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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Culture of consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_of_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mass production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_American_consumerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_American_consumerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Television and American consumerism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_American_consumerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socially_mediated_political_consumerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socially_mediated_political_consumerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Socially mediated political consumerism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socially_mediated_political_consumerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumerism_as_cultural_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumerism_as_cultural_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consumerism as cultural ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumerism_as_cultural_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Consumerism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbruikerisme" title="Verbruikerisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verbruikerisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نزعة استهلاكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نزعة استهلاكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumerizm" title="Konsumerizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konsumerizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ভোগবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভোগবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siau-h%C3%B9i-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Siau-hùi-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siau-hùi-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Потребителска култура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Потребителска култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumisme" title="Consumisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consumisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzumerismus" title="Konzumerismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konzumerismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prynwriaeth" title="Prynwriaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prynwriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbrugerisme" title="Forbrugerisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forbrugerisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumismus" title="Konsumismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konsumismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumerism" title="Konsumerism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konsumerism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Καταναλωτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταναλωτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumismo" title="Consumismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consumismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumismo" title="Konsumismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsumismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontsumismo" title="Kontsumismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontsumismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مصرف‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصرف‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consum%C3%A9risme" title="Consumérisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consumérisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumismo" title="Consumismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Consumismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="소비주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소비주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Գնողունակ պահանջարկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնողունակ պահանջարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="उपभोक्तावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपभोक्तावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzumerizam" title="Konzumerizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konzumerizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumerisme" title="Konsumerisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsumerisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumismo" title="Consumismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consumismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%94" title="תרבות הצריכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות הצריכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კონსუმერიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსუმერიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vartotoji%C5%A1kumas" title="Vartotojiškumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vartotojiškumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzumizmus" title="Konzumizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konzumizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Потрошуваштво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Потрошуваштво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepenggunaan" title="Kepenggunaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepenggunaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumentisme" title="Consumentisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Consumentisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="消費主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="消費主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerisme" title="Consumerisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Consumerisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਖ਼ਪਤਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਪਤਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%84%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="د مستهلک اصالت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مستهلک اصالت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumpcjonizm" title="Konsumpcjonizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konsumpcjonizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumismo" title="Consumismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consumismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consumerism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Потребительство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Потребительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumizmi" title="Konsumizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konsumizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="පාරිභෝගිකවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාරිභෝගිකවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Consumerism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potro%C5%A1ni%C5%A1tvo" title="Potrošništvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Potrošništvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_badsasho" title="Wax badsasho – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wax badsasho" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بەرخۆرپەروەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرخۆرپەروەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Конзумеризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конзумеризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzumerizam" title="Konzumerizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konzumerizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumerismi" title="Konsumerismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konsumerismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumism" title="Konsumism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konsumism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நுகர்வியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுகர்வியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консюмеризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Консюмеризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_ti%C3%AAu_d%C3%B9ng" title="Chủ nghĩa tiêu dùng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa tiêu dùng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="消费主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="消费主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="消費主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="消費主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="消費主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="消費主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q89640#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Socio-economic order that encourages the purchase of goods/services in ever-greater amounts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Consumerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumerization">Consumerization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mall_culture_jakarta35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mall_culture_jakarta35.jpg/220px-Mall_culture_jakarta35.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mall_culture_jakarta35.jpg/330px-Mall_culture_jakarta35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mall_culture_jakarta35.jpg/440px-Mall_culture_jakarta35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An electronics store in a shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (2002)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Consumerism</b> is a social and economic order in which the aspirations of many individuals include the acquisition of goods and services beyond those necessary for <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">survival</a> or traditional displays of <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emerged in Western Europe before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and became widespread around 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In economics, consumerism refers to policies that emphasize consumption. It is the consideration that the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">free choice</a> of consumers should strongly inform the choice by manufacturers of what is produced and how, and therefore influence the economic organization of a society. </p><p>Consumerism has been criticized by both individuals who choose other ways of participating in the economy (i.e. choosing <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">slow living</a>) and environmentalists concerned about its impact on the planet. Experts often assert that consumerism has physical limits,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Growth_imperative" title="Growth imperative">growth imperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>, which have larger impacts on the environment. This includes direct effects like <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of natural resources or large amounts of waste from disposable goods and significant effects like <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Similarly, some research and criticism focuses on the sociological effects of consumerism, such as reinforcement of class barriers and creation of inequalities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_the_term">Evolution of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "consumerism" has several definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These definitions may not be related to each other and confusingly, they conflict with each other. </p><p>In a 1955 speech, <a href="/wiki/John_Bugas" title="John Bugas">John Bugas</a>, a vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coined the term "consumerism" as a substitute for "capitalism" to better describe the American economy:<sup id="cite_ref-Eriksson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eriksson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term <i>consumerism</i> would pin the tag where it actually belongs – on Mr. Consumer, the real boss and beneficiary of the American system. It would pull the rug right out from under our unfriendly critics who have blasted away so long and loud at capitalism.