CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head > <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>The Unexplored Diploid Landscape - Behind the Bench</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Unexplored Diploid Landscape" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Revealing gene and protein diplotypes through multiple haplotype-resolved human genomes Studying genetic variation generally lays aside consideration for variants as they line up along a particular parental allele. While we accept that the human genome is diploid, in practice having two different forms of each allele is taken as individual homozygous or heterozygous single nucleotide" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Behind the Bench" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/thermofisher" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-02-20T21:01:53+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-05-28T19:19:41+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2016/11/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1280" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Gretchen Brune" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@thermofisher" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@thermofisher" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Gretchen Brune" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="6 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/","url":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/","name":"The Unexplored Diploid Landscape - Behind the Bench","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2016/11/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg","datePublished":"2015-02-20T21:01:53+00:00","dateModified":"2020-05-28T19:19:41+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/#/schema/person/2755ff0c637d1dffb1055b8e52cb2419"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2016/11/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2016/11/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg","width":1280,"height":853},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Unexplored Diploid Landscape"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/#website","url":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/","name":"Behind the Bench","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/#/schema/person/2755ff0c637d1dffb1055b8e52cb2419","name":"Gretchen Brune","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7af125818ae9e715cda32cd6fb7e1b52?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7af125818ae9e715cda32cd6fb7e1b52?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Gretchen Brune"},"url":"https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/author/gretchen-brune/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.thermofisher.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Behind the Bench » Feed" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Behind the Bench » Comments Feed" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Behind the Bench » The Unexplored Diploid Landscape Comments Feed" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/feed/" />  <script src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/8156647427.js"></script>  <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:373708,hjsv:5}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'//static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script>  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-K4QTN4KM25" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.4'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery ) : MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations ); } else { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery : MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations; } var disableStrs = [ 'ga-disable-G-K4QTN4KM25', ]; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) { return true; } } return false; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } /* Opt-out function */ function __gtagTrackerOptout() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) { function gaOptout() { __gtagTrackerOptout(); } } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.MonsterInsightsDualTracker = { helpers: {}, trackers: {}, }; if (mi_track_user) { function __gtagDataLayer() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { if (!parameters) { parameters = {}; } if (parameters.send_to) { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); return; } if (type === 'event') { parameters.send_to = monsterinsights_frontend.v4_id; var hookName = name; if (typeof parameters['event_category'] !== 'undefined') { hookName = parameters['event_category'] + ':' + name; } if (typeof MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName] !== 'undefined') { MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName](parameters); } else { __gtagDataLayer('event', name, parameters); } } else { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); } } __gtagTracker('js', new Date()); __gtagTracker('set', { 'developer_id.dZGIzZG': true, }); if ( MonsterInsightsLocations.page_location ) { __gtagTracker('set', MonsterInsightsLocations); } __gtagTracker('config', 'G-K4QTN4KM25', {"use_amp_client_id":"true","forceSSL":"true","author":"Gretchen Brune","category":"Cancer Research","published_at":"2015-02-20T21:01:53+00:00","tags":"Applied Biosystems,gene expression,Genomic Variants,Ion Torrent,Next Generation Sequencing,PCR,Real Time PCR,Sanger Sequencing,Whole Genome Sequencing - Large Genome"} ); window.gtag = __gtagTracker; (function () { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */ var noopfn = function () { return null; }; var newtracker = function () { return new Tracker(); }; var Tracker = function () { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('send'); __gaTracker.apply(null, args); }; var __gaTracker = function () { var len = arguments.length; if (len === 0) { return; } var f = arguments[len - 1]; if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') { if ('send' === arguments[0]) { var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action; if ('event' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': arguments[3], 'eventCategory': arguments[2], 'eventLabel': arguments[4], 'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1, } } } if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': 'page_view', 'page_path': arguments[2], } } } if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') { hitObject = arguments[2]; } if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') { Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); } if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) { hitObject = arguments[1]; if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; } } if (hitObject) { action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', 'referrer' : 'page_referrer', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script>  <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_related-posts-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/related-posts/related-posts.css?ver=20240116' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='accelerating-science-blogs-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/themes/accelerating-science-blogs/style.css?ver=1.2.9.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mashsb-styles-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/mashsharer/assets/css/mashsb.min.css?ver=4.0.47' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='mashsb-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> .mashsb-count {color:#555759;}[class^="mashicon-"] .text, [class*=" mashicon-"] .text{ text-indent: -9999px !important; line-height: 0px; display: block; } [class^="mashicon-"] .text:after, [class*=" mashicon-"] .text:after { content: "" !important; text-indent: 0; font-size:13px; display: block !important; } [class^="mashicon-"], [class*=" mashicon-"] { width:25%; text-align: center !important; } [class^="mashicon-"] .icon:before, [class*=" mashicon-"] .icon:before { float:none; margin-right: 0; } .mashsb-buttons a{ margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom:3px; min-width: 0; width: 41px; } .onoffswitch, .onoffswitch-inner:before, .onoffswitch-inner:after .onoffswitch2, .onoffswitch2-inner:before, .onoffswitch2-inner:after { margin-right: 0px; width: 41px; line-height: 41px; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mashnet-styles-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/mashshare-networks/assets/css/mashnet.min.css?ver=2.5.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mashsas-styles-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/mashshare-select-and-share/assets/css/mashsas.min.css?ver=1.0.