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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Аўгуст Бач – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўгуст Бач" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Аугуст Бач – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аугуст Бач" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="August Batsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="August Batsch" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86" title="آگوست باچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگوست باچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="ავგუსტ ბაჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავგუსტ ბაჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Ioannes_Georgius_Carolus_Batsch" title="Augustus Ioannes Georgius Carolus Batsch – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Augustus Ioannes Georgius Carolus Batsch" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="اجسطس باتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اجسطس باتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="August Batsch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="August Batsch" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бач, Август – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бач, Август" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Johann_Georg_Karl_Batsch" title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="August Johann Georg Karl Batsch" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Август Бач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Август Бач" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="August Batsch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%A5%87" title="奥古斯特·巴奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥古斯特·巴奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213687#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German naturalist (1761–1802)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Batsch" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Batsch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Batsch (disambiguation)">Batsch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">August Batsch</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Batsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/August_Batsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1761-10-28</span>)</span>28 October 1761<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Weimar">Duchy of Saxe-Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 1802<span style="display:none">(1802-09-29)</span> (aged 40)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Weimar">Duchy of Saxe-Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Batsch</b></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>August Johann Georg Karl Batsch</b> (28 October 1761 – 29 September 1802) was a German <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a>. He was a recognised authority on <a href="/wiki/Mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrooms">mushrooms</a>, and also described new species of <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryophytes">bryophytes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Batsch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsch was born in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Saxe-Weimar</a> to George Lorenz Bratsch and Ernestine (<i>nee</i> Franke) Bratsch. He studied at the Jena City School, and then had private tuition. He showed an aptitude for natural sciences and drawing, and so subsequently studied medicine and philosophy at the University of <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller_University_of_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Schiller University of Jena">Friedrich Schiller University of Jena</a>), entering in 1772 and obtaining his <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in philosophy in 1781<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in medicine in 1786, his supervisor being <a href="/wiki/Justus_Christian_Loder" title="Justus Christian Loder">Justus Christian Loder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batsch was married in 1787 to Amalie Pfaundel. They had three children, Friedrich (born 1789), George Friedrich Karl (1792), and Karoline (1795). He died in 1802 after a short illness. </p><p>In 1786 Batsch began to teach <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> at the University of Jena and in 1787 he was appointed associate professor of medicine and botany. In 1792 he became Professor of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advised <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> on his botanical research. Batsch's organization of plants in progressive forms may have influenced Goethe's thinking on the <a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">transmutation of species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1790, Batsch founded a botanical garden in Jena, and the <i>Naturforschende Gesellschaft</i> ("Nature Investigator's Club").<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botany">Botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Batsch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batsch_titlepage.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batsch_titlepage.pdf/page1-220px-Batsch_titlepage.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batsch_titlepage.pdf/page1-330px-Batsch_titlepage.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Batsch_titlepage.pdf/page1-440px-Batsch_titlepage.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <i>Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.</i> 1786</figcaption></figure> <p>Batsch discovered almost 200 new species of <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Clitocybe_nebularis" title="Clitocybe nebularis">Clitocybe nebularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calocera_cornea" title="Calocera cornea">Calocera cornea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paxillus_involutus" title="Paxillus involutus">Paxillus involutus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tapinella_atrotomentosa" title="Tapinella atrotomentosa">Tapinella atrotomentosa</a></i>. He was a recognised authority writing two books on the topic, <i>Elenchus Fungorum</i> (<i>Discussion of Fungi</i>, between 1783 and 1789), which is still highly rated today<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Versuch einer Anleitung zur Kenntniss und Geschichte der Pflanzen</i> (<i>Attempt at Instruction in the Knowledge and History of Plants</i>, between 1787 and 1788). <i>Versuch einer Anleitung...