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Toggle 1970s: origins and early years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1970s:_origins_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_rapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_rapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Introduction of rapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_rapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaican_origins_of_outdoor_sound_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaican_origins_of_outdoor_sound_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Jamaican origins of outdoor sound systems </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_disco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Influence of disco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_disco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversification_of_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversification_of_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Diversification of styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversification_of_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s:_golden_age_hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s:_golden_age_hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1990s: golden age hip hop </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1990s:_golden_age_hip_hop-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1990s: golden age hip hop subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1990s:_golden_age_hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gangsta_rap_and_West_Coast_hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gangsta_rap_and_West_Coast_hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gangsta rap and West Coast hip hop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gangsta_rap_and_West_Coast_hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainstream_breakthrough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_breakthrough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mainstream breakthrough </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_breakthrough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_vs._West_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_vs._West_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 East vs. West rivalry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_vs._West_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Coast_hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Coast_hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 East Coast hip hop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Coast_hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Coast_hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Coast_hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 West Coast hip hop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Coast_hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Further diversification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s:_bling_and_blog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s:_bling_and_blog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 2000s: bling and blog </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2000s:_bling_and_blog-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2000s: bling and blog subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2000s:_bling_and_blog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercialization_and_new_directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercialization_and_new_directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Commercialization and new directions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercialization_and_new_directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_alternative_hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_alternative_hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Rise of alternative hip hop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_alternative_hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glitch_hop_and_wonky_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glitch_hop_and_wonky_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Glitch hop and wonky music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glitch_hop_and_wonky_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crunk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crunk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Crunk music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crunk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snap_music_and_influence_of_the_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snap_music_and_influence_of_the_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Snap music and influence of the Internet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snap_music_and_influence_of_the_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Decline in sales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovation_and_revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation_and_revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Innovation and revitalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation_and_revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s–2020s:_trap_and_SoundCloud_rap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s–2020s:_trap_and_SoundCloud_rap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 2010s–2020s: trap and SoundCloud rap </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2010s–2020s:_trap_and_SoundCloud_rap-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2010s–2020s: trap and SoundCloud rap subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2010s–2020s:_trap_and_SoundCloud_rap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_of_streaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Age of streaming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_hip_hop_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_hip_hop_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 World hip hop music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_hip_hop_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hip hop music</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop-musiek" title="Hip-hop-musiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hip-hop-musiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-Hop" title="Hip-Hop – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hip-Hop" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypphopp_dr%C4%93am" title="Hypphopp drēam – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hypphopp drēam" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8" title="هيب هوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيب هوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="هیپ هاپ موزیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیپ هاپ موزیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="হিপ হপ সঙ্গীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিপ হপ সঙ্গীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B)" title="Хип-хоп (музыка жанры) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хип-хоп (музыка жанры)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Хіп-хоп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіп-хоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гіп-гоп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіп-гоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хип-хоп музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хип-хоп музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop" title="Hip Hop – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hip Hop" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_muzika" title="Hip-hop muzika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hip-hop muzika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Rap (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rap (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%C4%95)" title="Хип-хоп (мусăк жанрĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хип-хоп (мусăк жанрĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-Hop" title="Hip-Hop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hip-Hop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop" title="Hiphop – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiphop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%80_%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%80_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Χιπ χοπ (μουσική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιπ χοπ (μουσική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_hip_hop" title="Música hip hop – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música hip hop" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphopo" title="Hiphopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hiphopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_musika" title="Hip hop musika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hip hop musika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="موسیقی هیپ هاپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی هیپ هاپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop" title="Hip Hop – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hip Hop" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hip-hop" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop" title="Hiphop – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hiphop" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapcheol" title="Rapcheol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rapcheol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hip-hop" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_hip_hop" title="Música hip hop – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música hip hop" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%BB%E5%93%88%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="嘻哈音樂 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="嘻哈音樂" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop" title="Hiphop – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Hiphop" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%99%ED%95%A9_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="힙합 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힙합 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%83_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%83" title="Հիփ հոփ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիփ հոփ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="हिप हॉप संगीत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिप हॉप संगीत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_glazba" title="Hip-hop glazba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hip-hop glazba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Hip hop music" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_hip_hop" title="Musik hip hop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik hip hop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Хип-хоп – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хип-хоп" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipphopp" title="Hipphopp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hipphopp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_(genere_musicale)" title="Hip hop (genere musicale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hip hop (genere musicale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4" title="מוזיקת היפ הופ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת היפ הופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%A9p%C9%94p%CA%8A" title="Hɩpɔpʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɩpɔpʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4" title="ಹಿಪ್ ಹಾಪ್ ಸಂಗೀತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಪ್ ಹಾಪ್ ಸಂಗೀತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჰიპ-ჰოპ მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიპ-ჰოპ მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziki_wa_hip_hop" title="Muziki wa hip hop – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muziki wa hip hop" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Hip-hop" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_(muz%C3%AEk)" title="Hip-hop (muzîk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hip-hop (muzîk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_hiphop" title="Musica hiphop – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica hiphop" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphops" title="Hiphops – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hiphops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-Hop" title="Hip-Hop – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hip-Hop" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphopas" title="Hiphopas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hiphopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop" title="Hiphop – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hiphop" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хип-хоп музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хип-хоп музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="റാപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ჰიპ-ჰოპი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიპ-ჰოპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8" title="هيب هوب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيب هوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_hip_hop" title="Muzik hip hop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik hip hop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90" title="ဟစ်ဟော့ ဂီတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟစ်ဟော့ ဂီတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop" title="Hiphop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hiphop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop" title="Hiphop – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hiphop" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ヒップホップ・ミュージック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒップホップ・ミュージック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphopmusikk" title="Hiphopmusikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hiphopmusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphopmusikk" title="Hiphopmusikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hiphopmusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hip-hop" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4" title="ਹਿਪ ਹੌਪ ਸੰਗੀਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਪ ਹੌਪ ਸੰਗੀਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%BE_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="ہپ ہاپ موسیقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہپ ہاپ موسیقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ip-ap_myuuzik" title="Ip-ap myuuzik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ip-ap myuuzik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-Hop_(Musik)" title="Hip-Hop (Musik) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hip-Hop (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_(muzyka)" title="Hip-hop (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hip-hop (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_hip-hop" title="Muzică hip-hop – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică hip-hop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гіп-гоп – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гіп-гоп" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Хип-хоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хип-хоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_muisic" title="Hip hop muisic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hip hop muisic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Hip-hop" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_Hip_hop" title="Muzika Hip hop – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muzika Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="හිප් හොප් සංගීතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිප් හොප් සංගීතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_(hudba)" title="Hip-hop (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hip-hop (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphop" title="Hiphop – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hiphop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%BE" title="مۆسیقای ھیپ ھۆپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای ھیپ ھۆپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хип-хоп музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хип-хоп музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiphopmusik" title="Hiphopmusik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hiphopmusik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikang_hip_hop" title="Musikang hip hop – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Musikang hip hop" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹிப் ஹாப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹிப் ஹாப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="హిప్ హాప్ సంగీతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిప్ హాప్ సంగీతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B" title="ฮิปฮอป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิปฮอป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_m%C3%BCzik" title="Hip hop müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hip hop müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" title="Rap – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BF-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Хіп-хоп (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хіп-хоп (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%BE_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="ہپ ہاپ موسیقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہپ ہاپ موسیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_(tukar)" title="Hip hop (tukar) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hip hop (tukar)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Hip-hop" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%BB%E5%93%88%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="嘻哈音乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="嘻哈音乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4" title="היפ האפ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היפ האפ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orin_hip_hop" title="Orin hip hop – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orin hip hop" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop" title="Hip hop – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Hip hop" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reps" title="Reps – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Reps" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%BB%E5%93%88%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="嘻哈音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="嘻哈音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop – Talysh" lang="tly" 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id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hip-hop&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">Hip-hop</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rhythmic music accompanied by rhyming speech</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hip hop" redirects here. For its cultural origins, see <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture)" title="Hip hop (culture)">Hip hop (culture)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hip hop (disambiguation)">Hip hop (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rap music" redirects here. For the form of vocal delivery associated with hip hop music, see <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a>. For the Killer Mike album, see <a href="/wiki/R.A.P._Music" title="R.A.P. Music">R.A.P. Music</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/36px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/54px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/72px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">A request that this article title be changed to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip-hop&redirect=no">Hip-hop</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hip_hop_music#Requested_move_23_November_2024" title="Talk:Hip hop music">under discussion</a>. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Hip hop</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a><a href="#cite_note-UrbanJazz-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Talking_blues" title="Talking blues">talking blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">performance poetry</a><a href="#cite_note-UrbanJazz-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">August 11, 1973, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York City, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li><li>singing<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntables</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">sampler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">music sequencer</a></li><li>synthesizer</li><li>keyboard</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">ghetto house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">ghettotech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch hop">glitch hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music)">grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Latin freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">wonky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" title="Alternative hip hop">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Alaskan Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_bap" title="Boom bap">boom bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Brooklyn drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chap_hop" title="Chap hop">chap hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">chicano rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(rap)" title="Chopper (rap)">chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" title="Christian hip hop">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Conscious_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_hip_hop" title="Desi hip hop">Desi hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">dirty rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frat_rap" title="Frat rap">frat rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">freestyle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">g-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" title="Hardcore hip hop">hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_hop" title="Hipster hop">hipster hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">hyphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental hip hop">instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_hip_hop_in_the_United_States" title="Islam and hip hop in the United States">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">jerkin'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Latin trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap#Mafioso_rap" title="Gangsta rap">mafioso rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerdcore" title="Nerdcore">nerdcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_music" title="Plugg music">plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rap" title="Progressive rap">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Road_rap" title="UK rap">road rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_on_Dying" title="Working on Dying">tread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_drill" title="UK drill">UK drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hip_hop" title="Underground hip hop">underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">complete list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">industrial hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" title="Lofi hip hop">lofi hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">pop rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">punk rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rap" title="Psychedelic rap">psychedelic rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga#Ragga_and_hip_hop_music" title="Ragga">ragga hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_opera" title="Rap opera">rap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">rap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal#Trap_metal" title="Rap metal">trap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapcore">rapcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Regional fusion genres</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_flava" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongo flava">bongo flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">boomba music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">cumbia rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">genge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyp-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyp-hop">gyp-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" title="Hip hop galsen">hip hop galsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">igbo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_bap" title="Low bap">low bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhouse" title="Merenhouse">merenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">motswako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">na mele paleoleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican rap">nuyorican rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo-salsa" title="Songo-salsa">songo-salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom#Streetpop" title="Gqom">street pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronda" title="Stronda">stronda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Pasifika" title="Urban Pasifika">urban Pasifika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_rap" title="Vigilante rap">vigilante rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">zenji flava</a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Regional scenes</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/African_hip_hop" title="African hip hop">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" title="Algerian hip hop">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan hip hop">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_hip_hop" title="Beninese hip hop">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswana hip hop">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip_hop" title="Gambian hip hop">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian hip hop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian hip hop">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian hip hop">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="South African hip hop">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian hip hop">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Asian_hip_hop" title="Asian hip hop">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_hip_hop" title="Bangladeshi hip hop">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_hip_hop" title="Burmese hip hop">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hip_hop" title="Chinese hip hop">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong hip hop">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip_hop" title="Indian hip hop">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_hip_hop" title="Indonesian hip hop">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" title="Japanese hip hop">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_hip_hop" title="Korean hip hop">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_hip_hop" title="Malaysian hip hop">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_hip_hop" title="Nepalese hip hop">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani hip hop">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip_hop" title="Pinoy hip hop">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_hip_hop" title="Singapore hip hop">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_hip_hop" title="Sri Lankan hip hop">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hip_hop" title="Taiwanese hip hop">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_hip_hop" title="Thai hip hop">Thai</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" title="Middle Eastern hip hop">Middle Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_hip_hop" title="Azerbaijani hip hop">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian hip hop">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian hip hop">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_hip_hop" title="Yemeni hip hop">Yemeni</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_hip_hop" title="European hip hop">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_hip_hop" title="Albanian hip hop">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_hip_hop" title="Austrian hip hop">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hip_hop" title="Belgian hip hop">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinian_hip_hop" title="Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip hop">Bosnian and Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_hip_hop" title="Bulgarian hip hop">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_hip_hop" title="Croatian hip hop">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hip_hop" title="Czech hip hop">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip_hop" title="Dutch hip hop">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_hip_hop" title="Finnish hip hop">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga" title="Hip hop tuga">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_hip_hop" title="Hungarian hip hop">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_hip_hop" title="Icelandic hip hop">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_hip_hop" title="Irish hip hop">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_hip_hop" title="Macedonian hip hop">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin hip hop">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian hip hop">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_hip_hop" title="Polish hip hop">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_hip_hop" title="Romanian hip hop">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_hip_hop" title="Russian hip hop">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_hip_hop" title="Serbian hip hop">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_hip_hop" title="Slovak hip hop">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_hip_hop" title="Slovenian hip hop">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish hip hop">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_hip_hop" title="Swedish hip hop">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_hip_hop" title="Swiss hip hop">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop" title="Ukrainian hip hop">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_hip_hop" title="Category:North American hip hop">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hip_hop" title="Canadian hip hop">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_hip_hop" title="Cuban hip hop">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic#Hip_hop" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop" title="Haitian hip hop">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_hip_hop" title="Mexican hip hop">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_hip_hop" title="Salvadoran hip hop">Salvadoran</a></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest rap">Midwest</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_hip_hop" title="Category:Oceanian hip hop">Oceanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hip_hop" title="Australian hip hop">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_hip_hop" title="New Zealand hip hop">New Zealand</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:South_American_hip_hop" title="Category:South American hip hop">South American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia#Colombian_urban_and_hip-hop_music" title="Music of Colombia">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Hip_hop_and_rap" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Local scenes</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_hip_hop" title="Brasília hip hop">Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic hip hop">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_hip_hop" title="Desi hip hop">Desi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Harcourt hip hop">Port Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_hip_hop" title="Scottish hip hop">Scottish</a></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_hip_hop" title="Asian American hip hop">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" title="Chicago hip hop">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip_hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip_hop" title="Twin Cities hip hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_hip_hop" title="Native American hip hop">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey#Hip-Hop" title="Music of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip_hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop,_R&B,_and_Nu_Soul" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-school_hip_hop" title="New-school hip hop">New-school hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age hip hop</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: solid 1px #aaa; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/31px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/47px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/62px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /> <a href="/wiki/2024_in_hip_hop_music" title="2024 in hip hop music">2024 in hip hop music</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hip hop or hip-hop, formerly known as disco rap,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> that originated in the early 1970s from the <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African American</a> community. Hip-hop music originated as an anti-drug and anti-violence genre<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> consisting of stylized rhythmic music (usually built around <a href="/wiki/Drum_beat" title="Drum beat">drum beats</a>) that often accompanies <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a>, a rhythmic delivery of poetic speech.