of the Three Kings in Polish – Kacper, Melchior and Baltazar – or for a Latin inscription meaning "Christ bless this house." They remain above the doors all year until they are inadvertently dusted off or replaced by new markings the next year.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> On January 6, as in much of Europe, a Polish style Three Kings cake is served with a coin or <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a> baked inside. The one who gets it is king or queen for the day, signified by wearing the paper crown that decorates the cake. According to Polish tradition this person will be lucky in the coming year. Recipes vary by region. Some serve a French-type <a href="/wiki/Puff_pastry" title="Puff pastry">puff pastry</a> cake with <a href="/wiki/Almond_paste" title="Almond paste">almond paste</a> filling, others favor a <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cake</a> with almond cream filling, and yet others enjoy a light <a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">fruitcake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Epiphany in Poland also signals the beginning of zapusty or <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> time, when <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doughnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Doughnuts">doughnuts</a>) and chrust (<a href="/wiki/Angel_wings" title="Angel wings">Angel wings</a>) are served.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> In Portugal, Epiphany, January 6, is called Dia de Reis (Day of the Kings), during which the traditional <a href="/wiki/Bolo_Rei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolo Rei">Bolo Rei</a> (King cake) is baked and eaten. Plays and pageants are popular on this day, and parents often hold parties for their children. Epiphany is also a time when the traditional Portuguese dances known as Mouriscadas and Paulitos are performed. The latter is an elaborate stick dance. The dancers, who are usually men but may be dressed as women, manipulate sticks or staves (in imitation swords) in two opposing lines.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> It is a tradition too in Portugal for people to gather in small groups and to go from house to house to sing the Reis (meaning "Kings") which are traditional songs about the life of Jesus. The singers also bring greetings to the owners of the house. After singing for a while outside, they are invited in, and the owners of the house offer them sweets, <a href="/wiki/Liqueurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Liqueurs">liqueurs</a>, and other Epiphany delicacies. These Reis usually begin on Epiphany eve and last until January 20.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Portuguese village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vale_de_Salgueiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vale de Salgueiro (page does not exist)">Vale de Salgueiro</a> encourages children, some as young as five, to smoke in a tradition that does not have clear roots.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania_and_Moldova">Romania and Moldova</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Romania and Moldova">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Moldova_341.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stamp_of_Moldova_341.gif/220px-Stamp_of_Moldova_341.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stamp_of_Moldova_341.gif/330px-Stamp_of_Moldova_341.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Stamp_of_Moldova_341.gif 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Star boys. Postage stamp depicting traditional Christmas and Epiphany star singing in Moldova.</figcaption></figure> In Romania and Moldova, Epiphany is called Boboteaza. In south-eastern Romania, following religious services, men participate in winter horse races. Before the race, the men line up with their horses before the priest, who will bless them by sprinkling them with green branches that have been dipped into Epiphany holy water. Sometimes people desire to have this blessing for themselves as well. Winning the Epiphany race is a great honor for both horse and rider, while the post-race celebrations, win or not, are highly festive. As in other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> heritage countries, water rites play a special role on this day.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> A unique piece of Romanian folk wisdom holds that if a girl slips on ice – or, better yet, falls into water – on Epiphany, she will surely marry before the year is out.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erd%C3%A9ly" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdély">Erdély</a>/<a href="/wiki/Siebenb%C3%BCrgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Siebenbürgen">Siebenbürgen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Churches">Reformed</a> Christians of <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Hungarians in Romania">Hungarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxon</a> descent celebrate Epiphany with star singing and house blessing, as in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. The star singing custom had long ago spread throughout Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Here the star, called Steaua, today resembles a stained-glass lantern and features an Orthodox icon at its center, a tradition pointing to the blending of both East and West which characterizes the two nations on the river <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_550903_Epiphany_celebration_in_Maritime_Territory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RIAN_archive_550903_Epiphany_celebration_in_Maritime_Territory.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_550903_Epiphany_celebration_in_Maritime_Territory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RIAN_archive_550903_Epiphany_celebration_in_Maritime_Territory.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_550903_Epiphany_celebration_in_Maritime_Territory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RIAN_archive_550903_Epiphany_celebration_in_Maritime_Territory.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_550903_Epiphany_celebration_in_Maritime_Territory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>An ice hole is cut in the form of a cross in Russia to celebrate the Epiphany.</figcaption></figure> The Epiphany, celebrated in Russia on January 19, marks the baptism of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. As elsewhere in the Orthodox world, the Russian Church conducts the rite of the Great Blessing of the Waters, also known as "the Great Sanctification of the Water" on that day (or the eve before).<a href="#cite_note-bute-154">[154]</a> The priest-led procession could simply proceed to the <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">font</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bute-154">[154]</a> but traditionally the worshipers would go to a nearby lake or river. Historical records indicate that the blessing of the waters events took place at the courts of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Moscow Czars</a> since no later than 1525. According to historians, the blessing of the waters procession was the most magnificent of the annual Czar's court's ceremonies, comparable only to such special events as royal coronations and weddings. After a <a href="/wiki/Divine_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine liturgy">divine liturgy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Dormition Cathedral</a>, the procession, led by the Czar and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Moscow">Patriarch of Moscow</a> would proceed to the frozen <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a>. An ice-hole would have been made in the ice, called <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Iordan'</a> (in memory of the Jordan River), over which a small <a href="/wiki/Gazebo" title="Gazebo">gazebo</a> would have been erected and decorated with holy icons, one of which would depict the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Christ</a>. The Patriarch would immerse his cross into the river's water; and sprinkle the Czar, his <a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">boyars</a>, and the banners of Czar's army's regiments with the holy water. A load of <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> would then be brought back to the Kremlin, to be used in blessing the Czar's palace.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> On a smaller scale, similar events would take place in the parishes throughout the nation. Believing that on this day water becomes holy and is imbued with special powers, Russians cut holes called Iordan' in the ice of lakes and rivers, often in the shape of the cross, to bathe in the freezing water.