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color:#27408B;\"\u003E\n\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr valign=\"top\"\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"text-align:center;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"display: flex; text-align:center; border: 1px solid black;\" class=\"plainlinks\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align:center; flex: 1; margin: 0.2em 0;\"\u003E\u003Cbig\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Seniori_p%C3%AD%C5%A1u_Wikip%C3%A9diu_2025\" title=\"Wikipédia:Seniori píšu Wikipédiu 2025\"\u003ESeniori píšu Wikipédiu\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/big\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\u003Cb\u003ENaučte sa\u0026#160;písať Wikipédiu!\u0026#160;Prihlasovanie spustené.\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Použitie_kodónov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Použitie_kodónov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Použitie kodónov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Použitie_kodónov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Obsah" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kodón</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 36 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – bosniačtina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet_(biologia)" title="Triplet (biologia) – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Triplet (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon" title="Codon – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Codon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basentriplett" title="Basentriplett – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basentriplett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon" title="Codon – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Codon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod%C3%B3n" title="Codón – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Codón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodon" title="Koodon – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koodon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodoi" title="Kodoi – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kodoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon" title="Codon – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Codon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod%C3%B3n" title="Codón – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Codón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazowy_triplet" title="Bazowy triplet – hornolužická srbčina" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bazowy triplet" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="hornolužická srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Կոդոն – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոդոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_genetik" title="Kode genetik – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kode genetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codone" title="Codone – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Codone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3" title="コドン – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コドン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – jávčina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jávčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კოდონი – gruzínčina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოდონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кодон – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кодон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – kurdčina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кодон – kirgizština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кодон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon" title="Codon – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Codon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon" title="Codon – okcitánčina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Codon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod%C3%A3o" title="Codão – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Codão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon" title="Codon – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Codon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кодон – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кодон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – srbochorvátčina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кодон – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кодон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – sundčina" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кодон – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кодон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodon" title="Kodon – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kodon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165052#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Upraviť medzijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upraviť odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Menné priestory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kod%C3%B3n" 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accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje stránky"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhľad"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhľad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kodón</b> je sekvencia troch <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotidov</a> (nazývaných v tejto súvislosti <b>triplet</b>) v molekule DNA alebo <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a>, ktoré určujú zaradenie konkrétnej <a href="/wiki/Aminokyselina" title="Aminokyselina">aminokyseliny</a> do <a href="/wiki/Peptid" title="Peptid">polypeptidového</a> reťazca. Určitý kodón kóduje len jednu aminokyselinu, avšak určitá aminokyselina môže byť kódovaná viacerými, rôznymi kodónmi, napríklad <a href="/wiki/Argin%C3%ADn" title="Arginín">arginín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ser%C3%ADn" title="Serín">serín</a> a <a href="/wiki/Leuc%C3%ADn" title="Leucín">leucín</a> sú kódované každá až šesticou rôznych kodónov. Kodóny kódujúce tú istú aminokyselinu sa nazývajú <i>synonymné</i>; <a href="/wiki/Mut%C3%A1cia" class="mw-disambig" title="Mutácia">mutácia</a>, ktorá zmení kodón na iný synonymný kodón, sa nazýva <i>tichá mutácia</i>. </p><p>Kodóny sa v DNA vyskytujú na tzv. pozitívnom z dvoch komplementárnych reťazcov génu, a na mRNA. Sekvencia mRNA sa však odlišuje od pozitívneho reťazca génu tým, že namiesto <a href="/wiki/Tym%C3%ADn" title="Tymín">tymínu</a> sa v nej nachádza báza <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>. Funkcia kodónu spočíva v tom, že v procese <a href="/wiki/Transl%C3%A1cia_(genetika)" title="Translácia (genetika)">translácie</a> sa naň pripojí <a href="/wiki/Antikod%C3%B3n" title="Antikodón">antikodón</a>, čo je sekvencia troch komplementárnych báz v molekule <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>. Po tomto spárovaní tRNA, ktorá daný antikodón nesie, pripojí svoju aminokyselinu k tvoriacemu sa peptidovému reťazcu. </p><p>Väčšina kodónov je čítaná v rôznych organizmoch od baktérií až po človeka rovnako. Hovoríme preto o tzv. univerzálnom <a href="/wiki/Genetick%C3%BD_k%C3%B3d" title="Genetický kód">genetickom kóde</a>. Existujú však aj takzvané minoritné kodóny, ktoré sa vyskytujú zriedkavo a sú špecifické pre niektoré skupiny organizmov alebo pre niektoré <a href="/wiki/Bunkov%C3%A1_organela" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunková organela">bunkové organely</a>. </p><p><b>Špeciálny typ kodónu:</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Iniciačný</b> (<a href="/wiki/Aden%C3%ADn" title="Adenín">A</a><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">U</a><a href="/wiki/Guan%C3%ADn" title="Guanín">G</a>) - označuje začiatok pre <a href="/wiki/Proteosynt%C3%A9za" title="Proteosyntéza">syntézu bielkovín</a> pri <a href="/wiki/Transl%C3%A1cia_(genetika)" title="Translácia (genetika)">translácii</a> a kóduje bielkovinu <a href="/wiki/Metion%C3%ADn" title="Metionín">metionín</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Terminačný</b> (UGA, UAA, UAG) - označuje koniec syntézy bielkovín pri translácii a nekóduje žiadnu bielkovinu. UAG však môže byť niekedy čítaný ako kodón pre <a href="/wiki/Selenocyste%C3%ADn" title="Selenocysteín">selenocysteín</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Použitie_kodónov"><span id="Pou.C5.BEitie_kod.C3.B3nov"></span>Použitie kodónov</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Použitie kodónov" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Použitie kodónov"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zastúpenie synonymných kodónov v génoch rôznych organizmoch nie je rovnomerné. <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoty" title="Prokaryoty">Prokaryoty</a> a <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty">eukaryoty</a> sa líšia frekvenciou výskytu určitých kodónov a táto frekvencia priamo súvisí s množstvom príslušnej aminoacyl tRNA prítomnej v <a href="/wiki/Cytoplazma" title="Cytoplazma">cytoplazme</a>, čím ovplyvňuje rýchlosť translácie. Najzastúpenejšie kodóny sa preto vyskytujú v génoch s vysokým stupňom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Expresia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expresia (stránka neexistuje)">expresie</a>, kým minoritné, alebo nezvyčajné kodóny sú najviac zastúpené v <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n" title="Gén">génoch</a> s nízkou hladinou expresie. Toto rozdielne použitie kodónov (v angličtine "codon usage") spôsobuje problémy pri produkcii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekombinantn%C3%BD_prote%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekombinantný proteín (stránka neexistuje)">rekombinantných proteínov</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekombin%C3%A1cia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekombinácia (stránka neexistuje)">Rekombinantné</a> gény pochádzajúce z eukaryotov alebo <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">archeí</a> však obsahujú vo veľkom množstve kodóny, ktoré sú pre pôvodné organizmy často zastúpené, ale pre <a href="/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9rie" title="Baktérie">baktérie</a> sú minoritné.<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ako limitujúci faktor v bakteriálnej expresii niektorých cicavčích génov v <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i> sa ukázala byť minoritná arginínová tRNA, pretože kodóny AGA a AGG nie sú v <i>E. coli</i> príliš často používané.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tieto rozdiely v používaní kodónov medzi druhmi ovplyvňujú kvantitu, ale aj kvalitu proteínov produkovaných hostiteľmi. Keď nie je včas k dispozícií aminoacyl tRNA s vhodným antikodónom, <a href="/wiki/Riboz%C3%B3m" title="Ribozóm">ribozóm</a> sa pravdepodobne zastaví.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niektorí autori<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zistili, že inhibícia translácie je silnejšia, keď sú minoritné kodóny umiestnené blízko 5’ konca danej mRNA, ďalší<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uviedli, že tandem AGG tripletov spôsobil podstatnú inhibíciu génovej expresie nezávisle od jej umiestnenia v mRNA. </p><p>Tento problém má potenciálne dve riešenia: zmena kodónov v expresnom vektore, aby zodpovedala kodónom najčastejšie používaným <i>E. coli</i>, alebo expresia príslušných tRNA génov súčasne s rekombinantným génom.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na koexpresiu tRNA pre vzácne kodóny bol vyvinutý expresný kmeň Rosetta. Existujú ale aj výnimky, napríklad expresia <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus">vírusového</a> génu ICP4, ktorá zostávala neúčinnou aj po použití oboch vyššie uvedených postupov, alebo naopak bola zistená dostatočne účinná expresia aj tých génov, ktoré obsahovali minoritné kodóny pre <i>E. coli</i>. Hoci tieto výsledky mohli byť skreslené ďalšími premennými, do dnešného dňa nebolo možné sformulovať všeobecné a jednoznačné pravidlá na zastúpenie kodónov pre účinnú expresiu každého génu v <i>E. coli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kane_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencie">Referencie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod%C3%B3n&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Referencie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Referencie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kane-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kane_1-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kane_1-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">KANE, J. F. Effects of rare codon clusters on high-level expression of heterologous proteins in <i>Escherichia coli</i>. In Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1995, roč. 6, s. 494–500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">CHEN, G.