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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mechanical editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Grammar and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Content editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correlating_parts,_typecoding,_and_permissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlating_parts,_typecoding,_and_permissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Correlating parts, typecoding, and permissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correlating_parts,_typecoding,_and_permissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hard-copy_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard-copy_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hard-copy editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard-copy_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-screen_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-screen_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>On-screen editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-screen_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Querying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Querying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Querying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Querying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_the_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_the_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Changes in the field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_the_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traits,_skills,_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traits,_skills,_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Traits, skills, and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traits,_skills,_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differentiating_from_other_forms_of_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differentiating_from_other_forms_of_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Differentiating from other forms of editing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differentiating_from_other_forms_of_editing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differentiating from other forms of editing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differentiating_from_other_forms_of_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vs._substantive_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vs._substantive_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Vs. substantive editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vs._substantive_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vs._proofreading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vs._proofreading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vs. proofreading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vs._proofreading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vs._line_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vs._line_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Vs. line editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vs._line_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_copy_editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_copy_editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Contemporary copy editor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_copy_editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Effects of the internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Copy editing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE" title="تحرير النسخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحرير النسخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektorat" title="Lektorat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lektorat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korektisto" title="Korektisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korektisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ویراستاری انتشار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویراستاری انتشار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagarth%C3%B3ireacht_ch%C3%B3ipe" title="Eagarthóireacht chóipe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eagarthóireacht chóipe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%97%B4" title="교열 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyuntingan_naskah" title="Penyuntingan naskah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyuntingan naskah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvas%C3%B3szerkeszt%C5%91" title="Olvasószerkesztő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olvasószerkesztő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kvask" title="Språkvask – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Språkvask" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiustacja_(poligrafia)" title="Adiustacja (poligrafia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adiustacja (poligrafia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copidesque" title="Copidesque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Copidesque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="පිටපත් සංස්කරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිටපත් සංස්කරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copy editing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektoriranje" title="Lektoriranje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lektoriranje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Лектор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лектор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashih" title="Tashih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tashih" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A1%E7%A8%BF" title="审稿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="审稿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1224389#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For information about copy editing on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">Wikipedia:Basic copyediting</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_copyedited_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Example_of_copyedited_manuscript.jpg/220px-Example_of_copyedited_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Example_of_copyedited_manuscript.jpg/330px-Example_of_copyedited_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Example_of_copyedited_manuscript.jpg/440px-Example_of_copyedited_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Example of non-professional copy editing in progress<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Copy editing</b> (also known as <b>copyediting</b> and <b>manuscript editing</b>) is the process of revising written material ("<a href="/wiki/Copy_(publishing)" title="Copy (publishing)">copy</a>") to improve quality and readability, as well as ensuring that a text is free of errors in grammar, style and accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_copy_editing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_copy_editing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections (mechanical editing) through sentence-level interventions (line, or stylistic, editing) to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like (substantive editing)". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> and again before <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1–5">: 1–5 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-What_is_copy_editing_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_copy_editing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside traditional book and journal publishing, the term "copy editing" is used more broadly, and is sometimes referred to as proofreading; the term sometimes encompasses additional tasks. </p><p>Although copy editors are generally expected to make simple revisions to smooth awkward passages, they do not have a license to rewrite a text line by line, nor do they prepare material on an author's behalf. (Creating original content to be published under another person's name is called "<a href="/wiki/Ghostwriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostwriting">ghostwriting</a>".) Furthermore, copy editors are expected to query structural and organizational problems, but they are not expected to fix these problems. In addition, copy editors do not normally engage in "<a href="/wiki/Developmental_editing" title="Developmental editing">developmental editing</a>", which includes helping an author develop an idea into a publishable manuscript, overhauling a rough draft, identifying gaps in subject coverage, devising strategies for more-effective communication of content, and creating features to enhance the final product and make it more competitive in the marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a <b>copy editor</b>. An organization's highest-ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the "copy chief", "copy desk chief", or "news editor". In the United Kingdom, the term "copy editor" is used, but in newspaper and magazine publishing, the term is <b>subeditor</b> (or "sub-editor"), commonly shortened to "sub".