</p></blockquote> <p>Bugas's definition aligned with <a href="/wiki/Austrian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian economics">Austrian economics</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>'s conception of <i>consumer sovereignty</i>, as laid out in his 1871 book <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Menger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Economics (Menger)"><i>Principles of Economics</i></a>, whereby consumer preferences, valuations, and choices control the economy entirely. This view stood in direct opposition to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s critique of the capitalist economy as a <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">system of exploitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Vance Packard</a>, however, "consumerism" was not a positive term about consumer practices but rather a negative term, meaning excessive <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">materialism</a> and wastefulness. In the advertisements for his 1960 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Makers" title="The Waste Makers">The Waste Makers</a></i>, the word "consumerism" was prominently featured in a negative way.<sup id="cite_ref-Glickman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glickman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One sense of the term relates to efforts to support consumers' interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s it had become the accepted term for the field and began to be used in these ways:<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Consumerism is the concept that consumers should be informed decision makers in the marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense consumerism is the study and practice of matching consumers with trustworthy information, such as <a href="/wiki/Product_testing" title="Product testing">product testing</a> reports.</li> <li>Consumerism is the concept that the marketplace itself is responsible for ensuring <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> through fair economic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a> policies and laws compel manufacturers to make products safe.</li> <li>Consumerism refers to the field of studying, regulating, or interacting with the marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Consumer_movement" title="Consumer movement">consumer movement</a> is the social movement which refers to all actions and all entities within the marketplace which give consideration to the consumer.</li></ol> <p>While the above definitions were becoming established, other people began using the term <i>consumerism</i> to mean "high levels of consumption".<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition has gained popularity since the 1970s and began to be used in these ways: </p> <ol><li>Consumerism is the selfish and frivolous collecting of products, or <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">economic materialism</a>. In this sense consumerism is negative and in opposition to positive lifestyles of <a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">anti-consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Consumerism is a force from the marketplace which destroys individuality and harms society.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is related to <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and in protest against this some people promote the "<a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consumer society developed throughout the late 17th century and the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peck addresses the assertion made by consumption scholars about writers such as "Nicholas Barbon and Bernard Mandeville" in "Luxury and War: Reconsidering Luxury Consumption in Seventeenth-Century England" and how their emphasis on the financial worth of luxury changed society's perceptions of luxury. They argue that a significant transformation occurred in the eighteenth century when the focus shifted from court-centered luxury spending to consumer-driven luxury consumption, which was fueled by middle-class purchases of new products. </p><p>The English economy expanded significantly in the 17th century due to new methods of agriculture that rendered it feasible to cultivate a larger area. A time of heightened demand for luxury goods and increased cultural interaction was reflected in the wide range of <a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">luxury products</a> that the aristocracy and affluent merchants imported from nations like Italy and the Low Countries. This expansion of luxury consumption in England was facilitated by state policies that encouraged cultural borrowing and import substitution, hence enabling the purchase of luxury items. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luxury goods included sugar, tobacco, tea, and coffee; these were increasingly grown on vast plantations (historically by <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a> labor) in the Caribbean as demand steadily rose. In particular, sugar consumption in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> increased by a factor of 20 during the 18th century. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Non-importation_agreement" title="Boston Non-importation agreement">non-importation movement</a> commenced in the 18th century, more precisely from 1764 to 1776, as Witkowski's article "Colonial Consumers in Revolt: Buyer Values and Behavior during the Nonimportation Movement, 1764-1776" discusses. He describes the evolving development of consumer culture in the context of "colonial America". An emphasis on efficiency and economical consumption gave way to a preference for comfort, convenience, and importing products. During this time of transformation, colonial consumers had to choose between rising material desires and conventional values. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_of_consumption">Culture of consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture of consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fable_of_the_Bees_(1705).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Fable_of_the_Bees_%281705%29.jpg/220px-The_Fable_of_the_Bees_%281705%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/The_Fable_of_the_Bees_%281705%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard Mandeville</a>'s work <i><a href="/wiki/Fable_of_the_Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Fable of the Bees">Fable of the Bees</a></i>, which justified <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The pattern of intensified consumption became particularly visible in the 17th century in London, where the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">gentry</a> and prosperous merchants took up residence and promoted a culture of luxury and consumption that slowly extended across socio-economic boundaries. Marketplaces expanded as shopping centres, such as the New Exchange, opened in 1609 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Robert Cecil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a>. Shops started to become important as places for Londoners to meet and socialize and became popular destinations alongside the theatre. From 1660, <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> London also saw the growth of luxury buildings as advertisements for social position, with speculative architects like <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Barbon" title="Nicholas Barbon">Nicholas Barbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Cranfield,_1st_Earl_of_Middlesex" title="Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex">Lionel Cranfield</a> operating. This then-scandalous line of thought caused great controversy with the publication of the influential work <i><a href="/wiki/Fable_of_the_Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Fable of the Bees">Fable of the Bees</a></i> in 1714, in which <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard Mandeville</a> argued that a country's prosperity ultimately lay in the self-interest of the consumer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_Frightened_by_a_Lion_by_Josiah_Wedgwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Horse_Frightened_by_a_Lion_by_Josiah_Wedgwood.jpg/220px-Horse_Frightened_by_a_Lion_by_Josiah_Wedgwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Horse_Frightened_by_a_Lion_by_Josiah_Wedgwood.jpg/330px-Horse_Frightened_by_a_Lion_by_Josiah_Wedgwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Horse_Frightened_by_a_Lion_by_Josiah_Wedgwood.jpg/440px-Horse_Frightened_by_a_Lion_by_Josiah_Wedgwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>'s pottery, a status symbol of consumerism in the late 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> entrepreneur and inventor, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, noticed the way that aristocratic fashions, themselves subject to periodic changes in direction, slowly filtered down through different classes of society. He pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence and manipulate the movement of prevailing tastes and preferences to cause the aristocracy to accept his goods; it was only a matter of time before the middle classes also rapidly bought up his goods. Other producers of a wide range of other products followed his example, and the spread and importance of consumption fashions became steadily more important.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, advertising has played a major role in fostering a consumerist society, marketing goods through various platforms in nearly all aspects of <a href="/wiki/Human_life_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Human life (disambiguation)">human life</a>, and pushing the message that the potential customer's personal life requires some product.