-F. T., INOUYE, M. 1994. Role of the AGA/AGG codons, the rarest codons in global gene expression in Escherichia coli. In Genes Dev. 1994, roč. 8., s. 2641–2652</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">MCNULTY, D., E., CLAFFEE, B. A., HUDDLESTON, M. J., KANE, J. F. 2003. Mistranslational errors associated with the rare arginine codon CGG in Escherichia coli. In Protein Expr. Purif. ISSN 1096-0279, 2003, roč. 27, s. 365–374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_4-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_4-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GOLDMAN, E., ROSENBERG, A. H., ZUBAY, G., STUDIER, F. W. 1995. Consecutive low-usage leucine codons block translation only when near the 5´ end of a message in Escherichia coli. In J. Mol. Biol. ISSN 0021-9258, 1995, roč. 245, s. 467–473</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IVANOV, I., ALEXANDROVA, R., DRAGULEV, B. SARAFFOVA, A., ABOUHAIDAR, M. G. 1992. Effect of tandemly repeated AGG triplets on the translation of CAT-mRNA in E. coli. FEBS Lett. 1992, roč. 307, s. 173–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">PENG, L., XU, Z., FANG, X., WANG, F., YANG, S., CEN, P. Preferencial codons enhancing the expression level of human beta- defensin-2 in recombinant Escherichia coli. In Protein and Peptides Letters. 2004, roč. 11, č. 4, s. 339-344</span> </li> </ol> <div style="border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0ex 1ex; font-size: 90%;" class="tright" title="Portály, ktorých súčasťou je táto stránka"> <table style="margin: 0; padding: 0ex"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;margin: 0;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Ch%C3%A9mia" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nukleozid" title="Nukleozid">Nukleozidy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>Puríny <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenoz%C3%ADn" title="Adenozín">Adenozín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoz%C3%ADn" title="Guanozín">Guanozín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoz%C3%ADn" title="Inozín">Inozín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xantoz%C3%ADn" title="Xantozín">Xantozín</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pyrimidíny <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytid%C3%ADn" title="Cytidín">Cytidín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Metylurid%C3%ADn" title="5-Metyluridín">5-Metyluridín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urid%C3%ADn" title="Uridín">Uridín</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Deoxypuríny <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenoz%C3%ADn" title="Deoxyadenozín">Deoxyadenozín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanoz%C3%ADn" title="Deoxyguanozín">Deoxyguanozín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyinoz%C3%ADn" title="Deoxyinozín">Deoxyinozín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyxantoz%C3%ADn" title="Deoxyxantozín">Deoxyxantozín</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxypyrimidíny <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytid%C3%ADn" title="Deoxycytidín">Deoxycytidín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymid%C3%ADn" title="Tymidín">Tymidín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyurid%C3%ADn" title="Deoxyuridín">Deoxyuridín</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Cukry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rib%C3%B3za" title="Ribóza">Ribóza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyrib%C3%B3za" title="Deoxyribóza">Deoxyribóza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Modifikované nukleozidy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrourid%C3%ADn" title="Dihydrouridín">Dihydrouridín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Metylurid%C3%ADn" title="3-Metyluridín">3-Metyluridín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Metylcytid%C3%ADn" title="5-Metylcytidín">5-Metylcytidín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N6-Metyladenoz%C3%ADn" title="N6-Metyladenozín"><i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Metyladenozín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudourid%C3%ADn" title="Pseudouridín">Pseudouridín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wybutoz%C3%ADn" title="Wybutozín">Wybutozín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoz%C3%ADn" title="Wyozín">Wyozín</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">Nukleotidy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nukleozidmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Nukleozidmonofosfát">Monofosfáty</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribonukleotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonukleotid">Ribonukleotidy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Adenozínmonofosfát">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytid%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Cytidínmonofosfát">CMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Guanozínmonofosfát">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Inozínmonofosfát">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Metylurid%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Metyluridínmonofosfát (stránka