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of the Internet, online <i>copy</i> refers to the textual content of <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising and preparing the raw or draft text of web pages for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copy editing has three levels: light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ. The chosen type of editing will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_editing">Mechanical editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanical editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mechanical editing is the process of closely reading a piece of writing for consistency, either internally or in accordance with the publisher's house style. According to Einsohn, mechanical editors work with such things as the following:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Abbreviations and acronyms</li> <li>Additional elements, such as charts, tables, and graphs</li> <li>Capitalization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_(typography)" title="Note (typography)">Footnotes and endnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">Hyphenation</a></li> <li>Italicization (appropriate use of <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">emphasis</a> (italic or bold); appropriate choice of broad typeface category (<a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a>, other), especially in mathematical or scientific texts)</li> <li>Numbers and numerals</li> <li>Punctuation</li> <li>Quotations</li> <li>Spelling</li></ul> <p>Gilad also mentions the following:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (April 2016)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Initialisms</li> <li>Page numbers, headers, and footers</li> <li>Underscoring</li></ul> <p>Proper spelling and punctuation are subjective in some cases, where they must be left to the discretion of the copy editor or the publisher. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="New Oxford Style Manual">New Oxford Style Manual</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Canada" title="List of style guides">The Canadian Style</a></i>. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense tend to rely on in-house style guides or on the judgment of the copy editor.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_and_usage">Grammar and usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of the copy editor is to enforce inviolable rules while respecting personal stylistic preferences. This can be difficult, as some writers view grammatical corrections as a challenge to their intellectual ability or professional identity. Therefore, copy editors are encouraged to respect the author's preference if it is acceptable. This practice is complicated further by volatile language conventions as recorded by books on grammar and usage, the authors of which often disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 333–337">: 333–337 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_editing">Content editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Content editing consists of reorganizing or restructuring a document. This involves any inconsistent parts of the content as well as any variances. Content editors can fix the content by either rewriting it or heavily editing it. The copy editor will often point out especially difficult passages to the author, who will resolve the issues.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>Although copy editors are not responsible for factual correctness of the document, they can provide comments for the author on any information that they know to be untrue,<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> such as year discrepancies or misleading ideas. Such <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">fact-checking</a> is acceptable for copy editors who know the document's subject matter.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> </p><p>The copy editor must also point out any biased language without infringing on the author's meaning. This includes material "that might form the basis for a lawsuit alleging libel, invasion of privacy, or obscenity". Some see censoring biased language as <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a>, so it is important that the copy editor distinguish between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> To do this, the copy editor will permit intentional "politically incorrect" views and censor only marginalized, offensive, or exclusive language.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 405">: 405 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correlating_parts,_typecoding,_and_permissions"><span id="Correlating_parts.2C_typecoding.2C_and_permissions"></span>Correlating parts, typecoding, and permissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Correlating parts, typecoding, and permissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> will require the copy editor to correlate the parts within it. Copy editors must carry out the following tasks in this process:<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Verify any <a href="/wiki/Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">cross-references</a> that appear in the text</li> <li>Check the numbering of footnotes, endnotes, tables, and illustrations</li> <li>Specify the placement of tables and illustrations</li> <li>Check the content of the illustrations against the captions and the text</li> <li>Read the list of illustrations against the illustrations and captions</li> <li>Read the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">table of contents</a> against the manuscript</li> <li>Read the footnotes/endnotes and in-text citations against the <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliography</a></li> <li>Check the alphabetization of the bibliography or reference list</li></ul> <p>Some manuscripts may require special cross-checking. For example, in a how-to text, a copy editor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>Typecoding is the process of identifying which sections of the manuscript are not regular running text. These portions of text, known as elements, include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Part and chapter numbers</li> <li>Titles and subtitles</li> <li>Headings and subheadings</li> <li>Lists</li> <li>Extracts</li> <li>Displayed equations</li> <li>Table numbers</li> <li>Source lines</li> <li>Footnotes</li> <li>Figure numbers and captions</li></ul> <p>It is the copy editor's job to typecode (or make note of) all manuscript elements for the publication designer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard-copy copy editors are usually asked to pencil in the type codes in the left margin of the manuscript. On-screen copy editors may be asked to insert type codes at the beginning and end of each element.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>Finally, if the manuscript contains long quotations from a published work that is still under <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, the copy editor should remind the author to acquire permission to <a href="/wiki/Reprint" title="Reprint">reprint</a> those quotations. The same goes for the reprinting of tables, charts, graphs, and illustrations that have appeared in print. Rules vary for the reproduction of unpublished materials (letters, diaries, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are basic procedures that every copy editor must follow: copy editors need a system for marking changes to the author's text (marking), a process for querying the author and the editorial coordinator (<a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">querying</a>), a method for keeping track of editorial decisions (recordkeeping), and procedures for incorporating the author's review of the copyediting into a final document (cleanup). These systems were originally developed in an era before that of the computer, but over time these procedures were adapted for a digital on-screen space.