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Osmi – Wikipedia tiếng Việt

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này</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Trang Web"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Nội dung" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nội dung</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Đầu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tính_chất" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tính_chất"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tính chất</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tính_chất-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Hiện/ẩn mục Tính chất</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tính_chất-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tính_chất_vật_lý" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tính_chất_vật_lý"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tính chất vật lý</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tính_chất_vật_lý-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hóa_học" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hóa_học"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hóa học</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hóa_học-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Đồng_vị" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Đồng_vị"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Đồng vị</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Đồng_vị-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lịch_sử" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lịch_sử"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lịch sử</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lịch_sử-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sự_phổ_biến" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sự_phổ_biến"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sự phổ biến</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sự_phổ_biến-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sản_xuất" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sản_xuất"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sản xuất</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sản_xuất-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ứng_dụng" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ứng_dụng"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ứng dụng</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ứng_dụng-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Độc_tính" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Độc_tính"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Độc tính</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Độc_tính-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Giá</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tham_khảo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tham_khảo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tham khảo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tham_khảo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Nội dung" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Đóng mở mục lục" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Đóng mở mục lục</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Osmi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Xem bài viết trong ngôn ngữ khác. Bài có sẵn trong 144 ngôn ngữ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 ngôn ngữ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኦስሚየም – Tiếng Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦስሚየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ओज़मियम – Tiếng Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ओज़मियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أوزميوم – Tiếng Ả Rập" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوزميوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Tiếng Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Օսմիոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օսմիոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu – Tiếng Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Osmiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu – Tiếng Asturias" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Osmiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Asturias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Mã Lai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mã Lai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অসমিয়াম – Tiếng Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অসমিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Mân Nam" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mân Nam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Осмій – Tiếng Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Осмій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC" title="Осм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Осм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऑस्मियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑस्मियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmyo" title="Osmyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Osmyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་སི་མིམ། – Tiếng Tây Tạng" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་སི་མིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Tạng" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmij" title="Osmij – Tiếng Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osmij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiom" title="Osmiom – Tiếng Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Osmiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi – Tiếng Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Osmi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmyo" title="Osmyo – Tiếng Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Osmyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Séc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Séc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu – Tiếng Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Osmiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiwm" title="Osmiwm – Tiếng Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Osmiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Đan Mạch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đan Mạch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ؤسميوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤسميوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="huy hiệu bài viết chọn lọc"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Đức" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đức" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="huy hiệu bài viết chọn lọc"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Όσμιο – Tiếng Hy Lạp" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hy Lạp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bài viết tốt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Anh" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Anh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Tiếng Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اسمیم – Tiếng Ba Tư" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسمیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Tư" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Pháp" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pháp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi – Tiếng Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Osmi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oismiam" title="Oismiam – Tiếng Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oismiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Gael Scotland" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Gael Scotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Tiếng Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઓસ્મીયમ – Tiếng Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓસ્મીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Khách Gia" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Khách Gia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Осмиум – Tiếng Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Осмиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%AE%B4" title="오스뮴 – Tiếng Hàn" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스뮴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hàn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Օսմիում – Tiếng Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ओस्मियम – Tiếng Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओस्मियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmij" title="Osmij – Tiếng Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osmij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Tiếng Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Khoa Học Quốc Tế" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Khoa Học Quốc Tế" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmOsisivu" title="UmOsisivu – Tiếng Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmOsisivu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm%C3%ADn" title="Osmín – Tiếng Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Osmín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Tiếng Italy" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Italy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אוסמיום – Tiếng Do Thái" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסמיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Do Thái" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Java" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Java" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86s%C9%A9m%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ɔsɩmɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɔsɩmɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಸ್ಮಿಯಮ್ – Tiếng Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಮಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოსმიუმი – Tiếng Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiom" title="Osmiom – Tiếng Cornwall" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Osmiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Cornwall" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi – Tiếng Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Osmi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmel" title="Osmel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Osmel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiy%C3%BBm" title="Osmiyûm – Tiếng Kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Osmiyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng La-tinh" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng La-tinh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmijs" title="Osmijs – Tiếng Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmis" title="Osmis – Tiếng Litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osmis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Osmio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmii" title="Osmii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Osmii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrbosmi" title="jinmrbosmi – Tiếng Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrbosmi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Tiếng Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smio" title="Òsmio – Tiếng Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Òsmio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozmium" title="Ozmium – Tiếng Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ozmium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Осмиум – Tiếng Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Осмиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഓസ്മിയം – Tiếng Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസ്മിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ओस्मियम – Tiếng Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओस्मियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أوزميوم – Tiếng Ả Rập Ai Cập" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="أوزميوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập Ai Cập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯑꯣꯁꯃꯤꯌꯝ – Tiếng Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯣꯁꯃꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Осми – Tiếng Mông Cổ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Осми" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mông Cổ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အော့စမီယမ် – Tiếng Miến Điện" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့စမီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Miến Điện" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Hà Lan" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hà Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अस्मियम – Tiếng Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अस्मियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="オスミウム – Tiếng Nhật" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスミウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nhật" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Frisia Miền Bắc" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Frisia Miền Bắc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Na Uy (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Na Uy (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smi" title="Òsmi – Tiếng Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òsmi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiy" title="Osmiy – Tiếng Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Osmiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਓਸਮੀਅਮ – Tiếng Punjab" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਸਮੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Punjab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अस्मियम – Tiếng Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अस्मियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اوسمیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوسمیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اوسميوم – Tiếng Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوسميوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smio" title="Òsmio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òsmio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Hạ Giéc-man" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hạ Giéc-man" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm" title="Osm – Tiếng Ba Lan" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93smio" title="Ósmio – Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ósmio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu – Tiếng Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Osmiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmiyu" title="Usmiyu – Tiếng Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Usmiyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Nga" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अस्मियम – Tiếng Phạn" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अस्मियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phạn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smiu" title="Òsmiu – Tiếng Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Òsmiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumi" title="Osmiumi – Tiếng Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Osmiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92smiu" title="Òsmiu – Tiếng Sicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òsmiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Sicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmij" title="Osmij – Tiếng Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osmij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiyaam" title="Osmiyaam – Tiếng Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Osmiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئۆزمیۆم – Tiếng Kurd Miền Trung" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆزمیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kurd Miền Trung" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Осмијум – Tiếng Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Осмијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmijum" title="Osmijum – Tiếng Serbo-Croatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osmijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Serbo-Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="bài chất lượng cao"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Phần Lan" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phần Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Thụy Điển" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thụy Điển" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiyo" title="Osmiyo – Tiếng Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Osmiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓசுமியம் – Tiếng Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓசுமியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఆస్మియం – Tiếng Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆస్మియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ออสเมียม – Tiếng Thái" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออสเมียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thái" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий – Tiếng Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осмий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiyum" title="Osmiyum – Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmiyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Осмій – Tiếng Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Осмій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اوزمیم – Tiếng Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوزمیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئوسمىي – Tiếng Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوسمىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmii" title="Osmii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Osmii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%A8" title="鋨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鋨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmyo" title="Osmyo – Tiếng Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Osmyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇 – Tiếng Ngô" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ngô" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אסמיום – Tiếng Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסמיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium – Tiếng Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Osmium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%A8" title="鋨 – Tiếng Quảng Đông" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鋨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quảng Đông" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇 – Tiếng Trung" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Trung" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q751#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sửa liên kết giữa ngôn ngữ" class="wbc-editpage">Sửa liên kết</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Không gian tên"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Osmi" title="Xem bài viết [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bài viết</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn:Osmi" rel="discussion" title="Thảo luận về trang này [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Thảo luận</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Thay đổi biến thể ngôn ngữ" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tiếng Việt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Giao diện"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Osmi"><span>Đọc</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sửa đổi trang này [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sửa đổi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit" title="Sửa đổi mã nguồn của trang này [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sửa mã nguồn</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=history" title="Các phiên bản cũ của trang này [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Xem lịch sử</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Công cụ trang"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Công cụ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Công cụ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Công cụ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Thêm tùy chọn" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tác vụ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Osmi"><span>Đọc</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sửa đổi trang này [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sửa đổi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit" title="Sửa đổi mã nguồn của trang này [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sửa mã nguồn</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=history"><span>Xem lịch sử</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chung </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%91%C3%A2y/Osmi" title="Các trang liên kết đến đây [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Các liên kết đến đây</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Thay_%C4%91%E1%BB%95i_li%C3%AAn_quan/Osmi" rel="nofollow" title="Thay đổi gần đây của các trang liên kết đến đây [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Thay đổi liên quan</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Trang_%C4%91%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t" title="Một danh sách chứa tất cả trang đặc biệt [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Trang đặc biệt</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;oldid=71908045" title="Liên kết thường trực đến phiên bản này của trang"><span>Liên kết thường trực</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=info" title="Thêm chi tiết về trang này"><span>Thông tin trang</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Tr%C3%ADch_d%E1%BA%ABn&amp;page=Osmi&amp;id=71908045&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Hướng dẫn cách trích dẫn trang này"><span>Trích dẫn trang này</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOsmi"><span>Lấy URL ngắn gọn</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOsmi"><span>Tải mã QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In và xuất </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:S%C3%A1ch&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Osmi"><span>Tạo một quyển sách</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Osmi&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Tải dưới dạng PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;printable=yes" title="Bản để in ra của trang [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bản để in ra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tại dự án khác </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Osmium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q751" title="Liên kết đến khoản mục kết nối trong kho dữ liệu [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Khoản mục Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Công cụ trang"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Giao diện"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Giao diện</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="vi" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:12px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.1em;font-size:135%;font-weight:bold;color:black;background:#ffc0c0; padding-bottom: 8px;">Osmi,&#160;<sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">76</span></sub>Os</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Osmium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tinh thể Osmi"><img alt="Tinh thể Osmi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/220px-Osmium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/330px-Osmium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/440px-Osmium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4824" data-file-height="3099" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Osmium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div style="padding:5px"><a href="/wiki/Quang_ph%E1%BB%95_v%E1%BA%A1ch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quang phổ vạch">Quang phổ vạch</a> của osmi</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#ffc0c0">Tính chất chung</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Tên, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BD_hi%E1%BB%87u_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ký hiệu hóa học">ký hiệu</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">Osmi, Os</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Phiên âm</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" class="extiw" title="en:Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: &#39;o&#39; trong &#39;body&#39;">ɒ</span><span title="&#39;z&#39; trong &#39;zoom&#39;">z</span><span title="&#39;m&#39; trong &#39;my&#39;">m</span><span title="/i/: &#39;y&#39; trong &#39;happy&#39;">i</span><span title="/əm/: &#39;m&#39; trong &#39;rhythm&#39;">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" class="extiw" title="en:Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OZ</span>-mee-əm</i></a>)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Hình dạng</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">Bạc ánh xanh</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#ffc0c0">Osmi trong <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" title="Bảng tuần hoàn">bảng tuần hoàn</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; border-width:1px; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:10px"> <table class="nogrid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show; border:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro&#160;(diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Hydro&#160;(diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Heli" title="Heli&#160;(noble gas)"><img alt="Heli&#160;(noble gas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ff6666;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithi" title="Lithi&#160;(alkali metal)"><img alt="Lithi&#160;(alkali metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#ffdead;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beryli" title="Beryli&#160;(alkaline earth metal)"><img alt="Beryli&#160;(alkaline earth metal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#cccc99;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor&#160;(metalloid)"><img alt="Bor&#160;(metalloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon&#160;(polyatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Carbon&#160;(polyatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ&#160;(diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Nitơ&#160;(diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" 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data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Lưu huỳnh&#160;(polyatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Lưu huỳnh&#160;(polyatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor&#160;(diatomic nonmetal)"><img alt="Chlor&#160;(diatomic nonmetal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" 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style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; padding:0; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson&#160;(unknown chemical properties)"><img alt="Oganesson&#160;(unknown chemical properties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni">Ru</a><br />↑<br /><span style="font-size:110%; line-height:110%;"><b>Os</b></span><br />↓<br /><a href="/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi">Hs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni">Rheni</a> ← <span style="font-size:110%; line-height:110%;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osmi</a></b></span> → <a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">Iridi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Số nguyên tử">Số nguyên tử</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>Z</i>)</span></span></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">76</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyên tử lượng">Khối lượng nguyên tử chuẩn</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68144546">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">&#x20;(<i>A</i><sub>r</sub>)</span></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">190,23(3)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Phân loại</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span title="color legend: kim loại chuyển tiếp" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#ffc0c0">&#160;</span> <a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_chuy%E1%BB%83n_ti%E1%BA%BFp" title="Kim loại chuyển tiếp">kim loại chuyển tiếp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_(b%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n)" title="Nhóm (bảng tuần hoàn)">Nhóm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_l%E1%BB%9Bp_(v%E1%BB%8F_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD)" title="Phân lớp (vỏ nguyên tử)">phân lớp</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_8" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 8">8</a>,&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_l%E1%BB%9Bp_(v%E1%BB%8F_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD)_d" class="mw-redirect" title="Phân lớp (vỏ nguyên tử) d">d</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_(b%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n)" title="Chu kỳ (bảng tuần hoàn)">Chu kỳ</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 6">Chu kỳ&#160;6</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_h%C3%ACnh_electron" title="Cấu hình electron">Cấu hình electron</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>&#93; 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>6</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:1em; font-weight:normal;">mỗi lớp</div></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#ffc0c0">Tính chất vật lý</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0u_s%E1%BA%AFc" title="Màu sắc">Màu sắc</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">Bạc ánh xanh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trạng thái vật chất">Trạng thái vật chất</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_r%E1%BA%AFn" title="Chất rắn">Chất rắn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3y" title="Nhiệt độ nóng chảy">Nhiệt độ nóng chảy</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">3306&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>&#x20;&#x200b;(3033&#160;°C,&#x20;&#x200b;5491&#160;°F)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_bay_h%C6%A1i" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhiệt độ bay hơi">Nhiệt độ sôi</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">5285&#160;K&#x20;&#x200b;(5012&#160;°C,&#x20;&#x200b;9054&#160;°F)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ri%C3%AAng" title="Khối lượng riêng">Mật độ</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">22,59&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gam_tr%C3%AAn_centimet_kh%E1%BB%91i" title="Gam trên centimet khối">g<b>·</b>cm<sup><small>−3</small></sup></a>&#x20;<span class="nowrap">(ở&#160;0&#160;°C, 101.325&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(%C4%91%C6%A1n_v%E1%BB%8B)" title="Pascal (đơn