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-rap-10">[10]</a> In the early 1990s, a professor of African American studies at <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> said, "Hip-hop is something that <a href="/wiki/Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacks">blacks</a> can unequivocally claim as their own."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> By the 21st century, the field of rappers had diversified by both race and gender. The music developed as part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture)" title="Hip hop (culture)">hip-hop culture</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> defined by four key stylistic elements: <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">MCing</a>/rapping, DJing/<a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a> with <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">breakdancing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> While often used to refer solely to rapping and rap music, "hip hop" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The term hip hop music is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music,<a href="#cite_note-britannica-rap-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-hip-hop-17">[17]</a> though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music; the genre may also incorporate other elements of the culture, including <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntablism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatboxing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">instrumental tracks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-19">[19]</a> Hip hop as both a musical genre and a culture was formed during the 1970s, when <a href="/wiki/Block_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Block parties">block parties</a> became increasingly popular in New York City, particularly among <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> youth residing in the <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> At block parties, DJs played <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussive</a> breaks of popular songs using two turntables and a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a> to be able to play breaks from two copies of the same record, alternating from one to the other and extending the "<a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">break</a>".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Hip-hop's early evolution occurred as sampling technology and <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a> became widely available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and <a href="/wiki/Beatmatching" title="Beatmatching">beatmatching</a> developed along with the breaks. Rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a>. Hip hop music was not officially recorded to play on radio or television until 1979, largely due to poverty during the genre's birth and lack of acceptance outside ghetto neighborhoods. The genre of music began spreading through block parties throughout the Black community.<a href="#cite_note-Dyson_2007,_p._6-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school hip hop</a> was the first mainstream wave of the genre, marked by its <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> influence and party-oriented lyrics. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles and spread around the world. <a href="/wiki/New-school_hip_hop" title="New-school hip hop">New-school hip hop</a> was the genre's second wave, marked by its <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro</a> sound, and led into <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" title="Golden age hip hop">golden age hip hop</a>, an innovative period between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s that also developed hip hop's own <a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">album era</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a> <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a>, focused on the violent lifestyles and impoverished conditions of inner-city African American youth, gained popularity at this time. <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast hip hop</a> was dominated by <a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a> in the early-mid 1990s, while <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast hip hop</a> was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">jazz rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" title="Alternative hip hop">alternative hip hop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" title="Hardcore hip hop">hardcore hip hop</a>. Hip hop continued to diversify at this time with other regional styles emerging, such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern rap">Southern rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta hip hop</a>. Hip hop became a best-selling genre in the mid-1990s and the top-selling music genre by 1999. Hip hop became a category at the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> in 1989 with the addition of the Best Rap Performance award and was given to <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_%26_the_Fresh_Prince" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince">DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince</a> for their song "Parents Just Don't Understand". In 1990, they became the first hip hop act to perform at the Grammys. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the late 1990s to early-2000s "bling era" with hip hop influences increasingly finding their way into other genres of popular music, such as <a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">neo soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a>. The United States also saw the success of regional styles such as <a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">crunk</a>, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics, and alternative hip hop began to secure a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of its artists. During the late 2000s and early 2010s "blog era", rappers were able to build up a following through online methods of music distribution, such as social media and blogs, and mainstream hip hop took on a more melodic, sensitive direction following the commercial decline of gangsta rap. The <a href="/wiki/Trap_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap rap">trap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">mumble rap</a> subgenres have become the most popular form of hip hop during the mid-late 2010s and early 2020s. In 2017, rock music was usurped by hip hop as the most popular genre in the United States. In recent years, hip hop's influence has transcended musical boundaries, impacting fashion, language, and cultural trends worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Amidst its evolution, hip hop has also been a vehicle for social commentary and political expression, reflecting the struggles and aspirations of marginalized communities. From its roots in the Bronx to its global reach today, hip hop has served as a voice for the disenfranchised, shedding light on issues such as racial inequality, poverty, and police brutality.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy" title="Public Enemy">Public Enemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar" title="Kendrick Lamar">Kendrick Lamar</a> have used their platforms to address systemic injustices, fostering dialogue and inspiring activism. Hip hop's ability to confront societal issues while simultaneously providing a form of empowerment and self-expression has solidified its significance beyond mere entertainment, making it a significant cultural force worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h2></div> The origin of the phrase "hip-hop" is unknown but a very old example of the phrase appears in scene II of an anonymously written satirical play from 1671 called <a href="/wiki/The_Rehearsal_(play)" title="The Rehearsal (play)">The Rehearsal</a>, thought to be written by <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham</a> and others. A character in the play named Bayes says: "Ay, is't not, I gad, ha? For, to go off hip hop, hip hop, upon this occasion, is a thousand times better than any conclusion in the world, I gad."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This play and two other later sources are mentioned as an entry "Hip-hop" in a multi-volume dictionary from 1901 called A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, in Volume 5 H to K, on page 296;<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> the definition is this dictionary is: "Hip-hop, adv. [v. hip + hop v.; or re-duplication of hop, with alternation of lighter and heavier vowel : cf. drip-drop, tip-top: With hopping movement; with successive hops." A similar phrase "hippity hop" of unknown origin goes to least back to the 1800s and appears in a poem, "Spring Weather", written by Elizabeth Cummings published in an 1882 children's magazine called Wide Awake.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The illustrated poem begins "Hippity hop to the candy Shop four little men in a row" and the phrase appears a few more times. The hopping depicted in the illustration seems to crossover later to describing dances such as the <a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a>, which began in Harlem in the late 1920s. Later dance parties in the 1970s with DJs predated rap music but rap music would evolve out of them. In an article in <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Jeff Chang</a> writes: "Father Amde Hamilton of the influential rap precursors the Watts Prophets once told me that, when he was growing up along Central Avenue in 1950s Los Angeles, the older folks used to call teen house parties 'them old hippity hops'." <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_(2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg/220px-Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg/330px-Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg/440px-Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> with DJ Yutaka of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> The earliest known instance of "hip hop" as a compound phrase in a song lyric is in a song about dancing by the <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a> group the <a href="/wiki/Dovells" class="mw-redirect" title="Dovells">Dovells</a> in 1963 called <a href="/wiki/You_Can%27t_Sit_Down" title="You Can't Sit Down">You Can't Sit Down</a>, the lyric is: "...you gotta slop, bop, flip flop, hip hop, never stop".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keef_Cowboy" title="Keef Cowboy">Keef Cowboy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapper</a> with <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five</a> who is sometimes credited with the term as it relates to Hip Hop as we know it today (although it was not documented).<a href="#cite_note-furious5-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lovebug_Starski" title="Lovebug Starski">Lovebug Starski</a>, Keef Cowboy, and <a href="/wiki/DJ_Hollywood" title="DJ Hollywood">DJ Hollywood</a> used the term when the music was still known as <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco rap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It is believed by some that Cowboy created the term while teasing a friend who had just joined the U.S. Army, by singing the words "hip/hop/hip/hop" in a way that mimicked the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a> cadence of soldiers marching.<a href="#cite_note-furious5-32">[32]</a> Cowboy later worked "hip hop" into a part of his stage performance saying something along the lines of what was adopted by other artists such as <a href="/wiki/The_Sugarhill_Gang" title="The Sugarhill Gang">The Sugarhill Gang</a> in 1979 in one of the earliest rap records "<a href="/wiki/Rapper%27s_Delight" title="Rapper's Delight">Rapper's Delight</a> "I said a hip-hop, a hibbit, hibby-dibby, hip-hip-hop and you don't stop".<a href="#cite_note-Chang-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-furious5-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a> founder and music artist <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> is credited with first using the term as a five element culture of which the music belonged; although it is also suggested that it was sometimes used as a derogatory term.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The term was used in an article of February 24, 1979 by reporter Robert Flipping Jr. in the <a href="/wiki/New_Pittsburgh_Courier" title="New Pittsburgh Courier">New Pittsburgh Courier</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The article is about DJs and discothèque nightclubs in Pittsburgh and does not mention rap music but says this: "D.J. Starsky (<a href="/wiki/Lovebug_Starsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovebug Starsky">Lovebug Starsky</a>), one of the more prominent based disc jockeys ... He is also responsible for the derivation of the 'Hip-Hop'." <a href="/wiki/Lovebug_Starsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovebug Starsky">Lovebug Starsky</a> is also credited for the term by <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> in a January 1982 interview by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Holman_(filmmaker)" title="Michael Holman (filmmaker)">Michael Holman</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_Village_Eye" title="East Village Eye">East Village Eye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Holman stating "Hip hop: the all inclusive tag for the rapping, breaking, graffiti-writing, crew fashion wearing street sub-culture." The term gained further currency in September of that year in another Bambaataa interview in <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Hager" title="Steven Hager">Steven Hager</a>, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Hip hop and rap music are often used interchangeably but the term "hip hop" has also been historically used to describe a culture of which music is a part.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> Historically hip hop is a cultural movement that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> in New York City during the 1970s which included MCing (or rapping), graffiti art (or aerosol art), break dancing, DJing and knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s:_origins_and_early_years">1970s: origins and early years</h2></div> Musical genres from which hip hop developed include <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> recordings from the 1960s, 1950s, and earlier, including several records by <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and gospel group <a href="/wiki/The_Jubalaires" title="The Jubalaires">The Jubalaires</a>, whose 1946 song "Noah" is often named as the first recorded instance of <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>'s 1963 spoken-word album <a href="/wiki/I_Am_the_Greatest_(Cassius_Clay_album)" title="I Am the Greatest (Cassius Clay album)">I Am the Greatest</a> is regarded by some writers as an early example of hip hop.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigmeat_Markham" title="Pigmeat Markham">Pigmeat Markham</a>'s 1968 single "<a href="/wiki/Here_Comes_the_Judge_(Pigmeat_Markham_song)" title="Here Comes the Judge (Pigmeat Markham song)">Here Comes the Judge</a>" is one of several songs said to be the earliest hip hop record.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Leading up to hip hop, there were spoken-word artists such as <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Poets" title="The Last Poets">the Last Poets</a> who released <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Poets_(album)" title="The Last Poets (album)">their debut album</a> in 1970, and <a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a>, who gained a wide audience with his 1971 track "<a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Will_Not_Be_Televised" title="The Revolution Will Not Be Televised">The Revolution Will Not Be Televised</a>". These artists combined spoken word and music to create a kind of "proto-rap" vibe.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Hip hop as music and culture formed during the 1970s in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. As expressed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Naison" title="Mark D. Naison">Mark D. Naison</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>, "Hip hop was born multicultural", gaining influences from African American and Anglo-Caribbean musical traditions, as well as African American and Latin American dancing traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Castillo-Garsow_2016_ix-48">[48]</a> Hip hop music in its infancy has been described as an outlet and a voice for the disenfranchised youth of marginalized backgrounds and low-income areas, as the hip hop culture reflected the social, economic and political realities of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Metaphorical_Conceptions3-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hip_Hop_in_History3-50">[50]</a> Many of the people who helped establish hip hop culture, including <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Disco_Wiz" title="DJ Disco Wiz">DJ Disco Wiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> were of Latin American or Caribbean origin. DJ Kool Herc is widely recognized as the creator of hip hop, credited with pioneering the technique of extending the instrumental "breakbeat" on a record during a party in the Bronx on August 11, 1973, which is considered to be the birth of hip hop in the hip hop culture. It is hard to pinpoint the exact musical influences that most affected the sound and culture of early hip hop because of the multicultural nature of New York—hip hop's early pioneers were influenced by a mix of cultures, due to the city's diversity.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The city experienced a heavy Jamaican hip hop influence during the 1990s. This influence was brought on by cultural shifts particularly because of the heightened immigration of Jamaicans to New York and the American-born Jamaican youth who were <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming of age</a> during the 1990s. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg/180px-Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg/270px-Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg/360px-Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a> background, is recognized as one of the earliest hip hop DJs and artists. Some credit him with officially originating hip hop music through his 1973 "Back to School Jam".<a href="#cite_note-HercHistory-52">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Block_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Block parties">block parties</a> became increasingly popular in New York, particularly among African American, Caribbean and Hispanic youth residing in the <a href="/wiki/Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx">Bronx</a>. Block parties incorporated DJs, who played popular genres of music, especially <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>. Due to the positive reception, DJs began isolating the <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussive</a> breaks of popular songs. This technique was common in Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dub_music2-53">[53]</a> and was largely introduced into New York by immigrants from the Caribbean, including DJ Kool Herc, one of the pioneers of hip hop.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Herc has repeatedly denied any direct connections between Jamaican musical traditions and early hip hop, stating that his own biggest influence was <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>, from whom he says rap originated.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Even before moving to the U.S., Herc says his biggest influences came from American music: <blockquote>I was listening to American music in Jamaica and my favorite artist was James Brown. That's who inspired me. A lot of the records I played were by James Brown.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></blockquote> Herc also says that he was not influenced by Jamaican sound system parties, as he was too young to experience them when he was in Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In a 2020 interview, DJ Kool Herc's sister Cindy Campbell said that she wanted Jamaica to reclaim hip hop because, as she put it, "we are the ones who bought the style and the technique to America, which [later] became hip-hop."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Because the percussive breaks in funk, soul and <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> records were generally short, Herc and other DJs began using two turntables to extend the breaks. On August 11, 1973, DJ Kool Herc was the DJ at his sister's back-to-school party. He extended the beat of a record by using two record players, isolating the percussion "breaks" by using a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">mixer</a> to switch between the two records. Herc's experiments with making music with record players became what we now know as breaking or "<a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A second key musical element in hip hop music is emceeing (also called MCing or rapping). Emceeing is the rhythmic spoken delivery of <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhymes</a> and wordplay, delivered at first without accompaniment and later done over a <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beats</a>. This spoken style was influenced by the African American style of "capping", a performance where men tried to outdo each other in originality of their language and tried to gain the favor of the listeners.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The basic elements of hip hop—boasting raps, rival "posses" (groups), uptown "throw-downs", and political and social commentary—were all long present in African American music. MCing and rapping performers moved back and forth between the predominance of songs packed with a mix of boasting, 'slackness' and sexual innuendo and a more topical, political, socially conscious style. The role of the MC originally was as a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Ceremonies">Master of Ceremonies</a> for a DJ dance event. The MC would introduce the DJ and try to pump up the audience. The MC spoke between the DJ's songs, urging everyone to get up and dance. MCs would also tell jokes and use their energetic language and enthusiasm to rev up the crowd. Eventually, this introducing role developed into longer sessions of spoken, rhythmic wordplay, and rhyming, which became rapping. By 1979, hip hop music had become a mainstream genre. Herc also developed upon <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">break-beat</a> deejaying,<a href="#cite_note-The_guide-62">[62]</a> where the breaks of funk songs—the part most suited to dance, usually percussion-based—were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties. This form of music playback, using hard funk and rock, formed the basis of hip hop music. Campbell's announcements and exhortations to dancers would lead to the syncopated, rhymed spoken accompaniment now known as rapping. He dubbed his dancers "break-boys" and "break-girls", or simply "b-boys" and "b-girls". According to Herc, "breaking" was also street slang for "getting excited" and "acting energetically".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1520_Sedwick_Ave.,_Bronx,_New_York1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG/180px-1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG/270px-1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG/360px-1520_Sedwick_Ave.%2C_Bronx%2C_New_York1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1520_Sedgwick_Avenue" title="1520 Sedgwick Avenue">1520 Sedgwick Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop on August 11, 1973<a href="#cite_note-HercHistory-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> DJs such as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Wizzard_Theodore" title="Grand Wizzard Theodore">Grand Wizzard Theodore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazzy_Jay" title="Jazzy Jay">Jazzy Jay</a> refined and developed the use of breakbeats, including cutting and scratching.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As turntable manipulation continued to evolve a new technique that came from it was needle dropping. Needle dropping was created by Grandmaster Flash, it is prolonged short drum breaks by playing two copies of a record simultaneously and moving the needle on one turntable back to the start of the break while the other played.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The approach used by Herc was soon widely copied, and by the late 1970s, DJs were releasing <a href="/wiki/12-inch_single" class="mw-redirect" title="12-inch single">12-inch</a> records where they would rap to the beat. Popular tunes included <a href="/wiki/Kurtis_Blow" title="Kurtis Blow">Kurtis Blow</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Breaks_(song)" title="The Breaks (song)">The Breaks</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Sugarhill_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarhill Gang">Sugarhill Gang</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rapper%27s_Delight" title="Rapper's Delight">Rapper's Delight</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Nile-67">[67]</a> Herc and other DJs would connect their equipment to power lines and perform at venues such as public basketball courts and at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Bronx, New York, now officially a historic building.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The equipment consisted of numerous speakers, turntables, and one or more microphones.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> By using this technique, DJs could create a variety of music, but according to Rap Attack by David Toop "At its worst the technique could turn the night into one endless and inevitably boring song".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=KC_the_Prince_of_Soul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KC the Prince of Soul (page does not exist)">KC the Prince of Soul</a>, a rapper-lyricist with Pete DJ Jones, is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an "MC".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">Street gangs</a> were prevalent in the poverty of the South Bronx, and much of the graffiti, rapping, and <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">b-boying</a> at these parties were all artistic variations on the competition and one-upmanship of street gangs. Sensing that gang members' often violent urges could be turned into creative ones, Afrika Bambaataa founded the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Zulu Nation</a>, a loose confederation of street-dance crews, graffiti artists, and rap musicians. By the late 1970s, the culture had gained media attention, with Billboard magazine printing an article titled "B Beats Bombarding Bronx", commenting on the local phenomenon and mentioning influential figures such as Kool Herc.<a href="#cite_note-That's_the_joint-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_blackout_of_1977" title="New York City blackout of 1977">New York City blackout of 1977</a> saw widespread looting, arson, and other citywide disorders especially in the Bronx<a href="#cite_note-'70s-73">[73]</a> where a number of looters stole DJ equipment from electronics stores. As a result, the hip hop genre, barely known outside of the Bronx at the time, grew at an astounding rate from 1977 onward.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-74">[74]</a> DJ Kool Herc's house parties gained popularity and later moved to outdoor venues to accommodate more people. Hosted in parks, these outdoor parties became a means of expression and an outlet for teenagers, where "instead of getting into trouble on the streets, teens now had a place to expend their pent-up energy."<a href="#cite_note-Chang_62-75">[75]</a> Tony Tone, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_Crush_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Crush Brothers">Cold Crush Brothers</a>, stated that "hip hop saved a lot of lives".<a href="#cite_note-Chang_62-75">[75]</a> For inner-city youth, participating in hip hop culture became a way of dealing with the hardships of life as minorities within America, and an outlet to deal with the risk of violence and the rise of gang culture. MC Kid Lucky mentions that "people used to break-dance against each other instead of fighting".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Inspired by DJ Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa created a street organization called <a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a>, centered on hip hop, as a means to draw teenagers out of gang life, drugs and violence.<a href="#cite_note-Chang_62-75">[75]</a> The lyrical content of many early rap groups focused on social issues, most notably in the seminal track "The Message" by <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five</a>, which discussed the realities of life in the housing projects.<a href="#cite_note-Pareles-78">[78]</a> "Young black Americans coming out of the civil rights movement have used hip hop culture in the 1980s and 1990s to show the limitations of the Hip Hop Movement."<a href="#cite_note-Diawara-79">[79]</a> Hip hop gave young African Americans a voice to let their issues be heard; "Like rock-and-roll, hip hop is vigorously opposed by conservatives because it romanticises violence, law-breaking, and gangs".<a href="#cite_note-Diawara-79">[79]</a> It also gave people a chance for financial gain by "reducing the rest of the world to consumers of its social concerns."<a href="#cite_note-Diawara-79">[79]</a> In late 1979, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Harry" title="Debbie Harry">Debbie Harry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a> took <a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a> to such an event, as the main backing track used was the break from Chic's "<a href="/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)" title="Good Times (Chic song)">Good Times</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Nile-67">[67]</a> The new style influenced Harry, and Blondie's later hit single from 1981 "<a href="/wiki/Rapture_(Blondie_song)" title="Rapture (Blondie song)">Rapture</a>" became the first single containing hip hop elements to hit number one on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>—the song itself is usually considered <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> and fuses heavy pop music elements, but there is an extended rap by Harry near the end. Boxer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, as an influential African American celebrity, was widely covered in the media. Ali influenced several elements of hip hop music. Both in the boxing ring and in media interviews, Ali became known in the 1960s for being "rhyming trickster". Ali used a "funky delivery" for his comments, which included "boasts, comical <a href="/wiki/Trash-talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Trash-talk">trash talk</a>, [and] the endless quotabl[e]" lines.<a href="#cite_note-rollingstone1-80">[80]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>, his "<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">freestyle</a> skills" (a reference to a type of vocal improvisation in which lyrics are recited with no particular subject or structure) and his "rhymes, flow, and <a href="/wiki/Braggadocio_(rap)" title="Braggadocio (rap)">braggadocio</a>" would "one day become typical of <a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">old-school</a> MCs" like <a href="/wiki/Run-DMC" title="Run-DMC">Run-DMC</a> and <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rollingstone2-81">[81]</a> the latter citing Ali as an influence.<a href="#cite_note-rollingstone1-80">[80]</a> Hip hop music in its infancy has been described as an outlet and a "voice" for the disenfranchised youth of low-income and marginalized economic areas,<a href="#cite_note-Metaphorical_Conceptions3-49">[49]</a> as the hip hop culture reflected the social, economic and political realities of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Hip_Hop_in_History3-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg/220px-DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg/330px-DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg/440px-DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Two hip hop DJs creating new music by mixing tracks from multiple record players. Pictured are DJ Hypnotize (left) and Baby Cee (right).