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> </p><p>Each medium (in print and on screen) has its own affordances, and although a copy editor may prefer one editing process over the other, copy editors are practically required to use both techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard-copy_editing">Hard-copy editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hard-copy editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional markup copyediting, or hard-copy editing, is still important because screening tests for employment may be administered in hard copy. Also, the author whose text the copy editor is editing may prefer hard-copy markup, and copy editors need to know traditional markup in case documents and materials cannot be exchanged electronically. When editing in hard copy, all participating parties (the editor, author, typesetter, and proofreader) must understand the marks the copy editor makes, and therefore a universal marking system that signifies these changes exists. This is also why the copy editor should write legibly and neatly. Copy editors working hard copy write their corrections in the text directly, leaving the margins for querying. Usually, the copy editor is asked to write in a bright color so that the author and other parties can easily recognize the editor's changes.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-screen_editing">On-screen editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: On-screen editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every year, more editing projects are being done on computers and fewer in print. Also, if there is a digital version of a text that the copy editor is editing, the latter can more easily search words, run <a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">spell checkers</a>, and generate clean copies of messy pages. The first thing copy editors must do when editing on screen is to copy the author's files, as the original document must be preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word-processing program</a> provides various options for how an editor's markups are shown on screen and on the printout. On-screen editing mainly differs from hard-copy editing in the fact that the copy editor should edit more cleanly on screen, refraining from saving parts of words, and be careful in maintaining proper <a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">line spacing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Querying">Querying</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Querying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copy editors often need to query their authors in order to address questions, comments, or explanations: most of these can be done in the margins of the text, or the comment section when on screen.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> The copy editor must consider when to query and the length and tone of their queries, as querying too often or seldom, cryptically, or sarcastically can result in a negative relationship between the copy editor and the author.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–10">: 7–10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A copy editor's goals may change, depending on the publication for which they work; however, there are a few constituencies that must always be served – the author (the person who wrote or compiled the manuscript), the publisher (the person or company that pays for production), and the readers (the audience for whom the material is being produced). These parties (together with the copy editor) work to achieve the same goal, namely, to produce an error-free publication and improve the reader experience by reducing extraneous cognitive load.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copy editor strives to improve clarity, coherence, consistency, and correctness – otherwise known as the "4 Cs", each of which serves the copy editor's "cardinal C", which is communication.<sup id="cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biggest difference between monastic copyists and copy editors is that copy editors leave edits as suggestions that can be rejected by the writer. These printing houses established procedures for editing, preparing the text, and proofreading the first typeset <a href="/wiki/Galley_proof" title="Galley proof">galley proofs</a>. Specialist correctors ensured that texts followed the standards of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the printing press, monastic copyists altered words or phrases they thought were odd, under the assumption that the copyist before them had made a mistake. This is what led to so much variety in standard texts like the Bible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the globalization of the <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> from 1800 to 1970 came the rise of American writers and editors. One editor in particular, <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Perkins" title="Maxwell Perkins">Maxwell Perkins</a>, was sought out by writers such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Wolfe because he greatly improved the work of these prominent authors with his editorial eye. Perkins was known for editing, guiding, and befriending his writers – but the times were changing.<sup id="cite_ref-Luey,_Beth_2009_p._369_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luey,_Beth_2009_p._369-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, the role of an editor was to decide if a manuscript was good enough to be published. As time passed, the role of an editor and <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publisher</a> became more distant. Although there was a newfound relationship between editors and authors, thoughtful editing did not end.<sup id="cite_ref-Luey,_Beth_2009_p._369_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luey,_Beth_2009_p._369-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copy editors were employed at various publishing houses, magazines, journals, and by private authors seeking revisions to their work. Some copy editors were even employed by <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> firms who valued strong editing practices in their business.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbols used by copy editors today are based on those that have been used by proofreaders since the beginnings of publishing, though they have undergone some changes over time. However, the exact beginnings of the copyediting language used today are unclear. Despite its long history, copyediting as a practice has not experienced any extreme upheaval other than the desktop publishing revolution of the 1980s. This phenomenon began as the result of a series of inventions that were released during the middle of this decade, and refers to the growth of technology usage in the field of copyediting.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Design._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Design.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Book_Publishing._16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_Publishing.-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namely, the development of the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox Star</a> computer, with its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viewpoint_desktop_environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viewpoint desktop environment (page does not exist)">Viewpoint desktop environment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard" title="Xerox Character Code Standard">Xerox multilingual character code</a> (the precursor of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>); as well as others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> computer, the <a href="/wiki/HP_LaserJet" title="HP LaserJet">desktop laser printer</a> by Hewlett-Packard, and software for desktop publishing called <a href="/wiki/PageMaker" class="mw-redirect" title="PageMaker">PageMaker</a> allowed the revolution to begin.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Design._15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Design.