vị)">kPa</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mật độ ở thể lỏng</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">ở&#160;nhiệt độ nóng chảy:&#x20;20&#160;g<b>·</b>cm<sup><small>−3</small></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3y" title="Nhiệt nóng chảy">Nhiệt lượng nóng chảy</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">57,85&#160;<a href="/wiki/Joule_tr%C3%AAn_mol" title="Joule trên mol">kJ<b>·</b>mol<sup><small>−1</small></sup></a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_bay_h%C6%A1i" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhiệt bay hơi">Nhiệt bay hơi</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">738&#160;kJ<b>·</b>mol<sup><small>−1</small></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_dung" title="Nhiệt dung">Nhiệt dung</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">24,7&#160;J<b>·</b>mol<sup><small>−1</small></sup><b>·</b>K<sup><small>−1</small></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5t_h%C6%A1i" title="Áp suất hơi"><b>Áp suất hơi</b></a> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>P&#160;(Pa) </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>1&#160;k </td> <td>10&#160;k </td> <td>100&#160;k </td></tr> <tr> <td>ở&#160;T&#160;(K) </td> <td>3160 </td> <td>3423 </td> <td>3751 </td> <td>4148 </td> <td>4638 </td> <td>5256 </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#ffc0c0">Tính chất nguyên tử</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_oxy_h%C3%B3a" title="Trạng thái oxy hóa">Trạng thái oxy hóa</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:112%;"><b>8</b></span>, 7, 6, 5, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>4</b></span>, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>3</b></span>, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>2</b></span>, 1, 0, -1, -2, -4</span>&#x20;&#x200b;<a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acid</a> nhẹ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_%C3%A2m_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Độ âm điện">Độ âm điện</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">2,2 (Thang Pauling)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ion_h%C3%B3a" title="Năng lượng ion hóa">Năng lượng ion hóa</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">Thứ nhất: 840 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><br />Thứ hai: 1600 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1n_k%C3%ADnh_c%E1%BB%99ng_ho%C3%A1_tr%E1%BB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Bán kính cộng hoá trị">Bán kính cộng hoá trị</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">thực nghiệm:&#x20;135&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B4m%C3%A9t" class="mw-redirect" title="Picômét">pm</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1n_k%C3%ADnh_li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_c%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Bán kính liên kết cộng hóa trị">Bán kính liên kết cộng hóa trị</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">144±4&#160;pm&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#ffc0c0">Thông tin khác</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_tinh_th%E1%BB%83" title="Cấu trúc tinh thể">Cấu trúc tinh thể</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">&#x20;&#x200b;<a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_tinh_th%E1%BB%83_l%E1%BB%A5c_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hệ tinh thể lục phương">Lục phương</a><div style="float:right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cấu trúc tinh thể Lục phương của Osmi"><img alt="Cấu trúc tinh thể Lục phương của Osmi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%91c_%C3%A2m_thanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vận tốc âm thanh">Vận tốc âm thanh</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">que&#160;mỏng:&#x20;4940&#160;m<b>·</b>s<sup><small>−1</small></sup>&#x20;(ở&#160;20&#160;°C)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_gi%C3%A3n_n%E1%BB%9F_nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Độ giãn nở nhiệt">Độ giãn nở nhiệt</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">5,1&#160;µm<b>·</b>m<sup><small>−1</small></sup><b>·</b>K<sup><small>−1</small></sup>&#x20;(ở&#160;25&#160;°C)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Độ dẫn nhiệt">Độ dẫn nhiệt</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">87,6&#160;W<b>·</b>m<sup><small>−1</small></sup><b>·</b>K<sup><small>−1</small></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9F_su%E1%BA%A5t" class="mw-redirect" title="Điện trở suất">Điện trở suất</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">ở&#160;0&#160;°C:&#x20;81.2 n&#160;Ω<b>·</b>m&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Từ học">Tính chất từ</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Thuận từ">Thuận từ</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BA%A3m_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Độ cảm từ">Độ cảm từ</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68144546"><span class="nobold">(<i>&#967;</i><sub>mol</sub>)</span></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995110000000000000♠"></span>11<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span>&#160;cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.134_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.134-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4_%C4%91un_c%E1%BA%AFt" title="Mô đun cắt">Mô đun cắt</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">222&#160;GPa&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4_%C4%91un_kh%E1%BB%91i" title="Mô đun khối">Mô đun khối</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">462&#160;GPa&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_s%E1%BB%91_Poisson" title="Hệ số Poisson">Hệ số Poisson</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">0,25&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Thang_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BB%A9ng_Mohs" title="Thang độ cứng Mohs">Độ cứng theo thang Mohs</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">7,0&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BB%A9ng_Vickers" title="Độ cứng Vickers">Độ cứng theo thang Vickers</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">300&#160;MPa&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BB%A9ng_Brinell" title="Độ cứng Brinell">Độ cứng theo thang Brinell</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">293&#160;MPa&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_%C4%91%C4%83ng_k%C3%BD_CAS" title="Số đăng ký CAS">Số đăng ký CAS</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">7440-04-2&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#ffc0c0">Lịch sử</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Phát hiện</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a><span class="nowrap">&#x20;(1803)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Tách ra lần đầu</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a><span class="nowrap">&#x20;(1803)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#ffc0c0">Đồng vị ổn định nhất</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;">Bài chính: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_c%E1%BB%A7a_Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Đồng vị của Osmi (trang không tồn tại)">Đồng vị của Osmi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:0;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Đồng vị">Iso</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%B1_phong_ph%C3%BA_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sự phong phú tự nhiên của đồng vị (trang không tồn tại)">NA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_b%C3%A1n_r%C3%A3" title="Chu kỳ bán rã">Chu kỳ bán rã</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Phóng xạ">DM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3" title="Năng lượng phân rã">DE</a>&#160;<span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>)</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3n_ph%E1%BA%A9m_ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3" title="Sản phẩm phân rã">DP</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>184</sup>Os </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>1,12×10<sup>13</sup> <a href="/wiki/N%C4%83m" title="Năm">năm</a><sup id="cite_ref-184Os_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184Os-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_alpha" title="Phân rã alpha">α</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2.822 </td> <td><sup>180</sup><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>185</sup>Os </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Đồng vị phóng xạ tổng hợp">Tổng hợp</a> </td> <td>93,6 <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A0y" title="Ngày">ngày</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFt_gi%E1%BB%AF_electron" title="Bắt giữ electron">ε</a> </td> <td>1.013 </td> <td><sup>185</sup><a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni">Re</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>186</sup>Os </td> <td>1.59% </td> <td>2,0×10<sup>15</sup> <a href="/wiki/N%C4%83m" title="Năm">năm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_alpha" title="Phân rã alpha">α</a> </td> <td>2.822 </td> <td><sup>182</sup><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>187</sup>Os </td> <td>1.96% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>187</sup>Os ổn định với 111 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>188</sup>Os </td> <td>13.24% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>188</sup>Os ổn định với 112 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>189</sup>Os </td> <td>16.15% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>189</sup>Os ổn định với 113 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>190</sup>Os </td> <td>26.26% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>190</sup>Os ổn định với 114 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>191</sup>Os </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Đồng vị phóng xạ tổng hợp">Tổng hợp</a> </td> <td>15,4 <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A0y" title="Ngày">ngày</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_beta" title="Phân rã beta">β<sup>−</sup></a> </td> <td>0.314 </td> <td><sup>191</sup><a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">Ir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>192</sup>Os </td> <td>40.78% </td> <td colspan="4"><sup>192</sup>Os ổn định với 116 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>193</sup>Os </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Đồng vị phóng xạ tổng hợp">Tổng hợp</a> </td> <td>30,11 <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A0y" title="Ngày">ngày</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_beta" title="Phân rã beta">β<sup>−</sup></a> </td> <td>1.141 </td> <td><sup>193</sup><a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">Ir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>194</sup>Os </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Đồng vị phóng xạ tổng hợp">Tổng hợp</a> </td> <td>6 <a href="/wiki/N%C4%83m" title="Năm">năm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_beta" title="Phân rã beta">β<sup>−</sup></a> </td> <td>0.097 </td> <td><sup>194</sup><a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">Ir</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Osmi</b> (từ <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Tiếng Hy Lạp cổ đại">tiếng Hy Lạp cổ đại</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀσμή">ὀσμή</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>osmḗ</i></span>) 'mùi') là một nguyên tố hóa học có ký hiệu Os và <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Số nguyên tử">số nguyên tử</a> 76. Nó là một <a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_chuy%E1%BB%83n_ti%E1%BA%BFp" title="Kim loại chuyển tiếp">kim loại chuyển tiếp</a> cứng, giòn, màu trắng xanh trong nhóm bạch kim, được tìm thấy như một <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_phong_ph%C3%BA_c%E1%BB%A7a_c%C3%A1c_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_trong_v%E1%BB%8F_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Sự phong phú của các nguyên tố trong vỏ Trái Đất">nguyên tố vi lượng</a> trong hợp kim, chủ yếu trong quặng bạch kim. Osmi là nguyên tố xuất hiện trong tự nhiên có mật độ lớn nhất. Khi được đo bằng thực nghiệm bằng phương pháp tinh thể học tia X, nó có mật độ 22,59 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Các nhà sản xuất sử dụng hợp kim của nó với bạch kim, iridi và các kim loại thuộc nhóm bạch kim khác để làm đầu <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAt_m%C3%A1y" title="Bút máy">bút máy</a> , các điểm tiếp xúc điện và trong các ứng dụng khác đòi hỏi <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Độ bền">độ bền</a> và <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Độ cứng">độ cứng</a> cực cao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osmi là một trong những <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_phong_ph%C3%BA_c%E1%BB%A7a_c%C3%A1c_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_trong_v%E1%BB%8F_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Sự phong phú của các nguyên tố trong vỏ Trái Đất">nguyên tố hiếm nhất trong vỏ Trái Đất</a>, chỉ chiếm 50 phần nghìn tỷ (<a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nó được ước tính là khoảng 0,6 phần tỷ trong vũ trụ và do đó là <a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_qu%C3%BD" title="Kim loại quý">kim loại quý</a> hiếm nhất.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tính_chất"><span id="T.C3.ADnh_ch.E1.BA.A5t"></span>Tính chất</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tính chất”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Tính chất"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tính_chất_vật_lý"><span id="T.C3.ADnh_ch.E1.BA.A5t_v.E1.BA.ADt_l.C3.BD"></span>Tính chất vật lý</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tính chất vật lý”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Tính chất vật lý"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osmi có màu bạc xám xanh và là <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_%E1%BB%95n_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyên tố ổn định (trang không tồn tại)">nguyên tố ổn định</a> đậm đặc nhất; nó đặc gấp đôi <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AC" title="Chì">chì</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> và đặc hơn <a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">iridi</a> một chút.<sup id="cite_ref-Densities_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Densities-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tính toán mật độ từ dữ liệu <a href="/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83_h%E1%BB%8Dc_tia_X" title="Tinh thể học tia X">nhiễu xạ tia X</a> có thể tạo ra dữ liệu đáng tin cậy nhất cho các nguyên tố này, cho giá trị là 22,587 ± 0,009 g/cm<sup>3</sup> đối với osmi, đậm đặc hơn một chút so với 22,562 ± 0,009 g/cm<sup>3</sup> của iridi; cả hai kim loại đều đậm đặc gần 23 lần so với nước và đậm đặc gấp <span class="frac nowrap">1<span class="visualhide">&#160;</span><sup>1</sup>&#8260;<sub>6</sub></span> lần so với vàng.<sup id="cite_ref-Densest_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Densest-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%87_s%E1%BB%91_ph%E1%BA%A3n_x%E1%BA%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hệ số phản xạ (trang không tồn tại)">Hệ số phản xạ</a> của các tinh thể osmi đơn lẻ rất phức tạp và phụ thuộc nhiều vào hướng, với ánh sáng ở bước sóng đỏ và cận hồng ngoại bị hấp thụ mạnh hơn khi <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_c%E1%BB%B1c" title="Phân cực">phân cực</a> song song với trục tinh thể c so với khi phân cực vuông góc với trục c; sự phân cực song song c cũng được phản ánh nhiều hơn một chút trong dải tử ngoại giữa. Hệ số phản xạ đạt mức tối thiểu rõ rệt ở khoảng 1,5 eV (cận hồng ngoại) đối với phân cực song song c và ở mức 2,0 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a> (màu cam) đối với phân cực vuông góc c và các cực đại cho cả hai trong phổ nhìn thấy ở khoảng 3,0 eV (xanh lam–tím).