</figcaption></figure> Hip hop's early evolution occurred around the time that sampling technology and drum-machines became widely available to the general public at a cost that was affordable to the average consumer—not just professional studios. Drum-machines and samplers were combined in machines that came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Music_Production_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Production Center">MPC</a>'s or '<a href="/wiki/Music_Production_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Production Center">Music Production Centers</a>', early examples of which would include the <a href="/wiki/Linn_9000" title="Linn 9000">Linn 9000</a>. The first sampler that was broadly adopted to create this new kind of music was the <a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">Mellotron</a> used in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">TR-808</a> drum machine. Mellotrons and Linn's were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a>, in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Turntablist techniques – such as rhythmic "<a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>" (pushing a record back and forth while the needle is in the groove to create new sounds and <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>, an approach attributed to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Wizzard_Theodore" title="Grand Wizzard Theodore">Grand Wizzard Theodore</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-AllMusic1-84">[84]</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beat_mixing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beat mixing (page does not exist)">beat mixing</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Beatmatching" title="Beatmatching">beatmatching</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_juggling" title="Beat juggling">beat juggling</a> – eventually developed along with the percussion breaks, creating a musical <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> or base that could be rapped over in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Signifying" class="mw-redirect" title="Signifying">signifying</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_rapping">Introduction of rapping</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">MCing</a> or emceeing, is a vocal style in which the artist speaks lyrically and rhythmically, in rhyme and verse, generally to an instrumental or synthesized <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a>. Beats, almost always in 4/4 <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a>, can be created by <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> and/or sequencing portions of other songs by a <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">producer</a>. They also incorporate synthesizers, drum machines, and live bands. Rappers may write, memorize, or <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">improvise their lyrics</a> and perform their works <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> or to a beat. Hip hop music predates the introduction of rapping into hip hop culture, and rap vocals are absent from many hip hop tracks, such as "<a href="/wiki/Hip_Hop,_Be_Bop_(Don%27t_Stop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don't Stop)">Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don't Stop)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Man_Parrish" title="Man Parrish">Man Parrish</a>; "<a href="/wiki/Paid_in_Full_(album)" title="Paid in Full (album)">Chinese Arithmetic</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Eric_B._%26_Rakim" title="Eric B. & Rakim">Eric B. & Rakim</a>; "Al-Naafiysh (The Soul)" and "We're Rocking the Planet" by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Calliste_Jr." title="Jerry Calliste Jr.">Hashim</a>; and "Destination Earth" by <a href="/wiki/Newcleus" title="Newcleus">Newcleus</a>. However, the majority of the genre has been accompanied by rap vocals, such as the Sci-fi influenced electro hip hop group <a href="/wiki/Warp_9" title="Warp 9">Warp 9</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-85">[85]</a> Female rappers appeared on the scene in the late 1970s and early 80s, including Bronx artist MC <a href="/wiki/Sha-Rock" title="Sha-Rock">Sha-Rock</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Funky_Four_Plus_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Funky Four Plus One">Funky Four Plus One</a>, credited with being the first female MC<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sequence" title="The Sequence">the Sequence</a>, a hip hop trio signed to <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_(hip_hop_label)" title="Sugar Hill Records (hip hop label)">Sugar Hill Records</a>, the first all-female group to release a hit rap record, <a href="/wiki/Funk_You_Up" title="Funk You Up">Funk You Up</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The roots of rapping are found in <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African American music</a> and bear similarities to traditional <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African music</a>, particularly that of the <a href="/wiki/Griots" class="mw-redirect" title="Griots">griots</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> of West African culture.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The African American traditions of <a href="/wiki/Signifyin%27" title="Signifyin'">signifyin'</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_dozens" class="mw-redirect" title="The dozens">the dozens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">jazz poetry</a> all influence hip hop music, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">call and response</a> patterns of African and African American religious ceremonies. Early popular radio disc jockeys of the <a href="/wiki/Black-appeal_stations" title="Black-appeal stations">Black-appeal radio</a> period broke into broadcast announcing by using these techniques under the jive talk of the post WWII swing era in the late 1940s and the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Hilmes1997-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathanial_Dowd_Gaston_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathanial Dowd Gaston Williams">DJ Nat D.</a> was the M.C. at one of the most pitiless places for any aspiring musician trying to break into show business, Amateur Night at the Palace theatre on <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a> in Memphis, Tennessee. There he was master of ceremonies from 1935 until 1947 along with his sideman, D.J.<a href="/wiki/Rufus_Thomas" title="Rufus Thomas">Rufus Thomas</a>. It was there he perfected the dozens, signifyin' and the personality jock jive <a href="/wiki/Patter" title="Patter">patter</a> that would become his schtick when he became the first black radio announcer on the air south of the Mason–Dixon line.<a href="#cite_note-Patton2010-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jive_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of jive talk">Jive</a> popularized black appeal radio, it was the language of the black youth, the double entendres and slightly obscene wordplay was a godsend to radio, re-invigorating ratings at flagging outlets that were losing audience share and flipping to the new format of <a href="/wiki/Black-appeal_stations" title="Black-appeal stations">R&B with black announcers</a>. The 10% of African Americans who heard his broadcasts found that the music he promoted on radio in 1949 was also in the <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukeboxes</a> up north in the cities. They were also finding other D.J's like Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Al_Benson" title="Al Benson">Al Benson</a> on <a href="/wiki/WYLL" title="WYLL">WJJD</a>, Austin's <a href="/wiki/Dr._Hepcat" title="Dr. Hepcat">Doctor Hep Cat</a> on KVET and Atlanta's <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deighton_Gibson_Jr." title="Joseph Deighton Gibson Jr.">Jockey Jack</a> on <a href="/wiki/WERD_(Atlanta)" title="WERD (Atlanta)">WERD</a> speaking the same rhyming, cadence laden rap style.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Once the white owned stations realized the new upstarts were grabbing their black market share and that Big Band and swing jazz was no longer 'hip', some white DJ's emulated the southern 'mushmouth' and jive talk, letting their audience think they too were African American, playing the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Be-Bop" class="mw-redirect" title="Be-Bop">Be-Bop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_R." title="John R.">John R Richbourg</a> had a southern drawl that listeners to Nashville's <a href="/wiki/WLAC" title="WLAC">WLAC</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> nighttime R&B programming were never informed belonged not to a black D.J., as were other white DJ's at the station. Dr. Hep Cat's rhymes were published in a dictionary of jive talk, The Jives of Dr. Hepcat, in 1953. Jockey jack is the infamous Jack the Rapper of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deighton_Gibson_Jr.#Family_Affair" title="Joseph Deighton Gibson Jr.">Family Affair</a> fame, after his radio convention that was a must attend for every rap artist in the 1980s and 1990s<a href="#cite_note-Inc.1986-95">[95]</a> These jive talking rappers of the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Black-appeal_stations" title="Black-appeal stations">black appeal radio</a> format were the source and inspiration of Soul singer <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>, and musical 'comedy' acts such as <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigmeat_Markham" title="Pigmeat Markham">Pigmeat Markham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blowfly_(musician)" title="Blowfly (musician)">Blowfly</a> that are often considered "godfathers" of hip hop music.<a href="#cite_note-Brewster2014-96">[96]</a> Within New York City, performances of <a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken-word</a> poetry and music by artists such as <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Poets" title="The Last Poets">the Last Poets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Mansur_Nuriddin" title="Jalal Mansur Nuriddin">Jalal Mansur Nuriddin</a> had a significant impact on the post-civil rights era culture of the 1960s and '1970s, and thus the social environment in which hip hop music was created. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaican_origins_of_outdoor_sound_systems">Jamaican origins of outdoor sound systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM radio</a> at many stations were limited by the 'broadcast Day' as special licenses were required to transmit at night. Those that had such licenses were heard far out to sea and in the Caribbean, where <a href="/wiki/Jocko_Henderson" title="Jocko Henderson">Jocko Henderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deighton_Gibson_Jr." title="Joseph Deighton Gibson Jr.">Jockey Jack</a> were American DJs who were listened to at night from broadcast transmitters located in Miami, Florida. Jocko came to have an outsized influence on Jamaican Emcees during the '50s as the R&B music played on the Miami stations was different from that played on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Broadcasting_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamaica Broadcasting Company (page does not exist)">JBC</a>, which re-broadcast <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and local music styles. In Jamaica, DJs would set up large roadside sound systems in towns and villages, playing music for informal gatherings, mostly folks who wandered down from country hills looking for excitement at the end of the week. There the DJs would allow 'Toasts' by an Emcee, which copied the style of the American DJs listened to on AM transistor radios. It was by this method that Jive talk, rapping and rhyming was transposed to the island and locally the style was transformed by 'Jamaican lyricism', or the local <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">patois</a>. Hip hop as music and culture formed during the 1970s in New York City from the multicultural exchange between African American youth from the United States and young immigrants and children of immigrants from countries in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-Castillo-Garsow_2016_ix-48">[48]</a> Some were influenced by the vocal style of the earliest African American radio MCs (including <a href="/wiki/Jocko_Henderson" title="Jocko Henderson">Jocko Henderson</a>'s Rocket Ship Show of the 1950s, which rhymed and was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a>), which could be heard over the radio in Jamaica. The first records by Jamaican DJs, including <a href="/wiki/Sir_Lord_Comic" title="Sir Lord Comic">Sir Lord Comic</a> (The Great Wuga Wuga, 1967) came as part of the local dance hall culture, which featured 'specials,' unique mixes or 'versions' pressed on soft discs or acetate discs, and rappers (called DJs) such as <a href="/wiki/King_Stitt" title="King Stitt">King Stitt</a>, Count Machuki, <a href="/wiki/U-Roy" title="U-Roy">U-Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-Roy" title="I-Roy">I-Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Youth" title="Big Youth">Big Youth</a> and many others. Recordings of talk-over, which is a different style from the dancehall's DJ style, were also made by Jamaican artists such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Buster" title="Prince Buster">Prince Buster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a> (Judge Dread) as early as 1967, somehow rooted in the 'talking blues' tradition. The first full-length Jamaican DJ record was a duet on a Rastafarian topic by Kingston ghetto dwellers U-Roy and Peter Tosh named Righteous Ruler (produced by <a href="/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a> in 1969). The first DJ hit record was Fire Corner by Coxsone's Downbeat sound system DJ, <a href="/wiki/King_Stitt" title="King Stitt">King Stitt</a> that same year; 1970 saw a multitude of DJ hit records in the wake of U-Roy's early, massive hits, most famously Wake the Town and many others. As the tradition of remix (which also started in Jamaica where it was called 'version' and 'dub') developed, established young Jamaican DJ/rappers from that period, who had already been working for sound systems for years, were suddenly recorded and had many local hit records, widely contributing to the reggae craze triggered by Bob Marley's impact in the 1970s. The main Jamaican DJs of the early 1970s were <a href="/wiki/King_Stitt" title="King Stitt">King Stitt</a>, Samuel the First, Count Machuki, Johnny Lover (who 'versioned' songs by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers" title="Bob Marley and the Wailers">Bob Marley and the Wailers</a> as early as 1971), Dave Barker, Scotty, Lloyd Young, Charlie Ace and others, as well as soon-to-be reggae stars <a href="/wiki/U-Roy" title="U-Roy">U-Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Alcapone" title="Dennis Alcapone">Dennis Alcapone</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-Roy" title="I-Roy">I-Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jazzbo" title="Prince Jazzbo">Prince Jazzbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Far_I" title="Prince Far I">Prince Far I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Youth" title="Big Youth">Big Youth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dillinger_(musician)" title="Dillinger (musician)">Dillinger</a>. Dillinger scored the first international rap hit record with Cocaine in my Brain in 1976 (based on the Do It Any Way You Wanna Do rhythm by <a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Choice_(band)" title="The People's Choice (band)">the People's Choice</a> as re-recorded by <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_Robbie" title="Sly and Robbie">Sly and Robbie</a>), where he even used a New York accent, consciously aiming at the new NYC rap market. The Jamaican DJ dance music was deeply rooted in the sound system tradition that made music available to poor people in a very poor country where live music was only played in clubs and hotels patronized by the middle and upper classes. By 1973 Jamaican sound system enthusiast <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a> moved to the Bronx, taking with him Jamaica's sound system culture, and teamed up with another Jamaican, Coke La Rock, at the mike. Although other influences, most notably musical sequencer <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flowers" title="Grandmaster Flowers">Grandmaster Flowers</a> of Brooklyn and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Wizzard_Theodore" title="Grand Wizzard Theodore">Grandwizard Theodore</a> of the Bronx contributed to the birth of hip hop in New York, and although it was downplayed in most US books about hip hop, the main root of this sound system culture was Jamaican. The roots of rap in Jamaica are explained in detail in <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Blum" title="Bruno Blum">Bruno Blum</a>'s book, 'Le Rap'.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> DJ Kool Herc and <a href="/wiki/Coke_La_Rock" title="Coke La Rock">Coke La Rock</a> provided an influence on the vocal style of rapping by delivering simple poetry verses over funk music breaks, after party-goers showed little interest in their previous attempts to integrate reggae-infused <a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">toasting</a> into musical sets.<a href="#cite_note-dub_music2-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Hip_Hop_-_Old_School-99">[99]</a> DJs and <a href="/wiki/MC" class="mw-redirect" title="MC">MCs</a> would often add call and response chants, often consisting of a basic chorus, to allow the performer to gather his thoughts (e.g. "one, two, three, y'all, to the beat"). Later, the MCs grew more varied in their vocal and rhythmic delivery, incorporating brief rhymes, often with a sexual or scatological theme, in an effort to differentiate themselves and to entertain the audience. These early raps incorporated the dozens, a product of African American culture. Kool Herc & the Herculoids were the first hip hop group to gain recognition in New York,<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Hip_Hop_-_Old_School-99">[99]</a> but the number of MC teams increased over time. Often these were collaborations between former <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Afrikaa_Bambaataa" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaa Bambaataa">Afrikaa Bambaataa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a>—now an international organization. <a href="/wiki/Melle_Mel" title="Melle Mel">Melle Mel</a>, a rapper with the <a href="/wiki/Furious_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="Furious Five">Furious Five</a> is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an "MC".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> During the early 1970s <a href="/wiki/B-boying" class="mw-redirect" title="B-boying">B-boying</a> arose during block parties, as b-boys and b-girls got in front of the audience to dance in a distinctive and frenetic style. The style was documented for release to a worldwide audience for the first time in documentaries and movies such as <a href="/wiki/Style_Wars" title="Style Wars">Style Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_Style" title="Wild Style">Wild Style</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_Street" title="Beat Street">Beat Street</a>. The term "B-boy" was coined by DJ Kool Herc to describe the people who would wait for the <a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">break</a> section of the song, showing off athleticism, spinning on the stage to 'break-dance' in the distinctive, frenetic style.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Although there were some early MCs that recorded solo projects of note, such as <a href="/wiki/DJ_Hollywood" title="DJ Hollywood">DJ Hollywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurtis_Blow" title="Kurtis Blow">Kurtis Blow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spoonie_Gee" title="Spoonie Gee">Spoonie Gee</a>, the frequency of solo artists did not increase until later with the rise of soloists with stage presence and drama, such as <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a>. Most early hip hop was dominated by groups where collaboration between the members was integral to the show.<a href="#cite_note-Toop-102">[102]</a> An example would be the early hip hop group <a href="/wiki/Funky_Four_Plus_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Funky Four Plus One">Funky Four Plus One</a>, who performed in such a manner on <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s:_old-school_and_new-school">1980s: old-school and new-school</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_recording">Transition to recording</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarhill_Gang_Tour,_2016_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sugarhill_Gang_Tour%2C_2016_%282%29.jpg/250px-Sugarhill_Gang_Tour%2C_2016_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sugarhill_Gang_Tour%2C_2016_%282%29.jpg/375px-Sugarhill_Gang_Tour%2C_2016_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sugarhill_Gang_Tour%2C_2016_%282%29.jpg/500px-Sugarhill_Gang_Tour%2C_2016_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Sugarhill_Gang" title="The Sugarhill Gang">The Sugarhill Gang</a> used disco band <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)" title="Good Times (Chic song)">Good Times</a>" as the source of beats for their 1979 hip hop hit "<a href="/wiki/Rapper%27s_Delight" title="Rapper's Delight">Rapper's Delight</a>". Pictured is the Sugarhill Gang at a 2016 concert.</figcaption></figure> The earliest hip hop music was performed live, at house parties and block party events, and it was not recorded. DJs would play breaks from popular songs using two turntables and a DJ mixer. Prior to 1979, recorded hip hop music consisted mainly of <a href="/wiki/Public_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Public address">PA system soundboard</a> recordings of live party shows and early hip hop <a href="/wiki/Mixtapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtapes">mixtapes</a> by DJs. Puerto Rican <a href="/wiki/DJ_Disco_Wiz" title="DJ Disco Wiz">DJ Disco Wiz</a> is credited as the first hip hop DJ to create a "mixed plate," or mixed dub recording, when, in 1977, he combined sound bites, special effects and paused beats to technically produce a sound recording.<a href="#cite_note-hess-104">[104]</a> The first hip hop record is widely regarded to be <a href="/wiki/The_Sugarhill_Gang" title="The Sugarhill Gang">the Sugarhill Gang</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rapper%27s_Delight" title="Rapper's Delight">Rapper's Delight</a>", from 1979. It was the first hip hop record to gain widespread popularity in the mainstream and was where hip hop music got its name from (from the opening bar).<a href="#cite_note-Hip_hop-105">[105]</a> However, much controversy surrounds this assertion as some regard the March 1979 single "<a href="/wiki/King_Tim_III_(Personality_Jock)" title="King Tim III (Personality Jock)">King Tim III (Personality Jock)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Fatback_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fatback Band">the Fatback Band</a>, as a rap record.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> There are various other claimants for the title of first hip hop record. By the early 1980s, all the major elements and techniques of the hip hop genre were in place, and by 1982, the electronic (electro) sound had become the trend on the street and in dance clubs. New York City radio station WKTU featured <a href="/wiki/Warp_9" title="Warp 9">Warp 9</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Nunk_(song)" title="Nunk (song)">Nunk</a>", in a commercial to promote the station's signature sound of emerging hip hop<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Though not yet mainstream, hip hop had begun to permeate the music scene outside of New York City; it could be found in cities as diverse as Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Chicago, Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Miami, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Indeed, "<a href="/wiki/Funk_You_Up" title="Funk You Up">Funk You Up</a>" (1979), the first hip hop record released by a female group, and the second single released by <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_(hip_hop_label)" title="Sugar Hill Records (hip hop label)">Sugar Hill Records</a>, was performed by <a href="/wiki/The_Sequence" title="The Sequence">the Sequence</a>, a group from <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a> which featured <a href="/wiki/Angie_Stone" title="Angie Stone">Angie Stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg1999-108">[108]</a> Despite the genre's growing popularity, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> was, for many years, the only city whose contributions could be compared to New York City's. Hip hop music became popular in Philadelphia in the late 1970s. The first released record was titled "Rhythm Talk", by <a href="/wiki/Jocko_Henderson" title="Jocko Henderson">Jocko Henderson</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> had dubbed Philadelphia the "Graffiti Capital of the World" in 1971. Philadelphia native DJ <a href="/wiki/Lady_B" title="Lady B">Lady B</a> recorded "To the Beat Y'All" in 1979, and became the first female solo hip hop artist to record music.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schoolly_D" title="Schoolly D">Schoolly D</a>, starting in 1984 and also from Philadelphia, began creating a style that would later be known as <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_disco">Influence of disco</h3></div> Hip hop music was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> music, as disco also emphasized the key role of the DJ in creating tracks and mixes for dancers, and old school hip hop often used disco tracks as beats. At the same time however, hip hop music was also a backlash against certain subgenres of late 1970s disco. While the early disco was African American and Italian-American-created <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a> developed by DJs and producers for the dance club subculture, by the late 1970s, disco airwaves were dominated by mainstream, expensively <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">recorded</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>-produced disco songs. According to <a href="/wiki/Kurtis_Blow" title="Kurtis Blow">Kurtis Blow</a>, the early days of hip hop were characterized by divisions between fans and detractors of disco music. Hip hop had largely emerged as "a direct response to the watered down, Europeanised, disco music that permeated the airwaves".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The earliest hip hop was mainly based on hard <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> loops sourced from vintage funk records. By 1979, disco instrumental loops/tracks had become the basis of much hip hop music. This genre was called "disco rap". Ironically, the rise of hip hop music also played a role in the eventual decline in disco's popularity. The disco sound had a strong influence on early hip hop music. Most of the early rap/hip-hop songs were created by isolating existing disco bass-guitar <a href="/wiki/Bass_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass line">bass lines</a> and dubbing over them with MC rhymes. <a href="/wiki/The_Sugarhill_Gang" title="The Sugarhill Gang">the Sugarhill Gang</a> used <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)" title="Good Times (Chic song)">Good Times</a>" as the foundation for their 1979 hit "<a href="/wiki/Rapper%27s_Delight" title="Rapper's Delight">Rapper's Delight</a>", generally considered to be the song that first popularized rap music in the United States and around the world. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> released the single "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a>", which incorporated <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a> elements from <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Trans-Europe_Express_(album)" title="Trans-Europe Express (album)">Trans-Europe Express</a>" and "Numbers" as well as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">YMO</a>'s "Riot in Lagos". The Planet Rock sound also spawned a <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance</a> trend, <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro music</a>, which included songs such as <a href="/wiki/Planet_Patrol" title="Planet Patrol">Planet Patrol</a>'s "Play at Your Own Risk" (1982), C Bank's "One More Shot" (1982), <a href="/wiki/Cerrone" title="Cerrone">Cerrone</a>'s "Club Underworld" (1984), <a href="/wiki/Shannon_(American_singer)" title="Shannon (American singer)">Shannon</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Let_the_Music_Play_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Let the Music Play (song)">Let the Music Play</a>" (1983), <a href="/wiki/Freeez" title="Freeez">Freeez</a>'s "I.O.U." (1983), <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Star_(band)" title="Midnight Star (band)">Midnight Star</a>'s "Freak-a-Zoid" (1983), <a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_For_You" class="mw-redirect" title="I Feel For You">I Feel For You</a>" (1984). DJ Pete Jones, Eddie Cheeba, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Hollywood" title="DJ Hollywood">DJ Hollywood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Love_Bug_Starski" class="mw-redirect" title="Love Bug Starski">Love Bug Starski</a> were disco-influenced hip hop DJs. Their styles differed from other hip hop musicians who focused on rapid-fire rhymes and more complex rhythmic schemes. <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>, Paul Winley, <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Robinson_(record_producer)" title="Bobby Robinson (record producer)">Bobby Robinson</a> were all members of third s latter group. In Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">go-go</a> emerged as a reaction against disco and eventually incorporated characteristics of hip hop during the early 1980s. The DJ-based genre of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> behaved similarly, eventually evolving into underground styles known as <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> in Chicago and <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> in Detroit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversification_of_styles">Diversification of styles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">List of hip hop genres</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg/230px-DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg/345px-DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg/460px-DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff">DJ Jazzy Jeff</a>, who is also a record producer, manipulating a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">record turntable</a> in England in 2005</figcaption></figure> The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles.<a href="#cite_note-Benson,_G._2010-112">[112]</a> New York City became a veritable laboratory for the creation of new hip hop sounds. Early examples of the diversification process can be heard in tracks such as Grandmaster Flash's "<a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Grandmaster_Flash_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel" title="The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel">The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel</a>" (1981), a single consisting entirely of sampled tracks<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a>" (1982), and <a href="/wiki/Warp_9" title="Warp 9">Warp 9</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Nunk_(song)" title="Nunk (song)">Nunk</a>", (1982)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> which signified the fusion of hip hop music with <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Rammellzee" title="Rammellzee">Rammellzee</a> & <a href="/wiki/K-Rob" title="K-Rob">K-Rob</a>'s "Beat Bop" (1983) was a 'slow jam' which had a <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a> influence with its use of <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echo_(phenomenon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo (phenomenon)">echo</a> as texture and playful sound effects. "<a href="/wiki/Light_Years_Away_(Warp_9_song)" title="Light Years Away (Warp 9 song)">Light Years Away</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Warp_9" title="Warp 9">Warp 9</a> (1983), (produced and written by <a href="/wiki/Lotti_Golden" title="Lotti Golden">Lotti Golden</a> and Richard Scher) described as a "cornerstone of early 80s beatbox afrofuturism," by the UK paper, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-85">[85]</a> introduced social commentary from a sci-fi perspective. In the 1970s, hip hop music typically used samples from funk and later, from disco. The mid-1980s marked a paradigm shift in the development of hip hop, with the introduction of samples from rock music, as demonstrated in the albums <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rock" title="King of Rock">King of Rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licensed_to_Ill" title="Licensed to Ill">Licensed to Ill</a>. Hip hop prior to this shift is characterized as <a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">old-school hip hop</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg/220px-Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg/330px-Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg/440px-Roland_TR-808_drum_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer, a staple sound of hip hop</figcaption></figure> In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">TR-808</a> Rhythm Composer. It was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Programming_(music)" title="Programming (music)">programmable</a> drum machines, with which users could create their own rhythms rather than having to use preset patterns. Though it was a commercial failure, over the course of the decade the 808 attracted a <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult following</a> among underground musicians for its affordability on the used market,<a href="#cite_note-:13-115">[115]</a> ease of use,<a href="#cite_note-:122-116">[116]</a> and idiosyncratic sounds, particularly its deep, "booming" <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:83-117">[117]</a> It became a cornerstone of the emerging electronic, dance, and hip hop genres, popularized by early hits such as <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soulsonic_Force" title="Soulsonic Force">Soulsonic Force</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:9-118">[118]</a> The 808 was eventually used on more hit records than any other drum machine;<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> its popularity with hip hop in particular has made it one of the most influential inventions in popular music, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster" title="Fender Stratocaster">Fender Stratocaster</a>'s influence on rock.