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By allowing both individuals and publishing agencies alike to cheaply and effectively begin to edit compositions entirely on-screen rather than by hand, desktop publishing revolution morphed copyediting into the practice it is today. Most copy editors today rely on more modern <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> (what you see is what you get) text processors such as Microsoft Word that are based on the original PageMaker to do their work. </p><p>There were a few events that led to changes within copyediting as a career. One of these, the successful strike of the editorial department of the <i>Newark Ledger</i> from November 17, 1934, to March 28, 1935, was "the first major action of its kind by any local guild ... [it] both confirmed the irreversibility of the guilds' movement away from the professional association idea and greatly accelerated that process".<sup id="cite_ref-Toward_Unionization:_The_American_Newspaper_Guild_and_the_Newark_Ledger_Strike_of_1934–35._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toward_Unionization:_The_American_Newspaper_Guild_and_the_Newark_Ledger_Strike_of_1934–35.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paired with another string of strikes led by The New York Newspaper Guild against a number of smaller newspapers in the summer of 1934, these actions served to shift the image of the editorial worker as a "professional" to one as an average citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-Toward_Unionization:_The_American_Newspaper_Guild_and_the_Newark_Ledger_Strike_of_1934–35._18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toward_Unionization:_The_American_Newspaper_Guild_and_the_Newark_Ledger_Strike_of_1934–35.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another strike from the year 1934 was the strike at the Macaulay Company, reportedly the first-ever strike to occur at a publishing firm. At the conclusion of the second Macaulay strike, which occurred three months after the first, the nationwide drive towards unionization had entered the publishing industry and was "sweeping through all the major publishing houses".<sup id="cite_ref-Women_Writers_in_the_United_States:_A_Timeline_of_Literary,_Cultural,_and_Social_History_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_Writers_in_the_United_States:_A_Timeline_of_Literary,_Cultural,_and_Social_History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these events seemed to have the secondary result of lowering the status of editors across the various publishing fields, it could be said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (June 2023)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> that they sparked the decline of copy editors, which can be seen across the publishing fields today. </p><p>Owing to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Age">Digital Age</a>, the roles and responsibilities of a copy editor have changed. For instance, beginning in 1990, copy editors learned pagination electronically.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_age_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_age-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They could now look at multiple pages of a text on multiple screens and easily make their edits in that environment, as opposed to pasting physical paper cut-outs onto a board by hand. This technological advance also required that copy editors learn new software such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a>, <a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affinity_Publisher" title="Affinity Publisher">Affinity Publisher</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a>. </p><p>Modern copy editors are often required to edit for digital as well as print versions of the text. Digital copyediting requires copy editors to understand <a href="/wiki/RSS_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS feed">RSS feeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> (such as Twitter and Facebook), and <a href="/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_age_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_age-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What should be accounted for is that, in this digital age, information is constantly being released, which has led to a decline in the editing of the online versions. Editors of the website <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a> commented that sometimes they "simply can't get [to] every post before it's published".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes referred to as "copy/layout editors" or "producers/designers".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_in_the_field">Changes in the field</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Changes in the field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the copy editor would read a <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printed</a> or written manuscript, manually marking it with editor's "<a href="/wiki/List_of_proofreader%27s_marks" title="List of proofreader's marks">correction marks</a>". At sizable newspapers, the main copy desk was often U-shaped; the copy desk chief sat in the "slot" (the center space of the U) and was known as the "slot man", while copy editors were arrayed around him or her on the outside of the U, known as the "rim".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, copy editors were sometimes known humorously as "rim rats". Chief copy editors are still sometimes called "the slot".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But nowadays, the manuscript is more often read on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">computer display</a> and text corrections are entered directly. </p><p>The nearly universal adoption of computerized systems for editing and layout in newspapers and magazines has also led copy editors to become more involved in the design and the technicalities of production. Technical knowledge is therefore sometimes considered as important as writing ability, though this is truer in journalism than it is in <a href="/wiki/Book_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Book publishing">book publishing</a>. Hank Glamann, the co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Copy_Editors_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Copy Editors Society">American Copy Editors Society</a>, made the following observation about ads for copy editor positions at American newspapers: </p> <blockquote><p>We want them to be skilled grammarians and wordsmiths and write bright and engaging headlines and must know Quark. But, often, when push comes to shove, we will let every single one of those requirements slide except the last one because you have to know that in order to push the button at the appointed time.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traits,_skills,_and_training"><span id="Traits.2C_skills.2C_and_training"></span>Traits, skills, and training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traits, skills, and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides an outstanding command of the language, copy editors need broad general knowledge for spotting factual errors; good critical thinking skills in order to recognize inconsistencies or vagueness; interpersonal skills for dealing with writers, other editors, and designers; attention to detail; and a sense of style. They must also set priorities and balance a desire for perfection with the need to meet deadlines. </p><p>Many copy editors have a college degree, often in journalism, communications, or the language of the writing that they edit. Additionally, some copy editors take it upon themselves to gain a background in topics that would further help their career. For instance, some copy editors may seek knowledge and background in statistics to help catch mistakes related to data within an article to help authors have a better chance at getting published.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics are an aspect of copy editing that may be helpful to understanding a broader range of topics. Understanding how to read and interpret data allows copy editors to more accurately help authors which allows them to have a greater chance of publishing their work.