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potentiation</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: potentiation"> <meta name="keywords" content="potentiation"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="potentiation"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 14</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: potentiation</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Oleic Acid Enhances Hippocampal Synaptic Efficacy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rema%20Vazhappilly">Rema Vazhappilly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tapas%20Das"> Tapas Das </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oleic acid is a cis unsaturated fatty acid and is known to be a partially essential fatty acid due to its limited endogenous synthesis during pregnancy and lactation. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of oleic acid in neuronal differentiation and brain phospholipid synthesis. These evidences indicate a major role for oleic acid in learning and memory. Interestingly, oleic acid has been shown to enhance hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP), the physiological correlate of long term synaptic plasticity. However the effect of oleic acid on short term synaptic plasticity has not been investigated. Short term potentiation (STP) is the physiological correlate of short term synaptic plasticity which is the key underlying molecular mechanism of short term memory and neuronal information processing. STP in the hippocampal CA1 region has been known to require the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). The NMDAR dependent hippocampal STP as a potential mechanism for short term memory has been a subject of intense interest for the past few years. Therefore in the present study the effect of oleic acid on NMDAR dependent hippocampal STP was determined in mouse hippocampal slices (in vitro) using Multi-electrode array system. STP was induced by weak tetanic Stimulation (one train of 100 Hz stimulations for 0.1s) of the Schaffer collaterals of CA1 region of the hippocampus in slices treated with different concentrations of oleic acid in presence or absence of NMDAR antagonist D-AP5 (30 µM) . Oleic acid at 20 (mean increase in fEPSP amplitude = ~135 % Vs. Control = 100%; P<0.001) and 30 µM (mean increase in fEPSP amplitude = ~ 280% Vs. Control = 100%); P<0.001) significantly enhanced the STP following weak tetanic stimulation. Lower oleic acid concentrations at 10 µM did not modify the hippocampal STP induced by weak tetanic stimulation. The hippocampal STP induced by weak tetanic stimulation was completely blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 (30µM) in both oleic acid and control treated hippocampal slices. This lead to the conclusion that the hippocampal STP elicited by weak tetanic stimulation and enhanced by oleic acid was NMDAR dependent. Together these findings suggest that oleic acid may enhance the short term memory and neuronal information processing through the modulation of NMDAR dependent hippocampal short-term synaptic plasticity. In conclusion this study suggests the possible role of oleic acid to prevent the short term memory loss and impaired neuronal function throughout development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oleic%20acid" title="oleic acid">oleic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=short-term%20potentiation" title=" short-term potentiation"> short-term potentiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=memory" title=" memory"> memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20excitatory%20post%20synaptic%20potentials" title=" field excitatory post synaptic potentials"> field excitatory post synaptic potentials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NMDA%20receptor" title=" NMDA receptor"> NMDA receptor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36993/oleic-acid-enhances-hippocampal-synaptic-efficacy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Optimization of Radiation Therapy with a Nanotechnology Based Enzymatic Therapy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20D.%20Esposito">R. D. Esposito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20M.%20Barber%C3%A1"> V. M. Barberá</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Morales"> P. García Morales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Dorado%20Rodr%C3%ADguez"> P. Dorado Rodríguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Sanz"> J. Sanz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Fuentes"> M. Fuentes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Planes%20Meseguer"> D. Planes Meseguer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Saceda"> M. Saceda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Fern%C3%A1ndez%20Fornos"> L. Fernández Fornos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20P.%20Ventero"> M. P. Ventero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Results obtained by our group on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) primary cultures , show a dramatic potentiation of radiation effects when 2 units/ml of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) enzyme are added, free or immobilized in magnetic nanoparticles, to irradiated samples just after the irradiation. Cell cultures were exposed to radiation doses of 7Gy and 15Gy of 6 MV photons from a clinical linear accelerator. At both doses, we observed a clear enhancing effect of radiation-induced damages due to the addition of DAO. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D-amino%20Acid%20Oxidase%20%28DAO%29%20enzyme" title="D-amino Acid Oxidase (DAO) enzyme">D-amino Acid Oxidase (DAO) enzyme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20particles" title=" magnetic particles"> magnetic particles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotechnology" title=" nanotechnology"> nanotechnology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20therapy%20enhancement" title=" radiation therapy enhancement"> radiation therapy enhancement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29814/optimization-of-radiation-therapy-with-a-nanotechnology-based-enzymatic-therapy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29814.