neexistuje)">m<sup>5</sup>UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urid%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Uridínmonofosfát">UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xantoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Xantozínmonofosfát">XMP</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonukleotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonukleotid">Deoxyribonukleotidy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxyadenozínmonofosfát">dAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytid%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxycytidínmonofosfát">dCMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxyguanozínmonofosfát">dGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyinoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxyinozínmonofosfát">dIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymid%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Tymidínmonofosfát">dTMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyurid%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxyuridínmonofosfát">dUMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxantoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxantozínmonofosfát (stránka neexistuje)">dXMP</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyklick%C3%BD_nukleotid" title="Cyklický nukleotid">Cyklické</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyklick%C3%BD_adenoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Cyklický adenozínmonofosfát">cAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyklick%C3%BD_guanoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Cyklický guanozínmonofosfát">cGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyklick%C3%BD_di-AMP" title="Cyklický di-AMP">c-di-AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyklick%C3%BD_di-GMP" title="Cyklický di-GMP">c-di-GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyklick%C3%A1_ADP-rib%C3%B3za" title="Cyklická ADP-ribóza">cADPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyklick%C3%BD_guanoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t-adenoz%C3%ADnmonofosf%C3%A1t" title="Cyklický guanozínmonofosfát-adenozínmonofosfát">cGAMP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nukleoziddifosf%C3%A1t" title="Nukleoziddifosfát">Difosfáty</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Adenozíndifosfát">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytid%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Cytidíndifosfát">CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Guanozíndifosfát">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inozíndifosfát (stránka neexistuje)">IDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Metylurid%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Metyluridíndifosfát (stránka neexistuje)">m<sup>5</sup>UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urid%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Uridíndifosfát">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xantoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Xantozíndifosfát">XDP</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxyadenozíndifosfát">dADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytid%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxycytidíndifosfát">dCDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxyguanozíndifosfát">dGDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyinoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyinozíndifosfát (stránka neexistuje)">dIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymid%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t" title="Tymidíndifosfát">dTDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyurid%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyuridíndifosfát (stránka neexistuje)">dUDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxantoz%C3%ADndifosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxantozíndifosfát (stránka neexistuje)">dXDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nukleozidtrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Nukleozidtrifosfát">Trifosfáty</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Adenozíntrifosfát">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytid%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Cytidíntrifosfát">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Guanozíntrifosfát">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Inozíntrifosfát">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Metylurid%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="5-Metyluridíntrifosfát">m<sup>5</sup>UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urid%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Uridíntrifosfát">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xantoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Xantozíntrifosfát">XTP</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxyadenozíntrifosfát">dATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytid%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxycytidíntrifosfát">dCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Deoxyguanozíntrifosfát">dGTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyinoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyinozíntrifosfát (stránka neexistuje)">dITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymid%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Tymidíntrifosfát">dTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyurid%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyuridíntrifosfát (stránka neexistuje)">dUTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxantoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxantozíntrifosfát (stránka neexistuje)">dXTP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Nukleová kyselina">Nukleové kyseliny</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Ribonukleová kyselina">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LNA (stránka neexistuje)">LNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNA (stránka neexistuje)">PNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondri%C3%A1lna_DNA" title="Mitochondriálna DNA">mtDNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastidov%C3%A1_DNA" title="Plastidová DNA">ptDNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligonukleotid" title="Oligonukleotid">Oligonukleotid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetick%C3%A1_inform%C3%A1cia" title="Genetická informácia">Genetická