</i> looked into the nature of what we now know to be <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> of plants (such as <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a>), but without realizing their origin. Rejecting the system of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, he began to classify plants on the basis of their external form and shape and to make them generally understandable by means of a clear, precise representation, as best known in his three volume <i>Elenchus Fungorum</i>.While well versed in the <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> of the Jena area, the weakness of his system lay in his lesser familiarity with the plants of the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other works include <i>Dispositio Generum Plantarum Jenensium Secundum Linnaeum et Familias Naturales</i>, Jena 1786, generally referenced as Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens., alternatively titled as <i>Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His taxonomic classification of plants is summarised in his last work, the <i>Tabula affinitatum regni vegetabilis</i> (1802),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatsch1802_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatsch1802-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was notable for its diagram depicting the network of affinities within the vegetable kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagan2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagan2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Synopsis vniversalis analytica genervm plantarvm</i> (1793–4)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatsch1793–1794_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatsch1793–1794-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the source for valid names for <a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoology">Zoology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Batsch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zoology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsch wrote <i>Versuch einer Anleitung, zur Kenntniß und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien, für akademische Vorlesungen entworfen, und mit den nöthigsten Abbildungen versehen</i>, in English Provisional guide to the knowledge, development and history of the animals and minerals, designed for academic lectures. The first part (Erster Theil) <i>Allgemeine Geschichte der Natur; besondre der Säugthiere, Vögel, Amphibien und Fische</i> German natural history, mammals, birds amphibians and fish appeared in 1788.Part two (Zweyter Theil). <i>Besondre Geschichte der Insekten, Gewürme und Mineralien</i> on insects, worms and minerals was published in the following year, 1789. He was also known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtles">turtles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuboisBour2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuboisBour2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Batsch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batsch,_August_Johann_Georg_Karl_%E2%80%93_Elenchus_fungorum,_1783_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6961730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Batsch%2C_August_Johann_Georg_Karl_%E2%80%93_Elenchus_fungorum%2C_1783_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6961730.jpg/220px-Batsch%2C_August_Johann_Georg_Karl_%E2%80%93_Elenchus_fungorum%2C_1783_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6961730.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Batsch%2C_August_Johann_Georg_Karl_%E2%80%93_Elenchus_fungorum%2C_1783_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6961730.jpg/330px-Batsch%2C_August_Johann_Georg_Karl_%E2%80%93_Elenchus_fungorum%2C_1783_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6961730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Batsch%2C_August_Johann_Georg_Karl_%E2%80%93_Elenchus_fungorum%2C_1783_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6961730.jpg/440px-Batsch%2C_August_Johann_Georg_Karl_%E2%80%93_Elenchus_fungorum%2C_1783_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6961730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption><i>Elenchus fungorum</i>, 1783</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6961730"><i>Elenchus fungorum</i></a> (in Latin). <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>: Johann Jakob Gebauer. 1783.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elenchus+fungorum&rft.place=Halle&rft.pub=Johann+Jakob+Gebauer&rft.date=1783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D6961730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6961048"><i>Elenchi fungorum continuatio prima</i></a> (in Latin). Halle: Johann Jakob Gebauer. 1786.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elenchi+fungorum+continuatio+prima&rft.place=Halle&rft.pub=Johann+Jakob+Gebauer&rft.date=1786&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D6961048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6961339"><i>Elenchi fungorum continuatio secunda</i></a> (in Latin). Halle: Johann Jakob Gebauer. 1789.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elenchi+fungorum+continuatio+secunda&rft.place=Halle&rft.pub=Johann+Jakob+Gebauer&rft.date=1789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D6961339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatsch1802" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batsch, August Johann Georg Karl</a> (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7569#/summary"><i>Tabula affinitatum regni vegetabilis, quam delineavit, et nunc ulterius adumbratam</i></a> (in Latin). <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabula+affinitatum+regni+vegetabilis%2C+quam+delineavit%2C+et+nunc+ulterius+adumbratam&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pub=Landes-Industrie-Comptoir&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Batsch&rft.aufirst=August+Johann+Georg+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F7569%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatsch1793–1794" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batsch, August Johann Georg Karl</a> (1793–1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/en/records/item/14385-synopsis-universalis-analytica-generum-plantarum?offset=2"><i>Synopsis vniversalis analytica genervm plantarvm fere omnivm hvcvsque cognitorum qvam secvndvm methodvm sexvalem corollinam, et carpologicam adivnctis ordinibvs naturalibvs adhibitis vltra Linnaeana monitis et adavctionibvs meritissimorvm Avbletii, Lovreirii, Forskolii, Thvnbergii, Forsteri, Vahlii, Gaertneri, Hedwigii, Schreberi, Ivssievii, Swarzii, et aliorum. 2 vols</i></a> (in Latin). <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Ienae</a>: Svmtibvs Bibliopolii Croekeriani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synopsis+vniversalis+analytica+genervm+plantarvm+fere+omnivm+hvcvsque+cognitorum+qvam+secvndvm+methodvm+sexvalem+corollinam%2C+et+carpologicam+adivnctis+ordinibvs+naturalibvs+adhibitis+vltra+Linnaeana+monitis+et+adavctionibvs+meritissimorvm+Avbletii%2C+Lovreirii%2C+Forskolii%2C+Thvnbergii%2C+Forsteri%2C+Vahlii%2C+Gaertneri%2C+Hedwigii%2C+Schreberi%2C+Ivssievii%2C+Swarzii%2C+et+aliorum.+2+vols.