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Effect of Removing Hub Domain on Human CaMKII Isoforms Sensitivity to Calcium/Calmodulin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravid%20Inbar">Ravid Inbar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> CaMKII (calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II) makes up 2% of the protein in our brain and has a critical role in memory formation and long-term potentiation of neurons. Despite this, research has yet to uncover the role of one of the domains on the activation of this kinase. The following proposes to express the protein without the hub domain in E. coli, leaving only the kinase and regulatory segment of the protein. Next, a series of kinase assays will be conducted to elucidate the role the hub domain plays on CaMKII sensitivity to calcium/calmodulin activation. The hub domain may be important for activation; however, it may also be a variety of domains working together to influence protein activation and not the hub alone. Characterization of a protein is critical to the future understanding of the protein's function, as well as for producing pharmacological targets in cases of patients with diseases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CaMKII" title="CaMKII">CaMKII</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hub%20domain" title=" hub domain"> hub domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinase%20assays" title=" kinase assays"> kinase assays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinase%20%2B%20reg%20seg" title=" kinase + reg seg"> kinase + reg seg</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157748/effect-of-removing-hub-domain-on-human-camkii-isoforms-sensitivity-to-calciumcalmodulin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157748.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Tyrosine Rich Fraction as an Immunomodulatory Agent from Ficus Religiosa Bark</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Nirmal">S. A. Nirmal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20S.%20Asane"> G. S. Asane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20C.%20Pal"> S. C. Pal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20C.%20Mandal"> S. C. Mandal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: Ficus religiosa Linn (Moraceae) is being used in traditional medicine to improve immunity hence present work was undertaken to validate this use scientifically. Material and Methods: Dried, powdered bark of F. religiosa was extracted successively using petroleum ether and 70% ethanol in soxhlet extractor. The extracts obtained were screened for immunomodulatory activity by delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), neutrophil adhesion test and cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia in Swiss albino mice at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p. 70% ethanol extract showed significant immunostimulant activity hence subjected to column chromatography to produce tyrosine rich fraction (TRF). TRF obtained was screened for immunomodulatory activity by above methods at the dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p. Results: TRF showed potentiation of DTH response in terms of significant increase in the mean difference in foot-pad thickness and it significantly increased neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibers by 48.20%. Percentage reduction in total leukocyte count and neutrophil by TRF was found to be 43.85% and 18.72%, respectively. Conclusion: Immunostimulant activity of TRF was more pronounced and thus it has great potential as a source for natural health products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ficus%20religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Ficus religiosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunomodulatory" title=" immunomodulatory"> immunomodulatory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclophosphamide" title=" cyclophosphamide"> cyclophosphamide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutropenia" title=" neutropenia"> neutropenia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26530/tyrosine-rich-fraction-as-an-immunomodulatory-agent-from-ficus-religiosa-bark" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Construction of QSAR Models to Predict Potency on a Series of substituted Imidazole Derivatives as Anti-fungal Agents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20El%20Mansouria%20Beghdadi">Sara El Mansouria Beghdadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modelling is one of the main computer tools used in medicinal chemistry. Over the past two decades, the incidence of fungal infections has increased due to the development of resistance. In this study, the QSAR was performed on a series of esters of 2-carboxamido-3-(1H-imidazole-1-yl) propanoic acid derivatives. These compounds have showed moderate and very good antifungal activity. The multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to generate the linear 2d-QSAR models. The dataset consists of 115 compounds with their antifungal activity (log MIC) against «Candida albicans» (ATCC SC5314). Descriptors were calculated, and different models were generated using Chemoffice, Avogadro, GaussView software. The selected model was validated. The study suggests that the increase in lipophilicity and the reduction in the electronic character of the substituent in R1, as well as the reduction in the steric hindrance of the substituent in R2 and its aromatic character, supporting the potentiation of the antifungal effect. The results of QSAR could help scientists