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Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if IE 8]> <html class="ie ie8"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9]> <html class="ie ie9"> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 9]><!--> <html> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria</title> <!-- favicon --> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="./data/ijsom/coversheet/favicon.ico" /> <!-- mobile settings --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, maximum-scale=1, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=0" /> <!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible' content='IE=edge,chrome=1'><![endif]--> <!-- user defined metatags --> <meta name="keywords" content="Inventory management practices,Operational performance,Stock out,Service availability level" /> <meta name="description" content="This study examines inventory management practices of flour milling manufacturing firms and their effects on operational performance. Five flour milling manufacturing firms in Lagos were used for this study. Structured questionnaire was the major instrument for the collection of relevant primary data while descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was deployed to analyzing the data gathered. The results obtained showed that exception of the large manufacturing companies, most of the medium-sized flour milling firms adopts different inventory management strategies from the scientific and best practice models. Their inventory management strategies and policies were rather based on factors such as changing level of customer demand, prevailing industry practices, forecast estimates and guesses, and available production capacity. Findings also revealed significant differences between the effective management of inventory and optimal operating performance. For instance, while firms that adopt best practice inventory management approaches reported efficiency in capacity utilization, increased service level, and reduced lead time, others with different strategies had minimal utilization of material resources. There is need for flour manufacturing firms to implement scientific inventory management models to adequately handle material shortages, product stock outs situations, component pile up and their associated penalties." /> <meta name="title" content="Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria" /> <meta name="googlebot" content="NOODP" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="John, Nsikan" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Business Management ,University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Etim, John" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Business Administration, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ime, Tommy" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Management Science University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="This study examines inventory management practices of flour milling manufacturing firms and their effects on operational performance. Five flour milling manufacturing firms in Lagos were used for this study. Structured questionnaire was the major instrument for the collection of relevant primary data while descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was deployed to analyzing the data gathered. The results obtained showed that exception of the large manufacturing companies, most of the medium-sized flour milling firms adopts different inventory management strategies from the scientific and best practice models. Their inventory management strategies and policies were rather based on factors such as changing level of customer demand, prevailing industry practices, forecast estimates and guesses, and available production capacity. Findings also revealed significant differences between the effective management of inventory and optimal operating performance. For instance, while firms that adopt best practice inventory management approaches reported efficiency in capacity utilization, increased service level, and reduced lead time, others with different strategies had minimal utilization of material resources. There is need for flour manufacturing firms to implement scientific inventory management models to adequately handle material shortages, product stock outs situations, component pile up and their associated penalties." /> <meta name="citation_id" content="2188" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015/02/01" /> <meta name="citation_date" content="2015-02-01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Supply and Operations Management" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="23831359" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="1" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="392" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="406" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Kharazmi University" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.22034/2014.4.01" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.22034/2014.4.01" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="http://www.ijsom.com/article_2188.html" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://www.ijsom.com/article_2188_a9ed358023eb9851030f9495fd20b97e.pdf" /> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria" /> <meta name="DC.Source" content="International Journal of Supply and Operations Management" /> <meta name="DC.Date" content="01/02/2015" /> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" content="2015-02-01" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="application/pdf" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="John, Nsikan" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Etim, John" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ime, Tommy" /> <meta name="og:title" content="Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria" /> <meta name="og:description" content="This study examines inventory management practices of flour milling manufacturing firms and their effects on operational performance. Five flour milling manufacturing firms in Lagos were used for this study. Structured questionnaire was the major instrument for the collection of relevant primary data while descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was deployed to analyzing the data gathered. The results obtained showed