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gforms_reset_css-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/legacy/css/formreset.min.css?ver=2.9.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gforms_formsmain_css-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/legacy/css/formsmain.min.css?ver=2.9.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gforms_ready_class_css-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/legacy/css/readyclass.min.css?ver=2.9.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gforms_browsers_css-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/legacy/css/browsers.min.css?ver=2.9.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='globals-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/themes/accelerating-science-blogs/global-style.css?ver=1.2.9.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bfa-font-awesome-css' href='https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/css/all.css?ver=2.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bfa-font-awesome-v4-shim-css' href='https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/css/v4-shims.css?ver=2.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='bfa-font-awesome-v4-shim-inline-css' type='text/css'> @font-face { font-family: 'FontAwesome'; src: url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-brands-400.eot'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-brands-400.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff') format('woff'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-brands-400.ttf') format('truetype'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-brands-400.svg#fontawesome') format('svg'); } @font-face { font-family: 'FontAwesome'; src: url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-solid-900.eot'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-solid-900.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff') format('woff'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-solid-900.ttf') format('truetype'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-solid-900.svg#fontawesome') format('svg'); } @font-face { font-family: 'FontAwesome'; src: url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-regular-400.eot'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-regular-400.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff') format('woff'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-regular-400.ttf') format('truetype'), url('https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/webfonts/fa-regular-400.svg#fontawesome') format('svg'); unicode-range: U+F004-F005,U+F007,U+F017,U+F022,U+F024,U+F02E,U+F03E,U+F044,U+F057-F059,U+F06E,U+F070,U+F075,U+F07B-F07C,U+F080,U+F086,U+F089,U+F094,U+F09D,U+F0A0,U+F0A4-F0A7,U+F0C5,U+F0C7-F0C8,U+F0E0,U+F0EB,U+F0F3,U+F0F8,U+F0FE,U+F111,U+F118-F11A,U+F11C,U+F133,U+F144,U+F146,U+F14A,U+F14D-F14E,U+F150-F152,U+F15B-F15C,U+F164-F165,U+F185-F186,U+F191-F192,U+F1AD,U+F1C1-F1C9,U+F1CD,U+F1D8,U+F1E3,U+F1EA,U+F1F6,U+F1F9,U+F20A,U+F247-F249,U+F24D,U+F254-F25B,U+F25D,U+F267,U+F271-F274,U+F279,U+F28B,U+F28D,U+F2B5-F2B6,U+F2B9,U+F2BB,U+F2BD,U+F2C1-F2C2,U+F2D0,U+F2D2,U+F2DC,U+F2ED,U+F328,U+F358-F35B,U+F3A5,U+F3D1,U+F410,U+F4AD; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='boxzilla-css' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/boxzilla/assets/css/styles.css?ver=3.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack_related-posts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/related-posts/related-posts.min.js?ver=20240116" id="jetpack_related-posts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-premium/assets/js/frontend-gtag.js?ver=9.2.4" id="monsterinsights-frontend-script-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>/* <![CDATA[ */ var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[]","home_url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-K4QTN4KM25"};/* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mashsb-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mashsb = {"shares":"0","round_shares":"1","animate_shares":"0","dynamic_buttons":"0","share_url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape\/","title":"The+Unexplored+Diploid+Landscape","image":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/11\/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg","desc":"Revealing gene and protein diplotypes through multiple haplotype-resolved human genomes\r\n\r\n\r\nStudying genetic variation generally lays aside consideration for variants as they line up along a particular parental allele. While we accept that the human genome is \u2026","hashtag":"thermofisher","subscribe":"content","subscribe_url":"","activestatus":"1","singular":"1","twitter_popup":"1","refresh":"1","nonce":"7762346305","postid":"9220","servertime":"1739778728","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/mashsharer/assets/js/mashsb.min.js?ver=4.0.47" id="mashsb-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/mashshare-google-analytics/assets/js/mashga.min.js?ver=1.0.9" id="mashga-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mashnet-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mashnet = {"body":"Check out this article I just read:","subject":"Check out this article from Accelerating Science","pinterest_select":"1","pinterest_image":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/11\/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg","pinterest_desc":"Revealing gene and protein diplotypes through multiple haplotype-resolved human genomes\r\n\r\n\r\nStudying genetic variation generally lays aside consideration for variants as they line up along a particular parental allele. While we accept that the human genome is \u2026"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/mashshare-networks/assets/js/mashnet.min.js?ver=2.5.3" id="mashnet-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.7" id="underscore-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/backbone.min.js?ver=1.6.0" id="backbone-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-api-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var WP_API_Settings = {"root":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench","nonce":"2c5a04e68c"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-live/public/assets/js/util--wp-api.js?ver=0.9" id="wp-api-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mashsas-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mashsas = {"minchars":"10","appid":"1603510369972799","facebook":"1","twitter":"1","mail":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/mashshare-select-and-share/assets/js/mashsas.min.js?ver=1.0.5" id="mashsas-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/jquery.json.min.js?ver=2.9.2" id="gform_json-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gform_gravityforms-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"ba9b01dcd53654286b81e3e651d8aa9f","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"ba9b01dcd53654286b81e3e651d8aa9f","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"ba9b01dcd53654286b81e3e651d8aa9f","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"ba9b01dcd53654286b81e3e651d8aa9f","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; var gform_i18n = {"datepicker":{"days":{"monday":"Mo","tuesday":"Tu","wednesday":"We","thursday":"Th","friday":"Fr","saturday":"Sa","sunday":"Su"},"months":{"january":"January","february":"February","march":"March","april":"April","may":"May","june":"June","july":"July","august":"August","september":"September","october":"October","november":"November","december":"December"},"firstDay":1,"iconText":"Select date"}}; var gf_legacy_multi = {"1":"1","":"1"}; var gform_gravityforms = {"strings":{"invalid_file_extension":"This type of file is not allowed. Must be one of the following:","delete_file":"Delete this file","in_progress":"in progress","file_exceeds_limit":"File exceeds size limit","illegal_extension":"This type of file is not allowed.","max_reached":"Maximum number of files reached","unknown_error":"There was a problem while saving the file on the server","currently_uploading":"Please wait for the uploading to complete","cancel":"Cancel","cancel_upload":"Cancel this upload","cancelled":"Cancelled"},"vars":{"images_url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/gravityforms.min.js?ver=2.9.2" id="gform_gravityforms-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/chosen.jquery.min.js?ver=2.9.2" id="gform_chosen-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/utils.min.js?ver=501a987060f4426fb517400c73c7fc1e" id="gform_gravityforms_utils-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/themes/accelerating-science-blogs/js/single-scripts.js?ver=1.2.9.3" id="single-scripts-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/9220" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/?p=9220' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fbehindthebench%2Fthe-unexplored-diploid-landscape%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fbehindthebench%2Fthe-unexplored-diploid-landscape%2F&format=xml" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="258357757657262" />  <link rel="icon" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/themes/accelerating-science-blogs/images/favicon.ico" />  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-34877942-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-34877942-1'); </script>  <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '305572349637096'); fbq('track', "PageView");</script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=305572349637096&ev=PageView&noscript=1" /></noscript>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-1013120100"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'AW-1013120100'); </script>  <script> gtag('event', 'conversion', {'send_to': 'AW-1013120100/_RFLCLT6yqsBEOT4i-MD'}); </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","mainEntityofPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/behindthebench\/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape\/"},"headline":"The Unexplored Diploid Landscape","datePublished":"02\/20\/2015","dateModified":"02\/20\/2015","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Thermo Fisher Scientific","URL":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/us\/en\/home.html","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/content\/dam\/LifeTech\/Images\/Header\/logo-color.png"}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/11\/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg","width":1280,"height":853},"keywords":"Applied Biosystems, gene expression, Genomic Variants, Ion Torrent, Next Generation Sequencing, PCR, Real Time PCR, Sanger Sequencing, Whole Genome Sequencing - Large Genome, ","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Gretchen Brune"}} </script> <script>(()=>{var o=[],i={};["on","off","toggle","show"].forEach((l=>{i[l]=function(){o.push([l,arguments])}})),window.Boxzilla=i,window.boxzilla_queue=o})();</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/etc/designs/lifetech/clientlibs/digitaldata.js" defer="defer"></script> <script id="tagmanager" type="text/javascript" src='https://assets.adobedtm.com/launch-ENeecb77f1160a4928a492ff040f7110c7.min.js' defer="defer"></script> <script> (function($) { $(document).ready(function() { digitalData.setPageType('blog'); }) })(jQuery); </script> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /* Welcome to Custom CSS! To learn how this works, see http://wp.me/PEmnE-Bt */blockquote { width: 450px; color:#FFF; background: #7d7e7d; /* Old browsers */ background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #7d7e7d 0%, #0e0e0e 100%); /* FF3.6+ */ background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#7d7e7d), color-stop(100%,#0e0e0e)); /* Chrome,Safari4+ */ background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #7d7e7d 0%,#0e0e0e 100%); /* Chrome10+,Safari5.1+ */ background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #7d7e7d 0%,#0e0e0e 100%); /* Opera 11.10+ */ background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #7d7e7d 0%,#0e0e0e 100%); /* IE10+ */ background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7d7e7d 0%,#0e0e0e 100%); /* W3C */ filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr=’#7d7e7d’, endColorstr=’#0e0e0e’,GradientType=0 ); /* IE6-9 */ border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 6px; box-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #ccc; font-style: italic; } </style> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-9220 single-format-standard header-image full-width-content genesis-breadcrumbs-visible"><div class="site-container"><header class="site-header"><div class="wrap"><div class="title-area"><p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a></p></div><div class="widget-area header-widget-area"><section id="nav_menu-2" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="widget-wrap"><nav class="nav-header"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu genesis-nav-menu"><li id="menu-item-15" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-15"><a><span >Categories</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-22" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-22"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/"><span >Advancing Materials</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-21" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-21"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/"><span >Advancing Mining</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-17937" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17937"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/"><span >AnalyteGuru</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-20" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/"><span >Analyzing Metals</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-12913" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-12913"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/ask-a-scientist/"><span >Ask a Scientist</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-16" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/"><span >Behind the Bench</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-17769" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17769"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/biotechnology/"><span >Biotech at Scale</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-16657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16657"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/"><span >Clinical Conversations</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-19" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/food/"><span >Examining Food</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-10924" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10924"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/identifying-threats/"><span >Identifying Threats</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-16704" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16704"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/semiconductors/"><span >Illuminating Semiconductors</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-16705" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16705"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/atomic-resolution/"><span >Life in Atomic Resolution</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-10922" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10922"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/life-in-the-lab/"><span >Life in the Lab</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-16658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16658"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/oempowered/"><span >OEMpowered</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-12812" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-12812"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/connectedlab/"><span >The Connected Lab</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-24" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-24"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/about-us/"><span >About Us</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-25" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/contact-us/?site=behindthebench"><span >Contact</span></a></li> </ul></nav></div></section> </div><div class="breadcrumb"><span class="breadcrumb-link-wrap"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/?">Accelerating Science</a></span><span class="breadcrumb-link-wrap"><a class="breadcrumb-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/"><span class="breadcrumb-link-text-wrap">Behind the Bench</span></a><meta ></span> <span aria-label="breadcrumb separator">/</span> <span class="breadcrumb-link-wrap"><a class="breadcrumb-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/cancer-research/"><span class="breadcrumb-link-text-wrap">Cancer Research</span></a><meta ></span> <span aria-label="breadcrumb separator">/</span> <span class="breadcrumb-current-title">The Unexplored Diploid Landscape</span></div></div></header><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-9220 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-cancer-research category-population-studies tag-applied-biosystems tag-gene-expression tag-genomic-variants tag-ion-torrent tag-next-generation-sequencing tag-pcr tag-real-time-pcr tag-sanger-sequencing tag-whole-genome-sequencing-large-genome entry" aria-label="The Unexplored Diploid