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Johannes Hyrkanos – Wikipedia

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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liv_og_virke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liv_og_virke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Liv og virke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liv_og_virke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beleiringen_av_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beleiringen_av_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beleiringen av Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beleiringen_av_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erobringene_til_Johannes_Hyrkanos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erobringene_til_Johannes_Hyrkanos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erobringene til Johannes Hyrkanos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erobringene_til_Johannes_Hyrkanos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Økonomi,_utenrikspolitikk_og_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Økonomi,_utenrikspolitikk_og_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Økonomi, utenrikspolitikk og religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Økonomi,_utenrikspolitikk_og_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Johannes Hyrkanos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 31 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hyrcanus_I" title="Johannes Hyrcanus I – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannes Hyrcanus I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="يوحنا هيركانوس – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوحنا هيركانوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Hirc%C3%A0" title="Joan Hircà – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan Hircà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hyrk%C3%A1n" title="Jan Hyrkán – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan Hyrkán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hyrkanos_I." title="Johannes Hyrkanos I. – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannes Hyrkanos I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιωάννης Υρκανός – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιωάννης Υρκανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="John Hyrcanus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Hircano_I" title="Juan Hircano I – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan Hircano I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Hirkano" title="Joan Hirkano – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joan Hirkano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هورکانوس – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هورکانوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hyrcan_Ier" title="Jean Hyrcan Ier – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Hyrcan Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%ED%9E%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="요한 히르카노스 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요한 히르카노스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Hirkan" title="Ivan Hirkan – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivan Hirkan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanes_Hirkanus" title="Yohanes Hirkanus – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yohanes Hirkanus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Ircano_I" title="Giovanni Ircano I – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giovanni Ircano I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="יוחנן הורקנוס הראשון – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוחנן הורקנוס הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3ann%C3%A9sz_H%C3%BCrkanosz" title="Ióannész Hürkanosz – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ióannész Hürkanosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joany_Hirkano_I" title="Joany Hirkano I – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joany Hirkano I" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="يوحنا هيركانوس – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوحنا هيركانوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hyrkanus" title="Johannes Hyrkanus – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johannes Hyrkanus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96" title="ヨハネ・ヒルカノス1世 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハネ・ヒルカノス1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hirkan_I" title="Jan Hirkan I – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Hirkan I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Hircano" title="João Hircano – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="João Hircano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Иоанн Гиркан I – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иоанн Гиркан I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јован Хиркан – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јован Хиркан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Hirkan" title="Ivan Hirkan – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ivan Hirkan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hyrkanos" title="Johannes Hyrkanos – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannes Hyrkanos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanan_Hurkanus" title="Yohanan Hurkanus – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yohanan Hurkanus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Йоханан Гіркан – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоханан Гіркан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="יוחנן הורקנוס דער ערשטער – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יוחנן הורקנוס דער ערשטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·海卡努斯 – kinesisk" lang="zh" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24829246">.mw-parser-output .wb-edithandle{display:none;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-show .wb-edithandle{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-hide .wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;color:black;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;color:black;border-bottom:1px solid 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solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24829246"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Johannes Hyrkanos</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg/250px-John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg/375px-John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg/500px-John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/2._%C3%A5rhundre_f.Kr." title="2. århundre f.Kr.">2. århundre f.Kr.</a></span><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319043?uselang=nb#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/104_f.Kr." title="104 f.Kr.">104 f.Kr.</a></span><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319043?uselang=nb#P570" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prest" title="Prest">Prest</a>&#160;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319043?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Embete</th><td colspan="2"><ul style="list-style:none none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><li><a href="/wiki/Ypperstepresten_i_Israel" title="Ypperstepresten i Israel">Ypperstepresten i Israel</a> (134 f.Kr. &#8211; 104 f.Kr.)&#160;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319043?uselang=nb#P39" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Far</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Barn</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaios" title="Alexander Jannaios">Alexander Jannaios</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aristobulos_I" title="Aristobulos I">Aristobulos I</a><br />Antigonus I<br />Absalom ben Johanan<sup id="cite_ref-hash-56296c22fda8ff0509f71ed7cc067bcbe11856ac_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-56296c22fda8ff0509f71ed7cc067bcbe11856ac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2">Hasmonean Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Hyrcanus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Hyrcanus">Johannes Hyrkanos på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Johannes Hyrkanos</b> (<i>Yohanan Girhan; Yohanan Hyrcanus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hebraisk" title="Hebraisk">hebraisk</a>: יוחנן הורקנוס, <a href="/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk">gresk</a>: Ἰωάννης Ὑρκανός) (død 104 f.Kr.) var en <a href="/wiki/Hasmoneiske_dynasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneiske dynasti">hasmoneiske</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makkabeerne" title="Makkabeerne">makkabeerne</a>) leder på 100-tallet f.Kr. som styrte <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> i tiden 134-104 f.Kr. Han var sønn av <a href="/wiki/Simon_Makkabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Makkabeus">Simon Makkabeus</a>. Etter at hans svoger Ptolemaios hadde myrdet hans far og to eldre brødre, overtok Johannes posisjonen som regent og yppersteprest. Det <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">syriske</a> riket hadde tapt mye av sin makt, og han beseiret den syriske hærføreren Cendebeus da han gikk til angrep.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Johannes allierte seg med romerne. Han erobret også Judeas naboområder <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(region)" title="Samaria (region)">Samaria</a> og <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, og tvangskonverterte edomittene til sin religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navn">Navn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Navn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Navn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder">jødisk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">romerske</a> historikeren <a href="/wiki/Josefus" title="Josefus">Josefus</a> forklarer i <i> Ioudaikos polemos</i>, <i>Den jødiske krig</i>, at Johannes også var kjent som «Hyrkanos», men han kommer ikke inn på årsakene for dette navnet. Den eneste andre primærkilden er <i><a href="/wiki/Makkabeerb%C3%B8kene" title="Makkabeerbøkene">Makkabeerbøkene</a></i>, en del av de <a href="/wiki/Apokryfer" title="Apokryfer">apokryfiske</a> skrifter i Det gamle testamente benytter seg aldri av dette navnet i forhold til Johannes, og den eneste referansen til «Hyrkanos» er i <i><a href="/wiki/Andre_Makkabeerbok" title="Andre Makkabeerbok">Andre Makkabeerbok</a></i> 3:11<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> med referanse til en mann som eide en del av pengene i tempelet i løpet av ministeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliodoros_(minister)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliodoros (minister) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Heliodoros</a>' besøk en gang rundt 178 f.Kr. </p><p>Grunnen for dette navnet er omdiskutert blant bibelforskerne, og en rekke forslag er framstilt: </p> <ul><li>Familiebakgrunn i regionen <a href="/wiki/Hyrkania" title="Hyrkania">Hyrkania</a> («Ulvelandet») ved <a href="/wiki/Det_kaspiske_hav" title="Det kaspiske hav">Det kaspiske hav</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Et gresk kongenavn som ville ha representert tettere bånd til den <a href="/wiki/Hellenistisk_sivilisasjon" title="Hellenistisk sivilisasjon">hellenistiske</a> kultur som makkabeerne hadde gjort opprør mot under det hellenistiske <a href="/wiki/Selevkide-riket" class="mw-redirect" title="Selevkide-riket">Selevkide-riket</a>. Imidlertid hadde Hyrkania blitt erobret av <a href="/wiki/Mitridates_I_av_Partia" title="Mitridates I av Partia">Mitridates I av Partia</a> i 141-139 f.Kr.