&rft.place=Ienae&rft.pub=Svmtibvs+Bibliopolii+Croekeriani&rft.date=1793%2F1794&rft.aulast=Batsch&rft.aufirst=August+Johann+Georg+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.rjb.csic.es%2Fen%2Frecords%2Fitem%2F14385-synopsis-universalis-analytica-generum-plantarum%3Foffset%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Batsch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsch is considered one of the most important late eighteenth century naturalists in central Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Batsch</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Batsch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycologists" title="List of mycologists">List of mycologists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Batsch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://batsch.tisma.de/chronik/august.html">Verein der Familie Batsch e.V.</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittrich2010_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDittrich2010">Dittrich 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char/page/193"><i>The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char/page/193">193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"><bdi>0-691-02350-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Objectivity%3A+An+Essay+in+the+History+of+Scientific+Ideas&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-691-02350-6&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgeofobjectivit00char%2Fpage%2F193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Authors/Batsch626.html">August Johann Georg Karl Batsch (1761 - 1802)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Elenchus Fungorum is not only important for its taxonomic value (Batsch describes about 200 species in it), but is also a good Flora study and is even today of great worth", Heinrich Dörfelt & Heike Heklau (1998) Die Geschichte der Mykologie (The Story of Mycology)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary">Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens. 1786</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatsch1802-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatsch1802_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatsch1802">Batsch 1802</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagan2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagan2009_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagan2009">Ragan 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatsch1793–1794-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatsch1793–1794_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatsch1793–1794">Batsch 1793–1794</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG_IV2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG_IV2016">APG IV 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuboisBour2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuboisBour2010_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuboisBour2010">Dubois & Bour 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Batsch"><i> Batsch</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Batsch&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DBatsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Batsch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG_IV2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV</a>; Chase, M. W.; Christenhusz, J. M.; Fay, M. F.; Byng, J. W.; Judd, W. S.; Soltis, D. E.; Mabberley, D. J.; Sennikov, A. N.; Soltis, P. S.; Stevens, P. R. (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>, <b>181</b> (1): 1–20, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">10.1111/boj.12385</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+IV&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fboj.12385&rft.au=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+IV&rft.au=Chase%2C+M.+W.&rft.au=Christenhusz%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Fay%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Byng%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Judd%2C+W.+S.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Mabberley%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Sennikov%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+P.+S.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuboisBour2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dubois, Alain; Bour, Roger (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/120196#/summary">"The distinction between family-series and class-series nomina in zoological nomenclature, with emphasis on the nomina created by Batsch (1788, 1789) and on the higher nomenclature of turtles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bonn_Zoological_Bulletin" title="Bonn Zoological Bulletin">Bonn Zoological Bulletin</a></i>. <b>57</b>: 149–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bonn+Zoological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+distinction+between+family-series+and+class-series+nomina+in+zoological+nomenclature%2C+with+emphasis+on+the+nomina+created+by+Batsch+%281788%2C+1789%29+and+on+the+higher+nomenclature+of+turtles&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=149-171&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Bour%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F120196%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ragan, Mark A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2793248">"Trees and networks before and after Darwin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biology_Direct" title="Biology Direct">Biology Direct</a></i>. <b>4</b> (1): 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1745-6150-4-43">10.1186/1745-6150-4-43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2793248">2793248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19917100">19917100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Direct&rft.atitle=Trees+and+networks+before+and+after+Darwin&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2793248%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19917100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1745-6150-4-43&rft.aulast=Ragan&rft.aufirst=Mark+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2793248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittrich2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dittrich, Silvio (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saebi.isgv.de/biografie/August_Batsch_(1761-1802)">"Biografie von August Batsch (1761-1802)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Biografie" title="Sächsische Biografie">Sächsische Biografie</a></i> (in German). Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde e.V<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%A4chsische+Biografie&rft.atitle=Biografie+von+August+Batsch+%281761-1802%29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dittrich&rft.aufirst=Silvio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaebi.isgv.de%2Fbiografie%2FAugust_Batsch_%281761-1802%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Batsch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102104/http://www.mycokey.com/AU/HistoryOfMycology/HisBatsch.htm">Plate</a> Plate from <i>Elenchus fungorum</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130106100151/http://edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/50273/index.html">Text of Elenchus Fungorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607085646/http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/spezbot/botgar/geschENG.html">University of Jena botanical garden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/95209#/titles">Texts of works available at BHL</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Template:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Template talk:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">List of systems of plant taxonomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by <a href="/wiki/Lindley_system" title="Lindley system">Lindley</a> in his 1853 edition, and <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren</a> (1982). Examples include the works of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli" title="Giovanni Antonio Scopoli">Scopoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pierre_Ventenat" title="Étienne Pierre Ventenat">Ventenat</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Grisebach" title="August Grisebach">Grisebach</a>.