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_production">Mass production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mass production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> dramatically increased the availability of consumer goods, although it was still primarily focused on the capital goods sector and industrial infrastructure (i.e., mining, steel, oil, transportation networks, communications networks, industrial cities, financial centers, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2007701_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2007701-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> represented a paradigm shift in the experience of shopping. Customers could now buy an astonishing variety of goods, all in one place, and shopping became a popular leisure activity. While previously the norm had been the scarcity of resources, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial era</a> created an unprecedented economic situation. For the first time in history products were available in outstanding quantities, at outstandingly low prices, therefore available to virtually everyone in the industrialized West. </p><p>By the turn of the 20th century, the average worker in Western Europe or the United States still spent approximately 80–90% of their income on food and other necessities. What was needed to propel consumerism, was a system of <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> and consumption, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, an American car manufacturer. After observing the assembly lines in the <a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">meat-packing industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a> brought his theory of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a> to the organization of the assembly line in other industries; this unleashed incredible productivity and reduced the costs of commodities produced on assembly lines around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2007702_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2007702-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg/220px-DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg/330px-DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg/440px-DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a> shoppers, <a href="/wiki/DC_USA" title="DC USA">DC USA</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Consumerism has long had intentional underpinnings, rather than just developing out of capitalism. As an example, <a href="/wiki/Earnest_Elmo_Calkins" title="Earnest Elmo Calkins">Earnest Elmo Calkins</a> noted to fellow advertising executives in 1932 that "consumer engineering must see to it that we use up the kind of goods we now merely use", while the domestic theorist <a href="/wiki/Christine_Frederick" title="Christine Frederick">Christine Frederick</a> observed in 1929 that "the way to break the vicious deadlock of a low standard of living is to spend freely, and even waste creatively".<sup id="cite_ref-DEADMALL_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEADMALL-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The older term and concept of "<a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a>" originated at the turn of the 20th century in the writings of sociologist and economist <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>. The term describes an apparently irrational and confounding form of economic behaviour. Veblen's scathing proposal that this unnecessary consumption is a form of status display is made in darkly humorous observations like the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is true of dress in even a higher degree than of most other items of consumption, that people will undergo a very considerable degree of privation in the comforts or the necessaries of life to afford what is considered a decent amount of wasteful consumption; so that it is by no means an uncommon occurrence, in an inclement climate, for people to go ill clad to appear well dressed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The term "conspicuous consumption" spread to describe consumerism in the United States in the 1960s, but was soon linked to debates about <a href="/wiki/Media_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media influence">media theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">culture jamming</a>, and its corollary <a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">productivism</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By 1920 most Americans had experimented with occasional installment buying.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_American_consumerism">Television and American consumerism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Television and American consumerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent of the television in the late 1940s proved to be an attractive opportunity for advertisers, who could reach potential consumers in the home using lifelike images and sound. The introduction of mass commercial television positively impacted retail sales. The television motivated consumers to purchase more products and upgrade whatever they currently had.<sup id="cite_ref-Woojin2022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woojin2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, a new consumer culture developed centered around buying products, especially <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">durable goods</a>, to increase their social status. Woojin Kim of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, argues that sitcoms of this era also helped to promote the idea of <a href="/wiki/Suburbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbia">suburbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woojin2022_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woojin2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Woojin, the attraction of television advertising has brought an improvement in Americans' social status. Watching television programs has become an important part of people's cultural life. Television advertising can enrich and change the content of advertising from hearing and vision and make people in contact with it. The image of television advertising is realistic, and it is easy to have an interest and desire to buy advertising goods, At the same time, the audience intentionally or unintentionally compares and comments on the advertised goods while appreciating the TV advertisements, arouses the interest of the audience by attracting attention, and forms a buying idea, which is conducive to enhancing the buying confidence. Therefore, TV can be used as a media way to accelerate and affect people's desire to buy products.<sup id="cite_ref-Woojin2022_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woojin2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_21st_century">In the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dongmen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dongmen.JPG/220px-Dongmen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dongmen.JPG/330px-Dongmen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dongmen.JPG/440px-Dongmen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> and <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a> restaurants in China</figcaption></figure> <p>Madeline Levine criticized what she saw as a large change in <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">American culture</a> – "a shift away from values of community, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a>, and toward competition, <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">materialism</a> and disconnection."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Businesses have realized that wealthy consumers are the most attractive targets of marketing. The upper class's tastes, lifestyles, and preferences trickle down to become the standard for all consumers. The not-so-wealthy consumers can "purchase something new that will speak of their place in the tradition of affluence".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consumer can have the <a href="/wiki/Deferred_gratification" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferred gratification">instant gratification</a> of purchasing an expensive item to improve social status. </p><p>Emulation is also a core component of 21st century consumerism. As a general trend, regular consumers seek to emulate those who are above them in the social hierarchy. The poor strive to imitate the wealthy and the wealthy imitate celebrities and other icons. The celebrity endorsement of products can be seen as evidence of the desire of modern consumers to purchase products partly or solely to emulate people of higher social status. This purchasing behavior may co-exist in the mind of a consumer with an image of oneself as being an individualist. </p><p>Cultural capital, the intangible social value of goods, is not solely generated by <a href="/wiki/Information_pollution#Cultural_factors" title="Information pollution">cultural pollution</a>. Subcultures also manipulate the value and prevalence of certain commodities through the process of <a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a>. Bricolage is the process by which mainstream products are adopted and transformed by subcultures.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These items develop a function and meaning that differs from their corporate producer's intent. In many cases, commodities that have undergone bricolage often develop political meanings. </p><p>For example, Doc Martens, originally <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketed</a> as workers boots, gained popularity with the punk movement and AIDs activism groups and became symbols of an individual's place in that social group.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When corporate America recognized the growing popularity of Doc Martens they underwent another change in cultural meaning through counter-bricolage. The widespread sale and marketing of Doc Martens brought the boots back into the mainstream. While corporate America reaped the ever-growing profits of the increasingly expensive boot and those modeled after its style, Doc Martens lost their original political association. Mainstream consumers used Doc Martens and similar items to create an "individualized" sense <a href="/wiki/Consumer_identity" title="Consumer identity">identity</a> by appropriating statement items from subcultures they admired. </p><p>When consumerism is considered as a movement to improve rights and powers of buyers in relation to sellers, there are certain traditional rights and powers of sellers and buyers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a> has long been associated with consumerism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-americandream_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americandream-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>'s Dave Tilford, "With less than 5 percent of world population, the U.S. uses one-third of the world's paper, a quarter of the world's oil, 23 percent of the coal, 27 percent of the aluminum, and 19 percent of the copper."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China is the world's fastest-growing consumer market.<sup id="cite_ref-americandream_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americandream-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a>, "If everyone consumed resources at the US level, you will need another four or five Earths."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the development of the economy, consumers' awareness of protecting their rights and interests is growing, and consumer demand is growing. Online commerce has expanded the consumer market and enhanced consumer information and market transparency. Digital fields not only bring advantages and convenience but also cause many problems and increase the opportunities for consumers to suffer damage. </p><p>Under the virtual network environment, on the one hand, consumers' privacy protection is vulnerable to infringement, driven by the development of hacker technology and the Internet, on the other hand, consumers' right to know is the basic right of consumers. When purchasing goods and receiving services, we need the real situation of institutional services. Finally, in the Internet era, consumers' demand is increasing, and we also need to protect consumers' rights and interests to improve consumers' rights and interests and promote the operation of the economic market.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socially_mediated_political_consumerism">Socially mediated political consumerism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Socially mediated political consumerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today's society has entered the era of entertainment and the Internet. Most people spend more time browsing on mobile phones than face-to-face. The convenience of social media has a subtle impact on the public and unconsciously changes people's consumption habits. The socialized Internet is gradually developing, such as Twitter, websites, news and social media, with sharing and participation as the core, consumers share product information and opinions through social media.