</li> <li>Et navn som ble gitt av selevkiderne etter at han hadde kjempet i region sammen med <a href="/wiki/Antiokos_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiokos VII Sidetes">Antiokos VII Sidetes</a> mot <a href="/wiki/Fraates_II_av_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraates II av Parthia">Fraates II av Parthia</a> i 130-129 f.Kr., et hærtokt som resulterte i løslatelsen av Antiokos' bror <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_II_Nikator" title="Demetrios II Nikator">Demetrios II Nikator</a> fra hans fangenskap i Hyrkania.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liv_og_virke">Liv og virke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Liv og virke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Liv og virke"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johannes Hyrkanos var sønn av <a href="/wiki/Simon_Makkabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Makkabeus">Simon Makkabeus</a> og således nevø av <a href="/wiki/Judas_Makkabeus" title="Judas Makkabeus">Judas Makkabeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonatan_Apphus" title="Jonatan Apphus">Jonatan Apphus</a> og andre søskenbarn. Deres historie er fortalt i de <a href="/wiki/Gammeltestamentlige_apokryfer" title="Gammeltestamentlige apokryfer">deuterokanoniske bøkene</a> <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_Makkabeerbok" title="Første Makkabeerbok">Første</a></i> og <i><a href="/wiki/Andre_Makkabeerbok" title="Andre Makkabeerbok">Andre Makkabeerbok</a></i>, i <i><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></i> og av historikeren <a href="/wiki/Josefus" title="Josefus">Josefus</a>. Johannes var ikke tilstede ved et gjestebud hvor hans far og hans to brødre ble myrdet, angivelig av hans svoger, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemaios_(s%C3%B8nn_av_Abubos)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ptolemaios (sønn av Abubos) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ptolemaios</a>. Han kvalifiserte til sin fars tidligere posisjoner, den som <i><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen Gadol</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ypperstepresten_i_Israel" title="Ypperstepresten i Israel">ypperstepresten i Israel</a> og som nasjonal leder (men ikke som konge).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Josefus forteller at han hadde fem sønner, men kun tre navngis i hans fortellinger: <a href="/wiki/Aristobulos_I" title="Aristobulos I">Judas Aristobulos I</a>, Antigonos I, og <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Jannai" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Jannai">Aleksander Jannai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beleiringen_av_Jerusalem">Beleiringen av Jerusalem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Beleiringen av Jerusalem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Beleiringen av Jerusalem"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:City_of_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/City_of_David.jpg/250px-City_of_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/City_of_David.jpg/375px-City_of_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/City_of_David.jpg/500px-City_of_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>En antatt rekonstruksjon av Jerusalem under kong Davids tid. Det er mulig at den hadde et lignende utseende på Hyrkanos' tid.</figcaption></figure> <p>I løpet av det første året av Hyrkanos' styre, møtte han den mest alvorlige utfordringen for uavhengig styre i Judea fra <a href="/wiki/Selevkide-riket" class="mw-redirect" title="Selevkide-riket">Selevkide-riket</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antiokos_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiokos VII Sidetes">Antiokos VII Sidetes</a> marsjerte inn i <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, herjet bygdene og begynte en årelang beleiring av <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Den langvarige beleiringen fikk Hyrkanos til å fjerne enhver fra byen som ikke kunne bidra til det militære forsvaret.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Disse flyktningene fikk tillatelse til å passere gjennom linjene til Antiokos. Således ble disse bokstavelig fanget i en felle midt i en kaotisk beleiring. Med en humanitær krise foran seg, lot Hyrkanos ham dem komme tilbake da <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8vhyttefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Løvhyttefest">løvhyttefesten</a> begynte. Etterpå, grunnet den store matmangelen i Jerusalem, forhandlet Hyrkanos fram en fredsavtale med Antiokos.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tomb_of_david.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tomb_of_david.jpg/250px-Tomb_of_david.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tomb_of_david.jpg/375px-Tomb_of_david.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tomb_of_david.jpg/500px-Tomb_of_david.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Hyrkanos lot kong Davids grav plyndre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Betingelsene for avtalen besto av utbetaling av 3000 talenter med sølv for at Antiokos brøt ned Jerusalems murer, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder">jødenes</a> deltagelse i Selevkide-rikets krig mot <a href="/wiki/Partia" title="Partia">Partia</a>, og atter en gang jødenes anerkjennelse av Selevkide-rikets kontroll.