</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Linnaean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="John_Ray_system_(1686–1704)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray system (1686–1704)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>A discourse on the seeds of plants</i></li> <li><i>Methodus plantarum nova</i></li> <li><i>De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis</i></li> <li><i>Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/41px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="41" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/62px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/83px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="2342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Darwinian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Darwinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian">Darwinian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean system (1735–51)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adanson_system" title="Adanson system">Adanson system (1763)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Familles naturelles des plantes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_Jussieu_system" title="De Jussieu system">De Jussieu system (1789)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_Candolle_system" title="De Candolle system">De Candolle system (1819–24)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_de_la_botanique" class="mw-redirect" title="Théorie élémentaire de la botanique">Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux</a></i></li> <li><i>Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Berchtold" title="Friedrich von Berchtold">Berchtold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Svatopluk_Presl" title="Jan Svatopluk Presl">Presl</a><br /> system (1820–1823)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/O_Prirozenosti_Rostlin" class="mw-redirect" title="O Prirozenosti Rostlin">O Prirozenosti Rostlin</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Adolph_Agardh" title="Carl Adolph Agardh">Agardh system (1825)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Classes Plantarum</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Gray" title="Samuel Frederick Gray">Gray system (1821)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The Natural Arrangement of British Plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Julius_Perleb" title="Karl Julius Perleb">Perleb system (1826)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Dumortier system (1829)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Analyse des familles des plantes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lindley_system" title="Lindley system">Lindley system (1830–45)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany</i></li> <li><i>The Vegetable Kingdom</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_Don" title="George Don">Don system (1834)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>General History of Dichlamydious Plants</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bentham_%26_Hooker_system" title="Bentham & Hooker system">Bentham & Hooker system<br />(1862–83)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Ernest_Baillon" title="Henri Ernest Baillon">Baillon system (1867–94)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Histoire des plantes</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Post-Darwinian_(Phyletic)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Darwinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian">Darwinian</a> (Phyletic)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nineteenth century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eichler_system" title="Eichler system">Eichler system (1875–1886)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert</i></li> <li><i>Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engler_system" title="Engler system">Engler system (1886–1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nat%C3%BCrlichen_Pflanzenfamilien" title="Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien">Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_der_Pflanzenfamilien" title="Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien">Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</a></i></li> <li><i>Das Pflanzenreich</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_van_Tieghem" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe van Tieghem">van Tieghem system (1891)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Traité de botanique</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twentieth century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Dalla_Torre" title="Karl Wilhelm von Dalla Torre">Dalla Torre & Harms<br /> system (1900–07)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Warming system (1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Haandbog i den systematiske botanik</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hallier" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Hallier">Hallier system (1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bessey_system" title="Bessey system">Bessey system (1915)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wettstein_system" title="Wettstein system">Wettstein system (1901–35)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Handbuch der systematischen Botanik</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_Lotsy" title="Johannes Paulus Lotsy">Lotsy system (1907–11)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_system" title="Hutchinson system">Hutchinson system (1926–73)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Calestani" title="Vittorio Calestani">Calestani system (1933)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yojiro_Kimura" title="Yojiro Kimura">Kimura system (1956)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Emberger" title="Louis Emberger">Emberger system (1960)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Traité de Botanique systématique</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melchior_system" title="Melchior system">Melchior system (1964)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takhtajan_system" title="Takhtajan system">Takhtajan system (1966–97)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants</i></li> <li><i>Flowering plants: origin and dispersal</i></li> <li><i>Diversity and classification of flowering plants</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system (1968–81)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>The evolution and classification of flowering plants</i></li> <li><i>An integrated system of classification of flowering plants</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_system" title="Goldberg system">Goldberg system (1986–89</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_system" title="Dahlgren system">Dahlgren system (1975–85)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorne_system" title="Thorne system">Thorne system (1968–2000)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kubitzki_system" title="Kubitzki system">Kubitzki system (1990–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reveal_system" title="Reveal system">Reveal system (1997)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group_System_(1998–)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_II_system" title="APG II system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chase_%26_Reveal_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase & Reveal System">Chase & Reveal System</a> (2009)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plantae_(L.)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Plantae (L.)">Plantae</a></i> at Wikispecies • </dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Order_of_the_Illuminati" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Illuminati" title="Template:Illuminati"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Illuminati" title="Template talk:Illuminati"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illuminati" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Illuminati"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Order_of_the_Illuminati" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Order of the Illuminati</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Germany" title="Freemasonry in Germany">Freemasonry in Germany</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whilhelmsbad" class="extiw" title="fr:Whilhelmsbad">Congress of Wilhelmsbad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria">Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A—F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Friedrich_von_Abel" title="Jacob Friedrich von Abel">Jacob Friedrich von Abel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Albini" title="Franz von Albini">Franz von Albini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Prince August of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">August von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Baggesen" title="Jens Baggesen">Jens Baggesen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Bahrdt" title="Karl Friedrich Bahrdt">Karl Friedrich Bahrdt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Basselet_von_La_Ros%C3%A9e" title="Aloys Basselet von La Rosée">Aloys Basselet von La Rosée</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">August Batsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Zacharias_Becker" title="Rudolph Zacharias Becker">Rudolph Zacharias Becker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Bellermann" title="Johann Joachim Bellermann">Johann Joachim Bellermann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Erich_Biester" title="Johann Erich Biester">Johann Erich Biester</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Blumauer" title="Aloys Blumauer">Aloys Blumauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_B%C3%B6ber" title="Johann von Böber">Johann von Böber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Christoph_Bode" title="Johann Joachim Christoph Bode">Johann Joachim Christoph Bode</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_B%C3%B6ck" title="Johann Michael Böck">Johann Michael Böck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_Born" title="Ignaz von Born">Ignaz von Born</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6ttiger" title="Karl Böttiger">Karl Böttiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe" title="Joachim Heinrich Campe">Joachim Heinrich Campe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cannabich" title="Christian Cannabich">Christian Cannabich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_August,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_von_Cobenzl" title="Philipp von Cobenzl">Philipp von Cobenzl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_von_Colloredo" title="Hieronymus von Colloredo">Hieronymus von Colloredo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Cornova" title="Ignaz Cornova">Ignaz Cornova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Anton_Maria_von_Dalberg" title="Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg">Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Dereser" title="Anton Dereser">Anton Dereser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Dillis" title="Johann Georg von Dillis">Johann Georg von Dillis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_von_Dohm" title="Christian Wilhelm von Dohm">Christian Wilhelm von Dohm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Eckartshausen" title="Karl von Eckartshausen">Karl von Eckartshausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Eickemeyer" title="Rudolf Eickemeyer">Rudolf Eickemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Heinrich_Feder" title="Johann Georg Heinrich Feder">Johann Georg Heinrich Feder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg </a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Dobru%C5%A1ka" title="Moses Dobruška">Junius Frey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg" title="Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg">Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg" title="Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg">Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Ferdinand_Constantin_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Prince Frederick Ferdinand Constantin of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Friedrich Ferdinand Constantin von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G—M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Garve" title="Christian Garve">Christian Garve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gedike" title="Friedrich Gedike">Friedrich Gedike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_von_Gemmingen-Hornberg" title="Otto Heinrich von Gemmingen-Hornberg">Otto Heinrich von Gemmingen-Hornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Friedrich_G%C3%BCnther_von_Goeckingk" title="Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk">Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Casimir_H%C3%A4ffelin" title="Johann Casimir Häffelin">Johann Casimir Häffelin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Leopold_Haschka" title="Lorenz Leopold Haschka">Lorenz Leopold Haschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Adolph_von_Hennings" title="August Adolph von Hennings">August Adolph von