Landscape"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">The Unexplored Diploid Landscape</h1> <span class="post-info-author"> By <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/author/gretchen-brune/" title="Posts by Gretchen Brune" rel="author">Gretchen Brune</a> </span> <span class="post-info-date"> 02.20.2015 </span> </header><div class="entry-content"><div class="jive-rendered-content"> <p><strong>Revealing gene and protein diplotypes through multiple haplotype-resolved human genomes</strong><br /> <a href="https://ioncommunity.thermofisher.com/servlet/JiveServlet/showImage/38-1451-21129/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="image-0 jive-image alignright" src="https://ioncommunity.thermofisher.com/servlet/JiveServlet/downloadImage/38-1451-21129/265-177/ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg" alt="ProteinExpressionD8C-10in.jpg" width="265" height="177" /></a></p> <p>Studying genetic variation generally lays aside consideration for variants as they line up along a particular parental allele. While we accept that the human genome is diploid, in practice having two different forms of each allele is taken as individual homozygous or heterozygous single nucleotide variants at a given base position, rather than a string of variants lined up along distinct haploid genes.</p> <p>In order to look at the role of haplotype in genomics, a bit of recent history is in order.</p> <p><strong>The Human Genome Project</strong></p> <p>The original 2001 achievement of the <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237011" rel="nofollow">Human Genome Project (HGP)</a> undoubtedly was the starting point for significant advances in human genomics. Three years later in 2004 the international consortium delivered a <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496913" rel="nofollow">high-quality human genome assembly consisting of 99% of the euchromatic sequence</a>. And yet it is incomplete with regard to determining haplotype phase, because the reference sequence is a haploid consensus mosaic sequence comprised of multiple samples. (On this point it is not clear what the identity of these individual samples are nor how many there were from the original HGP effort.)</p> <p>Simultaneous to the finish of the HGP, the International HapMap Consortium (IHC) initiated work on determining the <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_disequilibrium" rel="nofollow">linkage disequilibrium</a> (LD) blocks across 269 samples from four populations. This laid the foundation for the flood of genome-wide association studies to come: the most recent data from the <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/" rel="nofollow">Genome.gov</a> website (December 2013) includes 1,778 publications and 12,123 SNPs associated with different phenotypic traits studied. Publishing their first work of over a<a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16255080" rel="nofollow"> million SNPs in 2005</a> and then a <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943122" rel="nofollow">second generation map of </a><a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943122" rel="nofollow">3.1 million SNPs</a> in 2007, these maps were critical in understanding common variation across populations as a high-quality dataset.</p> <p>Having the map of haplotypes across four populations enabled genome-wide associations to explore the ‘common disease – common variant’ hypothesis, that common variants in a population contribute additive effects for disease risk within the population where the disease is manifest.</p> <p><strong> Limitations of technology</strong></p> <p>Technology is available to determine blocks of SNPs that travel together as a haplotype group; but for an individual sample, the biology of these variants as distinct paternal and maternal allelic forms of genes have not been explored. The ability to determine individual genetic variation in a sample has been available for decades; however the ability to analyze the entire set of genes that comprise the genome by its haploid content has yet to mature.</p> <p>In the simplest example, a single SNV can be assessed with great precision via a TaqMan<sup>®</sup> Genotyping Assay for a given ‘rs’ identification number. (For here at the <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="https://bioinfo.appliedbiosystems.com/genome-database/gene-expression.html" rel="nofollow">online TaqMan<sup>®</sup></a><a class="jive-link-external-small" href="https://bioinfo.appliedbiosystems.com/genome-database/gene-expression.html" rel="nofollow"> Gene Expression Assay Search tool</a>, you can simply put in a gene name and pull up a list of pre-designed genotyping research assays.) For a single rsID, for example rs10170549 in the IDH1 gene, this assay will detect an A/G transition substitution.</p> <p>From a sample of human genomic DNA the assay will very accurately determine what the specific genotype is (in the example of rs10170549 above, typically A/A, A/G or GG). Yet what this analysis does not capture is on which allele the variant lies on in the context of all the other variants that may be analyzed simultaneously – the variation disregards allelic information surrounding it, as the assay is looking at only a single SNP.</p> <p><strong>Computational methods</strong></p> <p>In the realm of whole-genome SNP microarrays, so fundamental for the successful execution of the International HapMap Project, obtaining hundreds of thousands of genotypes from a single sample have been routine for almost a decade. Particular genotypes along a particular strand cannot be determined unambiguously without additional information, usually in the form of additional genotypes from parental samples. Many computational methods have been developed to analyze genotypes from unrelated individuals, and group variants by haplotypes in that manner.</p> <p>In the case where genotypes from both parents and the individual sample are available (otherwise known as a trio), haplotypes can be inferred using Identity By Descent (IBD) methods.</p> <p>These computational methods are useful, but have limitations where the regions of haplotype information obtained is limited at a given threshold of accuracy. Experimental methods promise much better accuracy in haplotype phasing over a much larger proportion of the genome.</p> <p><strong>Using Sanger long reads for whole-genome haplotyping</strong></p> <p>Interest in completing a human haplotype sequence was fulfilled in 2007 with the publication of a single human individual via Sanger capillary electrophoresis. Titled <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803354" rel="nofollow">“The diploid genome sequence of an individual human”</a>, there were some surprises, not the least of which were the importance of indels (insertion/deletions), termed non-SNP DNA variation, accounting for 22% of the variation events and involving 74% of the variant bases compared to the human genome reference.</p> <p>Please note the assembly of an individual diploid human genome using Sanger capillary electrophoresis is highly accurate and much simpler than short-read next-generation sequencing due to its long reads. However it is not feasible to be performed routinely, as the costs and time involved would be prohibitive.</p> <p><strong>Experimental methods to determine whole-genome haplotype</strong></p> <p>Several successive publications using alternative sample preparation methods combined with next-generation sequencing have been developed.</p> <p>These sample preparation methods include:</p> <ol> <li><a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305652/" rel="nofollow">Spreading metaphase chromosomes from arrested cells and then microdissecting them</a></li> <li>Use fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) to separate chromosomes prior to amplification, tagging then sequencing</li> <li><a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170043/" rel="nofollow">Use a microfluidic device to capture a single metaphase cell, then separate and create separate homologous chromosome pools to determine haplotypes by whole-genome genotyping</a></li> <li>Dilute a very small number of genomic equivalents across a 384-well plate with 10% of a haploid genome in each well (called Long Fragment Length sequencing or LFR)</li> <li>Create many pools of large-insert fosmid libraries, create individual NGS libraries from each to reconstruct the haplotypes</li> </ol> <p>Taking this last approach, a group at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (Berlin, Germany) published a <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202284/" rel="nofollow">German individual’s haplotype-resolved genome</a> in 2011. The researchers analyzed 159 experimentally phased genes where deleterious mutations were harbored, and of these 86 were in <em>cis</em> (on the same haplotype) while 73 were in <em>trans</em> (compound heterozygosity). The mutations in <em>cis</em> is less likely to be damaging as one copy of the gene has its protein coding sequence unchanged.