informácia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikod%C3%B3n" title="Antikodón">Antikodón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epigenetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epigenetika (stránka neexistuje)">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%B3m" title="Genóm">Genóm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n" title="Gén">Gén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetick%C3%BD_k%C3%B3d" title="Genetický kód">Genetický kód</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboz%C3%BDm" title="Ribozým">Ribozým</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syntéza_proteínov" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:Proteosynt%C3%A9za" title="Šablóna:Proteosyntéza"><span title="Zobraz túto šablónu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">z</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusia_k_%C5%A1abl%C3%B3ne:Proteosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskusia k šablóne:Proteosyntéza (stránka neexistuje)"><span title="Diskusia o tejto šablóne" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:Proteosynt%C3%A9za&action=edit"><span title="Upraviť túto šablónu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">u</span></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syntéza_proteínov" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Proteosynt%C3%A9za" title="Proteosyntéza">Syntéza proteínov</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expresia_g%C3%A9nu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expresia génu (stránka neexistuje)">Expresia génu</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktiv%C3%A1tor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivátor (stránka neexistuje)">aktivátor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enhancer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enhancer (stránka neexistuje)">enhancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%B3n" title="Exón">exón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n" title="Gén">gén</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induktor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Induktor (stránka neexistuje)">induktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intr%C3%B3n" title="Intrón">intrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%C3%A1cia_(genetika)" title="Mutácia (genetika)">mutácia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oper%C3%B3n" title="Operón">operón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Represor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Represor (stránka neexistuje)">represor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silencer (stránka neexistuje)">silencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Nukleová kyselina">Nukleové kyseliny</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Ribonukleová kyselina">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-mRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-mRNA (stránka neexistuje)">pre-mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medi%C3%A1torov%C3%A1_ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Mediátorová ribonukleová kyselina">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SnRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SnRNA (stránka neexistuje)">snRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferov%C3%A1_ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Transferová ribonukleová kyselina">tRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferuj%C3%BAca_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferujúca RNA (stránka neexistuje)">RNAi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozom%C3%A1lna_ribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribozomálna ribonukleová kyselina">rRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MikroRNA" title="MikroRNA">miRNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transkripcia_(genetika)" title="Transkripcia (genetika)">Transkripcia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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jednotka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripcia_mimochromoz%C3%B3movej_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripcia mimochromozómovej DNA (stránka neexistuje)">transkripcia mimochromozómovej DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkrip%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_faktor" title="Transkripčný faktor">transkripčný faktor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transl%C3%A1cia_(genetika)" title="Translácia (genetika)">Translácia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminoacyl_tRNA_syntet%C3%A1za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminoacyl tRNA syntetáza (stránka neexistuje)">aminoacyl tRNA syntetáza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminokyselina" title="Aminokyselina">aminokyselina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antikod%C3%B3n" title="Antikodón">antikodón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elonga%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_faktor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elongačný faktor (stránka neexistuje)">elongačný faktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoplazmatick%C3%A9_retikulum" title="Endoplazmatické retikulum">endoplazmatické retikulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetick%C3%BD_k%C3%B3d" title="Genetický kód">genetický kód</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoz%C3%ADntrifosf%C3%A1t" title="Guanozíntrifosfát">guanozíntrifosfát</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inicia%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_faktor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iniciačný faktor (stránka neexistuje)">iniciačný faktor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">kodón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotransla%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_%C3%BAprava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotranslačná úprava (stránka neexistuje)">kotranslačná úprava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteosyntetick%C3%BD_faktor&action=edit&redlink=1" 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