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> This practice is said to be popularized comparatively recently; it was fairly uncommon in the czarist days, but has flourished since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Participants in the ritual may dip themselves under the water three times, honoring the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>, to symbolically wash away their sins from the past year, and to experience a sense of spiritual rebirth. Orthodox priests are on hand to bless the water, and rescuers are on hand to monitor the safety of the swimmers in the ice-cold water. Others limit their participation in the Epiphany rites to those conducted inside churches, where priests perform the Great Blessing of Waters, both on Epiphany Eve and Epiphany (Theophany) proper. The water is then distributed to attendees who may store it to use in times of illness, to bless themselves, family members, and their homes, or to drink. Some Russians think any water – even from the taps on the kitchen sink – poured or bottled on Epiphany becomes holy water, since all the water in the world is blessed this day. In the more mild climate of the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> meanwhile, where air and water temperatures both hover in the low to mid 10-degree Celsius range (50 degrees Fahrenheit) in January, thousands of people jump into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> at midnight each year on Epiphany and begin to swim in celebration of the feast.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Slovenia">edit</a>]</div> In Slovenia, especially in the Western part of the country, during the first day of the year and on Epiphany, children go from house to house because villagers will give them almonds, dried figs, nuts, cookies or other good things that they have at home.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> In Spain and some Latin American countries, Epiphany day is called El Día de Reyes<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> i.e., the day when a group of Kings or Magi, as related in the second chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, arrived to worship and bring three gifts to the baby Jesus after following a star in the heavens. In Spanish tradition on January 6, three of the Kings: Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthazar, representing Arabia, the Orient, and Africa, arrived on horse, camel and elephant, bringing respectively gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. Before going to bed on the eve of January 6, children polish their shoes and leave them ready for the Kings' presents to be put in them. The next morning presents will appear under their shoes, or if the children are deemed to have misbehaved during the year, coal (usually a lump of hard sugar candy dyed black, called Carbón Dulce).<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Most towns in Spain arrange colorful parades representing the arrival of the Reyes Magos to town so children can see them on their camels or carriages and receive sweets and toys thrown to the crowds from the paraders, before they go to bed. The oldest of these parades is held in <a href="/wiki/Alcoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoy">Alcoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicante_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante province">Alicante</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>) which has hosted an annual parade since 1885.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Sweet wine, nibbles, fruit and milk are left for the Kings and their camels. In Spain, children typically receive presents on this day, rather than on Christmas, though this tradition has changed lately, and children now receive presents on both days. The Epiphany bread/cake is known as <a href="/wiki/Rosca_de_reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosca de reyes">Roscón</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tortell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortell">Tortell de Reis</a> in Catalan, and in Mexico as <a href="/wiki/Rosca_de_reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosca de reyes">Rosca de reyes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> Epiphany is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sweden" title="Public holidays in Sweden">public holiday in Sweden</a>, where it is known as trettondedag jul ("Thirteenth Day Yule"), as January 6 is the thirteenth day after Christmas Eve, the main day on which Christmas is celebrated in Sweden. However, the end of the Christmas celebration is on January 13, <a href="/wiki/St._Knut%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Knut's Day">St. Knut's Day</a>, more commonly known as "Twentieth Day Yule" (or "Twentieth Day Knut"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingCakesMadelineFrench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/KingCakesMadelineFrench.jpg/220px-KingCakesMadelineFrench.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/KingCakesMadelineFrench.jpg/330px-KingCakesMadelineFrench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/KingCakesMadelineFrench.jpg/440px-KingCakesMadelineFrench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">King cakes</a> of the type locally called "French style" on display at the chain bakery/restaurant "La Madeline" branch in <a href="/wiki/Carrollton,_New_Orleans" title="Carrollton, New Orleans">Carrollton, New Orleans</a>. They come with cardboard "crowns" to be worn by whoever gets the slice with the token and becomes monarch of the event.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, Epiphany is the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> season, during which it is customary to bake <a href="/wiki/King_Cake" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cake">King Cakes</a>, similar to the Rosca mentioned above. It is round in shape, filled with cinnamon, glazed white, and coated in traditional carnival color sanding sugar. The person who finds the doll (or bean) must provide the next king cake. The interval between Epiphany and <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> is sometimes known as "king cake season", and many may be consumed during this period. The Carnival season begins on King's Day (Epiphany), and there are many traditions associated with that day in Louisiana and along the Catholic coasts of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. King cakes are first sold then, Carnival <a href="/wiki/Krewe" title="Krewe">krewes</a> begin having their balls on that date, and the first <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> krewe parades in street cars that night. In <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, Epiphany is an important festive holiday, and is commonly referred as Día de Los Tres Reyes Magos or Three Kings' Day. It is traditional for children to fill a box with fresh grass or hay and put it underneath their bed, for the Wise Men's horses or camels, depending on the household. Sometimes, the grass is cut fresh by the children on January 5. Many artisans make commemorative traditional figures of the Magi on horseback. The Three Wise Men of Puerto Rico, according to local tradition, arrive on horseback instead of camels, as in other countries where the custom is also ingrained. The Three Wise Men will then take the grass to feed the horses and will leave gifts under the bed as a reward. In other households, the grass is "eaten" by the Magi's transport bedside to "strengthen them for the long night's journey", while the presents are delivered by the Magi as they did for child Jesus. These traditions are analogous to the customs of children leaving mince pies and sherry out for <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a> in Western Europe or leaving milk and cookies for <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> like the rest of the United States. On the day before the feast (January 5), the "Rosario de Reyes" or "Promesa de Reyes" is celebrated with songs (locally called "aguinaldos") thanking or asking the Kings for their blessing, usually before a little table with figures of the Nativity and the Kings or with the Kings alone and their camels or horses. However, recently public concerts have also become popular.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> This celebration is often accompanied with a chicken soup ("asopa'o"), snacks, and drinks. In <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colonial Virginia</a>, Epiphany, or 12th Night, was an occasion of great merriment, and was considered especially appropriate as a date for balls and dancing, as well as for weddings. On 12th Night, Great Cake was prepared, consisting in two giant layers of fruitcake, coated and filled with <a href="/wiki/Royal_icing" title="Royal icing">royal icing</a>. Custom dictated that the youngest child present cut and serve the cake and whoever found the bean or prize in the Twelfth Night cake was crowned "King of the Bean" similar to the European king cake custom.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a>, as part of an Epiphany party a king is hidden in a cake, and whichever child finds the king in the cake is crowned king for the day.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarpon_Springs,_Florida" title="Tarpon Springs, Florida">Tarpon Springs, Florida</a>, is known for elaborate religious ceremonies related to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, the most notable being the Epiphany celebration. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> of Atlanta usually presides over the blessings, sometimes joined by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_America" title="Archbishop of America">Archbishop of America</a>. The blessings conclude with the ceremonial throwing of a wooden cross into the city's Spring Bayou, and boys ages 16 to 18 diving in to retrieve it. Whoever recovers the cross is said to be blessed for a full year. Following the blessings, the celebration moves to the Sponge Docks where food and music are made part of the festivities.<a href="#cite_note-masslive1-166">[166]</a> Tarpon Springs has given itself the nickname Epiphany City.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The celebration attracts Greek Americans from across the country,<a href="#cite_note-masslive1-166">[166]</a> and the city's population is known to triple in size for that day.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Manitou_Springs,_Colorado" title="Manitou Springs, Colorado">Manitou Springs, Colorado</a>, Epiphany is marked by the Great Fruitcake Toss. <a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcakes</a> are thrown, participants dress as kings, fools, etc., and competitions are held for the farthest throw, the most creative projectile device, etc. As with customs in other countries, the fruitcake toss is a sort of festive symbolic leave-taking of the Christmas holidays until next year, but with humorous twist, since fruitcake is considered with a certain degree of derision in most of the United States, and is the source of many jokes.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Wales">edit</a>]</div> On January 6, the Feast of the Epiphany has long been an important celebration in Wales, known there as Ystwyll. In <a href="/wiki/Glamorganshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamorganshire">Glamorganshire</a>, a huge loaf or cake was prepared, which was then divided up into three parts to represent <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and the Biblical Magi. A large company of neighbours was invited to be present at the dividing of the cake in which rings were concealed. Whoever discovered a ring in his piece of cake (or bread) was elected as King or Queen and presided over the day's festivities. January 6 was the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">old-calendar</a> Christmas Day and many of the festivities connected with it lasted well over a century after the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">new calendar</a> was introduced in 1752.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Wales shares other Twelfth Night customs with its neighbor, England, including the <a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wassail" title="Wassail">wassail</a> to wish farmers a good harvest in the coming year, but here the Yule log's ashes were saved then buried along with the seeds planted in the ensuing spring to ensure a good harvest, while the wassail bowl was taken to the house of newlyweds or to a family which had recently come to live in the district and songs sung outside the house door. Those inside the house would recite or sing special verses, to be answered by the revelers outside. Another Welsh custom associated with Epiphany was the Hunting of the Wren. A group of young men would go out into the countryside to capture a <a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wren</a> (the smallest bird in the British Isles after the goldcrest/firecrest). The bird would then be placed in a small, decorated cage and carried around from house to house and shown in exchange for money or gifts of food and drink. (If a wren could not be found then a <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrow</a> would have to undergo the ritual.)<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2011/12/25/the-last-mas/K228DRgNwO6QeB1MQvjAUO/story.html">"The last 'mas' - the Boston Globe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+last+%27mas%27+-+the+Boston+Globe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fideas%2F2011%2F12%2F25%2Fthe-last-mas%2FK228DRgNwO6QeB1MQvjAUO%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-antakya1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antakya1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antakya1_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antakyagazetesi.com/baskan-savastan-kiddes-bayrami-mesaji/">"Bașkan Savaș'tan Kıddes Bayramı mesajı"</a>. Antakya Gazetesi - Toplumcu Halk Gazetesi (in Turkish). January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antakya+Gazetesi+-+Toplumcu+Halk+Gazetesi&rft.atitle=Ba%C8%99kan+Sava%C8%99%27tan+K%C4%B1ddes+Bayram%C4%B1+mesaj%C4%B1&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantakyagazetesi.com%2Fbaskan-savastan-kiddes-bayrami-mesaji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-antakya2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antakya2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antakya2_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSağaltıcı2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sağaltıcı, Ümit (January 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samandagaynahaber.com/2023/01/20/kiddes-bayrami-tum-cihana-mubarek-olsun/">"Kıddes Bayram, Tüm Cihana Mübarek Olsun!"</a>. Samandağ Ayna Haber (in Turkish). Retrieved January 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samanda%C4%9F+Ayna+Haber&rft.atitle=K%C4%B1ddes+Bayram%2C+T%C3%BCm+Cihana+M%C3%BCbarek+Olsun%21&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft.aulast=Sa%C4%9Falt%C4%B1c%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Cmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samandagaynahaber.com%2F2023%2F01%2F20%2Fkiddes-bayrami-tum-cihana-mubarek-olsun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-antakya3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antakya3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antakya3_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iskenderunses.net/haber/bugun-kiddes-bayrami-3290.html">"Bugün, Kıddes Bayramı"</a>. İskenderun Ses Gazetesi (in Turkish). Retrieved January 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0skenderun+Ses+Gazetesi&rft.atitle=Bug%C3%BCn%2C+K%C4%B1ddes+Bayram%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iskenderunses.net%2Fhaber%2Fbugun-kiddes-bayrami-3290.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2012/01/byzantine-blessing-of-water-on-vigil-of.html">"The Byzantine Blessing of Water on the Vigil of the Epiphany"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Blessing+of+Water+on+the+Vigil+of+the+Epiphany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newliturgicalmovement.org%2F2012%2F01%2Fbyzantine-blessing-of-water-on-vigil-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathIre-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CathIre_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathIre_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127215401/http://www.catholicireland.net/liturgysacraments/liturgical-year/936-the-origins-and-spirituality-of-the-epiphany">"The Origins and Spirituality of the Epiphany"</a>. Catholicireland.net. February 14, 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicireland.net/liturgysacraments/liturgical-year/936-the-origins-and-spirituality-of-the-epiphany">the original</a> on November 27, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Spirituality+of+the+Epiphany&rft.pub=Catholicireland.net&rft.date=1969-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicireland.net%2Fliturgysacraments%2Fliturgical-year%2F936-the-origins-and-spirituality-of-the-epiphany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Packer1893-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Packer1893_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacker1893" class="citation book cs1">Packer, George Nichols (1893). Our Calendar. Union and Advertiser Co. p. 110. <q>The length of Christmastide or season is twelve days, lasting from the 25th of December to Epiphany. Epiphany (Greek Epiphania, Theophania or Christophania), is a festival in commemoration of the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the world as the Son of God, and referring to the appearance of the star which announced our Saviour's birth to the Gentiles, and the visit of the Magi, or Wise Men of the East to the infant Jesus. This festival is held on 6th January invariably, consequently is not a moveable feast, though the length of Epiphany-tide depends upon the date of Easter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Calendar&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Union+and+Advertiser+Co.&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=George+Nichols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCJ-8"><a href="#cite_ref-SCJ_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714221827/http://www.stclementjames.org.uk/2013/12/23/epiphany-epiphanytide/">"Epiphany and Epiphanytide"</a>. The Parish of St Clement and St James. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of England">The Church of England</a>. December 23, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stclementjames.org.uk/2013/12/23/epiphany-epiphanytide/">the original</a> on July 14, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2014. <q>The current pattern in the Anglican Church is to have an extended Epiphany season (called Epiphanytide). This is why Nativity scenes are sometimes kept in churches throughout January. Epiphanytide: Rather confusingly, however, the other two main 'manifestations' marked in Epiphanytide concern Jesus as an adult: his baptism in the River Jordan, when the Holy Spirit descends on him in the form of a dove (on the Sunday after Epiphany), and his first sign: the turning of water into wine at the marriage feast in Cana in Galilee. This latter event – the third 'epiphany' of the season – is only to be found in John's gospel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Parish+of+St+Clement+and+St+James&rft.atitle=Epiphany+and+Epiphanytide&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stclementjames.org.uk%2F2013%2F12%2F23%2Fepiphany-epiphanytide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heiligman2007-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Heiligman2007_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiligman2007" class="citation book cs1">Heiligman, Deborah (2007). Celebrate Christmas. National Geographic. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426301223" title="Special:BookSources/9781426301223"><bdi>9781426301223</bdi></a>. <q>At the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas comes a special day called the Epiphany, or Three Kings Day. This holiday, which falls on January 6th, is celebrated as the day when the three wise men, also called the three kings, first saw baby Jesus and gave him gifts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrate+Christmas&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781426301223&rft.aulast=Heiligman&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMPH-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMPH_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMPH_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Epiphany". Christian Advocate. 7. United Methodist Publishing House: 15. 1963. <q>...in Methodist usage the Epiphany Season includes all the Sundays between that date and Ash Wednesday, which for 1964 will be February 12, the beginning of Lent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Advocate&rft.atitle=Epiphany&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Church Eclectic. Vol. XXV. The Young Churchman Co. 1898. p. 1089. <q>The Provincial Synod established in 1883 the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, framed largely upon the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the American Church. No concerted action had been taken by the Church in Canada till the formation of this society but by the regular issuing of appeals from the Board of Management each year, at Ascensiontide for Domestic, and at Epiphanytide for Foreign Missions, a certain amount of interest in the great question of missions has been created.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Eclectic&rft.pages=1089&rft.pub=The+Young+Churchman+Co&rft.date=1898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescobof-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unescobof_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unescobof_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2015/whc15-39com-inf8B1-en.pdf">"Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List: ICOMOS Report"</a> (PDF). UNESCO Organization. August 2014. pp. 49–50. Retrieved November 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaluations+of+Nominations+of+Cultural+and+Mixed+Properties+to+the+World+Heritage+List%3A+ICOMOS+Report&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=UNESCO+Organization&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2F2015%2Fwhc15-39com-inf8B1-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1446/">"Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" (Al-Maghtas)"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved September 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Baptism+Site+%22Bethany+Beyond+the+Jordan%22+%28Al-Maghtas%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1446%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7070">"The Calendar of the Orthodox Church"</a>. Goarch.org. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Calendar+of+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.pub=Goarch.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith7070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolger_Oertel2007" class="citation web cs1">Holger Oertel (September 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103133103/http://www.ortelius.de/kalender/jul_en.php">"The Julian Calendar"</a>. Ortelius.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ortelius.de/kalender/jul_en.php">the original</a> on January 3, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Julian+Calendar&rft.pub=Ortelius.de&rft.date=2007-09-22&rft.au=Holger+Oertel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ortelius.de%2Fkalender%2Fjul_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327163036/http://fullhomelydivinity.org/articles/Twelve%20Days%20of%20Christmas.htm">"Twelve days of Christmas"</a>. Full Homely Divinity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fullhomelydivinity.org/articles/Twelve%20Days%20of%20Christmas.htm">the original</a> on March 27, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2015. <q>We prefer, like good Anglicans, to go with the logic of the liturgy and regard January 5th as the Twelfth Day of Christmas and the night that ends that day as Twelfth Night. That does make Twelfth Night the Eve of the Epiphany, which means that, liturgically, a new feast has already begun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twelve+days+of+Christmas&rft.pub=Full+Homely+Divinity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffullhomelydivinity.org%2Farticles%2FTwelve%2520Days%2520of%2520Christmas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2009" class="citation news cs1">Funk, Tim (December 25, 2009). "Presbyterians bring Twelfth Night". <a href="/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer" title="The Charlotte Observer">The Charlotte Observer</a>. <q>Christmas was a day to go to church – the simpler the service, the better, Todd says – and maybe have a quiet dinner with family. It was a slower time in the agricultural year, so there was an opportunity for some leisure. As long as you didn't overdo it. But even Scots-Irish Presbyterians had to have a little fun sometimes. The occasion to let go was Twelfth Night on Jan. 5 or 6. For Christians, it marks the arrival in Bethlehem of the Magi, or Three Wise Men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Charlotte+Observer&rft.atitle=Presbyterians+bring+Twelfth+Night&rft.date=2009-12-25&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southwark.anglican.org/thebridge/1112/1112p5.pdf">"The Bridge"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228034506/http://www.southwark.anglican.org/thebridge/1112/1112p5.pdf">Archived</a> December 28, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Diocese of Southwark. Newsletter dated December 2011/January 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-PolonCantwell1983-19"><a href="#cite_ref-PolonCantwell1983_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolonCantwell1983" class="citation book cs1">Polon, Linda; Cantwell, Aileen (1983). The Whole Earth Holiday Book. Good Year Books. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780673165855" title="Special:BookSources/9780673165855"><bdi>9780673165855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+Earth+Holiday+Book&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Good+Year+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780673165855&rft.aulast=Polon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Cantwell%2C+Aileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Learning-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Learning_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A Study Guide for William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. 2016. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410361349" title="Special:BookSources/9781410361349"><bdi>9781410361349</bdi></a>. <q>Twelfth Night saw people feasting and taking down Christmas decorations. The king cake is traditionally served in France and England on the Twelfth Night to commemorate the journey of the Magi to visit the Christ child.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+Guide+for+William+Shakespeare%27s+%22Twelfth+Night%22&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781410361349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGregor2023-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGregor2023_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGregor2023_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2023" class="citation web cs1">McGregor, Kate (November 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aol.com/bad-luck-tree-down-january-005700497.html">"It's Bad Luck To Take Your Tree Down Before January 6"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. <q>According to the tradition of the 12 days of Christmas (explained above), January 6 is the earliest you should be taking down your Christmas tree. According to the legend, bad luck will befall those who stop the Christmas cheer any earlier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Bad+Luck+To+Take+Your+Tree+Down+Before+January+6&rft.pub=AOL&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aol.com%2Fbad-luck-tree-down-january-005700497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edworthy2008-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Edworthy2008_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdworthy2008" class="citation book cs1">Edworthy, Niall (2008). The Curious World of Christmas. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399534577" title="Special:BookSources/9780399534577"><bdi>9780399534577</bdi></a>. <q>The time-honoured epoch for taking down Christmas decorations from Church and house in Candlemas Day, February 2nd. Terribly withered they are by that time. Candlemas in old times represented the end of the Christmas holidays, which, when "fine old leisure" reigned, were far longer than they are now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curious+World+of+Christmas&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780399534577&rft.aulast=Edworthy&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roud2008-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Roud2008_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoud2008" class="citation book cs1">Roud, Steve (2008). The English Year. Penguin Books Limited. p. 690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141919270" title="Special:BookSources/9780141919270"><bdi>9780141919270</bdi></a>. <q>As indicated in Herrick's poem, quoted above, in the mid seventeenth century Christmas decorations were expected to stay in place until Candlemas (2 February), and this remained the norm until the nineteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Year&rft.pages=690&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780141919270&rft.aulast=Roud&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroome2016" class="citation web cs1">Groome, Imogen (December 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metro.co.uk/2016/12/31/when-is-twelfth-night-and-what-does-it-mean-6353917/">"When is Twelfth Night and what does it mean?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a>. Retrieved January 7, 2017. <q>Twelfth Night 2017 is on Thursday 5 January, which is when we're meant to put away our Christmas decorations or there'll be bad luck in the year ahead. If you miss the date, some believe it's necessary to keep decorations up until Candlemas on 2 February – or you'll definitely have a rubbish year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+is+Twelfth+Night+and+what+does+it+mean%3F&rft.pub=Metro&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft.aulast=Groome&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2016%2F12%2F31%2Fwhen-is-twelfth-night-and-what-does-it-mean-6353917%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/candlemas.shtml">"Candlemas"</a>. BBC. Retrieved April 9, 2014. <q>Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night (January 5th) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Candlemas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fholydays%2Fcandlemas.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=epiphany&searchmode=none">"Online Etymological Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Depiphany%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blue-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blue_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blue_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G2015&t=KJV">"Lexicon"</a>. Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexicon&rft.pub=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DG2015%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff2014" class="citation web cs1">Schaff, Philip (April 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outreachjudaism.org/coping-with-christmas/">"History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100–325. § 64. The Epiphany"</a>. Christian Classics Etheral Library. Retrieved January 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+II%3A+Ante-Nicene+Christianity.+A.D.+100%E2%80%93325.+%C2%A7+64.+The+Epiphany&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Etheral+Library&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foutreachjudaism.org%2Fcoping-with-christmas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakary2023" class="citation web cs1">Makary, Marina (January 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyptianstreets.com/2023/01/17/why-do-coptic-christians-in-egypt-eat-taro-on-feast-of-the-epiphany/">"Why do Coptic Christians in Egypt Eat Taro on Feast of the Epiphany?"</a>. Egyptian Streets. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+Coptic+Christians+in+Egypt+Eat+Taro+on+Feast+of+the+Epiphany%3F&rft.pub=Egyptian+Streets&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft.aulast=Makary&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2023%2F01%2F17%2Fwhy-do-coptic-christians-in-egypt-eat-taro-on-feast-of-the-epiphany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1909_30-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartindale1909">Martindale 1909</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmemann" class="citation web cs1">Schmemann, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbburnett.com/resources/Schmemann,%20Intro,%20122-125.pdf">"The Pre-Constantinian Origins of the Church Year"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Constantinian+Origins+of+the+Church+Year&rft.aulast=Schmemann&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbburnett.com%2Fresources%2FSchmemann%2C%2520Intro%2C%2520122-125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington1952" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Philip (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTacCwAAQBAJ">The Primitive Christian Calendar</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-60377-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-60377-2"><bdi>978-1-316-60377-2</bdi></a>. <q>In the secondary arrangement of Mark which is found in the non-B manuscripts, the Roman Year was followed. This arrangement would be the most natural way of explaining the origin of January 6 as a festival of the Baptism of Jesus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primitive+Christian+Calendar&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-1-316-60377-2&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgTacCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Carrington, "The 'heretical' festival of 'Epiphany' became a universal festival throughout the whole Christian world, commemorating both the Baptism and the Nativity of Jesus. It is hard to explain this as a world-wide imitation of the Basilides; it is quite easy to explain if the 48 (49)-lection arrangement of Mark was used as a Calendar fairly widely at one time." (p. 54). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Ammianus Marcellinus, XXI, ii </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinasParker1841" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, Thomas; Parker, John Henry (1841). Catena Aurea. London: JGF and J Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catena+Aurea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=JGF+and+J+Rivington&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Parker%2C+John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Epiphanius, <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a>, li, 27, in <a href="/wiki/Migne" class="mw-redirect" title="Migne">Migne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graecae" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrologia Graecae">Patrologia Graecae</a> (P.G.), XLI, 936 (where it is called by its Latin name: Adversus Haereses) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpiphaniuschapters_xxviii_and_xxix_P.G.,_XLI,_940_sq.-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpiphaniuschapters_xxviii_and_xxix_P.G.,_XLI,_940_sq._37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEpiphanius">Epiphanius</a>, chapters xxviii and xxix P.G., XLI, 940 sq.. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokhilko" class="citation web cs1">Pokhilko, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/historyofepiphany">"History of Epiphany"</a>. <q>The birth of Christ, the story of the Magi, Christ's baptism, His divine manifestation, miracle at Cana, and the feeding of the crowds formed the festival of Epiphany on January 6 as indicated in earlier Alexandrian and Syrian traditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Epiphany&rft.aulast=Pokhilko&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fhistoryofepiphany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Keener, Matthew, 1997, (InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1801-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1801-4">0-8308-1801-4</a>, page 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_John_Chrysostom" class="citation web cs1">St John Chrysostom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/200107.htm">"Homily 7 on Matthew"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homily+7+on+Matthew&rft.au=St+John+Chrysostom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F200107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pokhilko-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pokhilko_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pokhilko_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/historyofepiphany/">"Nicholas Pokhilko, History of Epiphany"</a>. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicholas+Pokhilko%2C+History+of+Epiphany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fhistoryofepiphany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> "Today the Church has been joined to her heavenly bridegroom, since Christ has purified her of her sins in the river Jordan: the Magi hasten to the royal wedding and offer gifts: the wedding guests rejoice since Christ has changed water into wine, alleluia" (Benedictus antiphon, Liturgy of the Hours, Roman Rite). "Three wonders mark this day we celebrate: today the star led the Magi to the manger; today water was changed into wine at the marriage feast; today Christ desired to be baptized by John in the river Jordan to bring us salvation, alleluia" (Magnificat antiphon at Second Vespers, Liturgy of the Hours, Roman Rite). </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgeria1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> (1970), Diary of a Pilgrimage, Chapter 26, (tr. George E. Gingras) New York: <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>, p. 96, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-0029-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-0029-0"><bdi>0-8091-0029-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+a+Pilgrimage%2C+Chapter+26&rft.place=%28tr.+George+E.+Gingras%29+New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8091-0029-0&rft.au=Egeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrøyshov" class="citation journal cs1">Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4874556">"[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem"</a>. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canterbury+Dictionary+of+Hymnology&rft.atitle=%5BHymnography+of+the%5D+Rite+of+Jerusalem&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B8yshov&rft.aufirst=Stig+Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4874556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoemaker2018" class="citation book cs1">Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1047578356">The first Christian hymnal : the songs of the ancient Jerusalem church</a>. Provo, Utah. pp. xiv–xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944394-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-944394-68-4"><bdi>978-1-944394-68-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1047578356">1047578356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+Christian+hymnal+%3A+the+songs+of+the+ancient+Jerusalem+church&rft.place=Provo%2C+Utah&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exv&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1047578356&rft.isbn=978-1-944394-68-4&rft.aulast=Shoemaker&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1047578356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Liddell & Scott </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigne1858312Oratio_XXXVIII-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigne1858312Oratio_XXXVIII_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMigne1858">Migne 1858</a>, p. 312, Oratio XXXVIII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigne1858333Oratio_XXXIX_&_XL-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigne1858333Oratio_XXXIX_&_XL_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMigne1858">Migne 1858</a>, p. 333, Oratio XXXIX & XL. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310238.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Oration 38 (Gregory Nazianzen)"</a>. www.newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Oration+38+%28Gregory+Nazianzen%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F310238.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> St. John Cassian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/350810.htm">Conferences, X</a>, 2, in Migne, <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a> (P.L.), XLIX; 820 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball2003-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Ball2003_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2003" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Ann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjI9YQBFDGYC&pg=PA188">Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</a>. 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Retrieved December 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+Church+in+Singapore&rft.pub=methodist.org.sg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.sg%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fpublic-resources%2Fseasons-of-the-church%2F140-seasons-of-the-church-sundays-after-epiphany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elca.org/Growing-In-Faith/Worship/Planning/Epiphany.aspx">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528061440/http://www.elca.org/Growing-In-Faith/Worship/Planning/Epiphany.aspx">Archived</a> May 28, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elca.org/Resources/Worship">"Worship"</a>. 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Imago Dei Anglican Church – Greater Bangor, Maine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idachurch.com/resources/times-and-seasons-of-the-church/ordinary-time-after-epiphany/">the original</a> on December 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imago+Dei+Anglican+Church+%E2%80%93+Greater+Bangor%2C+Maine&rft.atitle=Ordinary+Time+%28After+Epiphany%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidachurch.com%2Fresources%2Ftimes-and-seasons-of-the-church%2Fordinary-time-after-epiphany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)1992" class="citation book cs1">Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSZzNot1iCsC&pg=PA49">Liturgical Year</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-66425350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-66425350-9"><bdi>978-0-66425350-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liturgical+Year&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-66425350-9&rft.au=Presbyterian+Church+%28U.S.A.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSZzNot1iCsC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musiqueorguequebec.ca/catal/telemann/telgp01b.html#0111">"Fête de l'Épiphanie"</a> section at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musiqueorguequebec.ca/catal/telemann/telgp01b.html">Georg Philipp Telemann, Catalogue TWV 01: Cantates d'église, Temps de Noël</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musiqueorguequebec.ca">www.musiqueorguequebec.ca</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Bach_Edition" title="New Bach Edition">New Bach Edition</a> (Bärenreiter). Volume 5: Kantaten zum Epiphaniasfest bis zum 2. Sonntag nach Epiphanias in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/catalogue/complete-editions/bach-johann-sebastian/nba/series-i/">Series I: Cantatas</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/sources/452511216">452511216</a> Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich: Es danken dir Gott die Völker and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/sources/466000040">466000040</a> Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich: Lobet den Herrn alle Heiden in F major </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Pieces_for_Epiphany" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Pieces for Epiphany">Pieces for Epiphany</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527221451/http://www.armenianchurch.net/prayer/feasts.html">"The Feasts of the Church Year"</a>. Armenianchurch.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianchurch.net/prayer/feasts.html">the original</a> on May 27, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Feasts+of+the+Church+Year&rft.pub=Armenianchurch.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianchurch.net%2Fprayer%2Ffeasts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127135056/http://www.armenianchurch.net/worship/christmas/armenia.html">"Christmas in the Old Country"</a>. Armenianchurch.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianchurch.net/worship/christmas/armenia.html">the original</a> on January 27, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+the+Old+Country&rft.pub=Armenianchurch.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianchurch.net%2Fworship%2Fchristmas%2Farmenia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dowama.org/sites/docs/RankingListOfFeastsAndCommemorations.pdf">"Ranking List of Feasts and Commemorations"</a> (PDF). St. Raphael Clergy Brotherhood. 'APOSTOLKI DIAKONIA' OF THE CHURCH OF GREECE – ATHENS 1993. Retrieved January 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Raphael+Clergy+Brotherhood&rft.atitle=Ranking+List+of+Feasts+and+Commemorations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dowama.org%2Fsites%2Fdocs%2FRankingListOfFeastsAndCommemorations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/waterinchristianity">"Nicholas Pokhilko, The Meaning of Water in Christianity"</a>. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicholas+Pokhilko%2C+The+Meaning+of+Water+in+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fwaterinchristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/events/01-19-2006/index.htm#On_Holy_Water">"Past Events. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, a parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Events.+HOLY+TRINITY+RUSSIAN+ORTHODOX+CHURCH%2C+a+parish+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Moscow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holytrinityorthodox.com%2Fevents%2F01-19-2006%2Findex.htm%23On_Holy_Water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> St. John Chrysostom, Homily on Christian Baptism in P.G., XLIX, 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/composition/cantata-no-65-sie-werden-aus-saba-alle-kommen-bwv-65-bc-a27-mc0002356333">"Cantata No. 65, "Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen," BWV 65 (BC A27) – Johann Sebastian Bach, Johann Sebastian Bach – Details, Parts / Movements and Recordings"</a>. AllMusic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cantata+No.+65%2C+%22Sie+werden+aus+Saba+alle+kommen%2C%22+BWV+65+%28BC+A27%29+%E2%80%93+Johann+Sebastian+Bach%2C+Johann+Sebastian+Bach+%E2%80%93+Details%2C+Parts+%2F+Movements+and+Recordings&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fcomposition%2Fcantata-no-65-sie-werden-aus-saba-alle-kommen-bwv-65-bc-a27-mc0002356333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/523584">523584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kantaten+von+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F523584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcboston.org/news/christmasbach.pdf">Back Bay Chorale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722194530/http://www.bbcboston.org/news/christmasbach.pdf">Archived</a> July 22, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkinson2024" class="citation web cs1">Hodgkinson, Alex (January 6, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/a-musician-names-the-best-epiphany-music/">"On The Record: listening choices for Epiphany to stir the heart and soul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a>. Retrieved January 7, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+The+Record%3A+listening+choices+for+Epiphany+to+stir+the+heart+and+soul&rft.pub=Catholic+Herald&rft.date=2024-01-06&rft.aulast=Hodgkinson&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fa-musician-names-the-best-epiphany-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Todd, R. Larry (October 23, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Mendelssohn/j2Pf2yQipyUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mendelssohn%20christus%20%22paul%20mendelssohn%22&pg=PA555&printsec=frontcover">Mendelssohn: A Life in Music</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 555. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511043-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511043-2"><bdi>978-0-19-511043-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mendelssohn%3A+A+Life+in+Music&rft.pages=555&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2003-10-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511043-2&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=R.+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FMendelssohn%2Fj2Pf2yQipyUC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dmendelssohn%2520christus%2520%2522paul%2520mendelssohn%2522%26pg%3DPA555%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901122426/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/a/s/w/aswithgl.htm">"As with Gladness, Men of Old"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/a/s/w/aswithgl.htm">the original</a> on September 1, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+with+Gladness%2C+Men+of+Old&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymntime.com%2Ftch%2Fhtm%2Fa%2Fs%2Fw%2Faswithgl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnary.org/text/as_with_gladness_men_of_old">"As with Gladness Men of Old"</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+with+Gladness+Men+of+Old&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnary.org%2Ftext%2Fas_with_gladness_men_of_old&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyber-88"><a href="#cite_ref-cyber_88-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/h/o/p/hopkins_jh.htm">Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111142545/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/h/o/p/hopkins_jh.htm">Archived</a> January 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Cyber Hymnal </li> <li id="cite_note-nat-geo-89"><a href="#cite_ref-nat-geo_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413235314/http://www.allpics4u.com/places/visions-of-earth-by-national-geographic.html">"Bulgaria – Epiphany Day at an icy Sofia lake finds young men in hot pursuit. Belief holds that the first to reach the wooden cross, thrown by an Eastern Orthodox priest, will enjoy a year of good health. Photograph by Dimitar Dilkoff"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allpics4u.com/places/visions-of-earth-by-national-geographic.html">the original</a> on April 13, 2019. 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Retrieved January 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feast+Day+of+Epiphany+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsfl.us%2FMayorCommissioner%2FAgenda%2FDecember13-2011%2FFeast%2520Day%2520of%2520Epiphany%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchantz,_Mark" class="citation web cs1">Schantz, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105190544/http://suncoastpasco.tbo.com/content/2010/jan/02/pi-tarpon-springs-to-again-become-epiphany-city-us/">"Tarpon Springs to again become Epiphany City USA"</a>. The Suncoast News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suncoastpasco.tbo.com/content/2010/jan/02/pi-tarpon-springs-to-again-become-epiphany-city-us">the original</a> on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tarpon+Springs+to+again+become+Epiphany+City+USA&rft.pub=The+Suncoast+News&rft.au=Schantz%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuncoastpasco.tbo.com%2Fcontent%2F2010%2Fjan%2F02%2Fpi-tarpon-springs-to-again-become-epiphany-city-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223185245/http://www.colorado-for-free.com/FreeThingsToDoColorado/FruitcakeToss.htm">"Great Fruitcake Toss"</a>. Colorado-for-free.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado-for-free.com/FreeThingsToDoColorado/FruitcakeToss.htm">the original</a> on December 23, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Fruitcake+Toss&rft.pub=Colorado-for-free.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado-for-free.com%2FFreeThingsToDoColorado%2FFruitcakeToss.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212024020/http://www.gone-ta-pott.com/fruitcake_toss_day.html">"Fruitcake Toss Day!"</a>. Gone-ta-pott.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fruitcake+Toss+Day%21&rft.pub=Gone-ta-pott.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gone-ta-pott.com%2Ffruitcake_toss_day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970816160612/http://www.britannia.com/wales/culture2.html">"Wales on Britannia: Welsh Culture & Traditions"</a>. Britannia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/wales/culture2.html">the original</a> on August 16, 1997. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wales+on+Britannia%3A+Welsh+Culture+%26+Traditions&rft.pub=Britannia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannia.com%2Fwales%2Fculture2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFEpiphanius">Epiphanius, <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a>, li, 27, in <a href="/wiki/Migne" class="mw-redirect" title="Migne">Migne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graecae" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrologia Graecae">Patrologia Graecae</a> (P.G.), XLI, 936 (where it is called by its Latin name: Adversus Haereses)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Martindale, Cyril (1909). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Epiphany">"Epiphany" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epiphany&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigne1858" class="citation book cs1">Migne, Jacques-Paul (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA333">Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca</a>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrologiae+cursus+completus%2C+series+graeca&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Migne&rft.aufirst=Jacques-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BURAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1823" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baxter" title="Roger Baxter">Baxter, Roger</a> (1823). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Meditations_For_Every_Day_In_The_Year/From_Christmas_to_Septuagesima_Sunday#109">"Christ to be Adored with Offerings" </a>. Meditations For Every Day In The Year. New York: Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christ+to+be+Adored+with+Offerings&rft.btitle=Meditations+For+Every+Day+In+The+Year&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassillon1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Massillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Massillon">Massillon, Jean-Baptiste</a> (1879). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_(Massillon)/Sermon_27">"Sermon XXVII: For the day of the Epiphany" </a>. Sermons by John-Baptist Massillon. Thomas Tegg and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sermon+XXVII%3A+For+the+day+of+the+Epiphany&rft.btitle=Sermons+by+John-Baptist+Massillon&rft.pub=Thomas+Tegg+and+Son&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Massillon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpiphany+%28holiday%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Epiphany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Epiphany">Epiphany</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Epiphany" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Epiphany">Epiphany</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029114558/http://www.cresourcei.org/cyepiph.html">The Epiphany Season</a> at the Christian Resource Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/The_Church_Year/Vigil-and-Feast-of-Epiphany.htm">Rev. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epiphany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week_of_Prayer_for_Christian_Unity" title="Week of Prayer for Christian Unity">Week of Prayer for Christian Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity#Great_Blessing_of_Waters_at_Theophany" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Great Blessing of Waters at Theophany</a> (Eastern Orthodox)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year#Epiphany_(Denha)" title="Liturgical year">Epiphany feast days</a> (East Syriac Rite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a> (Ethiopian Orthodox Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Christmas" title="Little Christmas">Little Christmas</a> (Julian Calendar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Feast of the Transfiguration</a> (Certain Protestants)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Baltasar" title="San Baltasar">San Baltasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage at Cana">Marriage at Cana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">King cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Epiphany Eve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas#Rediscovery_after_1994_and_tourism" title="Al-Maghtas">Pilgrimage to Al-Maghtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">La Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Knut%27s_Day" title="Saint Knut's Day">Saint Knut's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">Star singers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hymns and carols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_with_Gladness_Men_of_Old" title="As with Gladness Men of Old">As with Gladness Men of Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightest_and_Best" title="Brightest and Best">Brightest and Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_%C3%BCber_Bethlehem" title="Stern über Bethlehem">Stern über Bethlehem</a> (Star above Bethlehem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Kings" title="The Three Kings">The Three Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Three_Kings" title="We Three Kings">We Three Kings of Orient Are</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wie_sch%C3%B6n_leuchtet_der_Morgenstern" title="Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern">Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern</a> (How Lovely Shines the Morning Star)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noted works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christus_(Mendelssohn)" title="Christus (Mendelssohn)">Christus (Mendelssohn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_church_cantatas_by_liturgical_occasion#Epiphany_(6_January)" title="List of church cantatas by liturgical occasion">Church cantatas for the Feast of Epiphany</a> (and following)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein#Epiphany_BWV_616–617" title="Orgelbüchlein">Orgelbüchlein § Epiphany BWV 616–617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_the_Brown_King" title="The Ballad of the Brown King">The Ballad of the Brown King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Category:Epiphany (holiday)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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#ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Ordinary_Form_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1969_Calendar)866" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Ordinary Form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">1969 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">December 17 to 23</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/250px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/375px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/500px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mary, Mother of God</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Presentation of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">5th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">7th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Nativity of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Tridentine_Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1960_Calendar)866" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">1960 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Advent">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorate_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorate Mass">Rorate Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">Greater Ferias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Winter Ember Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Octave Day of Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Purification of Mary</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Spring Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">P</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays after Easter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation Days</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Summer Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Feast of the Most Precious Blood">Precious Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Autumn Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Maternity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffea7d"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>P = <a href="/wiki/Procession#Roman_Catholics" title="Procession">Ordinary Procession</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: gold;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Italic font marks the 10 <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in the universal calendar which do not normally fall on a Sunday.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Older calendars <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">pre-1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas672" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas672" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)">Blue Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In folklore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Gift-bringers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf" title="The Elf on the Shelf">The Elf on the Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummers%27_play" title="Mummers' play">Mummers' play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Din" title="Boro Din">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Christmas_folklore" title="Icelandic Christmas folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (Billboard)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas-themed_literature" title="List of Christmas-themed literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa Claus in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten_(poem)" title="Tomten (poem)">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of United States Christmas television specials">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In modern society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Advent Conspiracy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmasland_in_New_Taipei_City" title="Christmasland in New Taipei City">Christmasland in New Taipei City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GivingTuesday" title="GivingTuesday">GivingTuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Food and drink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Dinner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smorgasbord#Julbord" title="Smorgasbord">Julbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(dessert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (dessert)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plum" title="Sugar plum">Sugar plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bishop" title="Smoking bishop">Smoking bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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