to propose new compounds with higher antifungal activities intended for immunocompromised patients susceptible to multi-resistant nosocomial infections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20structure%E2%80%93activity%20relationship" title="quantitative structure–activity relationship">quantitative structure–activity relationship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imidazole" title=" imidazole"> imidazole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antifungal" title=" antifungal"> antifungal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=candida%20albicans%20%28ATCC%20SC5314%29" title=" candida albicans (ATCC SC5314)"> candida albicans (ATCC SC5314)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174183/construction-of-qsar-models-to-predict-potency-on-a-series-of-substituted-imidazole-derivatives-as-anti-fungal-agents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174183.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Indium-Gallium-Zinc Oxide Photosynaptic Device with Alkylated Graphene Oxide for Optoelectronic Spike Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyong%20Oh">Seyong Oh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin-Hong%20Park"> Jin-Hong Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, neuromorphic computing based on brain-inspired artificial neural networks (ANNs) has attracted huge amount of research interests due to the technological abilities to facilitate massively parallel, low-energy consuming, and event-driven computing. In particular, research on artificial synapse that imitate biological synapses responsible for human information processing and memory is in the spotlight. Here, we demonstrate a photosynaptic device, wherein a synaptic weight is governed by a mixed spike consisting of voltage and light spikes. Compared to the device operated only by the voltage spike, ∆G in the proposed photosynaptic device significantly increased from -2.32nS to 5.95nS with no degradation of nonlinearity (NL) (potentiation/depression values were changed from 4.24/8 to 5/8). Furthermore, the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) digit pattern recognition rates improved from 36% and 49% to 50% and 62% in ANNs consisting of the synaptic devices with 20 and 100 weight states, respectively. We expect that the photosynaptic device technology processed by optoelectronic spike will play an important role in implementing the neuromorphic computing systems in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optoelectronic%20synapse" title="optoelectronic synapse">optoelectronic synapse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IGZO%20%28Indium-Gallium-Zinc%20Oxide%29%20photosynaptic%20device" title=" IGZO (Indium-Gallium-Zinc Oxide) photosynaptic device"> IGZO (Indium-Gallium-Zinc Oxide) photosynaptic device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optoelectronic%20spiking%20process" title=" optoelectronic spiking process"> optoelectronic spiking process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuromorphic%20computing" title=" neuromorphic computing"> neuromorphic computing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93884/indium-gallium-zinc-oxide-photosynaptic-device-with-alkylated-graphene-oxide-for-optoelectronic-spike-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93884.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Combination of Lamotrigine and Duloxetine: A Potential Approach for the Treatment of Acute Bipolar Depression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kedar%20S.%20Prabhavalkar">Kedar S. Prabhavalkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nimmy%20Baby%20Poovanpallil"> Nimmy Baby Poovanpallil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lamotrigine is approved for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. However, its role in the treatment of acute bipolar depression is not well clear. Its efficacy in the treatment of major depressive disorders including refractory unipolar depression suggested the use of lamotrigine as an augmentation drug for acute bipolar depression. The present study aims to evaluate and perform a comparative analysis of the therapeutic effects of lamotrigine, an epileptic mood stabilizer, when used alone and in combination with duloxetine in treating acute bipolar depression at different doses of lamotrigine. Male swiss albino mice were used. For evaluation of efficacy of combination, immobility period was analyzed 30 min after the treatment from forced swim and tail suspension tests. Further amount of sucrose consumed in sucrose preference test was estimated. The combination of duloxetine and lamotrigine showed potentiation of antidepressant activity in acute models. Decrease in immobility time and increase in the amount of sucrose consumption in stressed mice were higher in combined group compared to lamotrigine monotherapy group. Brain monoamine levels were also attenuated more with combination compared to monotherapy. Results of the present study suggest potential role of lamotrigine and duloxetine combination in the treatment of acute bipolar depression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lamotrigine" title="lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=duloxetine" title=" duloxetine"> duloxetine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20bipolar%20depression" title=" acute bipolar depression"> acute bipolar depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=augmentation" title=" augmentation"> augmentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43929/combination-of-lamotrigine-and-duloxetine-a-potential-approach-for-the-treatment-of-acute-bipolar-depression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43929.