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Disse betingelsene var et hardt slag for den unge herskeren. I tillegg måtte Hyrkanos plyndre graven til kong <a href="/wiki/David_av_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="David av Israel">David av Israel</a> for å kunne betale de 3000 talentene.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Følgene av beleiringen var til å begynne med et vanskelig tilbakeslag for Hyrkanos. Judea sto overfor særdeles vanskelige økonomiske tider etter at bygdene var blitt plyndret og Jerusalem beleiret. De økonomiske vanskelighetene ble i stor grad økt av de skattene som Selevkide-riket tvang på landet. I tillegg ble Hyrkanos tvunget til å følge Antiokos på hærtokt i 130 f.Kr. Hyrkanos fungerte antagelig som militær leder av en jødisk tropp i krigen.<sup id="cite_ref-Sievers_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sievers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disse omstendighetene førte antagelig til et tap av støtte for den uerfarne Hyrkanos hos befolkningen i Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-Sievers_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sievers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Folket på bygdene var særlig desillusjonerte i forhold til ham etter Antiokos' hær hadde plyndret dem. Det faktum at han istedenfor å styre et herjet Judea var i Partia for å kjempe med Antiokos førte til dyp krenkelse. I tillegg til at Hyrkanos hadde fordrevet alle som ikke kunne være soldater under beleiringen av Jerusalem, førte antagelig også til at han ble nedvurdert, og ikke minst var plyndringen av kong Davids grav et alvorlig religiøst brudd på hans forpliktelser som yppersteprest, og må ha opprørt det religiøse lederskapet.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Til tross for mangelen på støtte i denne tiden, svært tidlig i hans 31 år lange styre av Judea, fikk han en opptur i 128 f.Kr. da Antiokos ble drept i et slag mot Partia. Hva som fulgte var en tid med erobringer ledet av Hyrkanos som markerte Judeas fremste tid som den meste betydelige maktfaktoren i Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erobringene_til_Johannes_Hyrkanos">Erobringene til Johannes Hyrkanos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Erobringene til Johannes Hyrkanos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Erobringene til Johannes Hyrkanos"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johannes Hyrkanos var i stand til å dra fordeler av uroen i <a href="/wiki/Seleukia" title="Seleukia">Seleukia</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> ved å sikre Judeas uavhengighet og samtidig erobre nye områder. I 130 f.Kr. vendte <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_II_av_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrios II av Syria">Demetrios II av Syria</a> tilbake fra landflyktigheten i <a href="/wiki/Hyrkania" title="Hyrkania">Hyrkania</a> for å ta kontrollen over Seleukia. Imidlertid gjorde maktovertagelsen det vanskelig for Demetrios å sikre seg kontroll over Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-Sievers,_141_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sievers,_141-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Samtidig falt Selevkide-riket fra hverandre og ble oppdelt i mindre fyrstedømmer: <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a> i <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a> i <a href="/wiki/Transjordan" title="Transjordan">Transjordan</a>, og de arabiske <a href="/wiki/Nabateere" title="Nabateere">nabateere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hyrkanos var fast bestemt å dra fordeler av oppløsningen til å styrke Judea. </p><p>Han skaffet seg også en ny hær bestående av leiesoldater som sto i sterk kontrast til de jødiske styrkene som ble beseiret av Antiokos.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den jødiske befolkningen var antagelig fortsatt i en prosess med å bygge seg opp etter ødeleggelsene fra invasjonen og beleiringen, og kunne derfor ikke skaffe nok menn for en utvidelse av hæren.<sup id="cite_ref-Sievers,_141_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sievers,_141-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Finansieringen av hæren var igjen gjort mulig av midler som Hyrkanos stjal fra kong Davids grav.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Økonomi,_utenrikspolitikk_og_religion"><span id=".C3.98konomi.2C_utenrikspolitikk_og_religion"></span>Økonomi, utenrikspolitikk og religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Økonomi, utenrikspolitikk og religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Økonomi, utenrikspolitikk og religion"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:HurkaniaTop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HurkaniaTop.JPG/250px-HurkaniaTop.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HurkaniaTop.JPG/375px-HurkaniaTop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HurkaniaTop.JPG/500px-HurkaniaTop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Levningene av den øvre delen av festningen Hyrkania som Hyrkanos muligens iverksatte byggingen av.</figcaption></figure> <p>Etter beleiringen av Jerusalem sto Hyrkanos overfor en alvorlig økonomisk krise i Judea, men etter at Antiokos var død unngikk han de store utbetalingene til det svekkede Seleukia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Åpenbart bedret økonomien seg slik at han kunne utstede sine egne mynter (se nedenfor). Dessuten satte han i gang nødvendige byggeprosjekter i Judea. Han gjenoppbygget de murene som var blitt revet av Antiokos. Han bygget også en festning nord for tempelet kalt for Baris og muligens også festningen Hyrkania i den judeiske ørkenen, øst for Jerusalem, ned mot Dødehavet.