that exception of the large manufacturing companies, most of the medium-sized flour milling firms adopts different inventory management strategies from the scientific and best practice models. Their inventory management strategies and policies were rather based on factors such as changing level of customer demand, prevailing industry practices, forecast estimates and guesses, and available production capacity. Findings also revealed significant differences between the effective management of inventory and optimal operating performance. For instance, while firms that adopt best practice inventory management approaches reported efficiency in capacity utilization, increased service level, and reduced lead time, others with different strategies had minimal utilization of material resources. There is need for flour manufacturing firms to implement scientific inventory management models to adequately handle material shortages, product stock outs situations, component pile up and their associated penalties." /> <meta name="og:url" content="http://www.ijsom.com/article_2188.html" /> <!-- WEB FONTS : use %7C instead of | (pipe) --> <link href="./themes/base/front/assets/css/social-icon-font.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!-- CORE CSS --> <link href="./themes/base/front/assets/plugins/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css?v=0.02" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="./themes/old/front/assets/css/header.css?v=0.05" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="./themes/old/front/assets/css/footer.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="./inc/css/essentials.css?v=0.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="./inc/css/cookieconsent.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="./inc/css/print.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" 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id="dv_artcl"> <!-- Current Issue --> <div> <h1 class="margin-bottom-20 size-18 ltr"><span class="article_title bold"> Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria</span></h1> <div> <div class="margin-bottom-3"> </div> <p class="margin-bottom-3">Document Type : Research Paper</p> <p class="padding-0" style="margin:12px -2px 0 -2px"><strong>Authors</strong></p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-seprator margin-bottom-6 ltr"> <li class="padding-3"> <a href="./?_action=article&au=107278&_au=Nsikan++John">Nsikan John</a> <sup><a href="mailto:nsikiman5000@gmail.com" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Email to Corresponding Author"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o" ></i></a></sup> <sup class="ltr"><a class=" text-green" href="https://www.orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-3909" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-html="true" title="ORCID: 0000-0001-7682-3909" target="_blank"><i class="ai ai-orcid size-13" ></i></a></sup> <sup><a href="#aff1" >1</a></sup> </li> <li class="padding-3"> <a href="./?_action=article&au=107280&_au=John++Etim">John Etim</a> <sup><a href="#aff2" >2</a></sup> </li> <li class="padding-3"> <a href="./?_action=article&au=107281&_au=Tommy++Ime">Tommy Ime</a> <sup><a href="#aff3" >3</a></sup> </li> </ul> <p class="margin-bottom-3 ltr" id="aff1"> <sup>1</sup> Department of Business Management ,University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria </p> <p class="margin-bottom-3 ltr" id="aff2"> <sup>2</sup> Department of Business Administration, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria </p> <p class="margin-bottom-3 ltr" id="aff3"> <sup>3</sup> Department of Management Science University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria </p> <div class="margin-bottom-3 ltr" id="ar_doi" title="DOI"><i class="ai ai-doi size-25 text-orange"></i> <span dir="ltr"><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/2014.4.01">10.22034/2014.4.01</a></span></div> <p style="margin:12px -2px 0 -2px"><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <div class="padding_abstract justify ltr">This study examines inventory management practices of flour milling manufacturing firms and their effects on operational performance. Five flour milling manufacturing firms in Lagos were used for this study. Structured questionnaire was the major instrument for the collection of relevant primary data while descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was deployed to analyzing the data gathered. The results obtained showed that exception of the large manufacturing companies, most of the medium-sized flour milling firms adopts different inventory management strategies from the scientific and best practice models. Their inventory management strategies and policies were rather based on factors such as changing level of customer demand, prevailing industry practices, forecast estimates and guesses, and available production capacity. Findings also revealed significant differences between the effective management of inventory and optimal operating performance. For instance, while firms that adopt best practice inventory management approaches reported efficiency in capacity utilization, increased service level, and reduced lead time, others with different strategies had minimal utilization of material resources. There is need for flour manufacturing firms to implement scientific inventory management models to adequately handle material shortages, product stock outs situations, component pile up and their associated penalties.</div> <p class="padding-0" style="margin:12px -2px 0 -2px"><strong>Keywords</strong></p> <ul class="block list-inline list-inline-seprator margin-bottom-6 ltr"> <li class="padding-3"> <a class="tag_a" href="./?_action=article&kw=103224&_kw=Inventory+management+practices" >Inventory management practices</a> </li> <li class="padding-3"> <a class="tag_a" href="./?_action=article&kw=103225&_kw=Operational+performance" >Operational performance</a> </li> <li class="padding-3"> <a class="tag_a" href="./?_action=article&kw=103226&_kw=Stock+out" >Stock out</a> </li> <li class="padding-3"> <a class="tag_a" href="./?_action=article&kw=103227&_kw=Service+availability+level" >Service availability level</a> </li> </ul> <p class="padding-0" style="margin:12px -2px 0 -2px"><strong>Main Subjects</strong></p> <ul class="block list-inline list-inline-seprator margin-bottom-6"> <li class="padding-3"> <a href="./?