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">507</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Modeling of CREB Pathway Induced Gene Induction: From Stimulation to Repression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Julia%20Rose%20Mary">K. Julia Rose Mary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20Arokia%20Doss"> Victor Arokia Doss</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrical and chemical stimulations up-regulate phosphorylaion of CREB, a transcriptional factor that induces its target gene production for memory consolidation and Late Long-Term Potentiation (L-LTP) in CA1 region of the hippocampus. L-LTP requires complex interactions among second-messenger signaling cascade molecules such as cAMP, CAMKII, CAMKIV, MAPK, RSK, PKA, all of which converge to phosphorylate CREB which along with CBP induces the transcription of target genes involved in memory consolidation. A differential equation based model for L-LTP representing stimulus-mediated activation of downstream mediators which confirms the steep, supralinear stimulus-response effects of activation and inhibition was used. The same was extended to accommodate the inhibitory effect of the Inducible cAMP Early Repressor (ICER). ICER is the natural inducible CREB antagonist represses CRE-Mediated gene transcription involved in long-term plasticity for learning and memory. After verifying the sensitivity and robustness of the model, we had simulated it with various empirical levels of repressor concentration to analyse their effect on the gene induction. The model appears to predict the regulatory dynamics of repression on the L-LTP and agrees with the experimental values. The flux data obtained in the simulations demonstrate various aspects of equilibrium between the gene induction and repression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L-LTP" title=" L-LTP"> L-LTP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20modeling" title=" mathematical modeling"> mathematical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63464/modeling-of-creb-pathway-induced-gene-induction-from-stimulation-to-repression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Antidepressant-Like Effects of EQC-34, a 5HT3 Receptor Antagonist in Neurobehavioral Mouse Model of Depression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D%3A%20Gupta">D: Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Radhakrishnan"> M. Radhakrishnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Kurhe"> Y. Kurhe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Thangaraj"> D. Thangaraj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Depression is among the leading causes of death worldwide. The current pharmacotherapy is associated with poor compliance, resistance and relapse, which necessitate the development of novel compounds with better efficacy. The present study designed and synthesized EQC-34 (N-cyclohexyl-3-ethoxyquinoxalin-2-carboxamide) as novel serotonin type-3 (5HT3) antagonist and evaluated its antidepressant-like effects using neurobehavioral mouse model. 5HT3 antagonism (as pA2 value) was determined on the longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum against 2-methyl-5HT (a 5HT3 agonist). The doses were calculated by dose response of basal locomotor activity. Consequently, effects of EQC-34 on neurobehavioral parameters were measured in forced swim (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The possible mechanism was estimated by interaction study with fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and mCPBG (1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide, a selective 5HT3 agonist), and confirmed by potentiation of head twitch response by 5hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5HTP). EQC-34 (1-4 mg/kg, i.p.) produced significant decreased behavioral despair effects in FST and TST. It potentiated fluoxetine response, while mCPBG reduced EQC-34 activity in FST. Further, EQC-34 potentiated 5HTP induced head twitch response. EQC-34 revealed potential antidepressant-like effects, which may involve 5HT3 receptor mediated facilitation of 5HT neurotransmission, thereby reversing the pathological deficiency of monoamines (5HT) observed in depression. Thus, it may be further investigated as promising agent to improve therapeutics of depression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depression" title="depression">depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20swim%20test" title=" forced swim test"> forced swim test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5HT3%20receptor%20antagonist" title=" 5HT3 receptor antagonist"> 5HT3 receptor antagonist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serotonin" title=" serotonin"> serotonin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15585/antidepressant-like-effects-of-eqc-34-a-5ht3-receptor-antagonist-in-neurobehavioral-mouse-model-of-depression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15585.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">435</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> The 10,000 Fold Effect Retrograde Neurotransmission: A Newer Concept for Paraplegia’s Physiological Revival by the Use of Intrathecal Sodium Nitroprusside</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Tewari">V. K. Tewari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hussain"> M. Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20K.%20D.%20Gupta"> H. K. D. Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> B-Methylprednisolone-level-1-benefit (20%) usually given in paraplegia (but within 8hrs). Patients wait-long-duration for physiological-recovery. Intrathecal-Sodium-Nitroprusside(ITSNP) has been used-in vasospasm-due-to-subarachnoid-hemorrhage. ITSNP-has been studied-here for wide-window-period-range for-treatment, fast-recovery/affordability. 2- for acute-cases-and 1-mechanism-for chronic-cases, which-are-interrelated, are being-proposed-for-physiological-recovery. retrograde-neurotransmission, vasospasm and long-term-potentiation-(ltp) mechanisms are proposed here for recovery. It’s a case-control-prospective-study. 