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg/200px-Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg/300px-Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg/400px-Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>DJ <a href="/wiki/Marley_Marl" title="Marley Marl">Marley Marl</a></figcaption></figure> Over time <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> technology became more advanced. However, earlier producers such as <a href="/wiki/Marley_Marl" title="Marley Marl">Marley Marl</a> used drum machines to construct their beats from small excerpts of other beats in <a href="/wiki/Synchronisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronisation">synchronisation</a>, in his case, triggering three <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a> sampling-delay units through a Roland 808. Later, <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">samplers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_SP-1200" title="E-mu SP-1200">E-mu SP-1200</a> allowed not only more memory but more flexibility for creative production. This allowed the filtration and layering different hits, and with a possibility of re-sequencing them into a single piece. With the emergence of a new generation of samplers such as the AKAI S900 in the late 1980s, producers did not have to create complex, time-consuming tape loops. <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (group)">Public Enemy</a>'s first album was created with the help of large tape loops. The process of looping a break into a breakbeat now became more commonly done with a sampler, now doing the job which so far had been done manually by the DJs using turntables. In 1989, DJ Mark James, under the moniker "45 King", released "The 900 Number", a breakbeat track created by synchronizing samplers and vinyl records.<a href="#cite_note-Toop-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg/220px-Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg/330px-Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg/440px-Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a> performing in 1999</figcaption></figure> The lyrical content and other instrumental accompaniment of hip hop developed as well. The early lyrical styles in the 1970, which tended to be boasts and clichéd chants, were replaced with metaphorical lyrics exploring a wider range of subjects. As well, the lyrics were performed over more complex, multi-layered instrumental accompaniment. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Melle_Mel" title="Melle Mel">Melle Mel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakim" title="Rakim">Rakim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_D" title="Chuck D">Chuck D</a>, <a href="/wiki/KRS-One" title="KRS-One">KRS-One</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warp_9" title="Warp 9">Warp 9</a> revolutionized hip hop by transforming it into a more mature art form, with sophisticated arrangements, often featuring "gorgeous textures and multiple layers"<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The influential single "<a href="/wiki/The_Message_(Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five_song)" title="The Message (Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five song)">The Message</a>" (1982) by <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five</a> is widely considered to be the pioneering force for <a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Conscious_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">conscious rap</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent record labels</a> like <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Boy_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Boy Entertainment">Tommy Boy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prism_Records" title="Prism Records">Prism Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Profile_Records" title="Profile Records">Profile Records</a> became successful in the early 1980s, releasing records at a furious pace in response to the demand generated by local radio stations and club DJs. Early 1980s electro music and rap were catalysts that sparked the hip hop movement, led by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Cybotron_(American_band)" title="Cybotron (American band)">Cybotron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashim" title="Hashim">Hashim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planet_Patrol" title="Planet Patrol">Planet Patrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcleus" title="Newcleus">Newcleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warp_9" title="Warp 9">Warp 9</a>. In the New York City recording scene, artists collaborated with producer/writers such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Baker_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Baker (musician)">Arthur Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robie" title="John Robie">John Robie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotti_Golden" title="Lotti Golden">Lotti Golden</a> and Richard Scher, exchanging ideas that contributed to the development of hip hop.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Some rappers eventually became mainstream pop performers. <a href="/wiki/Kurtis_Blow" title="Kurtis Blow">Kurtis Blow</a>'s appearance in a <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(soda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprite (soda)">Sprite</a> soda pop commercial<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> marked the first hip hop musician to do a commercial for a major product. The 1981 songs "<a href="/wiki/Rapture_(Blondie_song)" title="Rapture (Blondie song)">Rapture</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Wrapping" title="Christmas Wrapping">Christmas Wrapping</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> band <a href="/wiki/The_Waitresses" title="The Waitresses">the Waitresses</a> were among the first pop songs to use rap. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> introduced hip hop to an international audience with "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a>." Prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the context of the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began its spread and became a part of the music scene in dozens of countries. <a href="/wiki/Greg_Wilson_(DJ)" title="Greg Wilson (DJ)">Greg Wilson</a> was the first DJ to introduce electro hip hop to UK club audiences in the early 1980s, opting for the dub or instrumental versions of <a href="/wiki/Nunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunk">Nunk</a> by <a href="/wiki/Warp_9" title="Warp 9">Warp 9</a>, Extra T's "ET Boogie", <a href="/wiki/Hip_Hop,_Be_Bop_(Don%27t_Stop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don't Stop)">Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don't Stop)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Man_Parrish" title="Man Parrish">Man Parrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Talk_(Klein_%2B_M.B.O._song)" title="Dirty Talk (Klein + M.B.O. song)">Dirty Talk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In the early part of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">B-boying</a> became the first aspect of hip hop culture to reach Japan, Australia and South Africa. In South Africa, the breakdance crew <a href="/wiki/Black_Noise_(group)" title="Black Noise (group)">Black Noise</a> established the practice before beginning to rap later in the decade. Musician and presenter <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Duteil" title="Sidney Duteil">Sidney</a> became France's first black TV presenter with his show <a href="/wiki/H.I.P._H.O.P." title="H.I.P. H.O.P.">H.I.P. H.O.P.</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> which screened on TF1 during 1984, a first for the genre worldwide. Sidney is considered the father of French hip hop. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Nova_(France)" title="Radio Nova (France)">Radio Nova</a> helped launch other French hip hop stars including <a href="/wiki/Dee_Nasty" title="Dee Nasty">Dee Nasty</a>, whose 1984 album Paname City Rappin' along with compilations Rapattitude 1 and 2 contributed to a general awareness of hip hop in France. Hip hop has always kept a very close relationship with the Hispanic community in New York. <a href="/wiki/DJ_Disco_Wiz" title="DJ Disco Wiz">DJ Disco Wiz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Steady_Crew" title="Rock Steady Crew">Rock Steady Crew</a> were among early innovators from <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, combining English and Spanish in their lyrics. <a href="/wiki/The_Mean_Machine_(rap_group)" title="The Mean Machine (rap group)">the Mean Machine</a> recorded their first song under the label "Disco Dreams" in 1981, while <a href="/wiki/Kid_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Kid Frost">Kid Frost</a> from Los Angeles began his career in 1982. <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hill" title="Cypress Hill">Cypress Hill</a> was formed in 1988 in the suburb of South Gate outside Los Angeles when <a href="/wiki/Sen_Dog" title="Sen Dog">Senen Reyes</a> (born in Havana) and his younger brother Ulpiano Sergio (<a href="/wiki/Mellow_Man_Ace" title="Mellow Man Ace">Mellow Man Ace</a>) moved from Cuba to South Gate with his family in 1971. They teamed up with DVX from Queens (New York), Lawrence Muggerud (<a href="/wiki/DJ_Muggs" title="DJ Muggs">DJ Muggs</a>) and Louis Freese (<a href="/wiki/B-Real" title="B-Real">B-Real</a>), a Mexican/Cuban-American native of Los Angeles. After the departure of "Ace" to begin his solo career, the group adopted the name of <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hill" title="Cypress Hill">Cypress Hill</a> named after a street running through a neighborhood nearby in South Los Angeles. Japanese hip hop is said to have begun when Hiroshi Fujiwara returned to Japan and started playing hip hop records in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Japanese hip hop generally tends to be most directly influenced by old school hip hop, taking the era's catchy beats, dance culture, and overall fun and carefree nature and incorporating it into their music. Hip hop became one of the most commercially viable mainstream music genres in Japan, and the line between it and pop music is frequently blurred.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Run_DMC_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Run_DMC_%28cropped%29.png/260px-Run_DMC_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Run_DMC_%28cropped%29.png/390px-Run_DMC_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Run_DMC_%28cropped%29.png/520px-Run_DMC_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1813" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Run-DMC" title="Run-DMC">Run-DMC</a>, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Simmons" title="Joseph Simmons">Joseph "Run" Simmons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam_Master_Jay" title="Jam Master Jay">Jason "Jam Master Jay" Mizell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darryl_McDaniels" title="Darryl McDaniels">Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels</a></figcaption></figure> The new school of hip hop was the second wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of <a href="/wiki/Run-DMC" title="Run-DMC">Run-D.M.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a>. As with the hip hop preceding it (which subsequently became known as <a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">old-school hip hop</a>), the new school came predominantly from New York City. The new school was initially characterized in form by <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a>-led minimalism, with influences from rock music, a hip hop "metal music for the 80s–a hard-edge ugly/beauty trance as desperate and stimulating as New York itself."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> It was notable for taunts and boasts about rapping, and socio-political commentary, both delivered in an aggressive, self-assertive style. In image as in song its artists projected a tough, cool, street <a href="/wiki/B-boy" class="mw-redirect" title="B-boy">b-boy</a> attitude. These elements contrasted sharply with much of the previous funk- and disco-influenced hip hop groups, whose music was often characterized by novelty hits, live bands, synthesizers, and "party rhymes" (not all artists prior to 1983–84 had these styles). New-school artists made shorter songs that could more easily gain radio play, and they produced more cohesive LP albums than their old-school counterparts. By 1986, their releases began to establish the hip-hop album as a fixture of mainstream music. Hip hop music became commercially successful, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>' 1986 album <a href="/wiki/Licensed_to_Ill" title="Licensed to Ill">Licensed to Ill</a>, which was the first rap album to hit No. 1 on the Billboard charts.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s:_golden_age_hip_hop">1990s: golden age hip hop</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age hip hop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KRS-One_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KRS-One_crop.jpg/170px-KRS-One_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KRS-One_crop.jpg/255px-KRS-One_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KRS-One_crop.jpg/340px-KRS-One_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KRS-One" title="KRS-One">KRS-One</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions" title="Boogie Down Productions">Boogie Down Productions</a> were key performers in golden age hip hop.</figcaption></figure> Hip hop's "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s,<a href="#cite_note-NYDaily-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medium.com-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emusicology-132">[132]</a> which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> There were strong themes of <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a> and political militancy in golden age hip hop lyrics. The music was experimental and the <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> drew on eclectic sources.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> There was often a strong <a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">jazz influence</a> in the music. The artists and groups most often associated with this phase are <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions" title="Boogie Down Productions">Boogie Down Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_B._%26_Rakim" title="Eric B. & Rakim">Eric B. & Rakim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brand_Nubian" title="Brand Nubian">Brand Nubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Soul" title="De La Soul">De La Soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest" title="A Tribe Called Quest">A Tribe Called Quest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang_Starr" title="Gang Starr">Gang Starr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane" title="Big Daddy Kane">Big Daddy Kane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Brothers" title="Jungle Brothers">Jungle Brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Digable_Planets" title="Digable Planets">Digable Planets</a> made unique contributions as well, earning a Grammy in 1993. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brand_Nubian_at_the_knitting_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Brand_Nubian_at_the_knitting_factory.jpg/220px-Brand_Nubian_at_the_knitting_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Brand_Nubian_at_the_knitting_factory.jpg/330px-Brand_Nubian_at_the_knitting_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Brand_Nubian_at_the_knitting_factory.jpg/440px-Brand_Nubian_at_the_knitting_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sadat_X" title="Sadat X">Sadat X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Jamar" title="Lord Jamar">Lord Jamar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brand_Nubian" title="Brand Nubian">Brand Nubian</a> in 2008.</figcaption></figure> The golden age is noted for its innovation – a time "when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre"<a href="#cite_note-rollingstone.com-137">[137]</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. Referring to "hip-hop in its golden age",<a href="#cite_note-usatoday.com-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spin_(magazine)" title="Spin (magazine)">Spin</a>'s editor-in-chief Sia Michel says, "there were so many important, groundbreaking albums coming out right about that time",<a href="#cite_note-usatoday.com-138">[138]</a> and <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sway_Calloway" title="Sway Calloway">Sway Calloway</a> adds: "The thing that made that era so great is that nothing was contrived. Everything was still being discovered and everything was still innovative and new".<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Writer William Jelani Cobb says "what made the era they inaugurated worthy of the term golden was the sheer number of stylistic innovations that came into existence... in these golden years, a critical mass of mic prodigies were literally creating themselves and their art form at the same time".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The golden age spans "from approximately 1986 to 1997", according to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stoffers" title="Carl Stoffers">Carl Stoffers</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYDaily-130">[130]</a> In their article "In Search of the Golden Age Hip-Hop Sound", music theorists Ben Duinker and Denis Martin of Empirical Musicology Review use "the 11 years between and including 1986 and 1996 as chronological boundaries" to define the golden age, beginning with the releases of Run-DMC's <a href="/wiki/Raising_Hell_(album)" title="Raising Hell (album)">Raising Hell</a> and the Beastie Boys' <a href="/wiki/Licensed_to_Ill" title="Licensed to Ill">Licensed to Ill</a>, and ending with the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a><a href="#cite_note-Emusicology-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Boombox" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boombox">The Boombox</a> writer Todd "Stereo" Williams also cites the May 1986 release of Raising Hell (which sold more than three million copies) as the start of the period and notes that over the next year other important albums were released to success, including Licensed to Ill, Boogie Down Productions' <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Minded" title="Criminal Minded">Criminal Minded</a> (1987), Public Enemy's <a href="/wiki/Yo!_Bum_Rush_the_Show" title="Yo! Bum Rush the Show">Yo! Bum Rush the Show</a> (1987), and Eric B. & Rakim's <a href="/wiki/Paid_in_Full_(album)" title="Paid in Full (album)">Paid in Full</a> (1987). Williams views this development as the beginning of hip hop's own "<a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">album era</a>" from the late 1980s to the late 1990s, during which hip hop albums earned an unprecedented critical recognition and "would be the measuring stick by which most of the genre's greats would be judged".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gangsta_rap_and_West_Coast_hip_hop">Gangsta rap and West Coast hip hop</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast hip hop</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:22%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Many black rappers—including Ice-T and Sister Souljah—contend that they are being unfairly singled out because their music reflects deep changes in society not being addressed anywhere else in the public forum. The white politicians, the artists complain, neither understand the music nor desire to hear what's going on in the devastated communities that gave birth to the art form. </blockquote> <cite class="center-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Philips" title="Chuck Philips">Chuck Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, 1992<a href="#cite_note-rap,_race,_and_censorship-142">[142]</a></cite> </div> Gangsta rap is a <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> of hip hop that reflects the violent lifestyles of inner-city American black youths.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-143">[143]</a> Gangsta is a <a href="/wiki/Non-rhotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-rhotic">non-rhotic</a> pronunciation of the word <a href="/wiki/Gangster" title="Gangster">gangster</a>. The genre was pioneered in the mid-1980s by rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Schoolly_D" title="Schoolly D">Schoolly D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a>, and was popularized in the later part of the 1980s by groups like <a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a>. In 1985 Schoolly D released "<a href="/wiki/P.S.K._What_Does_It_Mean%3F" title="P.S.K. What Does It Mean?">P.S.K. What Does It Mean?</a>", which is often regarded as the first gangsta rap song, which was followed by Ice-T's "<a href="/wiki/6_in_the_Mornin%27" title="6 in the Mornin'">6 in the Mornin'</a>" in 1986. After the national attention and controversy that Ice-T and N.W.A created in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as well as the mainstreaming of <a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a> in the mid-1990s, gangsta rap became the most commercially-lucrative subgenre of hip hop. Some gangsta rappers were known for mixing the political and social commentary of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poltitical_hip_hop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poltitical hip hop (page does not exist)">political rap</a> with the criminal elements and crime stories found in gangsta rap.<a href="#cite_note-polrap-144">[144]</a> N.W.A is the group most frequently associated with the founding of gangsta rap. Their lyrics were more violent, openly confrontational, and shocking than those of established rap acts, featuring incessant profanity and, controversially, use of the word "<a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">nigga</a>". These lyrics were placed over rough, rock guitar-driven beats, contributing to the music's hard-edged feel. The first blockbuster gangsta rap album was N.W.A's <a href="/wiki/Straight_Outta_Compton" title="Straight Outta Compton">Straight Outta Compton</a>, released in 1988. Straight Outta Compton would establish <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast hip hop</a> as a vital genre, and establish Los Angeles as a legitimate rival to hip hop's long-time capital, New York City. Straight Outta Compton sparked the first major controversy regarding hip hop lyrics when their song "<a href="/wiki/Fuck_tha_Police" title="Fuck tha Police">Fuck tha Police</a>" earned a letter from <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> Assistant Director, Milt Ahlerich, strongly expressing <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">law enforcement</a>'s resentment of the song.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Controversy surrounded Ice-T's album <a href="/wiki/Body_Count_(album)" title="Body Count (album)">Body Count</a>, in particular over its song "<a href="/wiki/Cop_Killer_(song)" title="Cop Killer (song)">Cop Killer</a>". The song was intended to speak from the viewpoint of a criminal getting revenge on racist, brutal cops. Ice-T's rock song infuriated government officials, the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a> and various police advocacy groups.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_blew_away_dozens_of_cops_as_the_Terminator._But_I_don't_hear_anybody_complaining-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner Music">Time Warner Music</a> refused to release Ice-T's upcoming album <a href="/wiki/Home_Invasion_(album)" title="Home Invasion (album)">Home Invasion</a> because of the controversy surrounding "Cop Killer".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Ice-T suggested that the furor over the song was an overreaction, telling journalist Chuck Philips "...they've done movies about nurse killers and teacher killers and student killers. [Actor] <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> blew away dozens of cops as <a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">the Terminator</a>. But I don't hear anybody complaining about that." In the same interview, Ice-T suggested to Philips that the misunderstanding of Cop Killer and the attempts to censor it had racial overtones: "The Supreme Court says it's OK for a white man to burn a cross in public. But nobody wants a black man to write a record about a cop killer."<a href="#cite_note-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_blew_away_dozens_of_cops_as_the_Terminator._But_I_don't_hear_anybody_complaining-147">[147]</a> The subject matter inherent in gangsta rap more generally has caused controversy. The White House administrations of both <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> criticized the genre.<a href="#cite_note-rap,_race,_and_censorship-142">[142]</a> "The reason why rap is under attack is because it exposes all the contradictions of American culture ...What started out as an underground art form has become a vehicle to expose a lot of critical issues that are not usually discussed in American politics. The problem here is that the White House and wanna-bes like Bill Clinton represent a political system that never intends to deal with inner city urban chaos," Sister Souljah told The Times.<a href="#cite_note-rap,_race,_and_censorship-142">[142]</a> Due to the influence of Ice-T and N.W.A, gangsta rap is often viewed as a primarily West Coast phenomenon, despite the contributions of East Coast acts like Schoolly D and <a href="/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions" title="Boogie Down Productions">Boogie Down Productions</a> in shaping the genre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_breakthrough">Mainstream breakthrough</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flavor_Flav_-_Public_Enemy-_konser-Slakthuset-Malm%C3%B6-1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flavor_Flav_-_Public_Enemy-_konser-Slakthuset-Malm%C3%B6-1991.jpg/150px-Flavor_Flav_-_Public_Enemy-_konser-Slakthuset-Malm%C3%B6-1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flavor_Flav_-_Public_Enemy-_konser-Slakthuset-Malm%C3%B6-1991.jpg/225px-Flavor_Flav_-_Public_Enemy-_konser-Slakthuset-Malm%C3%B6-1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flavor_Flav_-_Public_Enemy-_konser-Slakthuset-Malm%C3%B6-1991.jpg/300px-Flavor_Flav_-_Public_Enemy-_konser-Slakthuset-Malm%C3%B6-1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flavor_Flav" title="Flavor Flav">Flavor Flav</a> of <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy" title="Public Enemy">Public Enemy</a> performing in 1991</figcaption></figure> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy" title="Public Enemy">Public Enemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_a_Black_Planet" title="Fear of a Black Planet">Fear of a Black Planet</a> was a significant success with music critics and consumers.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-150">[150]</a> The album played a key role in hip hop's mainstream emergence in 1990, dubbed by <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> editor Paul Grein as "the year that rap exploded".<a href="#cite_note-Jones-150">[150]</a> In a 1990 article on its commercial breakthrough, Janice C. Thompson of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> wrote that hip hop "has grown into the most exciting development in <a href="/wiki/American_popular_music" title="American popular music">American pop music</a> in more than a decade."<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-151">[151]</a> Thompson noted the impact of Public Enemy's 1989 single "<a href="/wiki/Fight_the_Power_(Public_Enemy_song)" title="Fight the Power (Public Enemy song)">Fight the Power</a>", rapper <a href="/wiki/Tone_L%C5%8Dc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone Lōc">Tone Lōc</a>'s single <a href="/wiki/Wild_Thing_(Tone_L%C5%8Dc_song)" title="Wild Thing (Tone Lōc song)">Wild Thing</a> being the best-selling single of 1989, and that at the time of her article, nearly a third of the songs on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_100" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot 100">Hot 100</a> were hip hop songs.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-151">[151]</a> In a similar 1990 article, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hilburn" title="Robert Hilburn">Robert Hilburn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> put hip hop music's commercial emergence into perspective:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It was 10 years ago that <a href="/wiki/The_Sugarhill_Gang" title="The Sugarhill Gang">the Sugarhill Gang</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rapper%27s_Delight" title="Rapper's Delight">Rapper's Delight</a>" became the first rap single to enter the national Top 20. Who ever figured then that the music would even be around in 1990, much less produce attractions that would command as much pop attention as Public Enemy and <a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a>? "Rapper's Delight" was a novelty record that was considered by much of the pop community simply as a lightweight offshoot of disco—and that image stuck for years. Occasional records—including <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Message_(Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five_song)" title="The Message (Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five song)">The Message</a>" in 1982 and <a href="/wiki/Run-DMC" title="Run-DMC">Run-DMC</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_like_That_(Run%E2%80%93D.M.C._song)" class="mw-redirect" title="It's like That (Run–D.M.C. song)">It's Like That</a>" in 1984—won critical approval, but rap, mostly, was dismissed as a passing fancy—too repetitious, too one dimensional. Yet rap didn't go away, and an explosion of energy and imagination in the late 1980s leaves rap today as arguably the most vital new street-oriented sound in pop since the birth of rock in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Hilburn020490-152">[152]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:22%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Rap is the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock 'n' roll</a> of the day. Rock 'n' roll was about attitude, rebellion, a big beat, sex and, sometimes, social comment. If that's what you're looking for now, you're going to find it here. </blockquote> <cite class="center-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Bill_Adler" title="Bill Adler">Bill Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, 1990<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-151">[151]</a></cite> </div> <a href="/wiki/MC_Hammer" title="MC Hammer">MC Hammer</a> hit mainstream success with the multi-platinum album <a href="/wiki/Please_Hammer,_Don%27t_Hurt_%27Em" class="mw-redirect" title="Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em">Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em</a>. The record reached No. 1 and the first single, "<a href="/wiki/U_Can%27t_Touch_This" title="U Can't Touch This">U Can't Touch This</a>" charted on the top ten of the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>. MC Hammer became one of the most successful rappers of the early nineties and one of the first household names in the genre. The album raised <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rap music</a> to a new level of popularity. It was the first hip-hop album <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">certified</a> <a href="/wiki/Diamond_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond album">diamond</a> by the <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> for sales of over ten million.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> It remains one of the genre's all-time best-selling albums.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> To date, the album has sold as many as 18 million units.