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osmi là một <a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Kim loại">kim loại</a> cứng nhưng giòn, vẫn <a href="/wiki/%C3%81nh_(kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Ánh (khoáng vật học)">bóng</a> ngay cả ở nhiệt độ cao. Nó có <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_n%C3%A9n" title="Độ nén">độ nén</a> rất thấp. Tương ứng, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4_%C4%91un_kh%E1%BB%91i" title="Mô đun khối">mô đun khối</a> của nó cực kỳ cao, được báo cáo giữa 395 và 462 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(%C4%91%C6%A1n_v%E1%BB%8B)" title="Pascal (đơn vị)">GPa</a>, sánh ngang với <a href="/wiki/Kim_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Kim cương">kim cương</a> (443 GPa ). Độ cứng của osmi cao vừa phải ở 4 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Do <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Độ cứng">độ cứng</a>, giòn, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5t_h%C6%A1i" title="Áp suất hơi">áp suất hơi</a> thấp (thấp nhất trong số các kim loại nhóm bạch kim) và điểm nóng chảy rất cao (<a href="/wiki/Danh_s%C3%A1ch_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Danh sách nguyên tố hóa học">cao thứ tư</a> trong tất cả các nguyên tố, sau <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vonfram" class="mw-redirect" title="Vonfram">vonfram</a> và <a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni">rheni</a>), osmi rắn rất khó gia công, tạo hình hoặc gia công. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hóa_học"><span id="H.C3.B3a_h.E1.BB.8Dc"></span>Hóa học</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sửa đổi phần “Hóa học”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Hóa học"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Bài chi tiết: <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hợp chất osmi (trang không tồn tại)">Hợp chất osmi</a></div> <div style="float:right; margin:5px;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Trạng thái oxy hóa của osmi </th></tr> <tr> <td>−4</td> <td>[OsIn<sub>6−<i>x</i></sub>Sn<sub><i>x</i></sub>]<sup id="cite_ref-MetalAnions_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2</td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Na<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span>[Os(CO)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Na<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span>[Os<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span>(CO)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sub></span>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triosmi_dodecacarbonyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Triosmi dodecacarbonyl (trang không tồn tại)"><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Os<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span>(CO)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sub></span></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsI</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>+2</b></td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsI<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>+3</b></td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsBr<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>+4</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi(IV)_oxide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmi(IV) oxide (trang không tồn tại)"><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi(IV)_chloride&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmi(IV) chloride (trang không tồn tại)"><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsCl<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsF<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmi(VI)_fluoride" title="Osmi(VI) fluoride"><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsF<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+7</td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsOF<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>+8</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmi(VIII)_oxide" title="Osmi(VIII) oxide"><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></a>, <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Os(NCH<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span>)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Osmi tạo thành các hợp chất có <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_oxy_h%C3%B3a" title="Trạng thái oxy hóa">trạng thái oxy hóa</a> nằm trong khoảng từ −4 đến +8. Các trạng thái oxy hóa phổ biến nhất là +2, +3, +4 và +8. Trạng thái oxy hóa +8 đáng chú ý là mức cao nhất đạt được bởi bất kỳ nguyên tố hóa học nào ngoài +9 của iridi<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> và chỉ gặp trong <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-selig_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selig-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni">rutheni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi">hassi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">iridi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> và <a href="/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni">plutoni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Các trạng thái oxy hóa −1 và −2 được biểu diễn bằng hai hợp chất phản ứng <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Na<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span>[Os<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span>(CO)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sub></span>]</span> và <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Na<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span>[Os(CO)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span>]</span> được sử dụng trong quá trình tổng hợp các <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_c%E1%BB%A5m&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hợp chất cụm (trang không tồn tại)">hợp chất cụm</a> osmi.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hợp chất phổ biến nhất thể hiện trạng thái oxy hóa +8 là <a href="/wiki/Osmi(VIII)_oxide" title="Osmi(VIII) oxide">osmi tetroxide</a> . Hợp chất độc hại này được hình thành khi osmi dạng bột tiếp xúc với không khí. Nó là một chất rắn kết tinh màu vàng nhạt, rất dễ bay hơi, hòa tan trong nước, có mùi mạnh. Bột osmi có mùi đặc trưng của osmi tetroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-mager_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mager-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Osmi tetroxide tạo thành các osmate màu đỏ <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span>(OH)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span> khi phản ứng với bazơ. Với <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>, nó tạo thành nitrido-osmate <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span>N<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holle_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Osmi(VIII) oxide sôi ở 130&#160;°C và là <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_oxy_h%C3%B3a" title="Chất oxy hóa">chất oxy hóa</a> mạnh. Ngược lại, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi(IV)_oxide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmi(IV) oxide (trang không tồn tại)">osmi(IV) oxide</a> (OsO<sub>2</sub>) có màu đen, không bay hơi, ít phản ứng và ít độc hại hơn nhiều. </p><p>Chỉ có hai hợp chất osmi có ứng dụng chính: osmi tetroxide để nhuộm mô trong <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_vi_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Kính hiển vi điện tử">kính hiển vi điện tử</a> và để oxy hóa <a href="/wiki/Alken" title="Alken">alken</a> trong <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p_h%E1%BB%AFu_c%C6%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tổng hợp hữu cơ (trang không tồn tại)">tổng hợp hữu cơ</a>, và các osmate không bay hơi cho các phản ứng oxy hóa hữu cơ.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozzola_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozzola-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osmi pentafluoride (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsF<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>) đã được biết, nhưng osmi trifluoride (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsF<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>) chưa được tổng hợp. Các trạng thái oxy hóa thấp hơn được ổn định bởi các halogen lớn hơn, do đó trichloride, tribromide, triiodide và thậm chí diiodide đã được biết đến. Trạng thái oxy hóa +1 chỉ được biết đến với osmi monoiodide (OsI), trong khi một số phức hợp carbonyl của osmi, chẳng hạn như <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triosmi_dodecacarbonyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Triosmi dodecacarbonyl (trang không tồn tại)">triosmi dodecacarbonyl</a> (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Os<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span>(CO)<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sub></span></span>), đại diện cho trạng thái oxy hóa 0.<sup id="cite_ref-Holle_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nói chung, các trạng thái oxy hóa thấp hơn của osmi được ổn định bởi các phối tử là chất cho σ tốt (chẳng hạn như <a href="/wiki/Amin" title="Amin">amin</a>) và chất nhận π (<a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_d%E1%BB%8B_v%C3%B2ng" title="Hợp chất dị vòng">hợp chất dị vòng</a> chứa <a href="/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ">nitơ</a>). Các trạng thái oxy hóa cao hơn được ổn định bởi các chất cho σ- và π mạnh, chẳng hạn như <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">O<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span> và <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">N<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mặc dù có nhiều loại hợp chất ở nhiều trạng thái oxy hóa, osmi ở dạng khối ở nhiệt độ và áp suất thông thường ổn định trong không khí, chống lại sự "tấn công" của tất cả các acid, bao gồm cả <a href="/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%E1%BB%A7y" class="mw-redirect" title="Nước vương thủy">nước vương thủy</a>, nhưng bị "tấn công" bởi kiềm nóng chảy,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acid_nitric" title="Acid nitric">acid nitric</a> nóng, và nước vương thủy nóng.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ch%C3%BA_th%C3%ADch_ngu%E1%BB%93n_g%E1%BB%91c" title="Wikipedia:Chú thích nguồn gốc"><span title="Toàn bộ chương là quá rộng. Chỉ định tranh cính xác (Tháng 8, 2022)">cần&#160;số&#160;trang</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Đồng_vị"><span id=".C4.90.E1.BB.93ng_v.E1.BB.8B"></span>Đồng vị</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sửa đổi phần “Đồng vị”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Đồng vị"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Bài chi tiết: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B_c%E1%BB%A7a_osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Đồng vị của osmi (trang không tồn tại)">Đồng vị của osmi</a></div> <p>Osmi có bảy đồng vị xuất hiện tự nhiên, năm trong số đó ổn định: <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">187</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span>, <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">188</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span>, <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">189</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span>, <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">190</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span>, và <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">192</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span> (phổ biến nhất). <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">186</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span> trải qua quá trình <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_alpha" title="Phân rã alpha">phân rã alpha</a> với <a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_b%C3%A1n_r%C3%A3" title="Chu kỳ bán rã">chu kỳ bán rã</a> dài <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7015200000000000000♠"></span>(2,0<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>11)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>15</sup></span> năm, xấp xỉ 140.000 lần <a href="/wiki/Tu%E1%BB%95i_c%E1%BB%A7a_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Tuổi của vũ trụ">tuổi của vũ trụ</a>, mà đối với các mục đích thực tế, nó có thể được coi là ổn định. <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">184</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span> cũng được biết là trải qua quá trình phân rã alpha với chu kỳ bán rã là <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7013112000000000000♠"></span>(1,12<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>23)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>13</sup></span> năm.<sup id="cite_ref-184Os_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184Os-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sự phân rã alpha được dự đoán cho tất cả các đồng vị xuất hiện tự nhiên khác, nhưng điều này chưa bao giờ được quan sát thấy, có lẽ là do chu kỳ bán rã rất dài. Người ta dự đoán rằng <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">184</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span> và <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">192</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span> có thể trải qua quá trình <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_beta_k%C3%A9p" title="Phân rã beta kép">phân rã beta kép</a>, nhưng hiện tượng phóng xạ này vẫn chưa được quan sát thấy.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">187</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span> là sản phẩm phân rã của <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">187</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span><a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni">Re</a></span> (chu kỳ bán rã <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010455999999999999♠"></span>4,56<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup>&#160;năm</span>) và được sử dụng rộng rãi trong việc xác định niên đại trên mặt đất cũng như <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1" title="Đá">đá</a> <a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_th%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Thiên thạch">thiên thạch</a> (xem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenium%E2%80%93osmium_dating&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenium–osmium dating (trang không tồn tại)">Rhenium–osmium dating</a>). Nó cũng đã được sử dụng để đo cường độ phong hóa lục địa theo thời gian địa chất và để ấn định độ tuổi tối thiểu để ổn định rễ <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_ph%E1%BB%A7_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)" title="Lớp phủ (địa chất)">lớp phủ</a> của các <a href="/wiki/N%E1%BB%81n_c%E1%BB%95" title="Nền cổ">nền cổ</a> lục địa. Sự phân rã này là lý do tại sao các khoáng chất giàu rheni lại giàu <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">187</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> một cách bất thường. Tuy nhiên, ứng dụng đáng chú ý nhất của đồng vị osmi trong địa chất là kết hợp với sự phong phú của iridi, để mô tả lớp thạch anh bị sốc dọc theo ranh giới Creta–Paleogen đánh dấu sự tuyệt chủng của loài <a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_long" title="Khủng long">khủng long</a> không phải chim 65 triệu năm trước.