82paraplegia-patients(10patients taken as control-no superfusion or dextrose5% superfusion and 72patients as ITSNP-group). The mean time for superfusion was 14.11 days. ITSNP administered at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg bo wt. Pre/post ITSNP monitored by SSEP/MEP. After-2-Hours in ITSNP-group Mean-Change-From-Baseline-Asia Motor/Sensory-Score 13.84%/13.10%, after-24-hours MOTOR-1.27-points decrease(3.77%) and SENSORY 10.5points-increase(6.22%)as compared to Control-group no-change noted upto 24-hours, At-7days ITSNP motor/sensory;11.56%/6.22% as compared to Control-group 7.60/4.48%, At-2-months in ITSNP 27.69%/6.22% as compared to Control-group 16.02/4.5%. SSEP/MEP-documented-improvements-noted. ITSNP, a-swift-acting-drug in treatment-of-paraplegia, is effective within-two-hours(mean-change-MOTOR-13.84% and SENSORY-13.10%) on-mean14.11th postparaplegia-day with a small-detrimental-response after-24-hours which-recovers-fast. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paraplegias" title="paraplegias">paraplegias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrathecal%20sodium%20nitroprusside" title=" intrathecal sodium nitroprusside"> intrathecal sodium nitroprusside</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrograde%20transmission" title=" retrograde transmission"> retrograde transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%2010" title=" the 10"> the 10</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=000%20fold%20effect" title="000 fold effect">000 fold effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perforators" title=" perforators"> perforators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vasodilatations" title=" vasodilatations"> vasodilatations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long%20term%20potenciations" title=" long term potenciations"> long term potenciations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15994/the-10000-fold-effect-retrograde-neurotransmission-a-newer-concept-for-paraplegias-physiological-revival-by-the-use-of-intrathecal-sodium-nitroprusside" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> A Neuroscience-Based Learning Technique: Framework and Application to STEM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dante%20J.%20Dorantes-Gonz%C3%A1lez">Dante J. Dorantes-González</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aldrin%20Balsa-Yepes"> Aldrin Balsa-Yepes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Existing learning techniques such as problem-based learning, project-based learning, or case study learning are learning techniques that focus mainly on technical details, but give no specific guidelines on learner’s experience and emotional learning aspects such as arousal salience and valence, being emotional states important factors affecting engagement and retention. Some approaches involving emotion in educational settings, such as social and emotional learning, lack neuroscientific rigorousness and use of specific neurobiological mechanisms. On the other hand, neurobiology approaches lack educational applicability. And educational approaches mainly focus on cognitive aspects and disregard conditioning learning. First, authors start explaining the reasons why it is hard to learn thoughtfully, then they use the method of neurobiological mapping to track the main limbic system functions, such as the reward circuit, and its relations with perception, memories, motivations, sympathetic and parasympathetic reactions, and sensations, as well as the brain cortex. The authors conclude explaining the major finding: The mechanisms of nonconscious learning and the triggers that guarantee long-term memory potentiation. Afterward, the educational framework for practical application and the instructors’ guidelines are established. An implementation example in engineering education is given, namely, the study of tuned-mass dampers for earthquake oscillations attenuation in skyscrapers. This work represents an original learning technique based on nonconscious learning mechanisms to enhance long-term memories that complement existing cognitive learning methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotion" title="emotion">emotion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotion-enhanced%20memory" title=" emotion-enhanced memory"> emotion-enhanced memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20technique" title=" learning technique"> learning technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STEM" title=" STEM"> STEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117613/a-neuroscience-based-learning-technique-framework-and-application-to-stem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117613.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Unleashing the Power of Cerebrospinal System for a Better Computer Architecture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lakshmi%20N.%20Reddi">Lakshmi N. Reddi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akanksha%20Varma%20Sagi"> Akanksha Varma Sagi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studies on biomimetics are largely developed, deriving inspiration from natural processes in our objective world to develop novel technologies. Recent studies are diverse in nature, making their categorization quite challenging. Based on an exhaustive survey, we developed categorizations based on either the essential elements of nature - air, water, land, fire, and space, or on form/shape, functionality, and process. Such diverse studies as aircraft wings inspired by bird wings, a self-cleaning coating inspired by a lotus petal, wetsuits inspired by beaver fur, and search algorithms inspired by arboreal ant path networks lend themselves to these categorizations. Our categorizations of biomimetic studies allowed us to define a different dimension of biomimetics. This new dimension is not restricted to inspiration from the objective world. It is based