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, by understanding the reputation of the brand on social media, consumers can easily change their original attitude towards the brand. The information provided by social media helps consumers shorten the time of thinking about products and decision-making, so as to improve consumers' initiative in purchase decision-making and improve consumers' shopping and decision-making quality to a certain extent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerism" title="Category:Anti-consumerism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_hacking" title="Billboard hacking">Billboard hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">Buyer's remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Compulsive buying disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conviviality" title="Conviviality">Conviviality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Feminist political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food loss and waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Laconophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Non-possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumerism" title="Post-consumerism">Post-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">Slow Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">Subvertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Sustainable consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></li> <li>The Society of the Spectacle <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle_(film)" title="The Society of the Spectacle (film)">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Consumer_Society:_Myths_and_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (page does not exist)">The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_consommation_(ouvrage)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Société de consommation (ouvrage)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be%3F" title="To Have or to Be?">To Have or to Be?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li>Fight Club <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No Logo</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Profit_over_People" title="Profit over People">Profit over People: Neoliberalism<br />and Global Order</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives" title="The Cultural Creatives">The Cultural Creatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza:_The_All-Consuming_Epidemic" title="Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic">Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evasion_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evasion (book)">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus:_Terrorized_into_Being_Consumers" title="Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers">Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So,_What%27s_Your_Price%3F" title="So, What's Your Price?">So, What's Your Price?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Would_Jesus_Buy%3F" title="What Would Jesus Buy?">What Would Jesus Buy?</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerist_groups" title="Category:Anti-consumerist groups">Organizations and groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance" title="Deep Green Resistance">Deep Green Resistance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)"><i>Fifth Estate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">Freecycle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Anarchy">Green Anarchy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverend_Billy_and_the_Church_of_Stop_Shopping" title="Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping">Reverend Billy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Project" title="The Venus Project">The Venus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/350.org" title="350.org">350.org</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerists" title="Category:Anti-consumerists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bonaiuti" title="Mauro Bonaiuti">Mauro Bonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Goldsmith" title="Edward Goldsmith">Edward Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Latouche" title="Serge Latouche">Serge Latouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi" title="Pierre Rabhi">Pierre Rabhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related social movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporate activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers (theater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(sociology)" title="Consumption (sociology)">Consumption (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyfication" title="Disneyfication">Disneyfication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">Economic materialism</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_problems" title="Category:Economic problems">Economic problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HospEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monetary_economy" title="Non-monetary economy">Non-monetary economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La2-buynothing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La2-buynothing.jpg/220px-La2-buynothing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La2-buynothing.jpg/330px-La2-buynothing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La2-buynothing.jpg/440px-La2-buynothing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a> demonstration in San Francisco, November 2000</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG/220px-Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG/330px-Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG/440px-Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4088" data-file-height="4088" /></a><figcaption><i>Shop Until You Drop</i> by <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a>, in London</figcaption></figure> <p>Andreas Eisingerich discusses in his article "Vision statement: Behold the extreme consumers...and learn to embrace them" that "In many critical contexts, <i>consumerism</i> is used to describe the tendency of people to identify strongly with products or services they consume, especially those with commercial brand-names and perceived <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status-symbolism</a> appeal, e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">luxury car</a>, <a href="/wiki/Designer_clothing" title="Designer clothing">designer clothing</a>, or expensive jewelry".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major criticism of consumerism is that it serves the interests of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consumerism can take extreme forms, to the extent that consumers will sacrifice significant time and income not only to make purchases, but also to actively support a certain firm or brand.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As stated by Gary Cross in his book "All Consuming Century: Why Consumerism Won in Modern America", "consumerism succeeded where other ideologies failed because it concretely expressed the cardinal political ideals of the century – liberty and democracy – and with relatively little self-destructive behavior or personal humiliation." He discusses how consumerism won in its forms of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kasser" title="Tim Kasser">Tim Kasser</a>, in his book <i>The High Price of Materialism</i>, examines how the culture of consumerism and materialism affects our happiness and well-being. The book argues that people who value wealth and possessions more than other things tend to have lower levels of satisfaction, self-esteem, and intimacy, and higher levels of anxiety, depression, and insecurity. The book also explores how materialistic values harm our relationships, our communities, and our environment, and suggests ways to reduce materialism and increase our quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents of consumerism argue that many luxuries and unnecessary consumer-products may act as a social mechanism allowing people to identify like-minded individuals through the display of similar products, again utilizing aspects of status-symbolism to judge <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>. Some people believe relationships with a product or brand name are substitutes for healthy human relationships lacking in societies, and along with consumerism, create a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>, and are part of a general process of social control<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in modern society. </p><p>In 1955, economist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lebow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Lebow (page does not exist)">Victor Lebow</a> stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our enormously productive economy demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction and our ego satisfaction in consumption. We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever-increasing rate.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Figures who arguably do not wholly buy into consumerism include German historian <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> (1880–1936), who said: "Life in America is exclusively economic in structure and lacks depth",<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and French writer <a href="/wiki/Georges_Duhamel" title="Georges Duhamel">Georges Duhamel</a> (1884–1966), who held American materialism up as "a beacon of mediocrity that threatened to eclipse French civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> blames consumerism for <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> compromises.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, some critics have expressed concern about the role commodities play in the definition of one's self. In his 1976 book <a href="//archive.org/details/captainsofconsci00ewen" class="extiw" title="iarchive:captainsofconsci00ewen"><i>Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture</i></a>, historian and media theorist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ewen" title="Stuart Ewen">Stuart Ewen</a> introduced what he referred to as the "commodification of consciousness", and coined the term "commodity self" to describe an identity built by the goods we consume.<sup id="cite_ref-Sturken_2001,_p._279_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sturken_2001,_p._279-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, people often identify as PC or Mac users, or define themselves as a Coke drinker rather than a Pepsi drinker. The ability to choose one product out of a great number of others allows a person to build a sense of "unique" individuality, despite the prevalence of Mac users or the nearly identical tastes of Coke and Pepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-Sturken_2001,_p._279_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sturken_2001,_p._279-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By owning a product from a certain brand, one's ownership becomes a vehicle of presenting an identity that is associated with the attitude of the brand. The idea of individual choice is exploited by corporations that claim to sell "uniqueness" and the building blocks of an identity. The invention of the commodity self is a driving force of consumerist societies, preying upon the deep human need to build a sense of self. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of consumerism point out that consumerist societies are more prone to damage the environment, contribute to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and use resources at a higher rate than other societies.