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lịch_sử"><span id="L.E1.BB.8Bch_s.E1.BB.AD"></span>Lịch sử</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sửa đổi phần “Lịch sử”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Lịch sử"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osmi được phát hiện vào năm 1803 bởi <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> và <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> ở <a href="/wiki/London" class="mw-redirect" title="London">London</a>, Anh.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Việc phát hiện ra osmi gắn liền với việc phát hiện ra bạch kim và các kim loại khác thuộc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_b%E1%BA%A1ch_kim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm bạch kim (trang không tồn tại)">nhóm bạch kim</a> . <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_kim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bạch kim">Bạch kim</a> đến châu Âu dưới dạng <i>platina</i> ("bạc nhỏ"), lần đầu tiên được bắt gặp vào cuối thế kỷ 17 tại các mỏ bạc xung quanh Sở Chocó , ở <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Việc phát hiện ra rằng kim loại này không phải là một hợp kim, mà là một nguyên tố mới khác biệt, được công bố vào năm 1748.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Các nhà hóa học nghiên cứu bạch kim đã hòa tan nó trong <a href="/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%E1%BB%A7y" class="mw-redirect" title="Nước vương thủy">nước vương thủy</a> (một hỗn hợp của <a href="/wiki/Acid_clohydric" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid clohydric">acid clohydric</a> và <a href="/wiki/Acid_nitric" title="Acid nitric">acid nitric</a> ) để tạo muối hòa tan. Họ luôn quan sát thấy một lượng nhỏ cặn tối màu, không hòa tan.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Joseph Louis Proust nghĩ rằng cặn là <a href="/wiki/Than_ch%C3%AC" title="Than chì">than chì</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Collet-Descotils&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Collet-Descotils (trang không tồn tại)">Victor Collet-Descotils</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy (trang không tồn tại)">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</a>, và <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> cũng đã quan sát thấy iridi trong cặn bạch kim đen vào năm 1803, nhưng không thu được đủ vật liệu cho các thí nghiệm tiếp theo.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sau đó, hai nhà hóa học người Pháp Fourcroy và Vauquelin đã xác định được một kim loại trong cặn bạch kim mà họ gọi là <i>ptène</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Năm 1803, <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> đã phân tích cặn không hòa tan và kết luận rằng nó phải chứa một kim loại mới. Vauquelin đã xử lý bột xen kẽ với kiềm và acid<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> và thu được một oxide mới dễ bay hơi, mà ông tin rằng đó là của kim loại mới này—mà ông đặt tên là <i>ptene</i>, từ tiếng Hy Lạp <span lang="el" title="Văn bản tiếng Hy Lạp">πτηνος</span> (ptènos) có nghĩa là có cánh.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tuy nhiên, Tennant, người có lợi thế về lượng cặn lớn hơn nhiều, tiếp tục nghiên cứu của mình và xác định được hai nguyên tố chưa được khám phá trước đó trong cặn đen, iridi và osmi.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ông thu được dung dịch màu vàng (có thể là của <i>cis</i>–[Os(OH)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>) bằng phản ứng với <a href="/wiki/Natri_hydroxide" title="Natri hydroxide">natri hydroxide</a> ở nhiệt độ đỏ. Sau khi acid hóa, ông đã có thể chưng cất OsO<sub>4</sub> đã tạo thành.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ông đặt tên nó là osmi theo <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p" title="Tiếng Hy Lạp">tiếng Hy Lạp</a> <i>osmḗ</i> có nghĩa là "mùi", vì mùi khói và tro của <a href="/wiki/Osmi(VIII)_oxide" title="Osmi(VIII) oxide">osmi tetroxide</a> dễ bay hơi.<sup id="cite_ref-weeks_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weeks-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Khám phá về các nguyên tố mới được ghi lại trong một bức thư gửi cho <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Ho%C3%A0ng_gia_Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hội Hoàng gia Luân Đôn">Hội Hoàng gia Luân Đôn</a> vào ngày 21 tháng 6 năm 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">Urani</a> và osmi là <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_x%C3%BAc_t%C3%A1c" class="mw-redirect" title="Chất xúc tác">chất xúc tác</a> ban đầu của trong <a href="/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_Haber" title="Phương pháp Haber">phương pháp Haber</a>, phản ứng <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1m" title="Cố định đạm">cố định đạm</a> của <a href="/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ">nitơ</a> và <a href="/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro">hydro</a> để tạo ra <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>, tạo ra đủ năng suất để làm cho quy trình thành công về mặt kinh tế. Vào thời điểm đó, một nhóm tại <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> do <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> lãnh đạo đã mua hầu hết nguồn cung osmi trên thế giới để sử dụng làm chất xúc tác. Ngay sau đó, vào năm 1908, các chất xúc tác rẻ hơn dựa trên sắt và oxide sắt đã được giới thiệu bởi cùng một nhóm cho các nhà máy thí điểm đầu tiên, loại bỏ nhu cầu về osmi hiếm và đắt tiền.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ngày nay osmi thu được chủ yếu từ quá trình xử lý quặng <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_kim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bạch kim">bạch kim</a> và <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-YB-2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sự_phổ_biến"><span id="S.E1.BB.B1_ph.E1.BB.95_bi.E1.BA.BFn"></span>Sự phổ biến</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sửa đổi phần “Sự phổ biến”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Sự phổ biến"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Platinum_nuggets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/220px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/330px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_nuggets.jpg/440px-Platinum_nuggets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Bạch kim tự nhiên chứa dấu vết của các kim loại <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_b%E1%BA%A1ch_kim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm bạch kim (trang không tồn tại)">nhóm bạch kim</a> khác.</figcaption></figure> <p>Osmi là nguyên tố ổn định <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_phong_ph%C3%BA_c%E1%BB%A7a_c%C3%A1c_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_trong_v%E1%BB%8F_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Sự phong phú của các nguyên tố trong vỏ Trái Đất">ít phong phú nhất trong lớp vỏ Trái Đất</a>, với tỷ lệ khối lượng trung bình là 50 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">phần nghìn tỷ</a> trong lớp vỏ lục địa.<sup id="cite_ref-wede_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wede-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osmi được tìm thấy trong tự nhiên dưới dạng nguyên tố không kết hợp hoặc trong <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_kim" title="Hợp kim">hợp kim</a> tự nhiên; đặc biệt là các hợp kim iridi–osmi, osmiridi (giàu iridi) và iridosmi (giàu osmi).<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Trong các mỏ niken và đồng , các kim loại nhóm bạch kim xuất hiện dưới dạng <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> ( ví dụ: <span class="chemf nowrap">(Pt,Pd)S</span> ), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teluride&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teluride (trang không tồn tại)">teluride</a> (ví dụ: <span class="chemf nowrap">PtBiTe</span> ), <a href="/wiki/Antimonide" title="Antimonide">antimonide</a> (ví dụ: PdSb ) và <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenide</a> (ví dụ: <span class="chemf nowrap">PtAs<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span></span>); trong tất cả các hợp chất này, bạch kim được trao đổi bởi một lượng nhỏ iridi và osmi. Như với tất cả các kim loại nhóm bạch kim, osmi có thể được tìm thấy tự nhiên trong các hợp kim với <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> hoặc <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng">đồng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trong lớp <a href="/wiki/V%E1%BB%8F_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Vỏ Trái Đất">vỏ Trái Đất</a>, osmi, giống như iridi, được tìm thấy ở nồng độ cao nhất trong ba loại cấu trúc địa chất: trầm tích đá lửa (sự xâm nhập của lớp vỏ từ bên dưới), <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%91_va_ch%E1%BA%A1m" title="Hố va chạm">hố va chạm</a> và trầm tích được làm lại từ một trong những cấu trúc cũ. Trữ lượng sơ cấp lớn nhất được biết đến là ở Khu phức hợp đá lửa Bushveld ở <a href="/wiki/Nam_Phi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Phi">Nam Phi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-pt_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mặc dù các mỏ đồng–niken lớn gần <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a> ở <a href="/wiki/Nga" title="Nga">Nga</a> và Lưu vực Sudbury ở <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> cũng là những nguồn osmi đáng kể. Dự trữ nhỏ hơn có thể được tìm thấy ở Hoa Kỳ.<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-pt_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Các trầm tích <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_sa" title="Phù sa">phù sa</a> được sử dụng bởi <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_ti%E1%BB%81n_Colombo" title="Thời kỳ tiền Colombo">người tiền Colombo</a>, những người ở Chocó Department, Colombia, vẫn là nguồn cung cấp các kim loại nhóm bạch kim. Lớp trầm tích phù sa lớn thứ hai được tìm thấy ở <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A3y_n%C3%BAi_Ural" title="Dãy núi Ural">dãy núi Ural</a>, Nga, hiện vẫn đang được khai thác.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-YB-2006_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sản_xuất"><span id="S.E1.BA.A3n_xu.E1.BA.A5t"></span>Sản xuất</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sửa đổi phần “Sản xuất”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Sản xuất"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Osmium_cluster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Osmium_cluster.jpg/220px-Osmium_cluster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Osmium_cluster.jpg/330px-Osmium_cluster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Osmium_cluster.jpg/440px-Osmium_cluster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83" title="Tinh thể">Tinh thể</a> osmi, phát triển bằng cách <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_transport_reaction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical transport reaction (trang không tồn tại)">vận chuyển hơi hóa học</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Osmi thu được trên thị trường dưới dạng sản phẩm phụ từ quá trình khai thác và chế biến <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> và <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng">đồng</a>. Trong quá trình tinh chế đồng và niken bằng điện, các kim loại quý như bạc, vàng và các kim loại nhóm bạch kim, cùng với các nguyên tố phi kim loại như <a href="/wiki/Seleni" title="Seleni">seleni</a> và <a href="/wiki/Teluri" title="Teluri">teluri</a>, lắng xuống đáy tế bào dưới dạng bùn cực dương , tạo thành nguyên liệu ban đầu cho khai thác của họ.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs2008-summary_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-summary-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MinYb2006_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinYb2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Để tách các kim loại, trước tiên chúng phải được đưa vào dung dịch. Một số phương pháp có thể đạt được điều này, tùy thuộc vào quá trình tách và thành phần của hỗn hợp. Hai phương pháp đại diện là phản ứng tổng hợp với <a href="/wiki/Natri_peroxide" title="Natri peroxide">natri peroxide</a> tiếp theo là hòa tan trong <a href="/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%E1%BB%A7y" class="mw-redirect" title="Nước vương thủy">nước vương thủy</a>, và hòa tan trong hỗn hợp <a href="/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor">chlor</a> với <a href="/wiki/Acid_clohydric" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid clohydric">acid clohydric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kirk-pt_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-pt_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Osmi, rutheni, rhodi, và iridi có thể được tách ra khỏi bạch kim, vàng, và các kim loại cơ bản nhờ tính không hòa tan của chúng trong nước vương thủy, để lại cặn rắn. Rhodi có thể được tách ra khỏi cặn bằng cách xử lý với <a href="/wiki/Natri_bisulfat" title="Natri bisulfat">natri bisulfat</a> nóng chảy. Phần cặn không hòa tan, chứa rutheni, osmi và iridi, được xử lý bằng <a href="/wiki/Natri_oxide" title="Natri oxide">natri oxide</a>, trong đó Ir không tan, tạo ra muối rutheni và osmi tan trong nước. Sau khi oxy hóa thành các oxide dễ bay hơi, <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">RuO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span> được tách ra khỏi <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">OsO<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>bằng cách kết tủa (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>RuCl<sub>6</sub> với amoni clorua. </p><p>Sau khi được hòa tan, osmi được tách ra khỏi các kim loại nhóm bạch kim khác bằng cách chưng cất hoặc chiết xuất bằng dung môi hữu cơ của osmi tetroxide dễ bay hơi.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Phương pháp đầu tiên tương tự như thủ tục được sử dụng bởi Tennant và Wollaston. Cả hai phương pháp đều phù hợp cho sản xuất quy mô công nghiệp. Trong cả hai trường hợp, sản phẩm được khử bằng hydro, thu được kim loại ở dạng bột hoặc bọt biển có thể được xử lý bằng kỹ thuật luyện kim bột.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cả nhà sản xuất và Cục Khảo sát Địa chất Hoa Kỳ đều không công bố bất kỳ số lượng sản xuất nào đối với osmi. Năm 1971, ước tính sản lượng osmi của Hoa Kỳ như một sản phẩm phụ của tinh chế đồng là 2000 troy ounce (62&#160;kg).<sup id="cite_ref-Appraisal_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appraisal-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Từ năm 2010 đến 2019, lượng osmi nhập khẩu hàng năm của Hoa Kỳ dao động từ dưới 0,5&#160;kg đến 856&#160;kg, trung bình 157&#160;kg/năm.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_NMIC_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_NMIC-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Một phương pháp để sản xuất osmi là từ rheni. <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">187</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Re</span>, xảy ra 62,6% trong tự nhiên, có thể hấp thụ neutron để trở thành <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">188</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Re</span>. Đồng vị này có chu kỳ bán rã ngắn, khoảng 17 giờ; phân rã thành <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">188</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span>Os</span>, chiếm 13,24% trong tự nhiên. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ứng_dụng"><span id=".E1.BB.A8ng_d.E1.BB.A5ng"></span>Ứng dụng</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sửa đổi phần “Ứng dụng”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Ứng dụng"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Do tính dễ bay hơi và cực độc của oxide của nó, osmi hiếm khi được sử dụng ở trạng thái nguyên chất mà thay vào đó thường được hợp kim với các kim loại khác cho các ứng dụng chịu mài mòn cao. Các hợp kim osmi chẳng hạn như osmiridi rất cứng và cùng với các kim loại nhóm bạch kim khác, được sử dụng làm đầu <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAt_m%C3%A1y" title="Bút máy">bút máy</a>, trục của dụng cụ và các điểm tiếp xúc điện vì chúng có thể chống mài mòn do hoạt động thường xuyên. Chúng cũng được sử dụng cho đầu kim của <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1y_quay_%C4%91%C4%A9a" class="mw-redirect" title="Máy quay đĩa">máy quay đĩa</a> trong thời kỳ cuối 78 <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_v%C3%B2ng_quay" title="Số vòng quay">vòng/phút</a> và đầu kỷ nguyên "LP" và "<a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%A9a_%C4%91%C6%A1n" title="Đĩa đơn">45</a>", khoảng năm 1945 đến 1955. Đầu kim bằng hợp kim osmi bền hơn đáng kể so với đầu kim bằng thép và crom, nhưng bị mòn nhanh hơn nhiều so với cạnh tranh, và tốn kém hơn,đầu bằng <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> và <a href="/wiki/Kim_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Kim cương">kim cương</a>, vì vậy chúng đã bị ngừng sản xuất.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Osmi(VIII)_oxide" title="Osmi(VIII) oxide">Osmi tetroxide</a> đã được sử dụng trong phát hiện <a href="/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_v%C3%A2n_tay" class="mw-redirect" title="Dấu vân tay">dấu vân tay</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> và nhuộm mô <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A9o" title="Chất béo">mỡ</a> cho <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_vi_quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Kính hiển vi quang học">kính hiển vi quang học</a> và <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_vi_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Kính hiển vi điện tử">điện tử</a>. Là một chất oxy hóa mạnh, nó liên kết chéo các <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> chủ yếu bằng cách phản ứng với các liên kết carbon–carbon không bão hòa và do đó vừa cố định màng sinh học tại chỗ trong các mẫu mô vừa đồng thời nhuộm màu chúng. Do các nguyên tử osmi cực kỳ dày đặc điện tử, nhuộm osmi giúp tăng đáng kể độ tương phản của hình ảnh trong các nghiên cứu về vật liệu sinh học bằng <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_vi_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_truy%E1%BB%81n_qua" title="Kính hiển vi điện tử truyền qua">kính hiển vi điện tử truyền qua</a> (TEM). Mặt khác, những vật liệu carbon đó có độ tương phản TEM rất yếu.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozzola_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozzola-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Một hợp chất osmi khác, osmi ferricyanide (OsFeCN), thể hiện tác dụng cố định và nhuộm màu tương tự.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tetroxide và dẫn xuất <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_osmate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kali osmate (trang không tồn tại)">kali osmate</a> của nó là những chất oxy hóa quan trọng trong <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p_h%E1%BB%AFu_c%C6%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tổng hợp hữu cơ (trang không tồn tại)">tổng hợp hữu cơ</a>. Đối với quá trình <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroxyl_h%C3%B3a_kh%C3%B4ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_x%E1%BB%A9ng_Sharpless&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroxyl hóa không đối xứng Sharpless (trang không tồn tại)">dihydroxyl hóa không đối xứng Sharpless</a>, sử dụng osmate để chuyển đổi <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%91%C3%B4i" title="Liên kết đôi">liên kết đôi</a> thành diol phụ, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a> đã được trao giải <a href="/wiki/Nobel_H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Hóa học">Nobel Hóa học</a> năm 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> OsO<sub>4</sub> rất tốn kém cho việc sử dụng này, vì vậy KMnO<sub>4</sub> thường được sử dụng thay thế, mặc dù sản lượng thuốc thử hóa học rẻ hơn này ít hơn. </p><p>Năm 1898, nhà hóa học người Áo Auer von Welsbach đã phát triển Oslamp với <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_s%E1%BB%A3i_%C4%91%E1%BB%91t" title="Đèn sợi đốt">dây tóc</a> làm bằng osmi, mà ông đã giới thiệu thương mại vào năm 1902. Chỉ sau một vài năm, osmi đã được thay thế bằng <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>, chất này phổ biến trong tự nhiên hơn (và do đó rẻ hơn) và ổn định hơn . Volfram có điểm nóng chảy cao nhất trong số tất cả các kim loại, và việc sử dụng nó trong bóng đèn làm tăng hiệu quả phát sáng và tuổi thọ của <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_s%E1%BB%A3i_%C4%91%E1%BB%91t" title="Đèn sợi đốt">đèn sợi đốt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-griffith_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffith-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nhà sản xuất bóng đèn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osram&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Osram (trang không tồn tại)">Osram</a> (được thành lập năm 1906, khi ba công ty của Đức, Auer-Gesellschaft, AEG và Siemens &amp; Halske, kết hợp các cơ sở sản xuất đèn của họ) lấy tên ghép từ tên của <b>os</b>mi và wolf<b>ram</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giống như <a href="/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi">paladi</a>, osmi dạng bột hấp thụ hiệu quả các nguyên tử hydro. Điều này có thể làm cho osmi trở thành ứng cử viên tiềm năng cho điện cực pin hydride kim loại. Tuy nhiên, osmi đắt tiền và sẽ phản ứng với <a href="/wiki/Kali_hydroxide" title="Kali hydroxide">kali hydroxide</a>, chất điện phân pin phổ biến nhất.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osmi có <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%87_s%E1%BB%91_ph%E1%BA%A3n_x%E1%BA%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hệ số phản xạ (trang không tồn tại)">hệ số phản xạ</a> cao trong dải <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%B1c_t%C3%ADm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cực tím">cực tím</a> của <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%95_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Phổ điện từ">phổ điện từ</a>; ví dụ, ở 600 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström">Å</a> osmi có hệ số phản xạ gấp đôi so với vàng.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hệ số phản xạ cao này là mong muốn trong các <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1y_quang_ph%E1%BB%95_c%E1%BB%B1c_t%C3%ADm_-_Kh%E1%BA%A3_ki%E1%BA%BFn" title="Máy quang phổ cực tím - Khả kiến">máy quang phổ UV</a> đặt trong không gian, vốn đã giảm kích thước gương do hạn chế về không gian. Những chiếc gương phủ osmi đã được bay trong một số sứ mệnh không gian trên <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0u_con_thoi" title="Tàu con thoi">Tàu con thoi</a>, nhưng rõ ràng là các gốc oxy trong <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B9_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t_t%E1%BA%A7m_th%E1%BA%A5p" title="Quỹ đạo Trái Đất tầm thấp">quỹ đạo Trái Đất tầm thấp</a> đủ dồi dào để làm suy giảm đáng kể lớp osmi.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dihydroxyl hóa Sharpless (Sharpless dihydroxylation): RL = nhóm thế lớn nhất; RM = nhóm thế cỡ trung bình; RS = nhóm thế nhỏ nhất."><img alt="Dihydroxyl hóa Sharpless (Sharpless dihydroxylation): RL = nhóm thế lớn nhất; RM = nhóm thế cỡ trung bình; RS = nhóm thế nhỏ nhất." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png/200px-Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png/300px-Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png/400px-Sharpless_Dihydroxylation_Scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dihydroxyl hóa Sharpless (Sharpless dihydroxylation): R<sub>L</sub> = nhóm thế lớn nhất; R<sub>M</sub> = nhóm thế cỡ trung bình; R<sub>S</sub> = nhóm thế nhỏ nhất.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:NASAmirroroxidation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sự xuất hiện sau chuyến bay của các gương Os, Ag và Au từ phía trước (hình ảnh bên trái) và các tấm phía sau của tàu con thoi. Làm đen cho thấy quá trình oxy hóa do chiếu xạ bởi các nguyên tử oxy.[77][78]"><img alt="Sự xuất hiện sau chuyến bay của các gương Os, Ag và Au từ phía trước (hình ảnh bên trái) và các tấm phía sau của tàu con thoi. Làm đen cho thấy quá trình oxy hóa do chiếu xạ bởi các nguyên tử oxy.[77][78]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NASAmirroroxidation.jpg/123px-NASAmirroroxidation.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NASAmirroroxidation.jpg/185px-NASAmirroroxidation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NASAmirroroxidation.jpg/246px-NASAmirroroxidation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sự xuất hiện sau chuyến bay của các gương Os, Ag và Au từ phía trước (hình ảnh bên trái) và các tấm phía sau của tàu con thoi. Làm đen cho thấy quá trình oxy hóa do chiếu xạ bởi các nguyên tử oxy.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Độc_tính"><span id=".C4.90.E1.BB.99c_t.C3.ADnh"></span>Độc tính</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sửa đổi phần “Độc tính”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Độc tính"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Số lượng lớn osmi kim loại là vô hại và không phản ứng mạnh.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Thay vào đó, mối quan tâm an toàn quan trọng nhất là khả năng hình thành <a href="/wiki/Osmi(VIII)_oxide" title="Osmi(VIII) oxide">osmi tetroxide</a> (OsO<sub>4</sub>), vừa dễ <a href="/wiki/Bay_h%C6%A1i" title="Bay hơi">bay hơi</a> vừa rất độc.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Phản ứng này thuận lợi về mặt nhiệt động ở nhiệt độ phòng,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> nhưng tốc độ phụ thuộc vào diện tích bề mặt của kim loại.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Do đó, vật liệu khối ít nguy hiểm hơn<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> so với bột, phản ứng đủ nhanh để các mẫu đôi khi có thể có mùi giống như OsO<sub>4</sub> nếu chúng được xử lý trong không khí.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Giá"><span id="Gi.C3.A1"></span>Giá</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sửa đổi phần “Giá”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Giá"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giữa năm 1990 và 2010, giá danh nghĩa của kim loại osmi gần như không đổi, trong khi lạm phát làm giảm giá trị thực từ ~950 USD/ounce xuống còn ~600 USD/ounce.<sup id="cite_ref-sv-usgs-2012_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sv-usgs-2012-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bởi vì osmi có ít ứng dụng thương mại nên nó không được giao dịch nhiều và giá cả hiếm khi được báo cáo.<sup id="cite_ref-sv-usgs-2012_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sv-usgs-2012-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tham_khảo"><span id="Tham_kh.E1.BA.A3o"></span>Tham khảo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tham khảo”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Tham khảo"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71728118">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67233549">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"“""”""‘""’"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/osmium.htm">“Trọng lượng nguyên tử tiêu chuẩn: Osmi”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tr%E1%BB%8Dng+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+nguy%C3%AAn+t%E1%BB%AD+ti%C3%AAu+chu%E1%BA%A9n%3A+Osmi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fosmium.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIAAW&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CIAAW (trang không tồn tại)">CIAAW</a>.1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds</a>, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.134-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.134_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaynes2011">Haynes 2011</a>, tr.&#160;4.134.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%">Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFHaynes2011 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:L%E1%BB%97i_b%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu_Harv_v%C3%A0_Sfn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thể loại:Lỗi bản mẫu Harv và Sfn (trang không tồn tại)">trợ giúp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184Os-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-184Os_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-184Os_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFPetersMünkerBeckerSchulz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Stefan T.M.; Münker, Carsten; Becker, Harry; Schulz, Toni (tháng 4 năm 2014). “Alpha-decay of <sup>184</sup>Os revealed by radiogenic <sup>180</sup>W in meteorites: Half life determination and viability as geochronometer”. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>391</b>: 69–76. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2014.01.030">10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Alpha-decay+of+%3Csup%3E184%3C%2Fsup%3EOs+revealed+by+radiogenic+%3Csup%3E180%3C%2Fsup%3EW+in+meteorites%3A+Half+life+determination+and+viability+as+geochronometer&amp;rft.volume=391&amp;rft.pages=69-76&amp;rft.date=2014-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2014.01.030&amp;rft.aulast=Peters&amp;rft.aufirst=Stefan+T.M.&amp;rft.au=M%C3%BCnker%2C+Carsten&amp;rft.au=Becker%2C+Harry&amp;rft.au=Schulz%2C+Toni&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Theo lý thuyết cũng trải qua phân rã <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_beta_k%C3%A9p" title="Phân rã beta kép">β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup></a> thành <b><sup>184</sup>W</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Được cho là trải qua quá trình <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_alpha" title="Phân rã alpha">phân rã alpha</a> thành <b><sup>183</sup>W</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Được cho là trải qua quá trình <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_alpha" title="Phân rã alpha">phân rã alpha</a> thành <b><sup>184</sup>W</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Được cho là trải qua quá trình <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_alpha" title="Phân rã alpha">phân rã alpha</a> thành <b><sup>185</sup>W</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Được cho là trải qua quá trình <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_alpha" title="Phân rã alpha">phân rã alpha</a> thành <b><sup>186</sup>W</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Được cho là trải qua quá trình <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_alpha" title="Phân rã alpha">phân rã alpha</a> thành <b><sup>188</sup>W</b> hoặc phân rã <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_r%C3%A3_beta_k%C3%A9p" title="Phân rã beta kép">β<sup>−</sup>β<sup>−</sup></a> thành <b><sup>192</sup>Pt</b> với chu kỳ bán rã trên 9,8×10<sup>12</sup> <a href="/wiki/N%C4%83m" title="Năm">năm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaynes2011">Haynes 2011</a>, tr.&#160;4.25.