</p> <p>Taking this work further, this group recently published an <a class="jive-link-external-small" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25424553" rel="nofollow">extension of haplotype-resolved individual genomes</a> to 14 samples, and combined their analysis with an additional 372 statistically-resolved genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project.</p> <p><strong> Findings from multiple haplotype-resolved genomes</strong></p> <p>They characterize both haploid and diploid gene forms, and discover that there are a remarkable diversity of an average of 249 haploid forms per gene, and 235 diploid forms per gene. In addition, they describe a set of 4,269 genes that encode for two different proteins in over 30% of the genomes they examined, which they call a ‘common diplotypic proteome’.</p> <p>The large number of haploid and dipoid gene forms (on the order of 4.1 million and 3.9 million respectively) in their relatively small population size suggests “that current efforts are still far from capturing the majority of gene forms and that saturation may not even be achievable”. They continue, “the concept of a predominant, ‘wild-type’ form of ‘the’ gene appears obsolete for over 85% of genes, challenging traditional Mendelian views.”</p> <p>This work was done using the <a href="http://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/solid-next-generation-sequencing.html?cid=social_btb_targetseq" rel="nofollow">Applied Biosystem<sup>®</sup> SOLiD<sup>®</sup> Next Generation Sequencing platform</a>. The largely unexplored diploid landscape is just starting to unfold.</p> <p>Reference: “Multiple haplotype-resolved genomes reveal population patterns of gene and protein diplotypes”, Nature Commun. 2014 Nov 5:5569</p> <p>doi:10.1038/ncomms6569</p> </div> <aside class="mashsb-container mashsb-main "><div class="mashsb_above_buttons">Share this article </div><div class="mashsb-box"><div class="mashsb-buttons"><a class="mashicon-facebook mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fbehindthebench%2Fthe-unexplored-diploid-landscape%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Facebook</span></a><a class="mashicon-linkedin mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?trk=The+Unexplored+Diploid+Landscape&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fbehindthebench%2Fthe-unexplored-diploid-landscape%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Linkedin</span></a><a class="mashicon-twitter mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=The%20Unexplored%20Diploid%20Landscape&url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/?p=9220&via=thermofisher" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Twitter</span></a><a class="mashicon-mail mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20this%20article%20from%20Accelerating%20Science&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20I%20just%20read%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fbehindthebench%2Fthe-unexplored-diploid-landscape%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span class="text">Mail</span></a><div class="onoffswitch2 mash-large mashsb-noshadow" style="display:none"></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div><div class="mashsb-toggle-container"></div></aside> </div></article> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment <span class="required">*</span></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" required></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" autocomplete="email" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Website</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="url" /></p> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='9220' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="90ba4e8b51" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_2" name="ak_js" value="72"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> <div class="adjacent-entry-pagination pagination"><div class="pagination-previous alignleft"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-left"></i> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/targeted-sequencing-or-whole-exome-sequencing-the-debate-continues/" rel="prev">Targeted Sequencing or Whole Exome Sequencing? The debate continues</a></div><div class="pagination-next alignright"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/how-can-you-analyze-a-single-cell/" rel="next">How can you analyze a single cell?</a> <i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><div class="creds"><p class="footer-links"><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/privacy-statement.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Privacy Statement</a><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/terms-and-conditions.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Terms & Conditions</a><a href="/blog/locations/">Locations</a><a href="/blog/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></p><p>© 2025 <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>. All Rights Reserved.</p></div><span class="social-links"><p>Talk to us</p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/thermofisher" class="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-facebook"></i></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/thermo-fisher-scientific" class="linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-linkedin"></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/thermofisher" class="twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-twitter"></i></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/thermofisher" class="youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-youtube"></i></a></span></div></footer></div><div style="display: none;"><div id="boxzilla-box-10626-content"><p><h4>Get news and research reviews on the topic of your choice, right in your inbox.</h4> </p> <p><a id="subscribe" class="button" href="#">Subscribe Now</a></p> <div id="subscribe-form"> <div class='gf_browser_ie gf_browser_ie7 gform_wrapper gform_legacy_markup_wrapper gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='legacy' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_1' ><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' id='gform_1' action='/blog/behindthebench/the-unexplored-diploid-landscape/' formid='1'> <div class='gform-body gform_body'><ul id='gform_fields_1' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_above description_below validation_below'><li id="field_1_4" class="gfield gfield--type-text first-name field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_4" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_4'>First Name</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_4' id='input_1_4' type='text' value='' class='large' placeholder='First Name' aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id="field_1_5" class="gfield gfield--type-text last-name field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_5" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_5'>Last Name</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_5' id='input_1_5' type='text' value='' class='large' placeholder='Last Name' aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id="field_1_2" class="gfield gfield--type-email email gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_2" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_2'>Email<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk">*</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_2' id='input_1_2' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /> </div></li><li id="field_1_6" class="gfield gfield--type-text company field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_6" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_6'>Company</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_6' id='input_1_6' type='text' value='' class='large' placeholder='Company' aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id="field_1_7" class="gfield gfield--type-select country gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_7" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_7'>Select your country/region<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk">*</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_7' id='input_1_7' class='large gfield_select' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" ><option value='' selected='selected' class='gf_placeholder'>Select your country/region</option><option value='United States' >United States</option><option