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Released in 1990, "<a href="/wiki/Ice_Ice_Baby" title="Ice Ice Baby">Ice Ice Baby</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Ice" title="Vanilla Ice">Vanilla Ice</a> was the first hip hop single to top the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">charts</a> in the U.S. It also reached number one in the UK, Australia among others and has been credited for helping diversify hip hop by introducing it to a mainstream audience.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In 1992 released <a href="/wiki/The_Chronic" title="The Chronic">The Chronic</a>. As well as helping to establish West Coast gangsta rap as more commercially viable than East Coast hip hop,<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-160">[160]</a> this album founded a style called <a href="/wiki/G_Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="G Funk">G Funk</a>, which soon came to dominate West Coast hip hop. The style was further developed and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>'s 1993 album <a href="/wiki/Doggystyle" title="Doggystyle">Doggystyle</a>. However, hip hop was still met with resistance from black radio, including <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban contemporary</a> radio stations. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Simmons" title="Russell Simmons">Russell Simmons</a> said in 1990, "Black radio [stations] hated rap from the start and there's still a lot of resistance to it".<a href="#cite_note-Hilburn020490-152">[152]</a> Despite the lack of support from some black radio stations, hip hop became a best-selling music genre in the mid-1990s and the top selling music genre by 1999 with 81 million CDs sold.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> By the late 1990s hip hop was artistically dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan" title="Wu-Tang Clan">Wu-Tang Clan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Diddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Fugees" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fugees">the Fugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-160">[160]</a> The Beastie Boys continued their success throughout the decade crossing color lines and gaining respect from many different artists. Record labels based out of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> also gained fame for their local scenes. The midwest rap scene was known for fast vocal styles from artists such as <a href="/wiki/Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony" title="Bone Thugs-n-Harmony">Bone Thugs-n-Harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tech_N9ne" title="Tech N9ne">Tech N9ne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Twista" title="Twista">Twista</a>. By the end of the decade, hip hop was an integral part of popular music, and many American pop songs had hip hop components. Hip hop has been described as a "mainstream subculture". The main reasons why hip hop culture secured its subcultural authority despite becoming a part of the mass media and mainstream industries can be summarized as follows. First, hip hop artists promoted symbolic and <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a> in their music from a very early stage. Second, the continuing display of resistance in hip-hop has continuously attracted new generations of rebellious fans. Third, owing to the subcultural ideal of rising from the underground, the hip hop scene has remained committed to its urban roots. Fourth, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">battle rap</a> has prevented hip-hop music from excessive cultural dilution. Finally, the solidarity within the African American community has shielded the subculture from erosion through mainstream commercialization.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_vs._West_rivalry">East vs. West rivalry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Coast%E2%80%93West_Coast_hip_hop_rivalry" title="East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry">East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:336px;max-width:336px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:222px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisboa_2011_139_(6474542577).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lisboa_2011_139_%286474542577%29.jpg/334px-Lisboa_2011_139_%286474542577%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lisboa_2011_139_%286474542577%29.jpg/501px-Lisboa_2011_139_%286474542577%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lisboa_2011_139_%286474542577%29.jpg/668px-Lisboa_2011_139_%286474542577%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="932" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">These graffiti arts are a tribute to East and West Coast rappers <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a>, both of whom were killed in (separate) drive-by shootings.</div></div></div></div> The East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry was a feud between artists and fans of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast hip hop</a> scenes in the United States. The rivalry began in the 1970s as hip hop gained its popularity and the West Coast developed its own style. It intensified in the late 1980s and early 1990s and reached its peak in the mid-1990s. Focal points of the feud were East Coast-based rapper <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a> (and his New York-based label, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records" title="Bad Boy Records">Bad Boy Records</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Sean Combs</a>) and West Coast-based rapper <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> (and his Los Angeles-based label, <a href="/wiki/Death_Row_Records" title="Death Row Records">Death Row Records</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a>). This rivalry started before the rappers themselves hit the scene. Because New York is the birthplace of hip-hop, artists from the West Coast felt as if they were not receiving the same media coverage and public attention as the East Coast.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> As time went on, both rappers began to grow in fame and as they both became more known the tensions continued to arise. Eventually both artists were fatally shot following drive-by shootings by unknown assailants in 1997 and 1996, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Coast_hip_hop">East Coast hip hop</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast hip hop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg/240px-Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg/360px-Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg/480px-Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan" title="Wu-Tang Clan">Wu-Tang Clan</a> at the Virgin Festival in 2007</figcaption></figure> In the early 1990s East Coast hip hop was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Native_Tongues" title="Native Tongues">Native Tongues</a> posse, which was loosely composed of <a href="/wiki/De_La_Soul" title="De La Soul">De La Soul</a> with producer <a href="/wiki/Prince_Paul_(producer)" title="Prince Paul (producer)">Prince Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest" title="A Tribe Called Quest">A Tribe Called Quest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Brothers" title="Jungle Brothers">Jungle Brothers</a>, as well as their loose affiliates <a href="/wiki/3rd_Bass" title="3rd Bass">3rd Bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main_Source" title="Main Source">Main Source</a>, and the less successful <a href="/wiki/Black_Sheep_(hip_hop_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sheep (hip hop group)">Black Sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/KMD" title="KMD">KMD</a>. Although originally a "daisy age" conception stressing the positive aspects of life, darker material (such as De La Soul's thought-provoking "Millie Pulled a Pistol on Santa") soon crept in. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Masta_Ace" title="Masta Ace">Masta Ace</a> (particularly for <a href="/wiki/SlaughtaHouse" title="SlaughtaHouse">SlaughtaHouse</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brand_Nubian" title="Brand Nubian">Brand Nubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organized_Konfusion" title="Organized Konfusion">Organized Konfusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_Khadafi" title="Tragedy Khadafi">Tragedy Khadafi</a> had a more overtly-militant pose, both in sound and manner. In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan" title="Wu-Tang Clan">Wu-Tang Clan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Wu-Tang_(36_Chambers)" title="Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)">Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)</a> revitalized the New York hip hop scene by pioneering an East Coast <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore rap">hardcore rap</a> equivalent in intensity to what was being produced on the West Coast.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> According to Allmusic, the production on two <a href="/wiki/Mobb_Deep" title="Mobb Deep">Mobb Deep</a> albums, <a href="/wiki/The_Infamous" title="The Infamous">The Infamous</a> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Hell_on_Earth_(Mobb_Deep_album)" title="Hell on Earth (Mobb Deep album)">Hell on Earth</a> (1996), are "indebted" to <a href="/wiki/RZA" title="RZA">RZA</a>'s early production with the Wu-Tang Clan.<a href="#cite_note-Theinfamous-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hellonearth-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Finesse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lord_Finesse.jpg/240px-Lord_Finesse.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lord_Finesse.jpg/360px-Lord_Finesse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lord_Finesse.jpg/480px-Lord_Finesse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Finesse" title="Lord Finesse">Lord Finesse</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Combat_Jack_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Jack Show">Combat Jack Show</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> The success of albums such as <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Illmatic" title="Illmatic">Illmatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notorious_B.I.G." class="mw-redirect" title="Notorious B.I.G.">Notorious B.I.G.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ready_to_Die" title="Ready to Die">Ready to Die</a> in 1994 cemented the status of the East Coast during a time of West Coast dominance. In a March 2002 issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Source_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Source Magazine">The Source Magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a> referred to 1994 as "a renaissance of New York [City] Hip-Hop."<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The productions of RZA, particularly for the Wu-Tang Clan, became influential with artists such as Mobb Deep due to the combination of somewhat detached instrumental loops, highly compressed and processed drums, and <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta</a> lyrical content. Wu-Tang solo albums such as <a href="/wiki/Raekwon_the_Chef" class="mw-redirect" title="Raekwon the Chef">Raekwon the Chef</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Only_Built_4_Cuban_Linx" class="mw-redirect" title="Only Built 4 Cuban Linx">Only Built 4 Cuban Linx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghostface_Killah" title="Ghostface Killah">Ghostface Killah</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ironman_(Ghostface_Killah_album)" title="Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)">Ironman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GZA" title="GZA">GZA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Swords" title="Liquid Swords">Liquid Swords</a> are now viewed as classics along with Wu-Tang "core" material. The clan's base extended into further groups called "Wu-affiliates". Producers such as <a href="/wiki/DJ_Premier" title="DJ Premier">DJ Premier</a> (primarily for <a href="/wiki/Gang_Starr" title="Gang Starr">Gang Starr</a> but also for other affiliated artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Jeru_the_Damaja" title="Jeru the Damaja">Jeru the Damaja</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rock" title="Pete Rock">Pete Rock</a> (with <a href="/wiki/CL_Smooth" title="CL Smooth">CL Smooth</a>, and supplying beats for many others), <a href="/wiki/Buckwild_(music_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckwild (music producer)">Buckwild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Large_Professor" title="Large Professor">Large Professor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_D" title="Diamond D">Diamond D</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Q-Tip_(musician)" title="Q-Tip (musician)">Q-Tip</a> supplied beats for numerous MCs at the time, regardless of location. Albums such as Nas's Illmatic, <a href="/wiki/O.C._(rapper)" title="O.C. (rapper)">O.C.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Word...Life" title="Word...Life">Word...Life</a> (1994), and <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_Doubt_(album)" title="Reasonable Doubt (album)">Reasonable Doubt</a> (1996) are made up of beats from this pool of producers. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slick_Rick_-_The_Ruler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Slick_Rick_-_The_Ruler.jpg/240px-Slick_Rick_-_The_Ruler.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Slick_Rick_-_The_Ruler.jpg/360px-Slick_Rick_-_The_Ruler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Slick_Rick_-_The_Ruler.jpg/480px-Slick_Rick_-_The_Ruler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slick_Rick" title="Slick Rick">Slick Rick</a> performing at the 2009 Fresh Fest concert in Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> The rivalry between the East Coast and the West Coast rappers eventually turned personal.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Later in the decade the business acumen of the <a href="/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records" title="Bad Boy Records">Bad Boy Records</a> tested itself against <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Roc-A-Fella_Records" title="Roc-A-Fella Records">Roc-A-Fella Records</a> and, on the West Coast, <a href="/wiki/Death_Row_Records" title="Death Row Records">Death Row Records</a>. The mid to late 1990s saw a generation of rappers such as the members of <a href="/wiki/D.I.T.C." title="D.I.T.C.">D.I.T.C.</a> such as the late <a href="/wiki/Big_L" title="Big L">Big L</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Pun" title="Big Pun">Big Pun</a>. On the East Coast, although the "big business" end of the market dominated matters commercially the late 1990s to early 2000s saw a number of relatively successful East Coast indie labels such as <a href="/wiki/Rawkus_Records" title="Rawkus Records">Rawkus Records</a> (with whom <a href="/wiki/Mos_Def" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos Def">Mos Def</a> and Talib Kweli garnered success) and later <a href="/wiki/Def_Jux" class="mw-redirect" title="Def Jux">Def Jux</a>. The history of the two labels is intertwined, the latter having been started by <a href="/wiki/EL-P" class="mw-redirect" title="EL-P">EL-P</a> of <a href="/wiki/Company_Flow" title="Company Flow">Company Flow</a> in reaction to the former, and offered an outlet for more underground artists such as <a href="/wiki/Mike_Ladd" title="Mike Ladd">Mike Ladd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesop_Rock" title="Aesop Rock">Aesop Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr_Lif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Lif">Mr Lif</a>, <a href="/wiki/RJD2" title="RJD2">RJD2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cage_(rapper)" title="Cage (rapper)">Cage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannibal_Ox" title="Cannibal Ox">Cannibal Ox</a>. Other acts such as the Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Arsonists_(rap_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsonists (rap group)">Arsonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slam_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poet">slam poet</a> turned MC <a href="/wiki/Saul_Williams" title="Saul Williams">Saul Williams</a> met with differing degrees of success. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Coast_hip_hop">West Coast hip hop</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast hip hop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg/240px-Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg/360px-Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg/480px-Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a> performing with <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/N.W.A." class="mw-redirect" title="N.W.A.">N.W.A.</a> broke up, former member <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a> released <a href="/wiki/The_Chronic" title="The Chronic">The Chronic</a> in 1992, which peaked at No. 1 on the R&B/hip hop chart,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> No. 3 on the pop chart, and spawned a No. 2 pop single with "<a href="/wiki/Nuthin%27_but_a_%27G%27_Thang" title="Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang">Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang</a>". The Chronic took West Coast rap in a new direction,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> influenced strongly by <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_funk" title="Psychedelic funk">P funk</a> artists, melding smooth and easy funk beats with slowly-drawled lyrics. This came to be known as <a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a> and dominated mainstream hip hop in the early-mid 1990s through a roster of artists on <a href="/wiki/Suge_Knight" title="Suge Knight">Suge Knight</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Death_Row_Records" title="Death Row Records">Death Row Records</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a>, whose double disc album <a href="/wiki/All_Eyez_on_Me" title="All Eyez on Me">All Eyez on Me</a> was a big hit with hit songs "<a href="/wiki/Ambitionz_az_a_Ridah" title="Ambitionz az a Ridah">Ambitionz az a Ridah</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/2_of_Amerikaz_Most_Wanted" title="2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted">2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted</a>";[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Doggy Dogg</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Doggystyle" title="Doggystyle">Doggystyle</a> included the top ten hits "<a href="/wiki/What%27s_My_Name%3F_(Snoop_Doggy_Dogg_song)" title="What's My Name? (Snoop Doggy Dogg song)">What's My Name?</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Gin_and_Juice" title="Gin and Juice">Gin and Juice</a>".<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> As the Los Angeles-based Death Row built an empire around Dre, Snoop, and Tupac, it also entered into <a href="/wiki/East_Coast%E2%80%93West_Coast_hip_hop_rivalry" title="East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry">a rivalry</a> with New York City's <a href="/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records" title="Bad Boy Records">Bad Boy Records</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Puff Daddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a> Detached from this scene were other artists such as <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Fellowship" title="Freestyle Fellowship">Freestyle Fellowship</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Pharcyde" title="The Pharcyde">the Pharcyde</a>, as well as more underground artists such as the <a href="/wiki/Solesides" class="mw-redirect" title="Solesides">Solesides</a> collective (<a href="/wiki/DJ_Shadow" title="DJ Shadow">DJ Shadow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackalicious" title="Blackalicious">Blackalicious</a> amongst others), <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_5" title="Jurassic 5">Jurassic 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugly_Duckling_(hip_hop_group)" title="Ugly Duckling (hip hop group)">Ugly Duckling</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_Under_the_Stairs" title="People Under the Stairs">People Under the Stairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tha_Alkaholiks" title="Tha Alkaholiks">Tha Alkaholiks</a>, and earlier <a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Mischief" title="Souls of Mischief">Souls of Mischief</a>, who represented a return to hip hop's roots of sampling and well-planned rhyme schemes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_diversification">Further diversification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">List of hip hop genres</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarface_(rapper).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scarface_%28rapper%29.jpg/240px-Scarface_%28rapper%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scarface_%28rapper%29.jpg/360px-Scarface_%28rapper%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scarface_%28rapper%29.jpg/480px-Scarface_%28rapper%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Rapper <a href="/wiki/Scarface_(rapper)" title="Scarface (rapper)">Scarface</a> from the southern U.S. group <a href="/wiki/Geto_Boys" title="Geto Boys">Geto Boys</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging on the national scene. <a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern rap</a> became popular in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Free_Press-174">[174]</a> The first Southern rappers to gain national attention were the <a href="/wiki/Geto_Boys" title="Geto Boys">Geto Boys</a> out of Houston, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Houston_Press-175">[175]</a> Southern rap's roots can be traced to the success of Geto Boy's <a href="/wiki/Grip_It!_On_That_Other_Level" title="Grip It! On That Other Level">Grip It! On That Other Level</a> in 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Rick_Rubin" title="Rick Rubin">Rick Rubin</a> produced <a href="/wiki/The_Geto_Boys_(album)" title="The Geto Boys (album)">The Geto Boys</a> in 1990, and <a href="/wiki/We_Can%27t_Be_Stopped" title="We Can't Be Stopped">We Can't Be Stopped</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Dirty_South-176">[176]</a> The Houston area also produced other artists that pioneered the early southern rap sound such as <a href="/wiki/UGK" title="UGK">UGK</a> and the solo career of <a href="/wiki/Scarface_(rapper)" title="Scarface (rapper)">Scarface</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta hip hop</a> artists were key in further expanding rap music and bringing southern hip hop into the mainstream. Releases such as <a href="/wiki/Arrested_Development_(hip_hop_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrested Development (hip hop group)">Arrested Development</a>'s <a href="/wiki/3_Years,_5_Months_and_2_Days_in_the_Life_Of..." title="3 Years, 5 Months and 2 Days in the Life Of...">3 Years, 5 Months and 2 Days in the Life Of...</a> in 1992, <a href="/wiki/Goodie_Mob" title="Goodie Mob">Goodie Mob</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Soul_Food_(Goodie_Mob_album)" title="Soul Food (Goodie Mob album)">Soul Food</a> in 1995 and <a href="/wiki/OutKast" class="mw-redirect" title="OutKast">OutKast</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ATLiens" title="ATLiens">ATLiens</a> in 1996 were all critically acclaimed. Other distinctive regional sounds from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Chicago, Washington D.C., Detroit and others began to gain popularity. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> What once was rap now is hip hop, an endlessly various mass phenomenon that continues to polarize older <a href="/wiki/Rockism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockism">rock and rollers</a>, although it's finally convinced some gatekeeping generalists that it may be of enduring artistic value—a discovery to which they were beaten by millions of young consumers black and white. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Consumer_Guide:_Albums_of_the_%2790s" title="Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s">Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s</a> (2000)<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></cite> </div> During the golden age, elements of hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music. The first waves of <a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">rap rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapcore">rapcore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">rap metal</a> — respective fusions of hip hop and rock, <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-178">[178]</a> — became popular among mainstream audiences at this time; Run-DMC, the Beastie Boys, and <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a> were among the most well-known bands in these fields. In Hawaii, bands such as <a href="/wiki/Sudden_Rush" title="Sudden Rush">Sudden Rush</a> combined hip hop elements with the local <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">political issues</a> to form a style called <a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">na mele paleoleo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digable_Planets" title="Digable Planets">Digable Planets</a>' 1993 release <a href="/wiki/Reachin%27_(A_New_Refutation_of_Time_and_Space)" title="Reachin' (A New Refutation of Time and Space)">Reachin' (A New Refutation of Time and Space)</a> was an influential <a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">jazz rap</a> record sampling the likes of <a href="/wiki/Don_Cherry_(jazz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Cherry (jazz)">Don Cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Mann" title="Herbie Mann">Herbie Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant_Green" title="Grant Green">Grant Green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rahsaan_Roland_Kirk" title="Rahsaan Roland Kirk">Rahsaan Roland Kirk</a>. It spawned the hit single "<a href="/wiki/Rebirth_of_Slick_(Cool_Like_Dat)" title="Rebirth of Slick (Cool Like Dat)">Rebirth of Slick (Cool Like Dat)</a>" which reached No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s:_bling_and_blog">2000s: bling and blog</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercialization_and_new_directions">Commercialization and new directions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdman_performing_at_Club_Nokia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Birdman_performing_at_Club_Nokia.jpg/170px-Birdman_performing_at_Club_Nokia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Birdman_performing_at_Club_Nokia.jpg/255px-Birdman_performing_at_Club_Nokia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Birdman_performing_at_Club_Nokia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birdman_(rapper)" title="Birdman (rapper)">Birdman</a> performing in 2010</figcaption></figure> During the late 1990s, in the wake of the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a>, a new commercial sound emerged in the hip hop scene, sometimes referred to as the "bling era"<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Bling_Bling_(song)" title="Bling Bling (song)">Bling Bling</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> "jiggy era"<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Festivalpeak-184">[184]</a> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Gettin%27_Jiggy_wit_It" title="Gettin' Jiggy wit It">Gettin' Jiggy wit It</a>"), or "shiny suit era" (derived by metallic suits worn by some rappers in music videos at the time, such as in "<a href="/wiki/Mo_Money_Mo_Problems" title="Mo Money Mo Problems">Mo Money Mo Problems</a>" by the Notorious B.I.G., <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Puff Daddy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mase" title="Mase">Mase</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ComplexShiny-185">[185]</a> Before the late 1990s, gangsta rap, while a huge-selling genre, had been regarded as well outside of the pop mainstream, committed to representing the experience of the inner-city and not "selling out" to the pop charts. However, the rise of Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs's <a href="/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records" title="Bad Boy Records">Bad Boy Records</a>, propelled by the massive crossover success of Combs's 1997 ensemble album <a href="/wiki/No_Way_Out_(Puff_Daddy_album)" title="No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)">No Way Out</a>, signaled a major stylistic change in gangsta rap (and mainstream hip hop in general), as it would become even more commercially successful and popularly accepted. Silky <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a>-styled hooks and production, more materialist subject matter, and samples of hit <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> and pop songs from the 1970s and 1980s were the staples of this sound, which was showcased by producers such as Combs, <a href="/wiki/Timbaland" title="Timbaland">Timbaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trackmasters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trackmasters">the Trackmasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Neptunes" title="The Neptunes">the Neptunes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Storch" title="Scott Storch">Scott Storch</a>. Also achieving similar levels of success at this time were <a href="/wiki/Master_P" title="Master P">Master P</a> and his <a href="/wiki/No_Limit_Records" title="No Limit Records">No Limit</a> label in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>; Master P built up a roster of artists (the No Limit posse) based out of New Orleans, and incorporated <a href="/wiki/G_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="G funk">G funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a> influences in his music. The New Orleans upstart <a href="/wiki/Cash_Money_Records" title="Cash Money Records">Cash Money</a> label was also gaining popularity during this time,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> with emerging artists such as <a href="/wiki/Birdman_(rapper)" title="Birdman (rapper)">Birdman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/B.G._(rapper)" title="B.G. (rapper)">B.G</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_(rapper)" title="Juvenile (rapper)">Juvenile</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eminem-01-mika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eminem-01-mika.jpg/240px-Eminem-01-mika.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eminem-01-mika.jpg/360px-Eminem-01-mika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eminem-01-mika.jpg/480px-Eminem-01-mika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany in 1999</figcaption></figure> Many of the rappers who achieved mainstream success at this time, such as <a href="/wiki/Nelly" title="Nelly">Nelly</a>, Puff Daddy, <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a>, the later career of <a href="/wiki/Fat_Joe" title="Fat Joe">Fat Joe</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Terror_Squad_(group)" title="Terror Squad (group)">Terror Squad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mase" title="Mase">Mase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja_Rule" title="Ja Rule">Ja Rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabolous" title="Fabolous">Fabolous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cam%27ron" title="Cam'ron">Cam'ron</a>, had a <a href="/wiki/Pop-rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop-rap">pop</a>-oriented style, while others such as <a href="/wiki/Big_Pun" title="Big Pun">Big Pun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_Joe" title="Fat Joe">Fat Joe</a> (in his earlier career), <a href="/wiki/DMX" title="DMX">DMX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a> and his <a href="/wiki/G-Unit" title="G-Unit">G-Unit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Game_(rapper)" title="The Game (rapper)">the Game</a> enjoyed commercial success at this time with a grittier style. Although white rappers like the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Pain" title="House of Pain">House of Pain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Bass" title="3rd Bass">3rd Bass</a> previously had some popular success or critical acceptance from the hip hop community, Eminem's success, beginning in 1999 with the platinum <a href="/wiki/The_Slim_Shady_LP" title="The Slim Shady LP">The Slim Shady LP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> surprised many. Hip hop influences also found their way increasingly into mainstream pop during this period, particularly in genres such as R&B (e.g. <a href="/wiki/R._Kelly" title="R. Kelly">R. Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a>, <a href="/wiki/TLC_(group)" title="TLC (group)">TLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_(singer)" title="Ashanti (singer)">Ashanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaliyah" title="Aaliyah">Aaliyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usher_(musician)" title="Usher (musician)">Usher</a>), <a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">neo soul</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erykah_Badu" title="Erykah Badu">Erykah Badu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)" title="Jill Scott (singer)">Jill Scott</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Korn" title="Korn">Korn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limp_Bizkit" title="Limp Bizkit">Limp Bizkit</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_Cent_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/50_Cent_2012.jpg/170px-50_Cent_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/50_Cent_2012.jpg/255px-50_Cent_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/50_Cent_2012.jpg/340px-50_Cent_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a> performing in 2012</figcaption></figure> Dr. Dre remained an important figure in this era, making his comeback in 1999 with the album <a href="/wiki/2001_(Dr._Dre_album)" title="2001 (Dr. Dre album)">2001</a>. In 2000, he produced <a href="/wiki/The_Marshall_Mathers_LP" title="The Marshall Mathers LP">The Marshall Mathers LP</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, and also produced <a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a>'s 2003 album <a href="/wiki/Get_Rich_or_Die_Tryin%27_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Get Rich or Die Tryin' (album)">Get Rich or Die Tryin'</a>, which debuted at number one on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">U.S. Billboard 200</a> charts.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Jay-Z represented the cultural triumph of hip hop in this era. As his career progressed, he went from performing artist to entrepreneur, label president, head of a clothing line, club owner, and market consultant—along the way breaking <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>'s record for most number one albums on the Billboard magazine charts by a solo artist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_alternative_hip_hop">Rise of alternative hip hop</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" title="Alternative hip hop">Alternative hip hop</a>, which was introduced in the 1980s and then declined, resurged in the early-mid 2000s with the rejuvenated interest in <a href="/wiki/Indie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">indie music</a> by the general public. The genre began to attain a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as <a href="/wiki/OutKast" class="mw-redirect" title="OutKast">OutKast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnarls_Barkley" title="Gnarls Barkley">Gnarls Barkley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michel-189">[189]</a> OutKast's 2003 album <a href="/wiki/Speakerboxxx/The_Love_Below" title="Speakerboxxx/The Love Below">Speakerboxxx/The Love Below</a> received high acclaim from music critics, and appealed to a wide range of listeners, being that it spanned numerous musical genres – including rap, rock, R&B, punk, jazz, indie, country, pop, electronica, and gospel. The album also spawned two number-one hit singles, and has been <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">certified</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Music recording sales certification">diamond</a> by selling 11 times <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Music recording sales certification">platinum</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">RIAA</a> for shipping more than 11 million units,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> becoming one of the best selling hip-hop albums of all time. It also won a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year" title="Grammy Award for Album of the Year">Album of the Year</a> at the <a href="/wiki/46th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="46th Annual Grammy Awards">46th Annual Grammy Awards</a>, being only the second rap album to do so. Previously, alternative hip hop acts had attained much critical acclaim, but received relatively little exposure through radio and other media outlets; during this time, alternative hip hop artists such as <a href="/wiki/MF_Doom" title="MF Doom">MF Doom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Roots" title="The Roots">the Roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilated_Peoples" title="Dilated Peoples">Dilated Peoples</a>, Gnarls Barkley, <a href="/wiki/Mos_Def" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos Def">Mos Def</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aesop_Rock" title="Aesop Rock">Aesop Rock</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> began to achieve significant recognition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glitch_hop_and_wonky_music">Glitch hop and wonky music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Glitch_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch hop">Glitch hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wonky_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonky (music)">Wonky (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg/240px-The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg/360px-The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg/480px-The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Glitch_Mob" title="The Glitch Mob">The Glitch Mob</a> performing in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> Glitch hop and wonky music evolved following the rise of <a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">intelligent dance music</a> (IDM). Both glitch hop and wonky music frequently reflect the experimental nature of IDM and the heavy bass featured in dubstep songs. While trip hop has been described as being a distinct British upper-middle class take on hip-hop, glitch-hop and wonky music have much more stylistic diversity. Both genres are <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pots</a> of influence. Glitch hop contains echoes of 1980s pop music, Indian <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a>, eclectic <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast rap</a>. Los Angeles, London, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and a number of other cities have become hot spots for these scenes, and underground scenes have developed across the world in smaller communities. Both genres often pay homage to older and more well established <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphex_Twin" title="Aphex Twin">Aphex Twin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boards_of_Canada" title="Boards of Canada">Boards of Canada</a> as well as independent hip hop producers like <a href="/wiki/J_Dilla" title="J Dilla">J Dilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madlib" title="Madlib">Madlib</a>. Glitch hop is a fusion genre of hip hop and glitch music that originated in the early to mid-2000s in the United States and Europe. Musically, it is based on irregular, chaotic <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeats</a>, glitchy <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> and other typical sound effects used in glitch music, like skips. Glitch hop artists include <a href="/wiki/Prefuse_73" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefuse 73">Prefuse 73</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dabrye" title="Dabrye">Dabrye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_Lotus" title="Flying Lotus">Flying Lotus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Wonky is a subgenre of hip hop that originated around 2008, but most notably in the United States and United Kingdom, and among international artists of the <a href="/wiki/Hyperdub" title="Hyperdub">Hyperdub</a> music label, under the influence of glitch hop and dubstep. Wonky music is of the same glitchy style as glitch hop, but it was specifically noted for its melodies, rich with "mid-range unstable synths". Scotland has become one of the most prominent wonky scenes, with artists like <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Mohawke" title="Hudson Mohawke">Hudson Mohawke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rustie" title="Rustie">Rustie</a>. Glitch hop and wonky are popular among a relatively smaller audience interested in alternative hip hop and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> (especially dubstep); neither glitch hop nor wonky have achieved mainstream popularity. However, artists like Flying Lotus, <a href="/wiki/The_Glitch_Mob" title="The Glitch Mob">the Glitch Mob</a> and Hudson Mohawke have seen success in other avenues. Flying Lotus's music has earned multiple positive reviews on the independent music review site <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchfork.com">Pitchfork.com</a> as well as a prominent (yet uncredited) spot during <a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a> commercial breaks.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Hudson Mohawke is one of few glitch hop artists to play at major music festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Sasquatch!_Music_Festival" title="Sasquatch! Music Festival">Sasquatch! Music Festival</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crunk_music">Crunk music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lil_Jon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lil_Jon.jpg/170px-Lil_Jon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lil_Jon.jpg/255px-Lil_Jon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lil_Jon.jpg/340px-Lil_Jon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption>Producer <a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a> is one of crunk's most prominent figures.</figcaption></figure> Crunk is a regional hip hop genre that originated in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> in the southern United States in the 1990s, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> One of the pioneers of crunk, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a>, said that it was a fusion of hip hop, <a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">electro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>. The style was pioneered and commercialized by artists from <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, Tennessee and <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia, gaining considerable popularity in the mid-2000s via Lil Jon and the <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yang_Twins" title="Ying Yang Twins">Ying Yang Twins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Looped, stripped-down <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a> rhythms are usually used. The <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-909" title="Roland TR-909">909</a> are among the most popular. The drum machine loops are usually accompanied by simple, repeated synthesizer melodies and heavy bass "stabs". The tempo of the music is somewhat slower than hip-hop, around the speed of <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a>. The focal point of crunk is more often the beats and instrumental music rather than the lyrics. Crunk rappers, however, often shout and scream their lyrics, creating an aggressive, almost heavy, style of hip-hop. While other subgenres of hip-hop address sociopolitical or personal concerns, crunk is almost exclusively "party music", favoring call and response hip-hop slogans in lieu of more substantive approaches.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Crunk helped southern hip hop gain mainstream prominence during this period, as the classic East and West Coast styles of the 1990s gradually lost dominance.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snap_music_and_influence_of_the_Internet">Snap music and influence of the Internet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soulja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Soulja.jpg/170px-Soulja.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Soulja.jpg/255px-Soulja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Soulja.jpg/340px-Soulja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Soulja Boy in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment" title="Bandai Namco Entertainment">Bandai Namco Entertainment</a> at <a href="/wiki/E3_2018" title="E3 2018">E3 2018</a></figcaption></figure> Snap rap (also known as ringtone rap) is a subgenre of crunk that emerged from <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Vibe_Jun_2006,_Oh_Snap!-201">[201]</a> The genre gained mainstream popularity in the mid-late 2000s, and artists from other Southern states such as <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> also began to emerge performing in this style. Tracks commonly consist of a <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a> <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hi-hat" title="Hi-hat">hi-hat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (instrument)">bass</a>, finger <a href="/wiki/Finger_snapping" title="Finger snapping">snapping</a>, a main <a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">groove</a>, and a simplistic vocal <a href="/wiki/Hook_(music)" title="Hook (music)">hook</a>. Hit snap songs include "<a href="/wiki/Lean_wit_It,_Rock_wit_It" title="Lean wit It, Rock wit It">Lean wit It, Rock wit It</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Dem_Franchize_Boyz" title="Dem Franchize Boyz">Dem Franchize Boyz</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Laffy_Taffy_(song)" title="Laffy Taffy (song)">Laffy Taffy</a>" by <a href="/wiki/D4L" title="D4L">D4L</a>, "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Goin%27_Down_(Yung_Joc_song)" title="It's Goin' Down (Yung Joc song)">It's Goin' Down</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Yung_Joc" title="Yung Joc">Yung Joc</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Crank_That_(Soulja_Boy)" title="Crank That (Soulja Boy)">Crank That (Soulja Boy)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Soulja_Boy" title="Soulja Boy">Soulja Boy Tell 'Em</a>. In retrospect, Soulja Boy has been credited with setting trends in hip hop, such as self-publishing his songs through the Internet (which helped them go <a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">viral</a>) and paving the way for a new wave of younger artists.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_sales">Decline in sales</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flo_Rida_(6924266548).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flo_Rida_%286924266548%29.jpg/170px-Flo_Rida_%286924266548%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flo_Rida_%286924266548%29.jpg/255px-Flo_Rida_%286924266548%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flo_Rida_%286924266548%29.jpg/340px-Flo_Rida_%286924266548%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>While hip hop music sales dropped a great deal in the mid-late 2000s, rappers like <a href="/wiki/Flo_Rida" title="Flo Rida">Flo Rida</a> were successful online and with singles, despite low album sales.</figcaption></figure> Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, leading <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine to question if mainstream hip-hop was "dying." Billboard magazine found that, since 2000, rap sales dropped 44%, and declined to 10% of all music sales, which, while still a commanding figure when compared to other genres, is a significant drop from the 13% of all music sales where rap music regularly placed.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Courtland_Milloy" title="Courtland Milloy">Courtland Milloy</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, for the first time on five years, no rap albums were among the top 10 sellers in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> culture critic Elizabeth Blair noted that, "some industry experts say young people are fed up with the violence, degrading imagery and lyrics." However, the 2005 report Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8–18 Year-Olds found that hip hop music is by far the most popular music genre for children and teenagers with 65 percent of 8- to-18-year-olds listening to it on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Other journalists say the music is just as popular as it ever was, but that fans have found other means to consume the music,<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> such as illegally downloading music through P2P networks, instead of purchasing albums and singles from legitimate stores. For example, <a href="/wiki/Flo_Rida" title="Flo Rida">Flo Rida</a> is known for his low album sales regardless of his singles being mainstream and having digital success. His second album <a href="/wiki/R.O.O.T.S." title="R.O.O.T.S.">R.O.O.T.S.</a> sold only 200,000+ total units in the U.S., which could not line up to the sales of the album's lead single "<a href="/wiki/Right_Round" title="Right Round">Right Round</a>". This also happened to him in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Some put the blame on hip hop becoming less lyrical over time, such as Soulja Boy's 2007 debut album <a href="/wiki/Souljaboytellem.com" title="Souljaboytellem.com">souljaboytellem.com</a> which was met with negative reviews.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Lack of sampling, a key element of early hip hop, has also been noted for the decrease in quality of modern albums. For example, there are only four samples used in 2008's <a href="/wiki/Paper_Trail" title="Paper Trail">Paper Trail</a> by <a href="/wiki/T.I." title="T.I.">T.I.</a>, while there are 35 samples in 1998's <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_Truth_(Gang_Starr_album)" title="Moment of Truth (Gang Starr album)">Moment of Truth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gang_Starr" title="Gang Starr">Gang Starr</a>. The decrease in sampling is in part due to it being too expensive for producers.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Byron_Hurt" title="Byron Hurt">Byron Hurt</a>'s documentary Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes, he claims that hip hop had changed from "clever rhymes and dance beats" to "advocating personal, social and criminal corruption."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Despite the fall in record sales throughout the music industry,<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> hip-hop had remained a popular genre, with hip-hop artists still regularly topping the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">Billboard 200</a> Charts. In the first half of 2009 alone artists such as <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Ross_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Ross (rapper)">Rick Ross</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eyed Peas">the Black Eyed Peas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabolous" title="Fabolous">Fabolous</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> all had albums that reached the No. 1 position on the Billboard 200 charts. Eminem's album <a href="/wiki/Relapse_(Eminem_album)" title="Relapse (Eminem album)">Relapse</a> was one of the fastest selling albums of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovation_and_revitalization">Innovation and revitalization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rap" title="Progressive rap">Progressive rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/I_Love_Hip_Hop_in_Morocco" title="I Love Hip Hop in Morocco">I Love Hip Hop in Morocco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanyewestdec2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kanyewestdec2008.jpg/170px-Kanyewestdec2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kanyewestdec2008.jpg/255px-Kanyewestdec2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kanyewestdec2008.jpg/340px-Kanyewestdec2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> performing in 2008</figcaption></figure> By the late 2000s, alternative hip hop had secured its place within the mainstream, due in part to the declining commercial viability of gangsta rap. Industry observers view the <a href="/wiki/Graduation_(album)#Sales" title="Graduation (album)">sales race</a> between Kanye West's <a href="/wiki/Graduation_(album)" title="Graduation (album)">Graduation</a> and <a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Curtis_(50_Cent_album)" title="Curtis (50 Cent album)">Curtis</a> as a turning point for hip hop. West emerged the victor, selling nearly a million copies in the first week alone, proving that innovative rap music could be just as commercially viable as gangsta rap, if not more so.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Although he designed it as a melancholic pop album rather than a rap album, Kanye's following <a href="/wiki/808s_%26_Heartbreak" title="808s & Heartbreak">808s & Heartbreak</a> would have a significant effect on hip hop music. While his decision to sing about love, loneliness, and heartache for the entirety of the album was at first heavily criticized by music audiences and the album was predicted to be a flop, its subsequent critical acclaim and commercial success encouraged other mainstream rappers to take greater creative risks with their music.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Observer-221">[221]</a> During the release of <a href="/wiki/The_Blueprint_3" title="The Blueprint 3">The Blueprint 3</a>, New York rap mogul <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> revealed that next studio album would be an experimental effort, stating, "... it's not gonna be a #1 album. That's where I'm at right now. I wanna make the most experimental album I ever made."<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Jay-Z elaborated that like Kanye, he was unsatisfied with contemporary hip hop, was being inspired by indie-rockers like <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_Bear_(band)" title="Grizzly Bear (band)">Grizzly Bear</a>, and asserted his belief that the indie rock movement would play an important role in the continued evolution of hip-hop.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIA_front_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MIA_front_face.jpg/170px-MIA_front_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MIA_front_face.jpg/255px-MIA_front_face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MIA_front_face.jpg/340px-MIA_front_face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1426" /></a><figcaption>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> placed <a href="/wiki/M.I.A._(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="M.I.A. (artist)">M.I.A.</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">Time 100</a> list of "World's Most Influential People".</figcaption></figure> The alternative hip hop movement was not limited only to the United States, as rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a>-Canadian poet <a href="/wiki/K%27naan" title="K'naan">K'naan</a>, Japanese rapper <a href="/wiki/Shing02" title="Shing02">Shing02</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan British">Sri Lankan British</a> artist <a href="/wiki/M.I.A._(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="M.I.A. (artist)">M.I.A.</a> achieved considerable worldwide recognition. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> placed M.I.A in the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">Time 100</a> list of "World's Most Influential people" for having "global influence across many genres."<a href="#cite_note-influential-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Global-themed movements have also sprung out of the international hip-hop scene with microgenres like "Islamic Eco-Rap" addressing issues of worldwide importance through traditionally disenfranchised voices.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Due in part to the increasing use of music distribution through social media and blogging, many alternative and non-alternative rappers found acceptance by far-reaching audiences, hence why this era of hip hop is sometimes termed the "blog era".<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Several artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Kid_Cudi" title="Kid Cudi">Kid Cudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drake_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drake (rapper)">Drake</a>, managed to attain chart-topping hit songs, "<a href="/wiki/Day_%27n%27_Nite" title="Day 'n' Nite">Day 'n' Nite</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Best_I_Ever_Had_(Drake_song)" title="Best I Ever Had (Drake song)">Best I Ever Had</a>" respectively, by releasing their music on free online <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">mixtapes</a> without the help of a major record label. Emerging artists at the time such as <a href="/wiki/Wale_(rapper)" title="Wale (rapper)">Wale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar" title="Kendrick Lamar">Kendrick Lamar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Morpurgo-230">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Cole" title="J. Cole">J. Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco" title="Lupe Fiasco">Lupe Fiasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cool_Kids" title="The Cool Kids">the Cool Kids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Electronica" title="Jay Electronica">Jay Electronica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B.o.B" title="B.o.B">B.o.B</a> were noted by critics as expressing eclectic sounds, sensitive life experiences, and vulnerable emotions that were rarely seen in the prior bling era.<a href="#cite_note-Soul-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Also at this time, the <a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a> vocal effect was bolstered in popularity by rapper <a href="/wiki/T-Pain" title="T-Pain">T-Pain</a>, who elaborated on the effect and made active use of Auto-Tune in his songs.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> He cites <a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a> producer <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Riley_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Riley (producer)">Teddy Riley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Troutman" title="Roger Troutman">Roger Troutman</a>'s use of the <a href="/wiki/Talk_box" title="Talk box">talk box</a> as inspirations for his own use of Auto-Tune.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-234">[234]</a> T-Pain became so associated with Auto-Tune that he had an <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">app</a> named after him that simulated the effect, called "I Am T-Pain".<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Eventually dubbed the "T-Pain effect",<a href="#cite_note-Pitchfork-236">[236]</a> the use of Auto-Tune became a popular fixture of late 2000s and early 2010s hip hop, examples being <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sexual_Eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual Eruption">Sexual Eruption</a>",<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Lollipop_(Lil_Wayne_song)" title="Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)">Lollipop</a>",<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Kanye West's album 808s & Heartbreak,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eyed Peas">the Black Eyed Peas</a>' number-one hit "<a href="/wiki/Boom_Boom_Pow" title="Boom Boom Pow">Boom Boom Pow</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Pitchfork-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s–2020s:_trap_and_SoundCloud_rap">2010s–2020s: trap and SoundCloud rap</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png/170px-CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png/255px-CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png/340px-CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cupcakke" title="Cupcakke">Cupcakke</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> Trap music is a subgenre of Southern rap that originated in the early 1990s. It grew in the 2000s to become a mainstream sensation,<a href="#cite_note-topman-240">[240]</a> eventually reaching ubiquity in the mid-late 2010s and frequently having songs top the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> hip hop charts.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> It is typified by <a href="/wiki/Double-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-time">double</a> or triple-time sub-divided <a href="/wiki/Hi-hat" title="Hi-hat">hi-hats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jgenrechar-244">[244]</a> heavy <a href="/wiki/Kick_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kick drum">kick drums</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a> drum machine, layered synthesizers and an overall dark, ominous or bleak atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-cr-245">[245]</a> The strong influence of the sound led to other artists within the genre to move towards the trap sound, with a notable example being <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> on their joint song, "<a href="/wiki/H%E2%80%A2A%E2%80%A2M" class="mw-redirect" title="H•A•M">H•A•M</a>". Non-rappers have also experimented with trap, such as "<a href="/wiki/7/11_(song)" title="7/11 (song)">7/11</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_(Katy_Perry_song)" title="Dark Horse (Katy Perry song)">Dark Horse</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry" title="Katy Perry">Katy Perry</a> (featuring rapper <a href="/wiki/Juicy_J" title="Juicy J">Juicy J</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg/220px-Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg/330px-Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg/440px-Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lil_Nas_X" title="Lil Nas X">Lil Nas X</a> was one of the rappers to emerge in the 2010s. He garnered mainstream success in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> He is also the first openly gay rapper to be heavily nominated at the Grammy Awards.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></figcaption></figure> Major artists to arise from the genre in the 2010s include <a href="/wiki/Lil_Nas_X" title="Lil Nas X">Lil Nas X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waka_Flocka_Flame" title="Waka Flocka Flame">Waka Flocka Flame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_(rapper)" title="Future (rapper)">Future</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Keef" title="Chief Keef">Chief Keef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migos" title="Migos">Migos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Thug" title="Young Thug">Young Thug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travis_Scott" title="Travis Scott">Travis Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodak_Black" title="Kodak Black">Kodak Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/21_Savage" title="21 Savage">21 Savage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yung_Lean" title="Yung Lean">Yung Lean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert" title="Lil Uzi Vert">Lil Uzi Vert</a>, <a href="/wiki/XXXTentacion" title="XXXTentacion">XXXTentacion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_Mask_the_Slump_God" title="Ski Mask the Slump God">Ski Mask the Slump God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juice_Wrld" title="Juice Wrld">Juice Wrld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trippie_Redd" title="Trippie Redd">Trippie Redd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Pump" title="Lil Pump">Lil Pump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokepurpp" title="Smokepurpp">Smokepurpp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rae_Sremmurd" title="Rae Sremmurd">Rae Sremmurd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekashi_6ix9ine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekashi 6ix9ine">Tekashi 6ix9ine</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBA_YoungBoy" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA YoungBoy">NBA YoungBoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Baby" title="Lil Baby">Lil Baby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fetty_Wap" title="Fetty Wap">Fetty Wap</a>, among others. Female rappers <a href="/wiki/Nicki_Minaj" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardi_B" title="Cardi B">Cardi B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saweetie" title="Saweetie">Saweetie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doja_Cat" title="Doja Cat">Doja Cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Azalea" title="Iggy Azalea">Iggy Azalea</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Girls" title="City Girls">City Girls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion" title="Megan Thee Stallion">Megan Thee Stallion</a> also entered the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Trap artists that originated in the 2000s were able to recapture mainstream success in the 2010s with the rise of trap, including <a href="/wiki/2_Chainz" title="2 Chainz">2 Chainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gucci_Mane" title="Gucci Mane">Gucci Mane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juicy_J" title="Juicy J">Juicy J</a>, becoming more successful in the latter part of their career than when they debuted. Trap producers to reach mainstream success include <a href="/wiki/Metro_Boomin" title="Metro Boomin">Metro Boomin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pi%27erre_Bourne" title="Pi'erre Bourne">Pi'erre Bourne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/London_on_da_Track" title="London on da Track">London on da Track</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Will_Made_It" title="Mike Will Made It">Mike Will Made-It</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Critics of the trap genre have used the term "<a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">mumble rap</a>" to describe the heavily auto-tuned, and sometimes hard to understand- delivery of verses from a majority of the artists.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Artists longstanding within the genre have had their own comments regarding the rise of mumble rap, such as <a href="/wiki/Rick_Rubin" title="Rick Rubin">Rick Rubin</a> stating that Eminem was confused by it,<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> and Snoop Dogg claiming that he can not differentiate between artists.