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%">Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFHaynes2011 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:L%E1%BB%97i_b%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu_Harv_v%C3%A0_Sfn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thể loại:Lỗi bản mẫu Harv và Sfn (trang không tồn tại)">trợ giúp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFFleischer1953" class="citation web cs1">Fleischer, Michael (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0285/report.pdf">“Recent estimates of the abundances of the elements in the Earth's crust”</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Recent+estimates+of+the+abundances+of+the+elements+in+the+Earth%27s+crust&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischer&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fcirc%2F1953%2F0285%2Freport.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geology/chapter/reading-abundance-of-elements-in-earths-crust/">“Reading: Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust | Geology”</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 5 năm 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&amp;rft.atitle=Reading%3A+Abundance+of+Elements+in+Earth%27s+Crust+%7C+Geology&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fgeology%2Fchapter%2Freading-abundance-of-elements-in-earths-crust%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/rarest-metal-12959.html">“What Is the Rarest Metal?”</a>. <i>Sciencing</i> (bằng tiếng Anh)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 4 năm 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sciencing&amp;rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Rarest+Metal%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Frarest-metal-12959.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Densities-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Densities_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster,_J._W.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Arblaster, J. W. 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Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 12 năm 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sov.+Phys.+JETP&amp;rft.atitle=The+structure+of+the+energy+bands+and+optical+absorption+in+osmium&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=I&amp;rft.pages=115&amp;rft.date=1986-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986JETP...63..115N&amp;rft.aulast=Nemoshkalenko&amp;rft.aufirst=V.+V.&amp;rft.au=Antonov%2C+V.+N.&amp;rft.au=Kirillova%2C+M.+M.&amp;rft.au=Krasovskii%2C+A.+E.&amp;rft.au=Nomerovannaya%2C+L.+V.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetp.ras.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdn%2Fe_063_01_0115.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFWeinbergerTolbertKavner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberger, Michelle; Tolbert, Sarah; Kavner, Abby (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/26284f357ffc6a0d689ee720f0ee0079f5de0922">“Osmium Metal Studied under High Pressure and Nonhydrostatic Stress”</a>. <i>Phys. Rev. Lett</i>. <b>100</b> (4): 045506. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhRvL.100d5506W">2008PhRvL.100d5506W</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.100.045506">10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.045506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18352299">18352299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (định danh)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29146762">29146762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&amp;rft.atitle=Osmium+Metal+Studied+under+High+Pressure+and+Nonhydrostatic+Stress&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=045506&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.100.045506&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29146762%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18352299&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PhRvL.100d5506W&amp;rft.aulast=Weinberger&amp;rft.aufirst=Michelle&amp;rft.au=Tolbert%2C+Sarah&amp;rft.au=Kavner%2C+Abby&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F26284f357ffc6a0d689ee720f0ee0079f5de0922&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFCynnKlepeis,_J._E.Yeo,_C._S.Young,_D._A.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cynn, Hyunchae; Klepeis, J. E.; Yeo, C. S.; Young, D. A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233939">“Osmium has the Lowest Experimentally Determined Compressibility”</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>88</b> (13): 135701. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhRvL..88m5701C">2002PhRvL..88m5701C</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.88.135701">10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.135701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11955108">11955108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Osmium+has+the+Lowest+Experimentally+Determined+Compressibility&amp;rft.volume=88&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=135701&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11955108&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.88.135701&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PhRvL..88m5701C&amp;rft.aulast=Cynn&amp;rft.aufirst=Hyunchae&amp;rft.au=Klepeis%2C+J.+E.&amp;rft.au=Yeo%2C+C.+S.&amp;rft.au=Young%2C+D.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233939&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFSahuKleinman,_L.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sahu, B. R.; Kleinman, L. (2005). “Osmium Is Not Harder Than Diamond”. <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>72</b> (11): 113106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhRvB..72k3106S">2005PhRvB..72k3106S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.72.113106">10.1103/PhysRevB.72.113106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&amp;rft.atitle=Osmium+Is+Not+Harder+Than+Diamond&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=113106&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.72.113106&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhRvB..72k3106S&amp;rft.aulast=Sahu&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+R.&amp;rft.au=Kleinman%2C+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetalAnions-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn<sub>6−<i>x</i></sub>Sn<sub><i>x</i></sub>]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]<sup>6−</sup>), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]<sup>2−</sup> for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]<sup>4−</sup> for all these elements) in La<sub>2</sub>Pt<sub>2</sub>In, La<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub>In, Ca<sub>5</sub>Au<sub>3</sub>, Ca<sub>5</sub>Ag<sub>3</sub>, Ca<sub>5</sub>Hg<sub>3</sub>, Sr<sub>5</sub>Cd<sub>3</sub>, Ca<sub>5</sub>Zn<sub>3</sub>(structure (AE<sup>2+</sup>)<sub>5</sub>(T–T)<sup>4−</sup>T<sup>2−</sup>⋅4e<sup>−</sup>), Yb<sub>3</sub>Ag<sub>2</sub>, Ca<sub>5</sub>Au<sub>4</sub>, and Ca<sub>3</sub>Hg<sub>2</sub>; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). “Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements”. <i>Solid State Sciences</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSSci..10..444K">2008SSSci..10..444K</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Late+transition+metal+anions+acting+as+p-metal+elements&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=444-449&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSSci..10..444K&amp;rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&amp;rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). “Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. 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(tháng 8 năm 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.748201">“Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure”</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i> (bằng tiếng Anh). <b>8</b>: 201–213. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.748201">10.1289/ehp.748201</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A3_s%E1%BB%91_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF_cho_xu%E1%BA%A5t_b%E1%BA%A3n_ph%E1%BA%A9m_nhi%E1%BB%81u_k%E1%BB%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mã số tiêu chuẩn quốc tế cho xuất bản phẩm nhiều kỳ">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (định danh)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Truy cập mở"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1474945">1474945</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4470919">4470919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&amp;rft.atitle=Osmium%3A+An+Appraisal+of+Environmental+Exposure&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.pages=201-213&amp;rft.date=1974-08&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1474945%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=0091-6765&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4470919&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.748201&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Ivan+C.&amp;rft.au=Carson%2C+Bonnie+L.&amp;rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Thomas+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1289%2Fehp.748201&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N.N.; Earnshaw, A. biên tập (1997). “Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium”. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-3365-9.50031-6"><i>Chemistry of the Elements</i></a> (bằng tiếng Anh). Elsevier. tr.&#160;1070–1112. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-7506-3365-9.50031-6">10.1016/B978-0-7506-3365-9.50031-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Ngu%E1%BB%93n_s%C3%A1ch/978-0-7506-3365-9" title="Đặc biệt:Nguồn sách/978-0-7506-3365-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-3365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Iron%2C+Ruthenium+and+Osmium&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.pages=1070-1112&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-7506-3365-9.50031-6&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3365-9&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-7506-3365-9.50031-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFGadaskina" class="citation web cs1">Gadaskina, I. D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-ix-21851/metals-chemical-properties-and-toxicity/item/178-osmium">“Osmium”</a>. <i>ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety</i> (bằng tiếng Anh)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 2 năm 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ILO+Encyclopaedia+of+Occupational+Health+and+Safety&amp;rft.atitle=Osmium&amp;rft.aulast=Gadaskina&amp;rft.aufirst=I.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iloencyclopaedia.org%2Fpart-ix-21851%2Fmetals-chemical-properties-and-toxicity%2Fitem%2F178-osmium&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sv-usgs-2012-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sv-usgs-2012_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sv-usgs-2012_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5188">“USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5188: Metal Prices in the United States Through 2010”</a>. <i>pubs.usgs.gov</i>. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013. tr.&#160;119-128<span class="reference-accessdate">. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 7 năm 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pubs.usgs.gov&amp;rft.atitle=USGS+Scientific+Investigations+Report+2012%E2%80%935188%3A+Metal+Prices+in+the+United+States+Through+2010&amp;rft.pages=119-128&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fsir%2F2012%2F5188&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AOsmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71936381">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Osmium?uselang=vi">Osmi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%; max-width:1300px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68880983">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn_B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n_thu_g%E1%BB%8Dn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thảo luận Bản mẫu:Bảng tuần hoàn thu gọn (trang không tồn tại)"><abbr title="Thảo luận bản mẫu này">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sửa"><a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n_thu_g%E1%BB%8Dn&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sửa bản mẫu này">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" title="Bảng tuần hoàn">Bảng tuần hoàn</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_ki%E1%BB%81m" title="Kim loại kiềm">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_ki%E1%BB%81m_th%E1%BB%95" title="Kim loại kiềm thổ">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_3" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_4" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_5" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_6" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_7" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_8" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_9" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_10" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_11" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_12" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_Bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm Bo">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 14">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nit%C6%A1" title="Nhóm nitơ">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_16" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 16">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_hi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Khí hiếm">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 1">1</a> </td> <td title="H, Hydro" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Heli" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Heli" title="Heli"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Li, Lithi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithi" title="Lithi"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryli" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryli" title="Beryli"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Bor" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="N, Nitơ" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="O, Oxy" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxy" title="Oxy"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="F, Fluor" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Na, Natri" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natri" title="Natri"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Nhôm" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B4m" title="Nhôm"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Si, Silic" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silic" title="Silic"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphor" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="S, Lưu huỳnh" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Lưu huỳnh"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlor" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 4">4</a> </td> <td