value='Canada' >Canada</option><option value='Afghanistan' >Afghanistan</option><option value='Albania' >Albania</option><option value='Algeria' >Algeria</option><option value='American Samoa' >American Samoa</option><option value='Andorra' >Andorra</option><option value='Angola' >Angola</option><option value='Anguilla' >Anguilla</option><option value='Antarctica' >Antarctica</option><option value='Antigua and Barbuda' >Antigua and Barbuda</option><option value='Argentina' >Argentina</option><option value='Armenia' >Armenia</option><option value='Aruba' >Aruba</option><option value='Australia' >Australia</option><option value='Austria' >Austria</option><option value='Azerbaijan' >Azerbaijan</option><option value='Bahamas' >Bahamas</option><option value='Bahrain' >Bahrain</option><option value='Bangladesh' >Bangladesh</option><option value='Barbados' >Barbados</option><option value='Belarus' >Belarus</option><option value='Belgium' >Belgium</option><option value='Belize' >Belize</option><option value='Benin' >Benin</option><option value='Bermuda' >Bermuda</option><option value='Bhutan' >Bhutan</option><option value='Bolivia' >Bolivia</option><option value='Bosnia and Herzegovina' >Bosnia and Herzegovina</option><option value='Botswana' >Botswana</option><option value='Bouvet Island' >Bouvet Island</option><option value='Brazil' >Brazil</option><option value='British Indian Ocean Territory' >British Indian Ocean Territory</option><option value='Brunei Darussalam' >Brunei Darussalam</option><option value='Bulgaria' >Bulgaria</option><option value='Burkina Faso' >Burkina Faso</option><option value='Burundi' >Burundi</option><option value='Cambodia' >Cambodia</option><option value='Cameroon' >Cameroon</option><option value='Cape Verde' >Cape Verde</option><option value='Cayman Islands' >Cayman Islands</option><option value='Central African Republic' >Central African Republic</option><option value='Chad' >Chad</option><option value='Chile' >Chile</option><option value='China' >China</option><option value='Christmas Island' >Christmas Island</option><option value='Cocos (Keeling) Islands' >Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option><option value='Colombia' >Colombia</option><option value='Comoros' >Comoros</option><option value='Congo' >Congo</option><option value='Congo, The Democratic Republic of' >Congo, The Democratic Republic of</option><option value='Cook Islands' >Cook Islands</option><option value='Costa Rica' >Costa Rica</option><option value='Cote D'Ivoire' >Cote D'Ivoire</option><option value='Croatia' >Croatia</option><option value='Cuba' >Cuba</option><option value='Cyprus' >Cyprus</option><option value='Czech Republic' >Czech Republic</option><option value='Denmark' >Denmark</option><option value='Djibouti' >Djibouti</option><option value='Dominica' >Dominica</option><option value='Dominican Republic' >Dominican Republic</option><option value='East Timor' >East Timor</option><option value='Ecuador' >Ecuador</option><option value='Egypt' >Egypt</option><option value='El Salvador' >El Salvador</option><option value='Equatorial Guinea' >Equatorial Guinea</option><option value='Eritrea' >Eritrea</option><option value='Estonia' >Estonia</option><option value='Ethiopia' >Ethiopia</option><option value='Falkland Islands (Malvinas)' >Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</option><option value='Faroe Islands' >Faroe Islands</option><option value='Fiji' >Fiji</option><option value='Finland' >Finland</option><option value='Fmr Yugoslav Rep of Macedonia' >Fmr Yugoslav Rep of Macedonia</option><option value='France' >France</option><option value='French Guiana' >French Guiana</option><option value='French Polynesia' >French Polynesia</option><option value='French Southern Territories' >French Southern Territories</option><option value='Gabon' >Gabon</option><option value='Gambia' >Gambia</option><option value='Georgia' >Georgia</option><option value='Germany' >Germany</option><option value='Ghana' >Ghana</option><option value='Gibraltar' >Gibraltar</option><option value='Greece' >Greece</option><option value='Greenland' >Greenland</option><option value='Grenada' >Grenada</option><option value='Guadeloupe' >Guadeloupe</option><option value='Guam' >Guam</option><option value='Guatemala' >Guatemala</option><option value='Guinea' >Guinea</option><option value='Guinea-Bissau' >Guinea-Bissau</option><option value='Guyana' >Guyana</option><option value='Haiti' >Haiti</option><option value='Heard and McDonald Islands' >Heard and McDonald Islands</option><option value='Holy See (Vatican City State)' >Holy See (Vatican City State)</option><option value='Honduras' >Honduras</option><option value='Hong Kong' >Hong Kong</option><option value='Hungary' >Hungary</option><option value='Iceland' >Iceland</option><option value='India' >India</option><option value='Indonesia' >Indonesia</option><option value='Iran (Islamic Republic Of)' >Iran (Islamic Republic Of)</option><option value='Iraq' >Iraq</option><option value='Ireland' >Ireland</option><option value='Israel' >Israel</option><option value='Italy' >Italy</option><option value='Jamaica' >Jamaica</option><option value='Japan' >Japan</option><option value='Jordan' >Jordan</option><option value='Kazakstan' >Kazakstan</option><option value='Kenya' >Kenya</option><option value='Kiribati' >Kiribati</option><option value='Korea, Democratic People's Rep' >Korea, Democratic People's Rep</option><option value='Korea, Republic of' >Korea, Republic of</option><option value='Kuwait' >Kuwait</option><option value='Kyrgyzstan' >Kyrgyzstan</option><option value='Lao People's Democratic Rep' >Lao People's Democratic Rep</option><option value='Latvia' >Latvia</option><option value='Lebanon' >Lebanon</option><option value='Lesotho' >Lesotho</option><option value='Liberia' >Liberia</option><option value='Libyan Arab Jamahiriya' >Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</option><option value='Liechtenstein' >Liechtenstein</option><option value='Lithuania' >Lithuania</option><option value='Luxembourg' >Luxembourg</option><option value='Macau' >Macau</option><option value='Madagascar' >Madagascar</option><option value='Malawi' >Malawi</option><option value='Malaysia' >Malaysia</option><option value='Maldives' >Maldives</option><option value='Mali' >Mali</option><option value='Malta' >Malta</option><option value='Marshall Islands' >Marshall Islands</option><option value='Martinique' >Martinique</option><option value='Mauritania' >Mauritania</option><option value='Mauritius' >Mauritius</option><option value='Mayotte' >Mayotte</option><option value='Mexico' >Mexico</option><option value='Micronesia, Federated States' >Micronesia, Federated States</option><option value='Moldova, Republic of' >Moldova, Republic of</option><option value='Monaco' >Monaco</option><option value='Mongolia' >Mongolia</option><option value='Montserrat' >Montserrat</option><option value='Morocco' >Morocco</option><option value='Mozambique' >Mozambique</option><option value='Myanmar' >Myanmar</option><option value='Namibia' >Namibia</option><option value='Nauru' >Nauru</option><option value='Nepal' >Nepal</option><option value='Netherlands' >Netherlands</option><option value='Netherlands Antilles' >Netherlands Antilles</option><option value='New Caledonia' >New Caledonia</option><option value='New Zealand' >New Zealand</option><option value='Nicaragua' >Nicaragua</option><option value='Niger' >Niger</option><option value='Nigeria' >Nigeria</option><option value='Niue' >Niue</option><option value='Norfolk Island' >Norfolk Island</option><option value='Northern Mariana Islands' >Northern Mariana Islands</option><option value='Norway' >Norway</option><option value='Oman' >Oman</option><option value='Pakistan' >Pakistan</option><option value='Palau' >Palau</option><option value='Panama' >Panama</option><option value='Papua New Guinea' >Papua New Guinea</option><option value='Paraguay' >Paraguay</option><option value='Peru' >Peru</option><option value='Philippines' >Philippines</option><option value='Pitcairn' >Pitcairn</option><option value='Poland' >Poland</option><option value='Portugal' >Portugal</option><option value='Puerto Rico' >Puerto Rico</option><option value='Qatar' >Qatar</option><option value='Reunion' >Reunion</option><option value='Romania' >Romania</option><option value='Russian Federation' >Russian Federation</option><option value='Rwanda' >Rwanda</option><option value='Saint Helena' >Saint Helena</option><option value='Saint Kitts and Nevis' >Saint Kitts and Nevis</option><option value='Saint Lucia' >Saint Lucia</option><option value='Saint Pierre and Miquelon' >Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option><option value='Samoa' >Samoa</option><option value='San Marino' >San Marino</option><option value='Sao Tome and Principe' >Sao Tome and Principe</option><option