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Majfud" title="Jorge Majfud">Jorge Majfud</a> says that "Trying to reduce environmental pollution without reducing consumerism is like combatting drug trafficking without reducing the drug addiction."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> also critiques consumerism in his <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato Si': On Care For Our Common Home</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He critiques the harm consumerism does to the environment and states, "The analysis of environmental problems cannot be separated from the analysis of human, family, work-related and urban contexts, nor from how individuals relate to themselves, which leads in turn to how they relate to others and to the environment."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Francis believes the obsession with consumerism leads individuals further away from their humanity and obscures the interrelated nature between humans and the environment. </p><p>Another critic is <a href="/wiki/James_Gustave_Speth" title="James Gustave Speth">James Gustave Speth</a>. He argues that the <a href="/wiki/Growth_imperative" title="Growth imperative">growth imperative</a> represents the main goal of capitalistic consumerism. In his book <i>The Bridge at the Edge of the World</i> he notes, "Basically, the economic system does not work when it comes to protecting environmental resources, and the political system does not work when it comes to correcting the economic system". </p><p>In an opinion segment of <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i> magazine published in August 2009, reporter Andy Coghlan cited <a href="/wiki/William_E._Rees_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Rees (academic)">William Rees</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hern" title="Warren Hern">Warren Hern</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a> saying that human beings, despite considering themselves civilized thinkers, are "subconsciously still driven by an impulse for survival, domination and expansion ... an impulse which now finds expression in the idea that inexorable economic growth is the answer to everything, and, given time, will redress all the world's existing inequalities."<sup id="cite_ref-Coghlan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coghlan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to figures presented by Rees at the annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Society_of_America" title="Ecological Society of America">Ecological Society of America</a>, human society is in a "global overshoot", consuming 30% more material than is sustainable from the world's resources. Rees went on to state that at present, 85 countries are exceeding their domestic "bio-capacities", and compensate for their lack of local material by depleting the stocks of other countries, which have a material surplus due to their lower consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Coghlan_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coghlan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only that, but McCraken indicates that how consumer goods and services are bought, created and used should be taken under consideration when studying consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all anti-consumerists oppose <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> in itself, but they argue against increasing the consumption of resources beyond what is <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">environmentally sustainable</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Porritt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Porritt">Jonathan Porritt</a> writes that consumers are often unaware of the negative environmental impacts of producing many modern goods and services, and that the extensive advertising industry only serves to reinforce increasing consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservation scientists Lian Pin Koh and Tien Ming Lee, discuss that in the 21st century, the damage to forests and biodiversity cannot be dealt with only by the shift towards "Green" initiatives such as "sustainable production, <a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">green consumerism</a>, and improved production practices". They argue that consumption in developing and emerging countries needs to be less excessive.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, other ecological economists such as <a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Herman Daly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Jackson_(economist)" title="Tim Jackson (economist)">Tim Jackson</a> recognize the inherent conflict between consumer-driven consumption and planet-wide ecological degradation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumerism_as_cultural_ideology">Consumerism as cultural ideology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consumerism as cultural ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century's globalized economy, consumerism has become a noticeable part of the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the phenomenon not only criticized it against what is environmentally sustainable, but also the spread of consumerism in cultural aspects. However, several scholars have written about the relationship between environmentalism and consumerism in a market economy society.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussions of the environmental implications of consumerist ideologies in works by economists James Gustave Speth<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consumer cultural historian Gary Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leslie Sklair proposes the criticism through the idea of culture-ideology of consumerism in his works. He says that, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>First, capitalism entered a qualitatively new globalizing phase in the 1950s. As the electronic revolution got underway, significant changes began to occur in the productivity of capitalist factories, systems of extraction, processing of raw materials, product design, marketing and distribution of goods and services. [...] Second, the technical and social relations that structured the mass media all over the world made it very easy for new consumerist lifestyles to become the dominant motif for these media, which became in time extraordinarily efficient vehicles for the broadcasting of the culture-ideology of consumerism globally.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Today, people are universally and continuously being exposed to mass consumerism and <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">product placement</a> in the media or even in their daily lives. The line between information, entertainment, and promotion of products has been blurred, thus explaining how people have become more reformulated into consumerist behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie_Sklair_2002_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie_Sklair_2002-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shopping centers are a representative example of a place where people are explicitly exposed to an environment that welcomes and encourages consumption. </p><p>For example, in 1993, Goss wrote that the shopping center designers "strive to present an alternative rationale for the shopping center's existence, manipulate shoppers' behavior through the configuration of space, and consciously design a symbolic landscape that provokes associative moods and dispositions in the shopper".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the prevalence of consumerism in daily life, historian Gary Cross says that "The endless variation of clothing, travel, and entertainment provided opportunity for practically everyone to find a personal niche, no matter their race, age, gender or class."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguably, the success of the consumerist cultural ideology can be witnessed all around the world. People who rush to the mall to buy products and end up spending money with their <a href="/wiki/Credit_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit cards">credit cards</a> can easily become entrenched in the financial system of <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> globalization.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie_Sklair_2002_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie_Sklair_2002-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecoleasing" title="Ecoleasing">Ecoleasing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></div> <p>Since consumerism began, various individuals and groups have consciously sought an alternative lifestyle. These movements range on a spectrum from moderate "<a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">eco-conscious shopping</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">localvore</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Local_purchasing" title="Local purchasing">buying local</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a> on the extreme end. Building on these movements, the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a> addresses the macro-economic, social and ecological implications of a primarily consumer-driven economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Psycho" title="American Psycho">American Psycho</a> – 1991 novel by Bret Easton Ellis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Anthropological theories of value</a> – attempts to expand on the traditional theories of value used by economists or ethicists<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois personality">Bourgeois personality</a> – Social class<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercialism" title="Commercialism">Commercialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a> – Concept in Marxist analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Bill_of_Rights" title="Consumer Bill of Rights">Consumer Bill of Rights</a> – Guidelines for consumer protection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a> – Condition in which consumer demand is manipulated through mass-marketing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">Consumer culture</a> – Lifestyle hyper-focused on buying material goods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_ethnocentrism" title="Consumer ethnocentrism">Consumer ethnocentrism</a> – Psychological concept of consumer behaviour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_movement" title="Consumer movement">Consumer movement</a> – Social movement to promote consumer protection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumtariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumtariat">Consumtariat</a> – Global upper-class that bases its power on a technological advantage<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a> – Society controlled by business corporations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a> – Version of the labor theory of value</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(1978_film)" title="Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)">Dawn of the Dead</a> – 1978 zombie horror film by George A. Romero</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">Economic materialism</a> – Excessive desire to acquire and consume material goods</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">Fight Club</a> – 1996 novel by Chuck Palahniuk</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a> – American evolutionary psychologist (born 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a> – Insatiable longing for material or immaterial gain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_consumericus" title="Homo consumericus">Homo consumericus</a> – Neologism used in social sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Kallen" title="Horace Kallen">Horace Kallen</a> – American philosopher (1882–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a> – Consumption of goods beyond ones necessities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility (travel)</a> – Refers to highly mobile individuals who take frequent trips, often over great distances.