title="K, Kali" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calci" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calci" title="Calci"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandi" title="Scandi"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titani" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titani" title="Titani"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cr, Crom" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Crom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crom"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mn, Mangan" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Fe, Sắt" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt" title="Sắt"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Co, Coban" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Coban" class="mw-redirect" title="Coban"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Ni, Niken" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niken" class="mw-redirect" title="Niken"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cu, Đồng" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Zn, Kẽm" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDm" title="Kẽm"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gali" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Ge, Gecmani" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gecmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecmani"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Se, Selen" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selen" class="mw-redirect" title="Selen"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Br, Brom" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rb, Rubidi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidi" title="Rubidi"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Sr, Stronti" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronti" title="Stronti"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttri" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttri"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molypden" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molypden" class="mw-redirect" title="Molypden"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tc, Tecneti" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tecneti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecneti"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Ru, Rutheni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodi" title="Rhodi"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Pd, Paladi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Ag, Bạc" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Bạc"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadimi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadimi"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="In, Indi" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indi" title="Indi"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Sn, Thiếc" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFc" title="Thiếc"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimon" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Te, Telu" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telu" class="mw-redirect" title="Telu"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title=" I , Iod" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod"><span style="display:block">&#8201;I&#8201;</span></a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Cs, Caesi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesi" title="Caesi"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Ba, Bari" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="La, Lantan" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantan"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Ce, Xeri" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeri"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymi" title="Praseodymi"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymi" title="Neodymi"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Pm, Prometi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometi"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samari" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samari" title="Samari"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europi" title="Europi"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolini" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolini" title="Gadolini"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbi" title="Terbi"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosi" title="Dysprosi"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbi" title="Erbi"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thuli" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuli"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbi"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lu, Luteti" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Luteti" title="Luteti"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafni" title="Hafni"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantan" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantan"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="W, Wolfram" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Re, Rheni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:2px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platin" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Au, Vàng" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A0ng" title="Vàng"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Hg, Thủy ngân" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_ng%C3%A2n" title="Thủy ngân"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Tl, Tali" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tali"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Pb, Chì" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AC" title="Chì"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Po, Poloni" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="At, Astatin" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fr, Franci" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Franci" title="Franci"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radi" title="Radi"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actini" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actini" title="Actini"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Th, Thori" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thori" title="Thori"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactini" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactini" title="Protactini"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="U, Urani" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptuni" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptuni" title="Neptuni"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutoni" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Am, Americi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americi" title="Americi"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curi" class="mw-redirect" title="Curi"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkeli" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californi" title="Californi"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteini" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermi" title="Fermi"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevi" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevi" title="Mendelevi"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="No, Nobeli" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobeli" title="Nobeli"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrenci" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrenci" title="Lawrenci"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordi" title="Rutherfordi"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubni" title="Dubni"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgi" title="Seaborgi"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohri" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohri" title="Bohri"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitneri" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitneri" title="Meitneri"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadti" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadti" title="Darmstadti"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgeni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernici" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihoni" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihoni" title="Nihoni"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovi" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovi" title="Flerovi"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovi" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovi" title="Moscovi"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermori" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermori" title="Livermori"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background:#ffffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70958518">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Tiêu_đề_chuẩn_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sửa_dữ_liệu_tại_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751#identifiers&amp;#124;Sửa_dữ_liệu_tại_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Tiêu_đề_chuẩn_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sửa_dữ_liệu_tại_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751#identifiers&amp;#124;Sửa_dữ_liệu_tại_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%83m_so%C3%A1t_t%C3%ADnh_nh%E1%BA%A5t_qu%C3%A1n" title="Kiểm soát tính nhất quán">Tiêu đề chuẩn</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751#identifiers" title="Sửa dữ liệu tại Wikidata"><img alt="Sửa dữ liệu tại Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172906-7">4172906-7</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LCCN" title="LCCN">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85095926">sh85095926</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDL_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="en:NDL (identifier)">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568958">00568958</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLI_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="en:NLI (identifier)">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000724669&amp;local_base=nlx10">000724669</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐5457f5c844‐wzjnf Cached time: 20241120075242 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.835 seconds Real 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</footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7d89b5d4c4-7wrmf","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.835","walltime":"2.145","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31834,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":660454,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":46827,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":292650,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1746.912 1 -total"," 31.65% 552.968 1 Bản_mẫu:Tham_khảo"," 24.42% 426.635 1 Bản_mẫu:Hộp_thông_tin_osmi"," 24.16% 422.118 1 Bản_mẫu:Elementbox"," 23.80% 415.790 1 Bản_mẫu:Hộp_thông_tin"," 13.53% 236.381 1 Bản_mẫu:Bảng_tuần_hoàn_thu_gọn"," 12.29% 214.658 44 Bản_mẫu:Chú_thích_tạp_chí"," 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[\"CITEREFCramer,_Stephen_D.Covino,_Bernard_S._Jr.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCynnKlepeis,_J._E.Yeo,_C._S.Young,_D._A.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDąbekHalas,_Stanislaw2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleischer1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedovaPelclovaObertovaLach2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadaskina\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge,_M._W.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilchrist1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGongZhouKauppRiedel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw,_A.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith,_W._P.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGull,_T._R.HerzigOsantowskiToft1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulliver,_D._JLevason,_W.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaubrichsZaffalon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_E.Wiberg,_N.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntLever,_F._M.1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHustonStudierSloth1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan,_J.de_Ulloa,_A.1748\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiselevNikonovDolzhenkoErmilov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolbVan_Nieuwenhze,_M._S.Sharpless,_K._B.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauseSiriwardaneSalupoWermer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebeau2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintonKamenetzky1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintonKamenetzkyReynoldsBurris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuttrellGiles2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonell1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMager_Stellman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald,_M.959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlinMiltonPerry1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemoshkalenkoAntonovKirillovaKrasovskii1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenner,_H.Schlamp,_G.Kleinwächter,_I.Drost,_E.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahuKleinman,_L.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeligClaassenChernickMalm1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymourO\u0026#039;Farrelly,_J._I.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmil2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithCarson,_Bonnie_L.Ferguson,_Thomas_L.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithCarsonFerguson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoye,_Emma2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubcommittee_on_Platinum-Group_Metals,_Committee_on_Medical_and_Biologic_Effects_of_Environmental_Pollutants,_Division_of_Medical_Sciences,_Assembly_of_Life_Sciences,_National_Research_Council1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSykes,_A._G.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennant1804\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson,_T.1831\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorr,_Marsha_R.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenetskii1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedepohl,_Hans_K1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks,_M._E.1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinbergerTolbertKavner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaoLaplante,_A._R.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaitsevskiiMosyaginTitovKiselev2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Bảng tuần hoàn thu gọn\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 39,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 3,\n [\"Chú thích sách\"] = 19,\n [\"Chú thích tạp chí\"] = 44,\n [\"Chú thích web\"] = 13,\n [\"Cần số trang\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Grc-transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Hộp thông tin osmi\"] = 1,\n [\"Kiểm soát tính nhất quán\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"NUBASE 2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Tham khảo\"] = 1,\n [\"Thể loại Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5457f5c844-wzjnf","timestamp":"20241120075242","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Osmi","url":"https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osmi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q751","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q751","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Qu\u1ef9 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