CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91367ee35cc3a047',cH: 'NqEx9CALC51VnU8LRk2U58k6TdFP2aClGzratNZVAXE-1739802839-1.2.1.1-LpuPVBwXejaY7w33Jydj02XJ01fRyTQAQvMesa0YStTFsEh0Tr1X9XtFllKgvZsM',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=mobile%20app&__cf_chl_tk=hkFpCsV.0phbiyYcPYv61kYnHHOjibTEYMPmGLVdQkk-1739802839-1.0.1.1-8feF7dXfzLQSgXRh8enMHln_Wb2wQtjQ8hQjlLkTCdY",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739802839',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=mobile%20app&__cf_chl_f_tk=hkFpCsV.0phbiyYcPYv61kYnHHOjibTEYMPmGLVdQkk-1739802839-1.0.1.1-8feF7dXfzLQSgXRh8enMHln_Wb2wQtjQ8hQjlLkTCdY",md: "DPeyaavxIplq18MECNk2ddQWOf9zPBXvvf4kykJl.rs-1739802839-1.2.1.1-QeuS024kt3TYhf.ZrnyUX7VL5CILUz65lPvvUVkpqeBOXaI5_nt9bBYu5..5MLh6N_U95vJs2_aA7oFmHJgT07WE8DY_4hHQ4sa8D05zbqf1EqlbWT0IsyIkcU9EkQpCZMQKkXlU4noQgjofy5E_sXRkZsNmzUxGFDti_to.snVWcdH0BIDZm3hI92qCVOtkGOMdBViY1mXrpKGsQZu45OwFYcvxd3GXpAaq3D6j7u7eUBGkbLy1eaWC0aYZnLjAl6VuZYCuC1eQcwMNKfPelnKfHczLFem.O5oVOEEFs91dcRceSCVwTFJSftt_DGRE6G3PsqYPIJpRSrCYD5fqegkZrFUcl1C_DmmIUZf5Kq0IGo8IlfyeBf2eLHJIQIc9q4hJOHa.m8RDv_ETZ2ZWSagiAahWNxZBZHcjJEcoF4uR7pQ86wW2NH3Q2tBPNj6ahmwaIy7AdnuLC0t85jaImoZPsBAXORoT4iJ2BPEDO_y0YViGt9UOd1PdKbFKrjeU1g3Roq1X957SDtTMXS_ZVKsFtdQlH6OYXj1DStvXSrNEjfB6pftdGQUHF3vC3KpKfJW8FTIqxiCvnSDFVfY9AaHeMyl1CmvVX_ZVajGYoPH4JDMtQmLKdaaOVj5GqNz9c2P0BG8z7Rp5HgUe_rLs7tDZNi0c4BiBHqH56f05D3JHnpG2mLM0Au7riI6SJ7ChS98QrDncWz9FiJQM8ci6Baz0sLfAsXzLUzjtVrqiOmh8ft8F8lisC.MRbXRqtKWZIcpSEjGaJ6uStr57dZfIf.SYulBCMEGF1AfCf9gssKy0Am7z3RcNIrFhDvgrr.meGifah9f4TjmRT2y7yQW05d_c91HTfeC4Yv2z5mmWftn8a86YQ0bBDeyOANIYfm2hBfAy81lUucZtE1ajSG9iss9jJLWidpXNMQz0Ukmd4Q49b.M8LP5TCBL9ceOdOs0RSeDYOZQNQoD8coqFJWFUC3O1HVZiPGKJXa0HUdA75WV_Ci2vD52HlpKLyGrD_dxYJ5ZauKUv2QNL1W1dFE5aOMAyBkc1ZqUVi0FTCnml8HMuuhggX5LPKWFrbu_4Je9A0vOq.VAJJDSOVC.IDnmJtQABq0QT0M.fiz7GHObX755VQ1BDs00zGoVapTQjpi9Q1t8bjV_hcnpX.UORjWwKyp4EDfJu2d5Mvigzv4u_uPkaORrvWb7ogCO5H_cUyN6jHNbBBY6Cbyi_2WyD3mlJB6CS1swiKdYKWHBizCQCxUPJ0PVqUlbtDEj9RjKF8250yHOLocpVjWgxK8urKYjzfHlHd1dTHgH0qNQ0wIiAbRkvAumm8RAFOzz2mPM8k5JVSwS5tiqhzdmAQDhNDex3AseTNJHZD7imyUzuUu_kP8gQe5YIg1aOfGzonkDfzFuPVU6LqQun2zHk1F8DNFLEKnvcwtt8I94SSmni97_LRSHLDiPFkphi8XPI28WGUDRa_5ZDMkFLKpkXCTBmi5VEhKwsNjMFUb1Ce.IwDlS4HBg1ymx4eSWRA2jzLNNlebyxK5Do7gJbL0gmgulc8Y64dEFxNCALkh9YPelbXorDTHS1AssZ0k5B2CF6jjTwoKOAviZVq47VdhjebeHqiCPztDkBljeIeulvNcfeAJMTMiP8j7KkNGO2FegNmr0fa2i.cF3w7AR36s4rAdLFI2vwM9EKqWNSR9C.h2Cf7zB0xO1ptmrPAHDEGbeyjk87gJFp0ZZbb67t3X916C2njNckPjUDJyk6loRULjSRv0.wVDQV7z.vlZmnNa.ppJvAZRj1UTjJkg8NVGW0kRKfMv_bJD7JCDGg_UhDjc22dwV6HNzIiqIhFC9kKVQUnQG3IkGO_M.GxyLEb8SpfewzsRQhnLDnnucPkE2S9kFOTr6o8aaa0d1A7aKuvAyn.Il4W3JI",mdrd: "7F6qi155NsoqcjQVlcFeuv.Y1v.Ekin4sX3yP5ZjPZA-1739802839-1.2.1.1-KgM3bxuA6XJn5J0AeoCJZI0n1.eagon1whofyxReOZkPhtmzzLtptCHjKuEoHeSgUcv22U7_vMPAWIRad7TQl0rM_p5qeyXGYuO4W5yb6wI3OLwDqtPIrNx6KhdAjyCTmy9p5tMOD4FyXJZHNKSbuqlijp6YlZlmdCPgp3VYRGFwxHDozGQMXlU6Hh88o_tsnRRRUJeKoatzcsX165Ru8zzwX_yU6sMQ3jFQxebwNVYk_R901L7BCCoVDEG.D27FY0iig_WHFthJUhUK5WWXiz_L.7RFyNyBtCOfqvoI1vqV1hqUBe_zeAnxm0kixuJ_gHpN9ktWPCg4RxW8jR6HFynUs0xtay3aN3VOztyJjXaIPbnN5534VPSHMGzra_3uA7FcMEoFOLypx8x.ZowDfBUDcqHqo1yrVxWyEafRk2_g8ueY2vqKvzU.OgaWMIl_j1U868q4tEdUHFHVDqffzNI28hPBXE..sGxypiQUG_MotmS6HFf0f02jitYSjRa_83cdj_qpXb_XO_EQv5IgySSiHgrFUyURruJiI2eiZfQrTlM5NZC8mJhH64jtSxNThmvYdNsrlTAwGHfkNlgvoqNFRJJpY74A3PmeGCgPhPYrMDMiCMJnCAE5z9e7yEEXLlvWnsudfxyvAS.3m.k89g.FN4Y7U0imEdQaqKBjpDu3_v93GbglVHEnee0dpX9F7eW5wf_7DvcnUT4mdPh3ZpAPuCn7XRfB_ibbk4lTCbP3_zeOzAB_ntFsYVfNGKSxBfD0OnH0VxktG4ycAhCj5rf8_adDj3PX73HEHrY4TwfQWfDLeN0Q6xVuTPnb1aZazzFbKYQGGFRG5i.F6bCYe2jOFOz0Z4HjxmVtFT9UGwo8Q7.uY73RqYqh4Dse84ITI9FaADZ6zzqnPk3Garv1RLq4TvrkxLwr6egOFLUyHTt4.U3aWLxe_zTSRjl5tRHiHnXmHKxIuE9IYr9n5jA0ZZ._cJkRBd.FqXLSl2PFVcsI7VJhFS3NBor48HbgKZNTnmLqdZ61ONH5khaNLIB2bnpyfT7z9fkVaAPvHH5qqLnSEoTSOFmM0EN1C9co81aywTeugpkNUoVhv1JKyMD6ks6v6RzKdiMC2pipGfSI1M0rwSNZJkbCmalBLhj4xoutR4BUPpJPN2h9eMZYIVVIYNL05YvE4b9xeWVZFnYX03yNmY28dqdk8lNfC7vzaAraSufTq4NZc97zyLEpC3b_U.q4ILyJeWs0ck47Pi8odygJ2k0QblM9qRzr0W3so_dGfQH3QrOW6aYsiAXcF5JBE_1gRuTZQ.8cdeivQX2EC0mqAuNUoWFsXBpEU4XmWjALE1YNCJ2rSnzmNUPMQ535jgTub23O6OWLR3BjtktwOOq3iImFenkbx.IUS68c7d10BbZDodbLhrJLGWE1P1LOQXHVZkFhg9AfDQ3emHQWXLtMBCrNGE8zROiH3TWrMoNUVCe3ECjAjWd6UtcegOlrMNbf1TuJAodhKTppVc.zpqnYK0FiuNVxefV_0Lmo8cqGcsACKsGfOpLHHtNXvSiSj1MCvK_Sdx3Zre6uWscB0qxlbqHVp5_hy9vWd0F8S_u1lCzRQ_lI2cyxlXgJ_f1vF3U02oRbMcLj7zuLk6V.0HwW5m4Tog_qFIur72_YfrNhbTD_XUDHSitnm3Ht.Qh98XqmDXIT0WupqYSUkN74ZrDBqBGpBQf.6V1ApN3sNPCT32qI7MguxTLOnDnwuu4Wkeik3uRYdwptYThXnwu9NIA5gBA.ijzfkePl49gRQB84xRghy6NbyRrmLix.IP6hej6DHwoPpQyM9jESJM6bfBXrMPyR05CJ0iNcssAd3DO1d750x35gQld8vKLU1wVLP4xkyO7YjdATJmkTgu8yBqztz0dZ22Fv.ITj8D_yQufqnwrdCV60Ki8T_SaKno7aM7dH4gZCrBpzCmKl3XG.oLt8qUoK_aG5vWilkEv7u4AmwkE5aQEAhmQt3bPOzUTvpg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91367ee35cc3a047';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=mobile%20app&__cf_chl_rt_tk=hkFpCsV.0phbiyYcPYv61kYnHHOjibTEYMPmGLVdQkk-1739802839-1.0.1.1-8feF7dXfzLQSgXRh8enMHln_Wb2wQtjQ8hQjlLkTCdY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>