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a> – 2006 film by Mike Judge</i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Keeping_up_with_the_Joneses" title="Keeping up with the Joneses">Keeping up with the Joneses</a> – Idiom on comparing oneself to neighbors"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> – Group of macroeconomic theories<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight_clan" title="Moonlight clan">Moonlight clan</a> – People who expend their entire salary before the end of each month</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> – 1964 book by Herbert Marcuse</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a> – Resource use exceeding carrying capacity<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a> – Cultural production made through social interactions of different communities and groups</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_futility" title="Philosophy of futility">Philosophy of futility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a> – Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a> – Policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a> – Concept in sociology<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a> – Primacy of productivity and growth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosumer" title="Prosumer">Prosumer</a> – Person who consumes and produces a product</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a> – Economic and social systems that enable shared access to assets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_addiction" title="Shopping addiction">Shopping addiction</a> – Obsession with shopping and buying behavior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady_state_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady state economy">Steady state economy</a> – Constant capital and population size<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Century_of_the_Self" title="The Century of the Self">The Century of the Self</a> – 2002 British documentary series</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Joneses" title="The Joneses">The Joneses</a> – 2009 American film directed by Derrick Borte</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_Live" title="They Live">They Live</a> – 1988 American science-fiction action film</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Paradox_of_Choice" title="The Paradox of Choice">The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less</a> – 2004 book by Barry Schwartz</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stearns, Peter. <i>Consumerism in World History</i>. Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-the-theory-of-the-leisure-class/"><i>The Theory of the Leisure Class Summary</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+the+Leisure+Class+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fstudyguide-the-theory-of-the-leisure-class%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Consumerism-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Consumerism_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwagler1997" class="citation book cs1">Swagler, Roger (1997). "Modern Consumerism". In <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Brobeck" title="Stephen Brobeck">Brobeck, Stephen</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Consumer_Movement" title="Encyclopedia of the Consumer Movement"><i>Encyclopedia of the Consumer Movement</i></a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00brob/page/172">172–173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874369878" title="Special:BookSources/0874369878"><bdi>0874369878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Consumerism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Consumer+Movement&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=172-173&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0874369878&rft.aulast=Swagler&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span>, which is based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwagler1994" class="citation journal cs1">Swagler, R. (1994). 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226298672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226298672"><bdi>978-0226298672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buying+power+%3A+a+history+of+consumer+activism+in+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226298672&rft.aulast=Glickman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzb-1U7aWakUC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2008" class="citation web cs1">Barber, Benjamin R. (Spring 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120020741/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/shrunken-sovereign-consumerism-globalization-and-american-emptiness">"Shrunken Sovereign: Consumerism, Globalization, and American Emptiness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Affairs" title="World Affairs">World Affairs</a></i>. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Shrunken+Sovereign%3A+Consumerism%2C+Globalization%2C+and+American+Emptiness&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldaffairsjournal.org%2Farticle%2Fshrunken-sovereign-consumerism-globalization-and-american-emptiness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrentmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Trentmann, Frank (2016). <i>Empire of things: how we became a world of consumers, from the fifteenth century to the twenty-first</i>. London: Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-19840-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-19840-7"><bdi>978-0-241-19840-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+things%3A+how+we+became+a+world+of+consumers%2C+from+the+fifteenth+century+to+the+twenty-first&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane%2C+an+imprint+of+Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-241-19840-7&rft.aulast=Trentmann&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2002" class="citation journal cs1">Peck, Linda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/4053438">"Luxury and War: Reconsidering Luxury Consumption in Seventeenth-Century England"</a>. <i>Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 1–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+Concerned+with+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Luxury+and+War%3A+Reconsidering+Luxury+Consumption+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F4053438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitkowski1989" class="citation journal cs1">Witkowski, Terrence (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2489320">"Colonial Consumers in Revolt: Buyer Values and Behavior during the Nonimportation Movement, 1764-1776"</a>. <i>Journal of Consumer Research</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 216–226 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=Colonial+Consumers+in+Revolt%3A+Buyer+Values+and+Behavior+during+the+Nonimportation+Movement%2C+1764-1776&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=216-226&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Witkowski&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2489320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Chris (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5309/willmaryquar.69.1.0071">"The Plantation Hoe: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Commodity, 1650–1850"</a>. <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 71–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Plantation+Hoe%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Atlantic+Commodity%2C+1650%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-100&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.69.1.0071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Levy_Peck2005" class="citation book cs1">Linda Levy Peck (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jM0ZvlYofoC"><i>Consuming Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century England</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521842327" title="Special:BookSources/9780521842327"><bdi>9780521842327</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+Splendor%3A+Society+and+Culture+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521842327&rft.au=Linda+Levy+Peck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jM0ZvlYofoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810222240/http://www.quarc.de/fileadmin/downloads/Coming%20to%20live%20in%20a%20consumer%20society%20%28chapter%202%29.pdf">"Coming to live in a consumer society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quarc.de/fileadmin/downloads/Coming%20to%20live%20in%20a%20consumer%20society%20%28chapter%202%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2013</span>. <q>The origins of the consumer society as we know it today can be traced back a few hundred years. According to McKendrick, Brewer and Plumb (1982) the birthplace can be found in eighteenth century England. However, as McCracken (1988) has pointed out, the consumer revolution as a whole needs to be seen as part of a larger transformation in Western societies, which began in the sixteenth century. The social changes brought about by that transformation resulted in the modification of Western concepts of time, space, society, the individual, the family and the state. This provided the base on which the consumer revolution could thrive and develop into a mass phenomenon. McCracken (1988) was one of the first scholars offering a comprehensive review of the history of consumption. He approached the subject by dividing the course of events into three moments. The first moment falls within the last quarter of the sixteenth century in Elizabethan England where profound changes in consumption pattern occurred in a small section of the population. This was the moment where some of the established concepts, notably the concepts of space, the individual and the family began to falter. The circumstances bringing about these changes served as a primer for the consumer movement that would come a century later. McCracken describes this as the second moment. It was characterized by a heightened propensity to spend, by a greatly extended choice of goods, and an increased frequency of purchases. Fashion started to play an important role too, and, for the first time, the individual as a consumer became the target of manipulative attempts. The origins of modern marketing instruments can be traced back to this time. With the rise of the third moment, the consumer movement was already a structural feature of life(McCracken, 1988). However, the development was not yet completed. The 19th century added new qualities to the movement and turned it into a 'dream world of consumption' (Williams, 1982).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coming+to+live+in+a+consumer+society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quarc.