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Marisha Fonseca, who wrote a study on the correlation between understanding statistics in copy-editing, there are many articles that contain statistical flaws. Although a background in statistics is not necessary to become a copy editor, the training and background in understanding quantitative data can allow copy editors to further prevent inaccuracies in data related works. </p><p>In the United States, copy editing is often taught as a college journalism course, though its name varies. The courses often include news design and <a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">pagination</a>. </p><p>In the United States, The Dow Jones Newspaper Fund sponsors internships that include two weeks of training. Also, the <a href="/wiki/American_Press_Institute" title="American Press Institute">American Press Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Poynter_Institute" title="Poynter Institute">Poynter Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>, UC San Diego Extension, and conferences of the American Copy Editors Society offer mid-career training for newspaper copy editors and news editors (news copy desk supervisors). </p><p>Most US newspapers and publishers give copy-editing job candidates an editing test or a tryout. These vary widely and can include general items such as acronyms, current events, math, punctuation, and skills such as the use of <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">Associated Press style</a>, headline writing, infographics editing, and <a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">journalism ethics</a>. </p><p>Copy editors can also be trained in other software programs to ensure accuracy within a writer's work. Whether using programs like illustrator, publisher, or photoshop, copy editors can obtain skills in using different types of software to help catch further errors that may be present in a writer's work. Due to new developments in technology and its various uses, the training and skills that would help a copy editor are expected to change in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differentiating_from_other_forms_of_editing">Differentiating from other forms of editing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Differentiating from other forms of editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copy editing is an important step in the editing process. It is useful to differentiate it from other forms of editing to understand its unique role and significance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vs._substantive_editing">Vs. substantive editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vs. substantive editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Copy editing: This process focuses on the clarity, accuracy, consistency, and overall readability of the text. It involves checking for grammatical errors, punctuation mistakes, inconsistencies in style and formatting (and compliance with <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">house style</a>), and ensuring that the text flows smoothly. The primary goal is to polish the content without altering its core message.</li> <li>Substantive editing: Also known as structural or developmental editing, substantive editing delves deeper into the content's structure and organization. It addresses issues like pacing, plot development in fiction, argument strength in non-fiction, and overall content organization. This form of editing may involve reordering sections, suggesting additional content, or recommending deletions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vs._proofreading">Vs. proofreading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vs. proofreading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Copy editing: As mentioned, copy editing focuses on improving the content's clarity, coherence, and consistency. It ensures that the text adheres to a particular style guide and is free from factual errors.</li> <li>Proofreading: This is the final step in the editing process. Proofreading involves checking the text for typographical errors, missed grammatical mistakes, and formatting inconsistencies. It is the last line of defense before the content is published, and attempts to ensure that no minor errors slip through.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vs._line_editing">Vs. line editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vs. line editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Copy editing: This form of editing looks at the text from a broader perspective, ensuring consistency in style, tone, and voice. It also checks for factual accuracy and potential legal issues.</li> <li>Line editing: Line editing is a more in-depth review of each line in the manuscript. It focuses on the creative content, writing style, and language use at the sentence and paragraph level. The goal is to enhance the prose, making it clear and engaging.</li></ul> <p>Understanding these distinctions is useful for authors, publishers, and editors to ensure that each piece of content undergoes the appropriate level of scrutiny and refinement before reaching its audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: most of the information in this section is more than ten years old. In addition, it could use some material on AI-assisted copy editing.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before the digital era, copy editors would mark errors and inconsistencies with a red pen, using a markup language of symbols which were universally known. The traditional copy editor was once defined as editing for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics of style.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copy-editing symbols cannot be used in digital editing because they are not supported by tools such as track changes. With more posting online and less printing on paper, hard-copy can no longer keep pace with digital publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_age_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_age-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a publisher to hire copy editors to print a hard copy, make edits, and then make changes is no longer the most efficient process. The position of copy editors is at risk because software can correct grammatical errors more quickly<sup id="cite_ref-American_Journalism_Review_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Journalism_Review-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cheaply. </p><p>Professionals feared that the introduction of digital editing software would end copyediting careers. Copy editors are still employed and needed for heavy edits, such as fact-checking and content organization, which are beyond the abilities of the software. With <a href="/wiki/Grammar_checker" title="Grammar checker">grammar software</a> and journalists who can edit, copy editors are seen as a luxury in publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Journalism_Review_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Journalism_Review-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential for a company to use editing software may also require the copy editor to only perform heavy editing and querying. Though the steps for copyediting are the same, the execution has been adapted for digital environments. </p><p>The technological development of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> allows contemporary copy editors and writers to upload and share files across multiple devices.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online word processors allow users to perform a number of tasks. Each processor has its advantages and disadvantages based on the users' preferences, but primarily allows users to share, edit and collaborate on documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Make_Use_Of_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Make_Use_Of-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Google Docs users can invite others via email to view, comment, and edit any file of their choosing, and those who were invited can view and edit the document together in real time.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Google Docs, whose files can only be shared through the web app, Dropbox shares from a desktop app.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_age_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_age-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Google_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dropbox users can share documents as links or as shared folders.<sup id="cite_ref-Make_Use_Of_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Make_Use_Of-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users can create shared folders and add others to the folder.