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Thought" title="Black Thought">Black Thought</a>, lead rapper from <a href="/wiki/The_Roots" title="The Roots">the Roots</a>, stated that the "game has changed. It's different. The standards are different, the criteria that's taken into consideration in determining validity is different. We're at a point in history where lyricism almost comes last in very many regards."<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> On July 17, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> reported that hip hop/<a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a> (which <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen SoundScan">Nielsen SoundScan</a> classifies as being the same genre) had usurped rock as the most consumed <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">musical genre</a>, becoming the most popular genre in music for the first time in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> In the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta hip hop</a> dominated the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> In the late 2010s and early 2020s, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Brooklyn drill</a> became popular since <a href="/wiki/Pop_Smoke" title="Pop Smoke">Pop Smoke</a> emerged before his death. The 2020s decade began with <a href="/wiki/Roddy_Ricch" title="Roddy Ricch">Roddy Ricch</a> as the first rapper to have a <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a> number-one entry.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_streaming">Age of streaming</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Doja_Cat" title="Doja Cat">Doja Cat</a> was the most streamed rapper of 2021 on <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></figcaption></figure> The rise of streaming platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a> in the mid-late 2010s greatly impacted the entire music business as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Despite being a free streaming-only <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">mixtape</a> with no commercial release, <a href="/wiki/Chance_the_Rapper" title="Chance the Rapper">Chance the Rapper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coloring_Book_(mixtape)" title="Coloring Book (mixtape)">Coloring Book</a> won <a href="/wiki/Best_Rap_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Rap Album">Best Rap Album</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2017_Grammy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Grammy Awards">2017 Grammy Awards</a>, being the first streaming album ever to win a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> has stated that his own album, <a href="/wiki/Yeezus" title="Yeezus">Yeezus</a>, marked the death of CDs, and thus his subsequent release, <a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Pablo" title="The Life of Pablo">The Life of Pablo</a> was only released digitally.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The Life of Pablo was also nominated for 2017 Best Rap Album. In 2017, Drake released a free streaming-only project titled <a href="/wiki/More_Life" title="More Life">More Life</a>, which he called a "<a href="/wiki/Playlist" title="Playlist">playlist</a>", insisting that it was neither a mixtape nor an album.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The online audio distribution platform <a href="/wiki/SoundCloud" title="SoundCloud">SoundCloud</a> played a massive role in the creation of various artists' careers in the latter half of the 2010s. Mainstream acts to start on SoundCloud include <a href="/wiki/Post_Malone" title="Post Malone">Post Malone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert" title="Lil Uzi Vert">Lil Uzi Vert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russ_(rapper)" title="Russ (rapper)">Russ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryson_Tiller" title="Bryson Tiller">Bryson Tiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Xan" title="Lil Xan">Lil Xan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Pump" title="Lil Pump">Lil Pump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Peep" title="Lil Peep">Lil Peep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Skies" title="Lil Skies">Lil Skies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokepurpp" title="Smokepurpp">Smokepurpp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_Mask_the_Slump_God" title="Ski Mask the Slump God">Ski Mask the Slump God</a>, <a href="/wiki/XXXTentacion" title="XXXTentacion">XXXTentacion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trippie_Redd" title="Trippie Redd">Trippie Redd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playboi_Carti" title="Playboi Carti">Playboi Carti</a>, <a href="/wiki/YBN_Nahmir" title="YBN Nahmir">YBN Nahmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tay-K" title="Tay-K">Tay-K</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZillaKami" title="ZillaKami">ZillaKami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugly_God" title="Ugly God">Ugly God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nav_(rapper)" title="Nav (rapper)">Nav</a>, and others. These songs are usually closely related to trap, but have also been labeled separately as <a href="/wiki/SoundCloud_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="SoundCloud rap">SoundCloud rap</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">emo rap</a>. They have been characterized as usually having moody, sad undertones, and usually feature lo-fi rough production. The genre has been met with criticism for its perceived low effort in lyrics and production,<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> and the problematic nature of the artists to arise from it, such as Lil Peep's drug abuse that led to his death,<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> the multiple assault charges to XXXTentacion,<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> 6ix9ine pleading guilty to using a child in a sexual performance,<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> and the murder charges on <a href="/wiki/Tay-K" title="Tay-K">Tay-K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> On the contrary, the image of artists such as XXXTentacion have been met with praise due to perceived character improvement since their controversies.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XXXTentacion_February_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/XXXTentacion_February_2018.png/220px-XXXTentacion_February_2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/XXXTentacion_February_2018.png 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>The most streamed hip hop album of all time on <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> is XXXTentacion's second album, <a href="/wiki/%3F_(XXXTentacion_album)" title="? (XXXTentacion album)">?</a> (2018).<a href="#cite_note-HipHopDX-280">[280]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2021, the most streamed rappers were <a href="/wiki/Doja_Cat" title="Doja Cat">Doja Cat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lil_Nas_X" title="Lil Nas X">Lil Nas X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Other rappers with high streams in 2021 were Drake, <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Baby" title="Lil Baby">Lil Baby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polo_G" title="Polo G">Polo G</a>, Megan Thee Stallion, Cardi B, <a href="/wiki/Moneybagg_Yo" title="Moneybagg Yo">Moneybagg Yo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masked_Wolf" title="Masked Wolf">Masked Wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_Smoke" title="Pop Smoke">Pop Smoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Cole" title="J. Cole">J. Cole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lil_Durk" title="Lil Durk">Lil Durk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> The most streamed rap album of all time on <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> is XXXTentacion's second album, <a href="/wiki/%3F_(XXXTentacion_album)" title="? (XXXTentacion album)">?</a> (2018).<a href="#cite_note-HipHopDX-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_hip_hop_music">World hip hop music</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pete_Rock_@_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg/220px-Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg/330px-Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg/440px-Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rock" title="Pete Rock">Pete Rock</a> performing at Razel and Friends – Brooklyn Bowl, 2016</figcaption></figure> Hip-hop music has reached the cultural corridors of the globe and has been absorbed and reinvented around the world.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Hip hop music expanded beyond the US, often blending local styles with hip hop. Hip hop has globalized into many cultures worldwide, as evident through the emergence of numerous regional scenes. It has emerged globally as a movement based upon the main tenets of hip hop culture. The music and the art continue to embrace, even celebrate, its transnational dimensions while staying true to the local cultures to which it is rooted. Hip-hop's impact differs depending on each culture. Still, the one thing virtually all hip hop artists worldwide have in common is that they acknowledge their debt to those African American people in New York who launched the global movement.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> Hispanics and people from the Caribbean played an integral role in the early development of hip hop in New York, and the style spread to almost every country in that region. Hip hop first developed in the South Bronx, which had a high Hispanic, particularly Puerto Rican, population in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> Some famous rappers from New York City of Puerto Rican origin are the late <a href="/wiki/Big_Pun" title="Big Pun">Big Pun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_Joe" title="Fat Joe">Fat Joe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angie_Martinez" title="Angie Martinez">Angie Martinez</a>. With Hispanic rap groups like <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hill" title="Cypress Hill">Cypress Hill</a> on the American charts, Mexican rap rock groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Control_Machete" title="Control Machete">Control Machete</a>, rose to prominence in their native land. In many Latin American countries, as in the U.S., hip hop has been a tool with which marginalized people can articulate their struggle. Hip hop grew steadily more popular in Cuba in the 1980s and 1990s through Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a> that came with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mdp-287">[287]</a> During this period of economic crisis, which the country's poor and black populations especially hard, hip hop became a way for the country's Afro-descended population to embrace their blackness and articulate a demand for racial equality for black people in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-mdp-287">[287]</a> The idea of blackness and black liberation was not always compatible with the goals of the Cuban government, which was still operating under the idea that a raceless society was the correct realization of the Cuban Revolution. When hip-hop emerged, the Cuban government opposed the vulgar image that rappers portrayed, but later accepted that it might be better to have hip-hop under the influence of the Ministry of Culture as an authentic expression of Cuban Culture.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-288">[288]</a> Rappers who explicitly speak about race or racism in Cuba are still under scrutiny by the government.<a href="#cite_note-:0-289">[289]</a> An annual Cuban hip hop concert, beginning in 1995, held at <a href="/wiki/Alamar" title="Alamar">Alamar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> helped popularize Cuban hip hop. Famous Cuban rap groups include <a href="/wiki/Krudas_Cubensi" title="Krudas Cubensi">Krudas Cubensi</a> and Supercrónica Obsesión. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Thema_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black Thema 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_Thema_2011.jpg/220px-Black_Thema_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_Thema_2011.jpg/330px-Black_Thema_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_Thema_2011.jpg/440px-Black_Thema_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Theama" title="Black Theama">Black Theama</a> performing in Cairo, 2011</figcaption></figure> Black and indigenous people in Latin America and Caribbean islands have been using hip hop for decades to discuss race and class issues in their respective countries. <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian hip hop</a> is heavily associated with racial and economic issues in the country, where a lot of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilians</a> live in economically disadvantaged communities, known in Brazil as <a href="/wiki/Favela" title="Favela">favelas</a>. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> is where <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> began in the country, but it soon spread all over Brazil, and today, almost every big Brazilian city, including <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a>, has a <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> scene. Some notable artists include <a href="/wiki/Racionais_MC%27s" title="Racionais MC's">Racionais MC's</a>, Thaide, and <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_D2" title="Marcelo D2">Marcelo D2</a>. One of Brazil's most popular rappers, <a href="/wiki/MV_Bill" title="MV Bill">MV Bill</a>, has spent his career advocating for black youth in Rio de Janeiro.<a href="#cite_note-:0-289">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a>, a Puerto Rican style of music, has a lot of similarities with U.S.-based hip hop. Both were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaican music</a>, and both incorporate <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a> and call and response.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Dancehall music and hip from the United States are both popular music in Puerto Rico, and reggaeton is the cumulation of different musical traditions founded by Afro-descended people in the Caribbean and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> Some of reggaeton's most popular artists include <a href="/wiki/Don_Omar" title="Don Omar">Don Omar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tego_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Tego Calderón">Tego Calderón</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daddy_Yankee" title="Daddy Yankee">Daddy Yankee</a>. In Venezuela, social unrest at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a> in the United States and led to the rise of that music in Venezuela as well. Venezuelan rappers in the 1990s generally modeled their music after gangsta rap, embracing and attempting to redefine negative stereotypes about poor and black youth as dangerous and materialistic and incorporating socially conscious critique of Venezuela's criminalization of young, poor, Afro-descended people into their music.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, hip hop developed in the early 1980s. Master Dji and his songs "Vakans" and "Politik Pa m" are mostly credited with the rise of Haitian hip hop. What later became known as "Rap Kreyòl" grew in popularity in the late 1990s with King Posse and Original Rap Stuff. Due to cheaper recording technology and flows of equipment to Haiti, more Rap Kreyòl groups are recording songs, even after the January 12 earthquake. Haitian hip hop has recently become a way for artists of Haitian backgrounds in the Haiti and abroad to express their national identity and political opinions about their country of origin.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Rappers have embraced the red and blue of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Flag of Haiti</a> and rapping in <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> to display their national origin. In the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, a recording by Santi Y Sus Duendes and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_M" title="Lisa M">Lisa M</a> became the first single of <a href="/wiki/Merenrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Merenrap">merenrap</a>, a fusion of hip hop and <a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">merengue</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg/220px-De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg/330px-De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg/440px-De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_La_Soul" title="De La Soul">De La Soul</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gorillaz" title="Gorillaz">Gorillaz</a> tour, <a href="/wiki/Demon_Days_Live" title="Demon Days Live">Demon Days Live</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> In Europe, Africa, and Asia, hip hop began to move from the underground to mainstream audiences. In Europe, hip hop was the domain of both ethnic nationals and immigrants. <a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British hip hop</a>, for example, became a genre of its own and spawned artists such as <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley (rapper)">Wiley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal" title="Dizzee Rascal">Dizzee Rascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Streets" title="The Streets">the Streets</a> and many more. Germany produced the well-known <a href="/wiki/Die_Fantastischen_Vier" title="Die Fantastischen Vier">Die Fantastischen Vier</a> as well as several <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> performers like the controversial <a href="/wiki/Cartel_(rap_group)" title="Cartel (rap group)">Cartel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kool_Savas" title="Kool Savas">Kool Savaş</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azad_(rapper)" title="Azad (rapper)">Azad</a>. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, hip hop music developed itself from the end of the 80s. It can be divided into three eras:<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> The classical period, which extends from the end of the 1980s to the beginning of the 2000s marked by a majority of black artists like <a href="/wiki/Oxmo_Puccino" title="Oxmo Puccino">Oxmo Puccino</a>, <a href="/wiki/MC_Solaar" title="MC Solaar">Mc Solaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kery_James" title="Kery James">Kery James</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Id%C3%A9al_J" title="Idéal J">IdealJ</a>), <a href="/wiki/IAM_(band)" title="IAM (band)">IAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supr%C3%AAme_NTM" title="Suprême NTM">NTM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:02-295">[295]</a> the period of democratization from the 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> with groups and artists like Lunatic, <a href="/wiki/Diam%27s" title="Diam's">Diam's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinik" title="Sinik">Sinik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rim%27K" title="Rim'K">Rim'K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sefyu" title="Sefyu">Sefyu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:6-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sniper_(group)" title="Sniper (group)">Sniper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohff" title="Rohff">Rohff</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Fouine" title="La Fouine">La Fouine</a>, which are beginning to affect the French population in general and to record the first significant commercial successes. Finally, from the 2010s, French-speaking rap experienced a rather paradoxical period of innovation, the logical start of new experiments that opened up French rap to new musical genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">drill</a> or "folk" rap. This period is distinguished by the great variety of French hip hop music, where several movements beginning to separate, artists like <a href="/wiki/Booba" title="Booba">Booba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaaris" title="Kaaris">Kaaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jul_(rapper)" title="Jul (rapper)">JuL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gims" title="Gims">Gims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freeze_Corleone" title="Freeze Corleone">Freeze Corleone</a>, Ziak or <a href="/wiki/Soolking" title="Soolking">Soolking</a> try to innovate and look for new tracks to explore. In the Netherlands, important nineties rappers include the <a href="/wiki/Osdorp_Posse" title="Osdorp Posse">Osdorp Posse</a>, a crew from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extince" title="Extince">Extince</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Oosterhout" title="Oosterhout">Oosterhout</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postmen_(band)" title="Postmen (band)">Postmen</a>. Italy found its own rappers, including <a href="/wiki/Jovanotti" title="Jovanotti">Jovanotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Articolo_31" title="Articolo 31">Articolo 31</a>, grow nationally renowned, while the Polish scene began in earnest early in the decade with the rise of <a href="/wiki/PM_Cool_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="PM Cool Lee">PM Cool Lee</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/B.U.G._Mafia" title="B.U.G. Mafia">B.U.G. Mafia</a> came out of <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pantelimon,_Bucharest" title="Pantelimon, Bucharest">Pantelimon</a> neighborhood, and their brand of gangsta rap underlines the parallels between life in Romania's Communist-era apartment blocks and in the housing projects of America's ghettos. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blockfest_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Blockfest_2017.jpg/220px-Blockfest_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Blockfest_2017.jpg/330px-Blockfest_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Blockfest_2017.jpg/440px-Blockfest_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The annual <a href="/wiki/Blockfest" title="Blockfest">Blockfest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> is the largest hip hop music event in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> and also one of the best-selling festivals in advance.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Picture of Blockfest in 2017.</figcaption></figure> One of the countries outside the US where hip-hop is most popular is the United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Grime_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music)">Grime</a>, a genre of music derived from <a href="/wiki/UK_Garage" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Garage">UK Garage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a> and influenced by hip hop, emerged in the early 2000s with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal" title="Dizzee Rascal">Dizzee Rascal</a> becoming successful. Although it is immensely popular, many British politicians criticize the music for what they see as promoting theft and murder, similar to gangsta rap in America. These criticisms have been deemed racist by the mostly <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a> grime industry. Despite its controversial nature, grime has had a major effect on British fashion and pop music, with many young working-class youth emulating the clothing worn by grime stars like Dizzee Rascal and Wiley. There are many subgenres of grime, including "Rhythm and Grime", a mix of R&B and grime, and <a href="/wiki/Grindie" title="Grindie">grindie</a>, a mix of <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> and grime popularized by indie rock band <a href="/wiki/Hadouken!_(band)" title="Hadouken! (band)">Hadouken!</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fler_2011_by_NicoJenner.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The German rapper Fler generated considerable controversy with his music." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fler_2011_by_NicoJenner.JPG/166px-Fler_2011_by_NicoJenner.JPG" decoding="async" width="166" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fler_2011_by_NicoJenner.JPG/250px-Fler_2011_by_NicoJenner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fler_2011_by_NicoJenner.JPG/333px-Fler_2011_by_NicoJenner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The German rapper <a href="/wiki/Fler" title="Fler">Fler</a> caused significant controversy with his music.</figcaption></figure> In Germany and France, <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a> has become popular among youths who like the violent and aggressive lyrics. Some German rappers openly or comically flirt with Nazism; for example, <a href="/wiki/Bushido_(rapper)" title="Bushido (rapper)">Bushido</a> (born Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi) raps "Salutiert, steht stramm, Ich bin der Leader wie A" (Salute, stand to attention, I am the leader like 'A') and <a href="/wiki/Fler" title="Fler">Fler</a> had a hit with the record Neue Deutsche Welle (New German Wave) complete with the title written in Third Reich style Gothic print and advertised with an <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> quote. These references also spawned great controversy in Germany.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Meanwhile, in France, artists like <a href="/wiki/Kery_James" title="Kery James">Kery James</a>' Idéal J maintained a radical, anti-authoritarian attitude and released songs like <a href="/wiki/Le_Combat_Continue" title="Le Combat Continue">Hardcore</a> which attacked the growth of the French far right. In the Netherlands, MC <a href="/wiki/Brainpower" title="Brainpower">Brainpower</a> went from being an underground battle rapper to mainstream recognition in the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>, thus influencing numerous rap artists in the region. In Israel, rapper <a href="/wiki/Subliminal_(rapper)" title="Subliminal (rapper)">Subliminal</a> reaches out to Israeli youth with political and religious-themed lyrics, usually with a <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> message.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, hip hop gained popularity in the 80s, 90s and 2000s through artists like <a href="/wiki/The_Remedies" title="The Remedies">The Remedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/JJC_Skillz" title="JJC Skillz">JJC Skillz</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.I_Abaga" title="M.I Abaga">M.I Abaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_Sultan" title="Sound Sultan">Sound Sultan</a>, encompassing the incorporation of local languages and traditional hip hop beats.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> In the 2010s and 2020s it developed further with rappers like <a href="/wiki/Naeto_C" title="Naeto C">Naeto C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reminisce_(rapper)" title="Reminisce (rapper)">Reminisce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olamide" title="Olamide">Olamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyno" title="Phyno">Phyno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaqbonez" title="Blaqbonez">Blaqbonez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odumodublvck" title="Odumodublvck">Odumodublvck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> In Asia, mainstream stars rose to prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Magalona" title="Francis Magalona">Francis Magalona</a>, Rap Asia, MC Lara and Lady Diane. In Japan, where underground rappers had previously found a limited audience, and popular <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idols</a> brought a style called J-rap to the top of the charts in the middle of the 1990s. Of particular importance is the influence on East Asian nations, where hip hop music has become fused with local popular music to form different styles such as <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-pop" title="C-pop">C-pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YoungstaCPT_BlackNation_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="South African rapper, YoungstaCPT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/YoungstaCPT_BlackNation_01.png/220px-YoungstaCPT_BlackNation_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/YoungstaCPT_BlackNation_01.png/330px-YoungstaCPT_BlackNation_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/YoungstaCPT_BlackNation_01.png/440px-YoungstaCPT_BlackNation_01.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>South African rapper, <a href="/wiki/YoungstaCPT" title="YoungstaCPT">YoungstaCPT</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the hip hop scene overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">kwaito</a>, a music genre that emphasizes African culture and social issues. Rappers such as Pope Troy have harnessed the use of socio-economic issues plaguing the political spheres of South Africa and hip-hop as a whole whilst balancing his lingual approach in order to communicate with the masses about the technical aspects that are creating the issues,<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> South African hip hop has evolved into a prominent presence in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South African music</a>. Between the 1990s and 2010s, it had transcended its origins as a form of political expression in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> to produce artists like <a href="/wiki/Hip_Hop_Pantsula" title="Hip Hop Pantsula">HHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riky_Rick" title="Riky Rick">Riky Rick</a> and <a href="/wiki/AKA_(rapper)" title="AKA (rapper)">AKA</a>. Prominent South African rappers include <a href="/wiki/Stogie_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Stogie T">Stogie T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason_(South_African_rapper)" title="Reason (South African rapper)">Reason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Da_L.E.S" title="Da L.E.S">Da L.E.S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassper_Nyovest" title="Cassper Nyovest">Cassper Nyovest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emtee" title="Emtee">Emtee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fifi_Cooper" title="Fifi Cooper">Fifi Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-Reece" title="A-Reece">A-Reece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shane_Eagle" title="Shane Eagle">Shane Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasty_C" title="Nasty C">Nasty C</a>, <a href="/wiki/K.O_(rapper)" title="K.O (rapper)">K.O</a>, <a href="/wiki/YoungstaCPT" title="YoungstaCPT">YoungstaCPT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Zulu" title="Big Zulu">Big Zulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Israel's hip hop grew greatly in popularity at the end of the decade, with several stars both <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamer_Nafar" title="Tamer Nafar">Tamer Nafar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli people">Israeli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subliminal_(rapper)" title="Subliminal (rapper)">Subliminal</a>). In Portugal hip hop has his own kind of rapping, which is more political and underground scene, they are known for <a href="/wiki/Valete" title="Valete">Valete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dealema" title="Dealema">Dealema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_hip_hop" title="Russian hip hop">Russian hip hop</a> emerged during last years of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and cemented later, with groups like <a href="/wiki/Malchishnik" title="Malchishnik">Malchishnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Balance" title="Bad Balance">Bad Balance</a> enjoying mainstream popularity in the 1990s, while <a href="/wiki/Ligalize" title="Ligalize">Ligalize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasta" title="Kasta">Kasta</a> were popular in the 2000s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> hip hop first appeared during the 1980s mostly with <a href="/wiki/Serbian_hip_hop" title="Serbian hip hop">Serbian hip hop</a> with performers such as <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">B-boy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Master_Scratch_Band" title="The Master Scratch Band">the Master Scratch Band</a>, Badvajzer, and others. During the late 1990s hip hop had a boom, with <a href="/wiki/Rambo_Amadeus" title="Rambo Amadeus">Rambo Amadeus</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Beogradski_sindikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Beogradski sindikat">Beogradski sindikat</a> becoming a major performer. <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinian_hip_hop" title="Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip hop">Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip hop</a> is nowadays dominated by <a href="/wiki/Edo_Maajka" title="Edo Maajka">Edo Maajka</a>. In the region hip hop is often used as a political and social message in song themes such as war, profiteering, corruption, etc. <a href="/wiki/Frenkie" title="Frenkie">Frenkie</a>, another Bosnian rapper, is associated with Edo Maajka, and has collaborated beyond Bosnian borders.