Hennings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Joseph_Hofmann" title="Andreas Joseph Hofmann">Andreas Joseph Hofmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wilhelm_Hufeland" title="Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland">Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hufeland" title="Gottlieb Hufeland">Gottlieb Hufeland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Iselin" title="Isaak Iselin">Isaak Iselin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel">Karl von Hesse-Kassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gottlieb_Klauer" title="Martin Gottlieb Klauer">Martin Gottlieb Klauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Kleuker" title="Johann Friedrich Kleuker">Johann Friedrich Kleuker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Freiherr_Knigge" title="Adolph Freiherr Knigge">Adolph Knigge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_K%C3%B6rner" title="Christian Gottfried Körner">Christian Gottfried Körner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Lang" title="Karl Heinrich Lang">Karl Heinrich Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Michael_Leuchsenring" title="Franz Michael Leuchsenring">Franz Michael Leuchsenring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Christian_Loder" title="Justus Christian Loder">Justus Christian Loder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse" title="Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse">Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Mauvillon" title="Jakob Mauvillon">Jakob Mauvillon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beda_Mayr" title="Beda Mayr">Beda Mayr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners">Christoph Meiners</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Gottlieb_Mei%C3%9Fner" title="August Gottlieb Meißner">August Gottlieb Meißner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_August_Mellin" title="Ludwig August Mellin">Ludwig August Mellin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gotthilf_Moldenhawer" title="Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer">Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Montgelas" title="Maximilian von Montgelas">Maximilian von Montgelas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes von Müller">Johannes von Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCnter" title="Friedrich Münter">Friedrich Münter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_August_Mus%C3%A4us" title="Johann Karl August Musäus">Johann Karl August Musäus</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N—Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottlob_Neefe" title="Christian Gottlob Neefe">Christian Gottlob Neefe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_Nicolai" title="Christoph Friedrich Nicolai">Christoph Friedrich Nicolai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Oberth%C3%BCr" title="Franz Oberthür">Franz Oberthür</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Heinrich_Ludwig_von_Ompteda" title="Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda">Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Adolph_Overbeck" title="Christian Adolph Overbeck">Christian Adolph Overbeck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leonhard_Reinhold" title="Karl Leonhard Reinhold">Karl Leonhard Reinhold</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_Ries" title="Franz Anton Ries">Franz Anton Ries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann" title="Christian Gotthilf Salzmann">Christian Gotthilf Salzmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlichtegroll" title="Friedrich Schlichtegroll">Friedrich Schlichtegroll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Schlosser" title="Johann Georg Schlosser">Johann Georg Schlosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich,_Baron_von_Schlotheim" title="Ernst Friedrich, Baron von Schlotheim">Ernst Friedrich von Schlotheim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Simrock" title="Nikolaus Simrock">Nikolaus Simrock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmerring" title="Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring">Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Sonnenfels" title="Joseph von Sonnenfels">Joseph von Sonnenfels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Timotheus_Spittler" title="Ludwig Timotheus Spittler">Ludwig Timotheus Spittler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Matthias_Sprickmann" title="Anton Matthias Sprickmann">Anton Matthias Sprickmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Stadion,_Count_von_Warthausen" title="Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen">Johan Philip Stadion von Warthausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Stoll" title="Maximilian Stoll">Maximilian Stoll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_van_Swieten" title="Gottfried van Swieten">Gottfried van Swieten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_von_Triva" title="Johann Nepomuk von Triva">Johann Nepomuk von Triva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_de_Velbr%C3%BCck" title="François-Charles de Velbrück">François-Charles de Velbrück</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Michael_Vierthaler" title="Franz Michael Vierthaler">Franz Michael Vierthaler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilderich_of_Walderdorf" title="Wilderich of Walderdorf">Wilderich of Walderdorf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Adam Weishaupt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_von_Westenrieder" title="Lorenz von Westenrieder">Lorenz von Westenrieder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Zach" title="Franz Xaver von Zach">Franz Xaver von Zach</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Minerva" class="mw-redirect" title="Owl of Minerva">Owl of Minerva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Strict_Observance" title="Rite of Strict Observance">Rite of Strict Observance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Augustin Barruel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Robison_(physicist)" title="John Robison (physicist)">John Robison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illuminati_in_popular_culture" title="Illuminati in popular culture">Illuminati in popular culture</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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</span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213687#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/115682171">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85037076">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16676687g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16676687g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35824087">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0062150&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Batsch">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=269">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1104093">Trove</a></span></li><li><span 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