on the premise that the biological processes observed in the objective world find their reflections in our human bodies in a variety of ways. For example, the lungs provide the most efficient example for liquid-gas phase exchange, the heart exemplifies a very efficient pumping and circulatory system, and the kidneys epitomize the most effective cleaning system. The main focus of this paper is to bring out the magnificence of the cerebro-spinal system (CSS) insofar as it relates to our current computer architecture. In particular, the paper uses four key measures to analyze the differences between CSS and human- engineered computational systems. These are adaptability, sustainability, energy efficiency, and resilience. We found that the cerebrospinal system reveals some important challenges in the development and evolution of our current computer architectures. In particular, the myriad ways in which the CSS is integrated with other systems/processes (circulatory, respiration, etc) offer useful insights on how the human-engineered computational systems could be made more sustainable, energy-efficient, resilient, and adaptable. In our paper, we highlight the energy consumption differences between CSS and our current computational designs. Apart from the obvious differences in materials used between the two, the systemic nature of how CSS functions provides clues to enhance life-cycles of our current computational systems. The rapid formation and changes in the physiology of dendritic spines and their synaptic plasticity causing memory changes (ex., long-term potentiation and long-term depression) allowed us to formulate differences in the adaptability and resilience of CSS. In addition, the CSS is sustained by integrative functions of various organs, and its robustness comes from its interdependence with the circulatory system. The paper documents and analyzes quantifiable differences between the two in terms of the four measures. Our analyses point out the possibilities in the development of computational systems that are more adaptable, sustainable, energy efficient, and resilient. It concludes with the potential approaches for technological advancement through creation of more interconnected and interdependent systems to replicate the effective operation of cerebro-spinal system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerebrospinal%20system" title="cerebrospinal system">cerebrospinal system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20architecture" title=" computer architecture"> computer architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptability" title=" adaptability"> adaptability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilience" title=" resilience"> resilience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166236/unleashing-the-power-of-cerebrospinal-system-for-a-better-computer-architecture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166236.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> The 10,000 Fold Effect of Retrograde Neurotransmission: A New Concept for Cerebral Palsy Revival by the Use of Nitric Oxide Donars </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Tewari">V. K. Tewari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hussain"> M. Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20K.%20D.%20Gupta"> H. K. D. Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Nitric Oxide Donars (NODs) (intrathecal sodium nitroprusside (ITSNP) and oral tadalafil 20mg post ITSNP) has been studied in this context in cerebral palsy patients for fast recovery. This work proposes two mechanisms for acute cases and one mechanism for chronic cases, which are interrelated, for physiological recovery. a) Retrograde Neurotransmission (acute cases): 1) Normal excitatory impulse: at the synaptic level, glutamate activates NMDA receptors, with nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) on the postsynaptic membrane, for further propagation by the calcium-calmodulin complex. Nitric oxide (NO, produced by NOS) travels backward across the chemical synapse and binds the axon-terminal NO receptor/sGC of a presynaptic neuron, regulating anterograde neurotransmission (ANT) via retrograde neurotransmission (RNT). Heme is the ligand-binding site of the NO receptor/sGC. Heme exhibits > 10,000-fold higher affinity for NO than for oxygen (the 10,000-fold effect) and is completed in 20 msec. 2) Pathological conditions: normal synaptic activity, including both ANT and RNT, is absent. A NO donor (SNP) releases NO from NOS in the postsynaptic region. NO travels backward across a chemical synapse to bind to the heme of a NO receptor in the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron, generating an impulse, as under normal conditions. b) Vasopasm: (acute cases) Perforators show vasospastic activity. NO vasodilates the perforators via the NO-cAMP pathway. c) Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): (chronic cases) The NO–cGMP-pathway plays a role in LTP at many synapses throughout the CNS and at the neuromuscular junction. LTP has been reviewed both generally and with respect to brain regions specific for memory/learning. Aims/Study Design: The principles of “generation of impulses from the presynaptic region to the postsynaptic region by very potent RNT (10,000-fold effect)” and “vasodilation of arteriolar perforators” are the basis of the authors’ hypothesis to treat cerebral palsy cases. Case-control prospective study. Materials and Methods: The experimental population included 82 cerebral palsy patients (10 patients were given control treatments without NOD or with 5% dextrose superfusion, and 72 patients comprised the NOD group). The mean time for superfusion was 5 months post-cerebral palsy. Pre- and post-NOD status was monitored by Gross Motor Function Classification System for Cerebral Palsy (GMFCS), MRI, and TCD studies. Results: After 7 days in the NOD group, the mean change in the GMFCS score was an increase