_action=article&sb=156&_sb=production+%26amp%3B+inventory+management" >production & inventory management</a> </li> </ul> </div> <hr> <div class="page_break"></div> <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading card-header"> <h4 class="panel-title "> <a data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#accordions" href="#collapsesRef"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i> References</a> </h4> </div> <div id="collapsesRef" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <div class="panel-body justify"> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Adeyemi, S. L. and Salami, L.O. (2010). Inventory management: A tool of optimizing resources in a manufacturing industry. Journal of Social Science, Vol. 23(2), pp. 135-142. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Alao, R. O. (2010). Productivity in the Nigerian manufacturing sub-sector: An error correction model (ECM).European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 20(5), pp. 129-135. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Annual Report and Account (2009). Dangote Flour Mills Plc, Honeywell Plc, Flour Mills of Nigeria Plc (Golden Penny). Assessed from the company’s website on 2/9/2014. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Ayeni, K. and Adewunmi, O. (2004). Production planning and control practices influencing consumer satisfaction in Nigerian manufacturing industry. Journal of Social Science, Vol. 9(1), pp. 57-62. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Ballard, D. (2009). A computer system for inventory management of lighting products: A case study. Computers in Industry, Vol. 22, pp. 71-79. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Bloomberg, J. Leymay, K and Hanna, E (2002). Production and operations management. London: Pitman Publishers. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Bowersox, E. and Cooper, E (2002). Production planning for a deteriorating item with stochastic demand and consumer choice. International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 6(16), pp. 219–232. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Chandra I .J, and Kumar A. (2001). Towards a theory and conceptual background of inventory management. Journal of Operations Management. Vol. 12(2), pp. 119–130. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Chen I. J, (2005). Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22(2), pp. 119–50. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Dave, P. L (2001). Relationship between inventory, sales and services in a retail chain store operation. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Vol. 31(2), pp. 124-140. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Eloranta, E., & Raisanen, J. (1988). Delivery performance in small-to-medium-scale industry in Scandinavia. Production and Inventory Management Journal, Vol. 29(1), pp. 50-55. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Farzaneh, D. P. (2012). The Effect of inventory management on firm performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 57(5), pp. 355-369. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Healy, R.G. (2006). A technical aid for EOQ determination. American Journal of Small Business, Vol. 9(4), pp. 46-56. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Kipingu, J. (2003). Channels of distribution conceptualizations: a state-of-the-art review. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 12(7), pp. 471-512. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Kisaka, J.F. (2006). The theory of power and conflict in channels of distribution. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48 (3), pp. 9-29. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Patrick, D. J. (2005). Logistical Management, 2nd edition, New York: McMillan Company. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Piasecki, S. F. (2007). Managing deployment of ERP systems using multi-agents. International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 22, pp. 511-517. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Rajeev N. P. (2010). Inventory management performance in machine tool SMEs: What factors do influence them? Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, Vol. 3(3), pp. 542-560. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Sharma, J. K (2009). Operations Research: Theory and Applications, 4th ed., India Macmillan Publishers. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Stevenson, B. U (2010). Operations management, 10th edition, N.Y. McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc. pp. 321-340. </div> <div class="padding-3 margin-top-3 ltr justify">Wild, H. and Axsater, S.P., Jr. (2006). Seasonal and cyclic forecasting for the small firm. Journal of Operations Research, Vol. 2(9), pp. 371–382. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /CENTER --> <!-- LEFT --> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-sm-4"> <div class="panel panel-default my_panel-default margin-bottom-10"> <div class="panel-body ar_info_pnl" id="ar_info_pnl_cover"> <div id="pnl_cover"> <div class="row" > <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-6 nomargin-bottom"> <a href="javascript:loadModal('International Journal of Supply and Operations Management', './data/ijsom/coversheet/cover_en.jpg')"> <img src="data/ijsom/coversheet/cover_en.jpg" alt="International Journal of Supply and Operations Management" style="width: 100%;"> </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-6 nomargin-bottom"> <h6><a href="./issue_366_449.html">Volume 1, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4</a><br/>February 2015<div id="sp_ar_pages">Pages <span dir="ltr">392-406</span></div></h6> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Download Files --> <div class="panel panel-default my_panel-default margin-bottom-10 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in"> <div class="panel-body ar_info_pnl"> <ul class="list-group list-group-bordered list-group-noicon" style="display:block !important;max-height:9999px"> <li class="list-group-item"><a class="tag_a">Article View: <i>188,769</i></a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a class="tag_a">PDF Download: <i>32,495</i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /LEFT --> </div> </section> <div id="cite-apa" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <!-- Modal Header --> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">APA</h4> </div> <!-- Modal Body --> <div class="modal-body"> <p>John, N., Etim, J., & Ime, T. (2015). Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria. <em>International Journal of Supply and Operations Management</em>, 1(4), 392-406. doi: 10.22034/2014.4.01</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cite-mla" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <!-- Modal Header --> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">MLA</h4> </div> <!-- Modal Body --> <div class="modal-body"> <p>Nsikan John; John Etim; Tommy Ime. "Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria". <em>International Journal of Supply and Operations Management</em>, 1, 4, 2015, 392-406. doi: 10.22034/2014.4.01</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cite-harvard" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <!-- Modal Header --> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">HARVARD</h4> </div> <!-- Modal Body --> <div class="modal-body"> <p>John, N., Etim, J., Ime, T. (2015). 'Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria', <em>International Journal of Supply and Operations Management</em>, 1(4), pp. 392-406. doi: 10.22034/2014.4.01</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cite-vancouver" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <!-- Modal Header --> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">VANCOUVER</h4> </div> <!-- Modal Body --> <div class="modal-body"> <p>John, N., Etim, J., Ime, T. Inventory Management Practices and Operational Performance of Flour Milling Firms in Lagos, Nigeria. <em>International Journal of Supply and Operations Management</em>, 2015; 1(4): 392-406. doi: 10.22034/2014.4.01</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /MAIN CONTENT --> <!-- Subscribe --> <section class="alternate padding-xxs"> </section> <!-- /Subscribe --> <!-- FOOTER --> <div class="container"> <footer id="footer"> <div class="scrollup" id="scroll" href="#"><span></span></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <!-- Links --> <h4 class="">Explore Journal</h4> <ul class="footer-links list-unstyled"> <li id="fli_home"><a href="./">Home</a></li> <li id="fli_about"><a href="./journal/about">About Journal</a></li> <li id="fli_Edb"><a href="./journal/editorial.board">Editorial Board</a></li> <li id="fli_submit"><a href="./author">Submit Manuscript</a></li> <li id="fli_contactus"><a href="./journal/contact.us">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="fli_glossary"><a href="./journal/glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li id="fli_order_hrdj"><a href="./journal/subscription.form">Hard Copy Subscription</a></li> <li id="fli_sitemap"><a href="./sitemap.xml?usr">Sitemap</a></li> </ul> <!-- /Links --> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <!-- Latest News --> <h4 class="">Latest News</h4> <ul class="footer-posts list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="./news?newsCode=173">SD of ISC: Sustainable Development of Intelligent Supply Chains based on Trends and Future Directions: Application of Novel Solution Techniques</a> <small class="ltr">2023-03-05</small> </li> </ul> <!-- /Latest News --> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <!-- Footer Note --> <div><p><a title="Linkedin" href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/ijsom?trk=eml-cp_mktg-btn-welcome-20120607%2F"><img src="images/linkedin.jpg" alt="linkedin" /></a></p></div> <!-- /Footer Note --> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <!-- Newsletter Form --> <h4 class="">Newsletter Subscription</h4> <p>Subscribe to the journal newsletter and receive the latest news and updates</p> <form class="validate" action="" method="post" data-success="Subscription saved successfully." data-toastr-position="bottom-right"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="7b73c385185c244727ca5c1da517b70a87d5497ac0d6da47"/> <div class="input-group"> <span class="input-group-addon"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i></span> <input type="email" id="email" name="email" required="required" class="form-control required sbs_email" placeholder="Enter your Email" oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Enter a valid email address.')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-primary mybtn" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </span> </div> </form> <!-- /Newsletter Form --> <!-- Social Icons --> <div class="margin-top-20"> <a class="noborder" href="" target="_blank" class="social-icon social-icon-border social-facebook pull-left block" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Facebook"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <a class="noborder" href="" target="_blank" class="social-icon social-icon-border social-facebook pull-left block" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Twitter"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-square" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <a class="noborder" href="" target="_blank" class="social-icon social-icon-border social-facebook pull-left block" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Linkedin"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <a class="noborder" href="./ju.rss" class="social-icon social-icon-border social-rss pull-left block" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Rss"><i class="fa fa-rss-square" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright" style="position: relative"> <ul class="nomargin list-inline mobile-block"> <li>© Journal Management System. <span id='sp_crt'>Powered by <a target='_blank' href='https://www.sinaweb.net/'>Sinaweb</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> <!-- /FOOTER --> </div> <!-- /wrapper --> <!-- SCROLL TO TOP --> <a href="#" id="toTop_old"></a> <!-- PRELOADER --> <div id="preloader"> <div class="inner"> <span class="loader"></span> </div> </div><!-- /PRELOADER --> <!-- JAVASCRIPT FILES --> <script type="text/javascript">var plugin_path = './themes/base/front/assets/plugins/';</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="./themes/base/front/assets/js/scripts.js?v=0.02"></script> <!-- user defined scripts--> <!-- Extra Script Scripts --> <script type="text/javascript"> $('ul.nav li.dropdown').hover(function() { if (window.matchMedia('(max-width: 767px)').matches) return; 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