<sup id="cite_ref-Make_Use_Of_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Make_Use_Of-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Files in a shared folder will appear in the other user's Dropbox and all involved users receive notifications when edits are made to a file in the folder.<sup id="cite_ref-Make_Use_Of_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Make_Use_Of-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adobe's Buzzword allows users to share files, with the user's choice from varying levels of editing access and includes a version history feature which tracks changes made to documents and lets users revert to earlier versions.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Useful in many word processors, a track changes feature allows users to make changes to a document and view them separately from the original document. In Microsoft Word, users can choose whether to show or hide changes by clicking track changes under the Review ribbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Track_changes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Track_changes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those editing documents can leave comments by clicking wherever the user desires to leave a comment and clicking New Comment under the review ribbon or by highlighting text and clicking New Comment.<sup id="cite_ref-Track_changes_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Track_changes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users can apply revisions and choose which level of markups to view under the Show Markup dropdown menu in the Review ribbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Track_changes_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Track_changes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users can also choose to accept or reject changes by clicking either Accept or Reject in the Review Ribbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Track_changes_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Track_changes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_copy_editor">Contemporary copy editor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contemporary copy editor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of copy editing is not obsolete. Teresa Schmedding, president of the American Copy Editors Society (ACES) and a deputy managing editor at the <i>Daily Herald</i> in Chicago, thinks that copy editors are "a natural fit" for digital journalism and social media because, though publishing has been made available to almost anyone, quality and credibility is brought to content only by copy editors.<sup id="cite_ref-Track_changes_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Track_changes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copy editors must now consider multimedia aspects of the story, such as video, images, audio, and <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a>, which may be included in digital publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Track_changes_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Track_changes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital editing now requires copy editors to understand <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">SEO</a>, HTML, <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a> feeds,<sup id="cite_ref-Track_changes_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Track_changes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as creative tools like <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator" title="Adobe Illustrator">Adobe Illustrator</a>. This shows that the age of copy editing has now surpassed traditional methods of editing. The basics of checking grammar and punctuation are still necessary, but in the age of technology, the field of copy-editing has grown to include digital editing of various forms of media.<sup id="cite_ref-Track_changes_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Track_changes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary copy editors now have to review and understand current technology to help authors gain credibility in today's digital age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues">Issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the problems with copy-editing is that it may slow the publication of the text. With the digital publishing era came an increased demand for a fast turnover of information. Additional details such as color printing, page size, and layout are determined by the allotted budget.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Web-based publications, such as BuzzFeed and <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>, do not have enough room in their budgets to keep sufficient staff to edit their massive, daily rushes of content. Therefore copy chief Emmy Favila says lower-priority posts are published without copyedits at Buzzfeed.<sup id="cite_ref-ajr.org_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajr.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Slate</i> does not edit its blog posts before publication, but all of its news articles are copy edited before publication, say <i>Slate</i> copy chief Lowen Liu and deputy editor Julia Turner.<sup id="cite_ref-ajr.org_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajr.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to such high demands for fast-produced content, some online publications have started publishing articles first and then editing later, a process known as back-editing. Editors prioritize stories to edit based on traffic and whether the content was originally reported for needing edits. </p><p>Reading material has become increasingly accessible to users with a wide range of disabilities. Carolyn Rude exemplifies such cases in alternatively replacing illustrations with text and audio translations for the visually impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rude also suggests that web developers attempt to stick to print guidelines, such as "clear and simple language and consistent terms and navigation devices", especially when readers are looking at text in a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_the_internet">Effects of the internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Effects of the internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2011 publication by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angela_Anne_Avery-Ahlijian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angela Anne Avery-Ahlijian (page does not exist)">Angela Anne Avery-Ahlijian</a>, as online resources rise in popularity, copy editors endeavor to meet the increase in digital consumption to the best of their abilities, and such high competition has resulted in a gradual "declining of quality in editing", such as copy editing or fact-checking.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_age_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_age-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this does not mean that the internet has limited the scope of a copy editor's responsibilities or job opportunities. One of the most important advancements of the digital age is the advent of pagination, which gives copy editors more control over the construction and revisions of their content, and is a convenient feature in modern software. Despite the increasing number of programs, however, some copy editors believe their basic functions and duties have not changed much. Other copy editors think that the Internet has simplified fact-checking and that websites such as Facebook or Twitter have aided information-gathering. Other digital skills, such as image selection and search engine optimization, increase the visibility of search results, especially when searching for keywords in headlines. </p><p>According to Avery-Ahlijian, in all likelihood the internet will continue to evolve, but this should not diminish the overall importance of copy editing. Although it may be tempting to neglect proper revisions in favor of convenience, the credibility and quality of an editor's work should still be maintained, as there will always be updates in software and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_age_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_age-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As formats evolve, so too will the opportunities for journalists and other writers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACES:_The_Society_for_Editing" title="ACES: The Society for Editing">ACES: The Society for Editing</a> – Professional organization for copy editors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Prize" title="Robinson Prize">Robinson Prize</a> – Annual award for excellence in copy editing</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_editing" title="Author editing">Author editing</a> – Editing an author's draft in preparation for its submission to publishers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">Headline</a> – Text at the top of a newspaper article</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_copy_editors" title="List of American copy editors">List of American copy editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a> – Process of arranging material on a newspaper page</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_caption" title="Photo caption">Photo caption</a> – Text used to explain and elaborate on published photographs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">Proofreading</a> – Process by which transcription errors in a written or printed material are detected and removed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a> – Standard for writing and design of documents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a> – Book on English usage by Associated Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="New Oxford Style Manual">New Oxford Style Manual</a> – Authoritative reference book and style guide published in England by Oxford University Press<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a> – Academic style guide for American English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Corpus" title="Oxford English Corpus">Oxford English Corpus</a> – Text corpus and database of 21st century English</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The document is then published as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhoebe_Ayers2014" class="citation book cs1">Phoebe Ayers (November 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sm4b8w2"><i>"Wikipedia, User-Generated Content, and the Future of Reference Sources" in David A. Tyckoson, John G. Dove (eds). Reimagining Reference in the 21st Century. Purdue UP</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557536983" title="Special:BookSources/9781557536983"><bdi>9781557536983</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Wikipedia%2C+User-Generated+Content%2C+and+the+Future+of+Reference+Sources%22+in+David+A.+Tyckoson%2C+John+G.+Dove+%28eds%29.+Reimagining+Reference+in+the+21st+Century.+Purdue+UP&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft.isbn=9781557536983&rft.au=Phoebe+Ayers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F4sm4b8w2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_is_copy_editing-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_copy_editing_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_copy_editing_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfep.org.uk/about/faqs/what-is-copyediting/">"What Is Copy Editing?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Copy+Editing%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfep.org.uk%2Fabout%2Ffaqs%2Fwhat-is-copyediting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStainton2002" class="citation book cs1">Stainton, Elsie Myers (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wAeT5hN1XfAC"><i>The Fine Art of Copyediting</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231124782" title="Special:BookSources/9780231124782"><bdi>9780231124782</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fine+Art+of+Copyediting&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780231124782&rft.aulast=Stainton&rft.aufirst=Elsie+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAeT5hN1XfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-einsohn2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-einsohn2011_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsohn2011" class="citation book cs1">Einsohn, Amy (2011). <i>The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications, with Exercises and Answer Keys</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27156-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyeditor%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Guide+for+Book+Publishing+and+Corporate+Communications%2C+with+Exercises+and+Answer+Keys&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27156-2&rft.aulast=Einsohn&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsohnSchwartz2019" class="citation book cs1">Einsohn, Amy; Schwartz, Marilyn (2019). <i>The Copyeditor's Handbook</i> (4 ed.). Oakland, California: University of California Press. pp. 5–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28672-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28672-6"><bdi>978-0-520-28672-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyeditor%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=5-14&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28672-6&rft.aulast=Einsohn&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lozano, George A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.2401">Ethics of Using Language Editing Services in an Era of Digital Communication and Heavily Multi-Authored Papers</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528190011/http://www.sparkleweb.org/copy-editing-ux">"What is Copy Editing?"</a>. <i>Sparkle Web Digital Services</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparkleweb.org/copy-editing-ux">the original</a> on 2016-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sparkle+Web+Digital+Services&rft.atitle=What+is+Copy+Editing%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparkleweb.org%2Fcopy-editing-ux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsohn2011" class="citation book cs1">Einsohn, Amy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbMwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications, with Exercises and Answer Keys</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27156-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27156-2</bdi></a>. <q>The heart of copyediting consists of making a manuscript conform to an <i>editorial style</i> (also called <i>house style</i>). Editorial style includes: <br /> spelling <br /> hyphenation <br /> capitalization <br /> punctuation <br /> treatment of numbers and numerals <br />treatment of quotations <br /> use of abbreviations and acronyms <br /> use of italics and bold type <br /> treatment of special elements (headings, lists, tables, charts, and graphs) <br /> format of footnotes or endnotes and other documentation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyeditor%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Guide+for+Book+Publishing+and+Corporate+Communications%2C+with+Exercises+and+Answer+Keys&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27156-2&rft.aulast=Einsohn&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbMwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilad2007" class="citation book cs1">Gilad, Suzanne (2007). <i>Copyediting & Proofreading for Dummies</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12171-9"><bdi>978-0-470-12171-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyediting+%26+Proofreading+for+Dummies&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-12171-9&rft.aulast=Gilad&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508130210/http://www.cyranoworks.com/documents/Editinglevels.pdf">Cyranoworks.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfpeditorial.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-editing/">"Types of editing: What are the three core levels? – Jo Finchen-Parsons Editorial"</a>. 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+editing%3A+What+are+the+three+core+levels%3F+%E2%80%93+Jo+Finchen-Parsons+Editorial&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfpeditorial.com%2Fwhat-are-the-different-types-of-editing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellinga, Lotte (2009). <i>The Gutenberg Revolutions A Companion to the History of the Book</i>, p. 211. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405192781" title="Special:BookSources/9781405192781">9781405192781</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luey,_Beth_2009_p._369-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luey,_Beth_2009_p._369_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luey,_Beth_2009_p._369_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luey, Beth (2009). <i>Modernity and Print III: The United States 1890-1970 A Companion to the History of the Book</i>, p. 369. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405192781" title="Special:BookSources/9781405192781">9781405192781</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriganDunlap2003" class="citation book cs1">Harrigan, Jane R.; Dunlap, Karen Brown (2003). <i>The Editorial Eye</i> (Second ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312152703" title="Special:BookSources/9780312152703"><bdi>9780312152703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Editorial+Eye&rft.pages=387&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780312152703&rft.aulast=Harrigan&rft.aufirst=Jane+R.&rft.au=Dunlap%2C+Karen+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_Design.-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_Design._15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_Design._15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designtalkboard.com/design-articles/desktoppublishing.php">"History of Desktop Publishing"</a>. DesignTalk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Desktop+Publishing&rft.pub=DesignTalk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.designtalkboard.com%2Fdesign-articles%2Fdesktoppublishing.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book_Publishing.-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Book_Publishing._16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookediting.ca/timeline.html">"Book Editing Looks at Developments in the History of Book Printing and Publishing"</a>. The Authors Guild<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Editing+Looks+at+Developments+in+the+History+of+Book+Printing+and+Publishing&rft.pub=The+Authors+Guild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookediting.ca%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_Renear2002" class="citation web cs1">Allen Renear (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401200365.html">"Desktop Publishing"</a>. The Gale Group Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desktop+Publishing&rft.pub=The+Gale+Group+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Allen+Renear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3401200365.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toward_Unionization:_The_American_Newspaper_Guild_and_the_Newark_Ledger_Strike_of_1934–35.-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toward_Unionization:_The_American_Newspaper_Guild_and_the_Newark_Ledger_Strike_of_1934–35._18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toward_Unionization:_The_American_Newspaper_Guild_and_the_Newark_Ledger_Strike_of_1934–35._18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_J._Leab1970" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel J. Leab (1970). "Toward Unionization: The American Newspaper Guild and the Newark Ledger Strike of 1934-35". <i>Labor History</i>. <b>11</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Track+changes+in+Word&rft.pub=Microsoft+Support&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Foffice%2Ftrack-changes-in-word-197ba630-0f5f-4a8e-9a77-3712475e806a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudeDaytonMaylath2006" class="citation book cs1">Rude, Carolyn D.; Dayton, David; Maylath, Bruce (2006). <i>Technical editing</i> (4th ed.). New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/032133082X" title="Special:BookSources/032133082X"><bdi>032133082X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60188071">60188071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+editing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60188071&rft.isbn=032133082X&rft.aulast=Rude&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+D.&rft.au=Dayton%2C+David&rft.au=Maylath%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajr.org-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ajr.org_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ajr.org_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajr.org/2014/05/13/copy-editors-digital-media/">"Copy Editors Carve Niche in Digital Media Landscape"</a>. American Journalism Review. 13 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copy+Editors+Carve+Niche+in+Digital+Media+Landscape&rft.pub=American+Journalism+Review&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajr.org%2F2014%2F05%2F13%2Fcopy-editors-digital-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copy_editing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Laura. <i>McGraw-Hill's Proofreading Handbook</i>, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.</li> <li>Baskette, Floyd K., Jack Z. Sissors, & Brian S. Brooks. <i>The Art of Editing</i>, 8th edn. Allyn & Bacon, 2004. <ul><li>Rewritten and updated: Brian S. Brooks and James L. Pinson. <i>The Art of Editing in the Age of Convergence</i>, 11th edn. Routledge, 2017.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcherDrakeLeach2006" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, Judith; Drake, Caroline; Leach, Maureen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LT1r8VE4E80C&q=%22Butcher's+Copy-editing%22+leach&pg=PP1"><i>Butcher's Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors and Proofreaders</i></a> (4th ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84713-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84713-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84713-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butcher%27s+Copy-editing%3A+The+Cambridge+Handbook+for+Editors%2C+Copy-editors+and+Proofreaders&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84713-1&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Drake%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Leach%2C+Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLT1r8VE4E80C%26q%3D%2522Butcher%27s%2BCopy-editing%2522%2Bleach%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Einsohn, Amy & Marilyn Schwartz. <i>The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications</i>, 4th edn. Oakland, Cal.: University of California Press, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinna,_Peter2017" class="citation book cs1">Ginna, Peter (2017). <i>What Editors Do: The Art, Craft and Business of Book Editing</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-29983-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-29983-9"><bdi>978-0-226-29983-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Editors+Do%3A+The+Art%2C+Craft+and+Business+of+Book+Editing&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-29983-9&rft.au=Ginna%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopy+editing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Judd, Karen. <i>Copyediting: A Practical Guide</i>, 3rd edn. Menlo Park, Cal.: Crisp Learning, 2001.</li> <li>Myers Stainton, Elsie. <i>The Fine Art of Copyediting</i>, 2nd edn. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Norton, Scott. <i>Developmental Editing: A Handbook for Freelancers, Authors, and Publishers</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.</li> <li>Ó Brógáin, Séamas. <i>A Dictionary of Editing</i>. Dublin: Claritas, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9934649-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9934649-0-4">978-0-9934649-0-4</a>.</li> <li>Rude, Carolyn D. & Angela Eaton. <i>Technical editing</i>, 5th edn. Boston: Longman, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/032133082X" title="Special:BookSources/032133082X">032133082X</a>. OCLC 60188071.</li> <li>Saller, Carol Fisher. <i>The Subversive Copy Editor: Advice from Chicago (or, How to Negotiate Good Relationships with Your Writers, Your Colleagues, and Yourself)</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.</li> <li>Amy J. Schneider. <i>The Chicago guide to copyediting fiction</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2023.</li> <li>Smith, Peggy. <i>Mark My Words: Instruction and Practice in Proofreading</i>, 3rd edn. Alexandria, VA: EEI Press, 1997.</li> <li>Stroughton, Mary. <i>The Copyeditor's Guide to Substance and Style</i>, 3rd edn. Alexandria, VA: EEI Press, 2006.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Copy_editing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Copy editing">Copy editing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/copy_editing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/copy editing">copy editing</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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