value='Saudi Arabia' >Saudi Arabia</option><option value='Senegal' >Senegal</option><option value='Seychelles' >Seychelles</option><option value='Sierra Leone' >Sierra Leone</option><option value='Singapore' >Singapore</option><option value='Slovakia' >Slovakia</option><option value='Slovenia' >Slovenia</option><option value='Solomon Islands' >Solomon Islands</option><option value='Somalia' >Somalia</option><option value='South Africa' >South Africa</option><option value='Spain' >Spain</option><option value='Sri Lanka' >Sri Lanka</option><option value='Sth Georgia & Sth Sandwich Is' >Sth Georgia & Sth Sandwich Is</option><option value='St Vincent and the Grenadines' >St Vincent and the Grenadines</option><option value='Sudan' >Sudan</option><option value='Suriname' >Suriname</option><option value='Svalbard and Jan Mayen' >Svalbard and Jan Mayen</option><option value='Swaziland' >Swaziland</option><option value='Sweden' >Sweden</option><option value='Switzerland' >Switzerland</option><option value='Syrian Arab Republic' >Syrian Arab Republic</option><option value='Taiwan, Province of China' >Taiwan, Province of China</option><option value='Tajikistan' >Tajikistan</option><option value='Tanzania, United Republic of' >Tanzania, United Republic of</option><option value='Thailand' >Thailand</option><option value='Togo' >Togo</option><option value='Tokelau' >Tokelau</option><option value='Tonga' >Tonga</option><option value='Trinidad and Tobago' >Trinidad and Tobago</option><option value='Tunisia' >Tunisia</option><option value='Turkey' >Turkey</option><option value='Turkmenistan' >Turkmenistan</option><option value='Turks and Caicos Islands' >Turks and Caicos Islands</option><option value='Tuvalu' >Tuvalu</option><option value='Uganda' >Uganda</option><option value='Ukraine' >Ukraine</option><option value='United Arab Emirates' >United Arab Emirates</option><option value='United Kingdom' >United Kingdom</option><option value='Uruguay' >Uruguay</option><option value='US Minor Outlying Islands' >US Minor Outlying Islands</option><option value='Uzbekistan' >Uzbekistan</option><option value='Vanuatu' >Vanuatu</option><option value='Venezuela' >Venezuela</option><option value='Vietnam' >Vietnam</option><option value='Virgin Islands (British)' >Virgin Islands (British)</option><option value='Virgin Islands (U.S.)' >Virgin Islands (U.S.)</option><option value='Wallis and Futuna Islands' >Wallis and Futuna Islands</option><option value='Western Sahara' >Western Sahara</option><option value='Yemen' >Yemen</option><option value='Yugoslavia' >Yugoslavia</option><option value='Zambia' >Zambia</option><option value='Zimbabwe' >Zimbabwe</option></select></div></li><li id="field_1_8" class="gfield gfield--type-select sub-category gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_8" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label screen-reader-text' for='input_1_8'>Pick a category<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk">*</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_8' id='input_1_8' class='large gfield_select' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" ><option value='' selected='selected' class='gf_placeholder'>Pick a category</option><option value='Accelerating Microscopy' >Accelerating Microscopy</option><option value='Advancing Materials' >Advancing Materials</option><option value='Advancing Mining' >Advancing Mining</option><option value='Analyzing Metals' >Analyzing Metals</option><option value='Behind the Bench' selected='selected'>Behind the Bench</option><option value='Examining Food' >Examining Food</option><option value='Identifying Threats' >Identifying Threats</option><option value='Life in the Lab' >Life in the Lab</option></select></div></li><li id="field_1_9" class="gfield gfield--type-checkbox gfield--type-choice gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_9" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label screen-reader-text gfield_label_before_complex' ><span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk">*</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_checkbox'><ul class='gfield_checkbox' id='input_1_9'><li class='gchoice gchoice_1_9_1'> <input class='gfield-choice-input' name='input_9.1' type='checkbox' value='1' id='choice_1_9_1' /> <label for='choice_1_9_1' id='label_1_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>I would like to receive information about content, events, products, services and promotions from Thermo Fisher Scientific and its affiliates. I agree for the Thermo Fisher Scientific group (thermofisher.com/legalentities) to contact me by email and/or telephone to inform me of events, products, services and/or promotions offered in connection with the brands Thermo Scientific™, Applied Biosystems™, Invitrogen™, Gibco™, Ion Torrent ™, Unity Lab Services™, Fisher Scientifc™. I can withdraw my consent and unsubscribe at any time by emailing reply@thermofisher.com By submitting my data, I give consent to the collection, processing and use of my personal data in accordance with the Thermo Fisher Scientific Policy (thermofisher.com/privacypolicy).</label> </li></ul></div></li><li id="field_1_10" class="gfield gfield--type-hidden gform_hidden field_sublabel_above gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_10" ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_10' id='input_1_10' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='Behind the Bench' /></div></li><li id="field_1_11" class="gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_above gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_11" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_11'>Comments</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_11' id='input_1_11' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_1_11'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></li></ul></div> <div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_1' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' value='Subscribe' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_1' value='postback' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_1' id='gform_theme_1' value='legacy' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_style_settings' data-js='gform_style_settings_1' id='gform_style_settings_1' value='' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_1' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_1' value='WyJbXSIsImFiYmI5YzY2YWJjNDlmYzYwZjUzMTBiZjQ0NGIwZGNmIl0=' /> <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_1' id='gform_target_page_number_1' value='0' /> <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_1' id='gform_source_page_number_1' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' /> </div> <p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_3" name="ak_js" value="110"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 1, 'https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', true );jQuery('#gform_ajax_frame_1').on('load',function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find('*').html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf('GF_AJAX_POSTBACK') >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_wrapper_1');var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_confirmation_wrapper_1').length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf('gformRedirect(){') >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery('html').css('margin-top'), 10) + parseInt(jQuery('body').css('margin-top'), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass('gform_validation_error')){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').addClass('gform_validation_error');} else {jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').removeClass('gform_validation_error');}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ }, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_1').val();gformInitSpinner( 1, 'https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', true );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [1, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_1'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [1]);window['gf_submitting_1'] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery('#gform_confirmation_message_1').text());}else{jQuery('#gform_1').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "1", currentPage: "current_page", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event && event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_1" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_1"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_1" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( 'gform_post_render', [1, current_page] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 1, currentPage: current_page } } ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/post_render', native: false, data: { formId: 1, currentPage: current_page } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} ); /* ]]> */ </script> </div> </div></div><script>if(window.location.search.indexOf('post_id')!