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johannes Hyrkanos søkte gode forhold med omgivende ikkejødiske makter, særlig det voksende og stadig sterkere Romerriket. To forordninger ble vedtatt i <a href="/wiki/Det_romerske_senatet" title="Det romerske senatet">det romerske senatet</a> som etablerte en avtale om vennskap med Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selv om det er vanskelig å datere disse, representerer de anstrengelsene som ble gjort mellom Hyrkanos og Roma for å opprettholde stabile diplomatiske og politiske forhold. Et sendebud fra Hyrkanos fikk romersk bekreftelse på hasmoneisk uavhengighet.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Johannes Hyrkanos var et utmerket eksempel på en lokal hersker med romersk støtte i ryggen. </p><p>Hyrkanos søkte også å opprettholde et stødig forhold til <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeerdynastiet" title="Ptolemeerdynastiet">Ptolemeerdynastiets</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme">hellenistiske</a> <a href="/wiki/Oldtidens_Egypt" title="Oldtidens Egypt">Egypt</a>. Det ble antagelig gjort mulig grunnet de mange jøder som levde i Egypt, særlig i Alexandria, og som hadde forbindelser til det egyptiske hoffet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Også de greske byene Athen, på det greske fastlandet, og Pergamon ved kysten av Anatolia viste ære til Hyrkanos i en anstrengelse for formilde Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:John_Hyrcanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg/250px-John_Hyrcanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg/375px-John_Hyrcanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/John_Hyrcanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Mynter preget av Hyrkanos</figcaption></figure> <p>Med å prege egne mynter demonstrerte Hyrkanos sin villighet til å fordele makt og ansvar. 63 mynter er funnet i nærheten av Betlehem og disse bærer inskripsjonen «Yohanan ypperstepresten». Den motsatte side av mynten hadde teksten «Jødenes råd». Det antyder at i løpet av sitt styre var Hyrkanos ingen enehersker, men måtte tidvis underkaste seg jødenes råd som hadde en viss andel minoritetsstyre.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Myntene mangler avbildninger av dyr eller mennesker, noe som kan antyde at Hyrkanos etterfulgte det jødiske forbudet mot utskårne bilder. Myntene kan også bli tatt til inntekt for oppfatningen at Hyrkanos selv betraktet seg hovedsakelig som yppersteprest i Judea, og at hans styre var delt med jødenes råd.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I Judea var religiøse saker et kjerneaspekt i den innenlandske politikken. Josefus rapporterer kun en særskilt konflikt mellom <a href="/wiki/Fariseere" title="Fariseere">fariseere</a> og Hyrkanos.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kritikk av Hyrkanos' rolle som yppersteprest og etnark av fariseerne førte til uoverensstemmelse,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men konflikten økte statusen til den jødiske sekten <a href="/wiki/Saddukeere" title="Saddukeere">saddukeere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det er imidlertid gode grunner til å tvile på denne redegjørelsen til Josefus. Han forteller andre steder at fariseerne ikke vokste i makt før fram til styret til dronning <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Myntene som ble preget under Hyrkanos antyder at han ikke hadde fullstendig sekulær autoritet. Denne redegjørelsen representerer et stykke fariseisk unnskyldning grunnet Josefus' egen fariseiske bakgrunn,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og kan således representere en historisk oppfinnelse i den hensikt å høyne fariseernes status under det hasmoneiske dynastiets fremste tid. Det var antagelig spenninger grunnet de religiøse og sekulære lederrollene som Hyrkanos hadde, men det er vanskelig å anta at Josefus' fortelling er en nøyaktig beskrivelse av forholdet mellom Hyrkanos, fariseerne og saddukerne på denne tiden. </p><p>En av de siste handlinger i Hyrkanos' liv var en handling som løste enhver form for diskusjon om hans rolle som yppersteprest og etnark. I sitt testamente bestemte han at posisjonen som yppersteprest skulle skilles fra den sekulære autoritet. Hyrkanos' enke ble gitt kontroll over den sivile autoriteten etter hans død, og hans sønn <a href="/wiki/Judas_Aristobulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas Aristobulos">Judas Aristobulos</a> ble gitt rollen som yppersteprest. Denne handlingen representerte Hyrkanos' vilje til å inngå kompromiss i saken.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En annen side av saken er at Aristobulos ikke var tilfreds med dette opplegget og fikk kastet sin mor i fengsel og lot henne sulte ihjel. Johannes Hyrkanos var i henhold til Josefus utrustet med tre gudegaver; jordisk makt, yppersteprestens verdigheten, og profetiets gave. Han døde etter et styre på over tretti år og hans død avsluttet makten til det unge jødiske kongedømmet.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-56296c22fda8ff0509f71ed7cc067bcbe11856ac-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-56296c22fda8ff0509f71ed7cc067bcbe11856ac_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Genealogics</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Maccabees+15%3A37-39&amp;version=GNT">«1 Maccabees 15:37-39»</a>, <i>BibleGateway.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7972-hyrcanus-john-johanan-i">«Hyrcanus, John (Johanan) I.»</a>, <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>, 1906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/poly/ma2003.htm">«2 Macc 3:11»</a>. <i>Sacred-texts.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Neusner, Jacob (1968): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=m5c3AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq=hyrcanus+Hyrcania&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=dwfpTafRFsSe-QaBkr3jDw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=6&amp;ved=0CEQQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&amp;q=hyrcanus%20Hyrcania&amp;f=false"><i>A History of the Jews in Babylonia</i></a>, bind 1, Brill Archive via Google Books, s. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josefus slår uttrykkelig fast i både <i>Den jødiske krig</i> og <i>Jødisk forhistorie</i> at <a href="/wiki/Aristobulos_I" title="Aristobulos I">Judas Aristobulos I</a> (sønn av Johannes Hyrkanos) var «den første av alle som satte et diadem på sitt hode [endret] styret til et kongedømme». Se <i>Jødisk forhistorie</i> XIII 11:1 og <i>Den jødiske krig</i> I 3:1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josefus: <i>Jødisk forhistorie</i> 13.240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jagersma, H. (1986): <i>A History of Israel from Alexander the Great to Bar Kochba</i>, Minneapolis.: Fortress Press, s. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josefus: <i>Jødisk forhistorie</i> 13.245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josefus <a href="https://no.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_I#Chapter_2" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book I"><i>Den jødiske krig</i></a> (engelsk tekst) I 2:5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sievers-11"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Sievers_11-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sievers_11-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> Sievers, Joseph; Neusner, Jacob red. (1990): <i>The Hasmoneans and Their Supporters: From Matthias to the Death of John Hyrcanus I</i>, Atlanta: Scholars Press, s. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jagersma, (1986), s. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bickerman, Elias (1947): <i>The Maccabees</i>, New York.: Schocken Books, s. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sievers,_141-14"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Sievers,_141_14-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sievers,_141_14-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> Sievers (1990), s. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cornfled, Gaalyahu (1962): <i>Daniel to Paul: Jews In Conflict with Graeco-Roman Civilization</i>, New York: The Macmillan Company, s. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josefus: <i>Jødisk forhistorie</i>, 13.257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bickerman (1947), s. 149–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sievers (1990), s. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Davies, W. D. (1989): <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol. 2: The Hellenistic Age</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press, s. 331–332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jagersma (1986), s. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Freedman, David Noel (1992): <i>The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, H–J: Volume 3</i>, New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josefus: <i>Jødisk forhistorie</i>, 13.284–287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Davies, W. D. (1989), s. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cornfeld, s. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sievers (1990), s. 153–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josefus: <i>Jødisk forhistorie</i>, 13.288–296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nickelsburg (2005), s. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Bjørn O.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjornolav.blogspot.com/2009/09/skjellsordet-fariseer-det-nadelse_26.html">Skjellsordet «fariseer» -det nådeløse «nådefolket», del 2</a>. Sitat: «Man antar at saddukeerne tok sitt navn fra ypperstepresten Sadok, som tjenestegjorde mens kong David levde. Deres medlemmer kom hovedsakelig fra den hellenistiske sosieteten og var opptatt av å fremme en stabil livsførsel.»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Josefus: <i>Den jødiske krig</i> 1.110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sievers (1990), s. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gaalyahu (1962), s. 55</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hyrkanos&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Primærlitteratur</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Josefus: <i>Jødisk forhistorie</i></li> <li>Josefus: <i>Den jødiske krig</i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sekundærlitteratur</dt></dl> <ul><li>Neusner, Jacob (1968): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=m5c3AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA12&amp;dq=hyrcanus+Hyrcania&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=dwfpTafRFsSe-QaBkr3jDw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=6&amp;ved=0CEQQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&amp;q=hyrcanus%20Hyrcania&amp;f=false"><i>A History of the Jews in Babylonia</i></a>, bind 1, Brill Archive via Google Books</li> <li>Jagersma, H. (1986): <i>A History of Israel from Alexander the Great to Bar Kochba</i>, Minneapolis.: Fortress Press</li> <li>Sievers, Joseph; Neusner, Jacob red. (1990): <i>The Hasmoneans and Their Supporters: From Matthias to the Death of John Hyrcanus I</i>, Atlanta: Scholars Press</li> <li>Cornfled, Gaalyahu (1962): <i>Daniel to Paul: Jews In Conflict with Graeco-Roman Civilization</i>, New York: The Macmillan Company</li> <li>Davies, W. D. (1989): <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol. 2: The Hellenistic Age</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Freedman, David Noel (1992): <i>The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, H–J: Volume 3</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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