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fdownloads%2FComing%2520to%2520live%2520in%2520a%2520consumer%2520society%2520%2528chapter%25202%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzarneckaSchivinski2019" class="citation journal cs1">Czarnecka, Barbara; Schivinski, Bruno (17 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/26848/1/Czarnecka%20and%20Schivinski%20Accepted%20JGM.pdf">"Do Consumers Acculturated to Global Consumer Culture Buy More Impulsively? The Moderating Role of Attitudes towards and Beliefs about Advertising"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Global Marketing</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 219–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08911762.2019.1600094">10.1080/08911762.2019.1600094</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-1762">0891-1762</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182181403">182181403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Marketing&rft.atitle=Do+Consumers+Acculturated+to+Global+Consumer+Culture+Buy+More+Impulsively%3F+The+Moderating+Role+of+Attitudes+towards+and+Beliefs+about+Advertising&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=219-238&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A182181403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0891-1762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08911762.2019.1600094&rft.aulast=Czarnecka&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Schivinski%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F26848%2F1%2FCzarnecka%2520and%2520Schivinski%2520Accepted%2520JGM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2007701-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2007701_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2007">Ryan 2007</a>, p. 701.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2007702-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2007702_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2007">Ryan 2007</a>, p. 702.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2012)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEADMALL-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEADMALL_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091114231851/http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=11747">"Essay – Dawn of the Dead Mall"</a>. <i>The Design Observer Group</i>. 11 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=11747">the original</a> on 14 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Design+Observer+Group&rft.atitle=Essay+%E2%80%93+Dawn+of+the+Dead+Mall&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchangeobserver.designobserver.com%2Fentry.html%3Fentry%3D11747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeblen2010" class="citation book cs1">Veblen, Thorstein (2010). <i>The Theory of the Leisure Class</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+the+Leisure+Class&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Veblen&rft.aufirst=Thorstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder1990" class="citation book cs1">Calder, Lendol Glen (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/financingamerica00cald_0/page/222"><i>Financing the American Dream: A Cultural History of Consumer Credit</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/financingamerica00cald_0/page/222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05827-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05827-X"><bdi>0-691-05827-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financing+the+American+Dream%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Consumer+Credit&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-691-05827-X&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Lendol+Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinancingamerica00cald_0%2Fpage%2F222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woojin2022-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woojin2022_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woojin2022_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woojin2022_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Woojin (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272722000111">"Television and American consumerism"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Economics</i>. <b>208</b>: 104609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2022.104609">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2727">0047-2727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246897308">246897308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=Television+and+American+consumerism&rft.volume=208&rft.pages=104609&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246897308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-2727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2022.104609&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Woojin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0047272722000111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Madeline. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nais.org/publications/ismagazinearticle.cfm?ItemNumber=150274">Challenging the Culture of Affluence</a>". Independent School. 67.1 (2007): 28–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060753/http://www.nais.org/publications/ismagazinearticle.cfm?ItemNumber=150274">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Eric. Attracting the Affluent. Naperville, Illinois: Financial Sourcebooks, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturken, Marita and Cartwright, Lisa. "Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture". Oxford UP, 2001, p.78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturken, Marita and Cartwright, Lisa. "Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture". Oxford UP, 2001, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_ArmstrongStewart_AdamSara_DenizePhilip_Kotler2014" class="citation book cs1">Gary Armstrong; Stewart Adam; Sara Denize; Philip Kotler (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKyaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA463"><i>Principles of Marketing</i></a>. Pearson Australia. p. 463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4860-0253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4860-0253-5"><bdi>978-1-4860-0253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Marketing&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Pearson+Australia&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4860-0253-5&rft.au=Gary+Armstrong&rft.au=Stewart+Adam&rft.au=Sara+Denize&rft.au=Philip+Kotler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKyaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tupperware-consumer/">"The Rise of American Consumerism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+American+Consumerism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Ftupperware-consumer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-americandream-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-americandream_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-americandream_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/994345/the-meteoric-rise-of-chinese-consumerism-will-reshape-the-world-and-maybe-even-destroy-it/">"The meteoric rise of Chinese consumerism will reshape the world, and maybe even destroy it"</a>. <i>Quartz</i>. 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+meteoric+rise+of+Chinese+consumerism+will+reshape+the+world%2C+and+maybe+even+destroy+it&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F994345%2Fthe-meteoric-rise-of-chinese-consumerism-will-reshape-the-world-and-maybe-even-destroy-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/american-consumption-habits/">"Use It and Lose It: The Outsize Effect of U.S. Consumption on the Environment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. 14 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Use+It+and+Lose+It%3A+The+Outsize+Effect+of+U.S.+Consumption+on+the+Environment&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Famerican-consumption-habits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-to-surpass-US-as-world-s-biggest-consumer-market-this-year">"China to surpass US as world's biggest consumer market this year"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asian Review</i>. 24 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=China+to+surpass+US+as+world%27s+biggest+consumer+market+this+year&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEconomy%2FChina-to-surpass-US-as-world-s-biggest-consumer-market-this-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie2017" class="citation news cs1">McKie, Robin (25 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Redemptorists&rft.atitle=Laudato+Si%27+%E2%80%93+Chapter+One%3A+What+is+happening+to+our+common+home&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.au=Pope+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cssr.org.au%2Fjustice_matters%2Fdsp-default.cfm%3Floadref%3D643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coghlan-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coghlan_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coghlan_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoghlan2009" class="citation web cs1">Coghlan, Andy (7 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17569-consumerism-is-eating-the-future.html">"Consumerism is 'eating the future'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Consumerism+is+%27eating+the+future%27&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft.aulast=Coghlan&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn17569-consumerism-is-eating-the-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1998" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Steven (31 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp8WVG1S_QAC&q=consumerism&pg=PP10"><i>Consumerism: As a Way of Life</i></a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761952152" title="Special:BookSources/9780761952152"><bdi>9780761952152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consumerism%3A+As+a+Way+of+Life&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1998-08-31&rft.isbn=9780761952152&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFp8WVG1S_QAC%26q%3Dconsumerism%26pg%3DPP10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420040645/http://www.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/big-ideas/consumerism.html">"Consumerism – Big Ideas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/big-ideas/consumerism.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumerism+%E2%80%93+Big+Ideas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk%2Fbig-ideas%2Fconsumerism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohLee2012" class="citation journal cs1">Koh, Lian; Lee, Tien (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003983">"Sensible consumerism for environmental sustainability"</a>. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>151</b> (1): Pages 3-6 – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Sensible+consumerism+for+environmental+sustainability&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Pages+3-6&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Lian&rft.au=Lee%2C+Tien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0006320711003983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesScerri2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Scerri, Andy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3230921">"Globalizing Consumption and the Deferral of a Politics of Consequence"</a>. <i>Globalizations</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 225–240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Glob....9..225J">2012Glob....9..225J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14747731.2012.658249">10.1080/14747731.2012.658249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67761604">67761604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globalizations&rft.atitle=Globalizing+Consumption+and+the+Deferral+of+a+Politics+of+Consequence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-240&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67761604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14747731.2012.658249&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Glob....9..225J&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Scerri%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3230921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanizzutRafi-ul-ShanAmarSher2021" class="citation journal cs1">Panizzut, Nina; Rafi-ul-Shan, Piyya Muhammad; Amar, Hassan; Sher, Farooq; Mazhar, Muhammad Usman; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clet.2021.100047">"Exploring relationship between environmentalism and consumerism in a market economy society: A structured systematic literature review"</a>. <i>Cleaner Engineering and Technology</i>. <b>2</b>: 100047. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clet.2021.100047">10.1016/j.clet.2021.100047</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleaner+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Exploring+relationship+between+environmentalism+and+consumerism+in+a+market+economy+society%3A+A+structured+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=100047&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clet.2021.100047&rft.aulast=Panizzut&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Rafi-ul-Shan%2C+Piyya+Muhammad&rft.au=Amar%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Sher%2C+Farooq&rft.au=Mazhar%2C+Muhammad+Usman&rft.au=Kleme%C5%A1%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD+Jarom%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.clet.2021.100047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeth2008" class="citation book cs1">Speth, James Gustave (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgeatedgeofwo00spet"><i>The bridge at the edge of the world : capitalism, the environment, and crossing from crisis to sustainability</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300136111" title="Special:BookSources/9780300136111"><bdi>9780300136111</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/177820867">177820867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bridge+at+the+edge+of+the+world+%3A+capitalism%2C+the+environment%2C+and+crossing+from+crisis+to+sustainability&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F177820867&rft.isbn=9780300136111&rft.aulast=Speth&rft.aufirst=James+Gustave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbridgeatedgeofwo00spet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2014" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Naomi (16 September 2014). <i>This changes everything : capitalism vs. the climate</i> (First Simon & Schuster trade paperback ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451697384" title="Special:BookSources/9781451697384"><bdi>9781451697384</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894746822">894746822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+changes+everything+%3A+capitalism+vs.+the+climate&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+Simon+%26+Schuster+trade+paperback&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894746822&rft.isbn=9781451697384&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2000" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Gary S. (2000). <i>An all-consuming century : why commercialism won in modern America</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231502532" title="Special:BookSources/0231502532"><bdi>0231502532</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50817376">50817376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+all-consuming+century+%3A+why+commercialism+won+in+modern+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50817376&rft.isbn=0231502532&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Gary+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sklair, L. 2012. Culture-Ideology of Consumerism. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie_Sklair_2002-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_Sklair_2002_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_Sklair_2002_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Sklair, from Chapter 5 of Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, 2002. Reprinted with permission of Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Goss(1993), The "Magic of the Mall": An Analysis of Form, Function, and Meaning in the Contemporary Retail Built Environment, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 83, No. 1. (Mar. 1993), pp. 18–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, Gary S. An All-Consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America. Columbia University Press, 2002. pp.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittBrakusBiraglia2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitt, Bernd; Brakus, J Joško; Biraglia, Alessandro (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcr%2Fucab044">"Consumption Ideology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consumer_Research" title="Journal of Consumer Research">Journal of Consumer Research</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1): 74–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcr%2Fucab044">10.1093/jcr/ucab044</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=Consumption+Ideology&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-95&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcr%2Fucab044&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Brakus%2C+J+Jo%C5%A1ko&rft.au=Biraglia%2C+Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjcr%252Fucab044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: Janet Luhrs's <i>The Simple Living Guide</i> (NY: Broadway Books, 1997); Joe Dominquez, Vicki Robin et al., <i>Your Money or Your Life</i> (NY: Penguin Group USA, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: Alan Durning, <i>How Much is Enough: The Consumer Society and the Future of the Earth</i> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: Paul Roberts, <i>The End of Food</i> (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2008); Michael Shuman, <i>The Small-mart Revolution</i> (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2007)</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002224297003400410">Consumerism—An Interpretation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmNEpSs3er4C&dq=Consumerism&pg=PR7">Consumerism, 4th Ed.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp8WVG1S_QAC&dq=Consumerism&pg=PP10">Consumerism: As a Way of Life</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2007" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Michael T. (2007). "consumption"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In George Ritzer (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology</i>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 701–705.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=consumption%22&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Sociology&rft.pages=701-705&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumerism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumerism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/consumerism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/consumerism">consumerism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126052213/http://www.brunswickgroup.com/files/html/brunswickreviewIssue6/assets/pdf/6-Consumer-Culture.pdf">"Consumer Culture"</a>, by Ginny Wilmerding.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12794">"Consumers may not realize the full impact of their choices" </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3230921/Globalizing_Consumption_and_the_Deferral_of_a_Politics_of_Consequence">"Globalizing consumption"</a> by Paul James and Andy Scerri</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/19050-the-experiment-requires-that-you-continue-obedience-to-corporate-state-authority-in-an-increasingly-dangerous-consumer-society">"Obedience, Consumerism, and Climate Change"</a>, by Yosef Brody</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323061855/http://www.consumersolidarity.org/,/">A Global Consumer Solidarity Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970217210710/http://www.adbusters.org/">AdBusters</a>, an anti-consumerism magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steadystate.org">Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy</a>, a post-consumerist macro-economic framework</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circlesofsustainability.org/">Circles of Sustainability</a>, website for the <a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Sustainability" title="Circles of Sustainability">Circles of Sustainability</a> approach</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://develop.consumerium.org/wiki/Main_Page">Consumerium Development Wiki</a>, a wiki related to consumer activism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4501557/Globalization_and_Culture_Vol._3_Global-Local_Consumption_editor_with_Imre_Szeman_Sage_Publications_London_2010"><i>Global-local consumption</i></a>, by Imre Szeman and Paul James</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/08/12/1026993142/illinois-is-the-first-state-to-have-high-schools-teach-news-literacy">Peter Medlin, WNIJ, "Illinois Is the First State to Have High Schools Teach News Literacy," <i>National Public Radio,</i> August 12, 2021</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postconsumers.com">Postconsumers</a>, moving beyond addictive consumerism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renegadeconsumer.com/">Renegade Consumer</a>, an actively anti-consumerism organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teof.uni-lj.si/uploads/File/BV/BV2021/03/Osweska.pdf">The Human Being Lost in Consumerism: A Polish Perspective and Challenges in Religious Education</a>, by Elżbieta Osewska and Józef Stala</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumerism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumerism" title="Template:Consumerism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumerism" title="Template talk:Consumerism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumerism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumerism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumerism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consumerism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>the philosophy of and activism for <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">Consumer privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_revolution" title="Consumer revolution">Consumer revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_welfare_standard" title="Consumer welfare standard">Consumer welfare standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consumer" title="Informed consumer">Informed consumer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_activism" title="Consumer activism">Consumer activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Bill_of_Rights" title="Consumer Bill of Rights">Consumer Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_complaint" title="Consumer complaint">Consumer complaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">Consumer education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_movement" title="Consumer movement">Consumer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Guidelines_for_Consumer_Protection" title="United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection">United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields of study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_math" title="Consumer math">Consumer math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">Home economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">Consumer organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consumer_organizations" title="List of consumer organizations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Association_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Consumers' Association (disambiguation)">Consumers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market socialism">Free-market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social 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