=-1){ window.close();}jQuery(document).ready(function ($) { $('p').mashSelectionSharer();});</script>  <script type="text/html" id="wpls--tmpl"> <li class="search-result"> <a href="<%= post.link %>"> <div class="wpls--item-title-wrap"> <h4 class="wpls--item-title"><%= post.title %></h4> </div> </a> </li> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* MonsterInsights Scroll Tracking */ if ( typeof(jQuery) !== 'undefined' ) { jQuery( document ).ready(function(){ function monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load() { if ( ( typeof(__gaTracker) !== 'undefined' && __gaTracker && __gaTracker.hasOwnProperty( "loaded" ) && __gaTracker.loaded == true ) || ( typeof(__gtagTracker) !== 'undefined' && __gtagTracker ) ) { (function(factory) { factory(jQuery); }(function($) { /* Scroll Depth */ "use strict"; var defaults = { percentage: true }; var $window = $(window), cache = [], scrollEventBound = false, lastPixelDepth = 0; /* * Plugin */ $.scrollDepth = function(options) { var startTime = +new Date(); options = $.extend({}, defaults, options); /* * Functions */ function sendEvent(action, label, scrollDistance, timing) { if ( 'undefined' === typeof MonsterInsightsObject || 'undefined' === typeof MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent ) { return; } var paramName = action.toLowerCase(); var fieldsArray = { send_to: 'G-K4QTN4KM25', non_interaction: true }; fieldsArray[paramName] = label; if (arguments.length > 3) { fieldsArray.scroll_timing = timing MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent('event', 'scroll_depth', fieldsArray); } else { MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent('event', 'scroll_depth', fieldsArray); } } function calculateMarks(docHeight) { return { '25%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.25, 10), '50%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.50, 10), '75%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.75, 10), /* Cushion to trigger 100% event in iOS */ '100%': docHeight - 5 }; } function checkMarks(marks, scrollDistance, timing) { /* Check each active mark */ $.each(marks, function(key, val) { if ( $.inArray(key, cache) === -1 && scrollDistance >= val ) { sendEvent('Percentage', key, scrollDistance, timing); cache.push(key); } }); } function rounded(scrollDistance) { /* Returns String */ return (Math.floor(scrollDistance/250) * 250).toString(); } function init() { bindScrollDepth(); } /* * Public Methods */ /* Reset Scroll Depth with the originally initialized options */ $.scrollDepth.reset = function() { cache = []; lastPixelDepth = 0; $window.off('scroll.scrollDepth'); bindScrollDepth(); }; /* Add DOM elements to be tracked */ $.scrollDepth.addElements = function(elems) { if (typeof elems == "undefined" || !$.isArray(elems)) { return; } $.merge(options.elements, elems); /* If scroll event has been unbound from window, rebind */ if (!scrollEventBound) { bindScrollDepth(); } }; /* Remove DOM elements currently tracked */ $.scrollDepth.removeElements = function(elems) { if (typeof elems == "undefined" || !$.isArray(elems)) { return; } $.each(elems, function(index, elem) { var inElementsArray = $.inArray(elem, options.elements); var inCacheArray = $.inArray(elem, cache); if (inElementsArray != -1) { options.elements.splice(inElementsArray, 1); } if (inCacheArray != -1) { cache.splice(inCacheArray, 1); } }); }; /* * Throttle function borrowed from: * Underscore.js 1.5.2 * http://underscorejs.org * (c) 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors * Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license. */ function throttle(func, wait) { var context, args, result; var timeout = null; var previous = 0; var later = function() { previous = new Date; timeout = null; result = func.apply(context, args); }; return function() { var now = new Date; if (!previous) previous = now; var remaining = wait - (now - previous); context = this; args = arguments; if (remaining <= 0) { clearTimeout(timeout); timeout = null; previous = now; result = func.apply(context, args); } else if (!timeout) { timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining); } return result; }; } /* * Scroll Event */ function bindScrollDepth() { scrollEventBound = true; $window.on('scroll.scrollDepth', throttle(function() { /* * We calculate document and window height on each scroll event to * account for dynamic DOM changes. */ var docHeight = $(document).height(), winHeight = window.innerHeight ? window.innerHeight : $window.height(), scrollDistance = $window.scrollTop() + winHeight, /* Recalculate percentage marks */ marks = calculateMarks(docHeight), /* Timing */ timing = +new Date - startTime; checkMarks(marks, scrollDistance, timing); }, 500)); } init(); }; /* UMD export */ return $.scrollDepth; })); jQuery.scrollDepth(); } else { setTimeout(monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load, 200); } } monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load(); }); } /* End MonsterInsights Scroll Tracking */ </script><script type="text/javascript" id="wpls-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wp_search_vars = {"helperText":"one more character","api":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/wp-json\/as\/v1\/all-posts\/9"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-live/public/assets/js/wp-live-search.js?ver=0.9" id="wpls-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/dist/a11y.min.js?ver=3156534cc54473497e14" id="wp-a11y-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/placeholders.jquery.min.js?ver=2.9.2" id="gform_placeholder-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/vendor-theme.min.js?ver=ddd2702ee024d421149a5e61416f1ff5" id="gform_gravityforms_theme_vendors-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gform_theme_config = {"common":{"form":{"honeypot":{"version_hash":"ba9b01dcd53654286b81e3e651d8aa9f"},"ajax":{"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/blog\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_submission_nonce":"aa826d24f6","i18n":{"step_announcement":"Step %1$s of %2$s, %3$s","unknown_error":"There was an unknown error processing your request. Please try again."}}}},"hmr_dev":"","public_path":"https:\/\/admin.acceleratingscience.com\/behindthebench\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/assets\/js\/dist\/","config_nonce":"cd4c283e6b"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/scripts-theme.min.js?ver=b8fbd9cb240c8684c860c87e4b060364" id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog//wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/themes/accelerating-science-blogs/js/scripts.js?ver=1.2.9.3" id="scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="boxzilla-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var boxzilla_options = {"testMode":"","boxes":[{"id":10626,"icon":"×","content":"","css":{"position":"bottom-right"},"trigger":{"method":"percentage","value":35},"animation":"fade","cookie":{"triggered":0,"dismissed":0},"rehide":false,"position":"bottom-right","screenWidthCondition":null,"closable":true,"post":{"id":10626,"title":"Single Call to Action","slug":"single-call-to-action"}}]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/boxzilla/assets/js/script.js?ver=3.3.1" id="boxzilla-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/behindthebench/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/akismet-frontend.js?ver=1734621475" id="akismet-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() { jQuery(document).on('gform_post_render', function(event, formId, currentPage){if(formId == 1) {gformInitChosenFields('#input_1_7,#input_1_8','No results matched');if(typeof Placeholders != 'undefined'){ Placeholders.enable(); }} } );jQuery(document).on('gform_post_conditional_logic', function(event, formId, fields, isInit){gformInitChosenFields('#input_1_7,#input_1_8','No results matched');} ) } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "1", currentPage: "1", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event && event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_1" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_1"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_1" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( 'gform_post_render', [1, 1] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 1, currentPage: 1 } } ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/post_render', native: false, data: { formId: 1, currentPage: 1 } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wrcddgZx2zq_/jPENa4zLwN/Db/Ob7hV4Jk0wzS5G7f/XEcFAQ/BWYK/IT9TOiYB"></script></body></html>