of 1.2 points mean; after 3 months, there was an increase of 3.4 points mean, compared to the control-group increase of 0.1 points at 3 months. MRI and TCD documented the improvements. Conclusions: NOD (ITSNP boosts up the recovery and oral tadalafil maintains the recovery to a well-desired level) acts swiftly in the treatment of CP, acting within 7 days on 5 months post-cerebral palsy either of the three mechanisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerebral%20palsy" title="cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrathecal%20sodium%20nitroprusside" title=" intrathecal sodium nitroprusside"> intrathecal sodium nitroprusside</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20tadalafil" title=" oral tadalafil"> oral tadalafil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perforators" title=" perforators"> perforators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vasodilations" title=" vasodilations"> vasodilations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrograde%20transmission" title=" retrograde transmission"> retrograde transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%2010" title=" the 10"> the 10</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=000-fold%20effect" title="000-fold effect">000-fold effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long-term%20potantiation" title=" long-term potantiation"> long-term potantiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15995/the-10000-fold-effect-of-retrograde-neurotransmission-a-new-concept-for-cerebral-palsy-revival-by-the-use-of-nitric-oxide-donars" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Chemicals to Remove and Prevent Biofilm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cynthia%20K.%20Burzell">Cynthia K. Burzell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aequor's Founder, a Marine and Medical Microbiologist, discovered novel, non-toxic chemicals in the ocean that uniquely remove biofilm in minutes and prevent its formation for days. These chemicals and over 70 synthesized analogs that Aequor developed can replace thousands of toxic biocides used in consumer and industrial products and, as new drug candidates, kill biofilm-forming bacteria and fungi Superbugs -the antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens for which there is no cure. Cynthia Burzell, PhD., is a Marine and Medical Microbiologist studying natural mechanisms that inhibit biofilm formation on surfaces in contact with water. In 2002, she discovered a new genus and several new species of marine microbes that produce small molecules that remove biofilm in minutes and prevent its formation for days. The molecules include new antimicrobials that can replace thousands of toxic biocides used in consumer and industrial products and can be developed into new drug candidates to kill the biofilm-forming bacteria and fungi -- including the antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Superbugs for which there is no cure. Today, Aequor has over 70 chemicals that are divided into categories: (1) Novel natural chemicals. Lonza validated that the primary natural chemical removed biofilm in minutes and stated: "Nothing else known can do this at non-toxic doses." (2) Specialty chemicals. 25 of these structural analogs are already approved under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Toxic Substances Control Act, certified as "green" and available for immediate sale. These have been validated for the following agro-industrial verticals: (a) Surface cleaners: The U.S. Department of Agriculture validated that low concentrations of Aequor's formulations provide deep cleaning of inert, nano and organic surfaces and materials; (b) Water treatments: NASA validated that one dose of Aequor's treatment in the International Space Station's water reuse/recycling system lasted 15 months without replenishment. DOE validated that our treatments lower energy consumption by over 10% in buildings and industrial processes. Future validations include pilot projects with the EPA to test efficacy in hospital plumbing systems. (c) Algae cultivation and yeast fermentation: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) validated that Aequor's treatment boosted biomass of renewable feedstocks by 40% in half the time -- increasing the profitability of biofuels and biobased co-products. DOE also validated increased yields and crop protection of algae under cultivation in open ponds. A private oil and gas company validated decontamination of oilfield water. (3) New structural analogs. These kill Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi alone, in combinations with each other, and in combination with low doses of existing, ineffective antibiotics (including Penicillin), "potentiating" them to kill AMR pathogens at doses too low to trigger resistance. Both the U.S. National Institutes for Health (NIH) and Department of Defense (DOD) has executed contracts with Aequor to provide the pre-clinical trials needed for these new drug candidates to enter the regulatory approval pipelines. Aequor seeks partners/licensees to commercialize its specialty chemicals and support to evaluate the optimal methods to scale-up of several new structural analogs via activity-guided fractionation and/or biosynthesis in order to initiate the NIH and DOD pre-clinical trials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm" title="biofilm">biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potentiation" title=" potentiation"> potentiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevention" title=" prevention"> prevention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=removal" title=" removal"> removal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147058/chemicals-to-remove-and-prevent-biofilm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147058.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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