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> in the early 2000s, local hip hop artists became popular by infusing local styles of <a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">arabesque</a> melodies, dancehall and hip-hop beats with Swahili lyrics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 2010s, hip hop became popular in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> with Canadian rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Drake_(musician)" title="Drake (musician)">Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nav_(rapper)" title="Nav (rapper)">Nav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belly_(rapper)" title="Belly (rapper)">Belly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tory_Lanez" title="Tory Lanez">Tory Lanez</a>. Drake was the most streamed artist of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker-crystal-theme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Loudspeaker-crystal-theme.svg/28px-Loudspeaker-crystal-theme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Loudspeaker-crystal-theme.svg/42px-Loudspeaker-crystal-theme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Loudspeaker-crystal-theme.svg/56px-Loudspeaker-crystal-theme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Hip hop">Hip hop portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_and_social_injustice" title="Hip hop and social injustice">Hip hop and social injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Book_of_Hip_Hop" title="The Holy Book of Hip Hop">The Holy Book of Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia_in_hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobia in hip hop culture">Homophobia in hip hop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" title="List of hip hop festivals">List of hip hop festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">List of hip hop genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_murdered_hip_hop_musicians" title="List of murdered hip hop musicians">List of murdered hip hop musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny_in_rap_music" title="Misogyny in rap music">Misogyny in rap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_musicians" title="List of hip hop musicians">List of hip hop musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_vixen" title="Video vixen">Video vixen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UrbanJazz-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UrbanJazz_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UrbanJazz_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216002811/http://www.urbanjazz.org/hip_hop_jazz.htm=submit">"Hip-Hop's Jazz Roots"</a>. Merriam-Urban Jazz. Urban Jazz, Incorporated. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanjazz.org/hip_hop_jazz.htm=submit">the original</a> on December 16, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Urban+Jazz&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop%27s+Jazz+Roots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanjazz.org%2Fhip_hop_jazz.htm%3Dsubmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Browne2023" class="citation web cs1">David Browne (August 11, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/kool-herc-hip-hop-50-august-11-1973-1234802035/">"Kool Herc and the History (and Mystery) of Hip-Hop's First Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. Retrieved August 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kool+Herc+and+the+History+%28and+Mystery%29+of+Hip-Hop%27s+First+Day&rft.pub=Rolling+Stone&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft.au=David+Browne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-features%2Fkool-herc-hip-hop-50-august-11-1973-1234802035%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Blatt2014" class="citation web cs1">Ruth Blatt (April 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ruthblatt/2014/04/10/what-the-history-of-hip-hop-teaches-us-about-entrepreneurship/">"Why Rap Creates Entrepreneurs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Why+Rap+Creates+Entrepreneurs&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.au=Ruth+Blatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fruthblatt%2F2014%2F04%2F10%2Fwhat-the-history-of-hip-hop-teaches-us-about-entrepreneurship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuana_Summers2023" class="citation web cs1">Juana Summers (August 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/08/05/1192374015/50-years-of-hip-hop-a-genre-born-from-a-backyard-party">"50 years of hip-hop: A genre born from a backyard party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 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"The Push and Pull of Hip-Hop: A Social Movement Analysis". <a href="/wiki/American_Behavioral_Scientist" title="American Behavioral Scientist">American Behavioral Scientist</a>. 48 (11): 1482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764205277427">10.1177/0002764205277427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7642">0002-7642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146340783">146340783</a>. <q>Much scholarly effort has been devoted to hip-hop (also known as rap) music in the past two decades...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Push+and+Pull+of+Hip-Hop%3A+A+Social+Movement+Analysis&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1482&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146340783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-7642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764205277427&rft.aulast=Trapp&rft.aufirst=Erin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach2008" class="citation journal cs1">Leach, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30163606">""One Day It'll All Make Sense": Hip-Hop and Rap Resources for Music Librarians"</a>. Notes. 65 (1): 9–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnot.0.0039">10.1353/not.0.0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4380">0027-4380</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30163606">30163606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144572911">144572911</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128051605/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30163606">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2021. 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Retrieved October 11, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News-Press&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop+Makes+its+Mark&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1984-07-06&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=David+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-press-hip-hop-makes-its-mark%2F156959081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-rap-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-rap_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-rap_10-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article on rap, retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665039/rap">britannica.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803033948/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665039/rap">Archived</a> August 3, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Rap, musical style in which rhythmic and/or rhyming speech is chanted ("rapped") to musical accompaniment. This backing music, which can include digital sampling (music and sounds extracted from other recordings by a DJ), is also called hip-hop, the name used to refer to a broader cultural movement that includes rap, deejaying (turntable manipulation), graffiti painting, and break dancing. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibadeneira1992" class="citation news cs1">Ribadeneira, Diego (July 27, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-hip-hop-lets-voice-of-i/156959155/">"Hip hop lets voice of inner-city youth be heard"</a>. The Boston Globe. p. 52. Retrieved October 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Hip+hop+lets+voice+of+inner-city+youth+be+heard&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1992-07-27&rft.aulast=Ribadeneira&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-boston-globe-hip-hop-lets-voice-of-i%2F156959155%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugelberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Kugelberg, Johan (2007). Born in the Bronx. 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Retrieved July 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Movmnt+Magazine&rft.atitle=Hip+to+the+Game+%E2%80%93+Dance+World+vs.+Music+Industry%2C+The+Battle+for+Hip+Hop%27s+Legacy&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movmnt.com%2Fmonsters-of-hip-hop-2_003332.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Chang, Jeff</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Won%27t_Stop:_A_History_of_the_Hip_Hop_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation">Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation</a>. 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Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved February 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hip-hop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHip-hop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-19"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/243423?rskey=GAowBg&result=1&isAdvanced=false#">"Hip-hop"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185807/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/tenants-might-buy-the-birthplace-of-hip-hop/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tenants+Might+Buy+Birthplace+of+Hip-Hop&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+8.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F01%2F15%2Ftenants-might-buy-the-birthplace-of-hip-hop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Kenner, Rob. "Dancehall", in The Vibe History of Hip-hop, ed. Alan Light, 350-7. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Toop, David. The Rap Attack: African Jive to New York Hip Hop. 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Metro.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ny.metro.us/metro/local/article/Bringing_that_beat_back__on_the_E_train/1200.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bringing+that+beat+back+%E2%80%93+on+the+E+train&rft.pub=Metro.us&rft.date=2006-02-20&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fny.metro.us%2Fmetro%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FBringing_that_beat_back__on_the_E_train%2F1200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdel_Barco" class="citation web cs1">del Barco, Mandalit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/breakdancing/article.html">"Breakdancing, Present at the Creation"</a>. 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The New York Times. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409235119/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/13/arts/music/13hall.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Message+From+Last+Night%3A+Hip-Hop+is+Rock+%27n%27+Roll%2C+and+the+Hall+of+Fame+Likes+It&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F13%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F13hall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diawara-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diawara_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diawara_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diawara_79-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiawara1998">Diawara 1998</a>, pp. 237–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-rollingstone1-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rollingstone1_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rollingstone1_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184644/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/muhammad-ali-worlds-greatest-boxer-was-also-hip-hop-pioneer-20160604">"Muhammad Ali: World's Greatest Boxer Was Also Hip-Hop Pioneer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. 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You could set up two turntables with two identical records, and keep a break going forever. So the birth of sampling coincided with the birth of...the idea of the loop." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLott" class="citation web cs1">Lott, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/journal/akai-mpc-2000the-history-of-sampling/">"AKAI MPC 2000/The History of Sampling"</a>. Joyful Noise Recordings. 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Archive.nytimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Jazz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fg%2Fgioia-jazz.html%3Fmcubz%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Campbell, K.E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjsjb0QGCJIC">Gettin' our groove on: rhetoric, language, and literacy for the hip hop generation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208024040/http://www.google.com/books?id=gjsjb0QGCJIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=iw&source=gbs_atb">Archived</a> February 8, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wayne State University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilmes1997-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Hilmes1997_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichele_Hilmes1997" class="citation book cs1">Michele Hilmes (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiovoicesameri0000hilm">Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922–1952</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2621-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2621-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-2621-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Voices%3A+American+Broadcasting%2C+1922%E2%80%931952&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2621-2&rft.au=Michele+Hilmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradiovoicesameri0000hilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patton2010-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Patton2010_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Patton2010" class="citation book cs1">William Patton (August 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3h0CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT57">A Guide to Historic Downtown Memphis</a>. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. pp. 57–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61423-168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61423-168-4"><bdi>978-1-61423-168-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422023550/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3h0CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT57">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2019. 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Xlibris Corporation. pp. 100–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4628-1993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4628-1993-5"><bdi>978-1-4628-1993-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422023558/https://books.google.com/books?id=UDiEYIZDq5UC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2019. 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Retrieved May 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=21-&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986-12-13&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DICUEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewster2014-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Brewster2014_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Brewster2014" class="citation book cs1">Bill Brewster (May 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxTnBAAAQBAJ">Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey</a>. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9436-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9436-7"><bdi>978-0-8021-9436-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124210247/https://books.google.com/books?id=MxTnBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Night+a+DJ+Saved+My+Life%3A+The+History+of+the+Disc+Jockey&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Grove%2FAtlantic%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-9436-7&rft.au=Bill+Brewster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxTnBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Cepeda, R., George, N. 2004. 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Three Rivers Press. p. 28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80503-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80503-7">0-609-80503-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonym2004" class="citation web cs1">Anonym (February 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiphoponwax.blogspot.com/2006/10/lady-b-to-beat-yall.html">"Hip Hop On Wax: Lady B – To The Beat Y'All"</a>. Hiphoponwax.blogspot.com. 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Retrieved January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact&rft.atitle=Everything+you+ever+wanted+to+know+about+the+Roland+TR-808+but+were+afraid+to+ask&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmag.com%2F2014%2F01%2F16%2Froland-tr-808-beginners-guide-everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-introduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-116"><a href="#cite_ref-:122_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2016" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Jack (December 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2016/12/_808_the_movie_is_a_must_watch_doc_for_music_nerds.html">"808s and heart eyes"</a>. Slate. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116042034/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2016/12/_808_the_movie_is_a_must_watch_doc_for_music_nerds.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=808s+and+heart+eyes&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fmusic_box%2F2016%2F12%2F_808_the_movie_is_a_must_watch_doc_for_music_nerds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:83-117"><a href="#cite_ref-:83_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Norris, Chris (August 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-808-heard-round-the-world">"The 808 heard round the world"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504122454/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-808-heard-round-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+808+heard+round+the+world&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-desk%2Fthe-808-heard-round-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-118"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont-Thomas2016" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (February 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/14/roland-launch-new-instruments-808-909-303">"Roland launch new versions of the iconic 808, 909 and 303 instruments"</a>. 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Retrieved January 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Roland+launch+new+versions+of+the+iconic+808%2C+909+and+303+instruments&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Beaumont-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F14%2Froland-launch-new-instruments-808-909-303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2004" class="citation cs2">Wells, Peter (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stvOCfhc_igC&pg=PA18">A Beginner's Guide to Digital Video</a>, AVA Books, p. 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88479-037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88479-037-6"><bdi>978-2-88479-037-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423220529/https://books.google.com/books?id=stvOCfhc_igC&pg=PA18">archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2016, retrieved May 20, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Digital+Video&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=AVA+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-88479-037-6&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstvOCfhc_igC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2014" class="citation news cs1">Baldwin, Roberto (February 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/02/roland-resurrects-808/">"Early hip-hop's greatest drum machine just got resurrected"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616053522/https://www.wired.com/2014/02/roland-resurrects-808/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Early+hip-hop%27s+greatest+drum+machine+just+got+resurrected&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F02%2Froland-resurrects-808%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2008" class="citation news cs1">Richards, Chris (December 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2008/12/whats_an_808.html">"What's an 808?"</a>. Slate. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406171339/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2008/12/whats_an_808.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=What%27s+an+808%3F&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fmusic_box%2F2008%2F12%2Fwhats_an_808.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Toop, David (2000). Rap Attack 3: African Rap To Global Hip Hop (Expanded Third Edition), London: Serpent's Tail, p. 151, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85242-627-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85242-627-6">1-85242-627-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Lucy_Allan,_Oren_Ambarchi,_Matt_Anker,_Lindsay_Barrett,_Marcus_Boon,_Carla_Bozulich,_Can,_Brian_Case,_Philip_Clark,_Byron_Coley,_Richard_Cook,_Jack_Cooke,_Julian_Cowley,_Alan_Cummings,_Einsturzende_Neubauten,_Phil_England,_Kodwo_Eshun,_Mark_Fell,_Edward_Fox,_Phil_Freeman,_Jason_Gross,_Alexander_Hacke,_Mike_Hames,_Andy_Hamilton,_Max_Harrison,_Richard_Henderson,_Tony_Herrington,_Ken_Hollings,_Simon_Hopkins,_David_Ilic,_David_Keenan,_Biba_Kopf,_Ulrich_Krieger,_Alan_Licht,_Eric_Lumbleau,_Lydia_Lunch,_Howard_Mandel,_Merzbow,_Keith_Moliné,_Will_Montgomery,_Brian_Morton,_Joe_Muggs,_Alex_Neilson,_Andrew_Nosnitsky,_Kasper_Opstrup,_Ian_Penman,_Edwin_Pouncey,_Brian_Priestley,_Reinhold_Friedl,_Adrian_Rew,_Simon_Reynolds,_Sam_Richards,_Robin_Rimbaud,_Bruce_Russell,_Sarah_Angliss,_Irmin_Schmidt,_Peter_Shapiro,_Brian_Shimkovitz,_Mark_Sinker,_Mark_E._Smith,_Daniel_Spicer,_Joseph_Stannard,_Sue_Steward,_David_Stubbs,_Atao_Tanaka,_David_Toop,_Dan_Warburton,_Richard_Whitelaw,_Barry_Witherden,_Rob_Young" class="citation web cs1">Jennifer Lucy Allan, Oren Ambarchi, Matt Anker, <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Barrett" title="Lindsay Barrett">Lindsay Barrett</a>, Marcus Boon, Carla Bozulich, Can, Brian Case, Philip Clark, Byron Coley, Richard Cook, Jack Cooke, Julian Cowley, Alan Cummings, Einsturzende Neubauten, Phil England, <a href="/wiki/Kodwo_Eshun" title="Kodwo Eshun">Kodwo Eshun</a>, Mark Fell, Edward Fox, Phil Freeman, Jason Gross, Alexander Hacke, Mike Hames, Andy Hamilton, Max Harrison, Richard Henderson, Tony Herrington, Ken Hollings, Simon Hopkins, David Ilic, David Keenan, Biba Kopf, Ulrich Krieger, Alan Licht, Eric Lumbleau, Lydia Lunch, Howard Mandel, Merzbow, Keith Moliné, Will Montgomery, Brian Morton, Joe Muggs, Alex Neilson, Andrew Nosnitsky, Kasper Opstrup, Ian Penman, Edwin Pouncey, Brian Priestley, Reinhold Friedl, Adrian Rew, Simon Reynolds, Sam Richards, Robin Rimbaud, Bruce Russell, Sarah Angliss, Irmin Schmidt, Peter Shapiro, Brian Shimkovitz, Mark Sinker, Mark E. Smith, Daniel Spicer, Joseph Stannard, Sue Steward, David Stubbs, Atao Tanaka, David Toop, Dan Warburton, Richard Whitelaw, Barry Witherden, Rob Young. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewire.co.uk/in-writing/essays/a-z-of-electro">"A-Z of Electro"</a>. The Wire. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=A-Z+of+Electro&rft.au=Jennifer+Lucy+Allan%2C+Oren+Ambarchi%2C+Matt+Anker%2C+Lindsay+Barrett%2C+Marcus+Boon%2C+Carla+Bozulich%2C+Can%2C+Brian+Case%2C+Philip+Clark%2C+Byron+Coley%2C+Richard+Cook%2C+Jack+Cooke%2C+Julian+Cowley%2C+Alan+Cummings%2C+Einsturzende+Neubauten%2C+Phil+England%2C+Kodwo+Eshun%2C+Mark+Fell%2C+Edward+Fox%2C+Phil+Freeman%2C+Jason+Gross%2C+Alexander+Hacke%2C+Mike+Hames%2C+Andy+Hamilton%2C+Max+Harrison%2C+Richard+Henderson%2C+Tony+Herrington%2C+Ken+Hollings%2C+Simon+Hopkins%2C+David+Ilic%2C+David+Keenan%2C+Biba+Kopf%2C+Ulrich+Krieger%2C+Alan+Licht%2C+Eric+Lumbleau%2C+Lydia+Lunch%2C+Howard+Mandel%2C+Merzbow%2C+Keith+Molin%C3%A9%2C+Will+Montgomery%2C+Brian+Morton%2C+Joe+Muggs%2C+Alex+Neilson%2C+Andrew+Nosnitsky%2C+Kasper+Opstrup%2C+Ian+Penman%2C+Edwin+Pouncey%2C+Brian+Priestley%2C+Reinhold+Friedl%2C+Adrian+Rew%2C+Simon+Reynolds%2C+Sam+Richards%2C+Robin+Rimbaud%2C+Bruce+Russell%2C+Sarah+Angliss%2C+Irmin+Schmidt%2C+Peter+Shapiro%2C+Brian+Shimkovitz%2C+Mark+Sinker%2C+Mark+E.+Smith%2C+Daniel+Spicer%2C+Joseph+Stannard%2C+Sue+Steward%2C+David+Stubbs%2C+Atao+Tanaka%2C+David+Toop%2C+Dan+Warburton%2C+Richard+Whitelaw%2C+Barry+Witherden%2C+Rob+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthewire.co.uk%2Fin-writing%2Fessays%2Fa-z-of-electro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930163006/http://www.newyorkgospel.com/articles/4/1/Kurtis-Blow-Ministries-and-Holy-Hip-Hop-Music-form-Strategic-Alliance/Page1.html">"NewYorkGospel.com"</a>. Newyorkgospel.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorkgospel.com/articles/4/1/Kurtis-Blow-Ministries-and-Holy-Hip-Hop-Music-form-Strategic-Alliance/Page1.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newyorkgospel.com&rft.atitle=NewYorkGospel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkgospel.com%2Farticles%2F4%2F1%2FKurtis-Blow-Ministries-and-Holy-Hip-Hop-Music-form-Strategic-Alliance%2FPage1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaldarkness.com/articles/electro_funk_what_did_it_all_mean_wilson.htm">"Wilson, Greg, "Electro-Funk-What Did It All Mean" November 2002"</a>. Globaldarkness.com. Retrieved August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilson%2C+Greg%2C+%22Electro-Funk-What+Did+It+All+Mean%22+November+2002&rft.pub=Globaldarkness.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaldarkness.com%2Farticles%2Felectro_funk_what_did_it_all_mean_wilson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> MCM retrospective on Sidney: « on peut dire aujourd'hui que Sidney est le papa du hip-hop français. Concepteur de l'émission H.I.P. H.O.P. en 1984 (1ère émission rap au monde diffusée à l'époque le dimanche à 14h00 avant Starsky & Hutch), ce Dj/rappeur/breakeur extravagant fait découvrir cette nouvelle tendance américaine aux Français, à peine remis de la vague disco, et crée des vocations (Joey Starr, Passi, Stomy Bugsy...) » <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcm.net/musique/cdenecoute/23728/">H.I.P H.O.P – L'émission Mythique de Sidney</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207060603/http://www.mcm.net/musique/cdenecoute/23728/">Archived</a> February 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317122537/http://www.thememagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=115">"International Man of Mystery"</a>. Theme Magazine. January 8, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thememagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=115">the original</a> on March 17, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theme+Magazine&rft.atitle=International+Man+of+Mystery&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thememagazine.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D62%26Itemid%3D115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> name: Toop p.151 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310095952/http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg">"Licensed to Ill"</a>. AllMusic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A34rp283c054a">the original</a> on March 10, 2010. 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March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+Greatest+Year+in+Rap+History%3F&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40bradcallas%2Fthe-10-greatest-years-in-hip-hop-history-1dbef011e843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emusicology-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emusicology_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emusicology_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuinkerMartin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Duinker, Ben; Martin, Denis (September 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emusicology.org/article/view/5410/4799">"In Search of the Golden Age Hip-Hop Sound (1986–1996)"</a>. Empirical Musicology Review. 12 (1–2): 80–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18061%2Femr.v12i1-2.5410">10.18061/emr.v12i1-2.5410</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1811%2F81126">1811/81126</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125053710/http://emusicology.org/article/view/5410/4799">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Empirical+Musicology+Review&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Golden+Age+Hip-Hop+Sound+%281986%E2%80%931996%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=80-100&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1811%2F81126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18061%2Femr.v12i1-2.5410&rft.aulast=Duinker&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Martin%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femusicology.org%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5410%2F4799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Jon Caramanica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/arts/music/26jon.html">"Hip-Hop's Raiders of the Lost Archives"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410093712/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/arts/music/26jon.html">Archived</a> April 10, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York Times, June 26, 2005. Cheo H. Coker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars">"Slick Rick: Behind Bars"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202153447/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars">Archived</a> February 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rolling Stone, March 9, 1995. Lonnae O'Neal Parker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204952/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-735764.html">"U-Md. Senior Aaron McGruder's Edgy Hip-Hop Comic Gets Raves, but No Takers"</a>, Washington Post, August 20, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Jake Coyle of Associated Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-06-19-spin-top-cd_x.htm">"Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200057/http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-06-19-spin-top-cd_x.htm">Archived</a> June 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published in USA Today, June 19, 2005. Cheo H. Coker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars">"Slick Rick: Behind Bars"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202153447/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars">Archived</a> February 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rolling Stone, March 9, 1995. Andrew Drever, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/22/1066631489557.html?from=storyrhs">"Jungle Brothers still untamed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192229/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/22/1066631489557.html?from=storyrhs">Archived</a> June 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Age [Australia], October 24, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Roni Sariq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypages.com/databank/18/854/article3420.asp">"Crazy Wisdom Masters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123092309/http://citypages.com/databank/18/854/article3420.asp">Archived</a> November 23, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, City Pages, April 16, 1997. Will Hodgkinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1044954,00.html">"Adventures on the wheels of steel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515044706/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1044954,00.html">Archived</a> May 15, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, September 19, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Per Coker, Hodgkinson, Drever, Thill, O'Neal Parker and Sariq above. Additionally: Cheo H. Coker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/114772/review/5944793">"KRS-One: Krs-One"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114082045/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/114772/review/5944793">Archived</a> January 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rolling Stone, November 16, 1995. Andrew Pettie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/08/11/bmchuck11.xml&sSheet=/arts/2005/08/11/ixartleft.html">"'Where rap went wrong'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205120759/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2005%2F08%2F11%2Fbmchuck11.xml&sSheet=%2Farts%2F2005%2F08%2F11%2Fixartleft.html">Archived</a> December 5, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Daily Telegraph, August 11, 2005. Mosi Reeves, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0205,reeves,31875,22.html">"Easy-Chair Rap"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104183504/http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0205%2Creeves%2C31875%2C22.html">Archived</a> November 4, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Village Voice, January 29, 2002. Greg Kot, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/81448011.html?dids=81448011">"Hip-Hop Below the Mainstream"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍], Los Angeles Times, September 19, 2001. Cheo Hodari Coker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/16659783.html?dids=16659783">"'It's a Beautiful Feeling'"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1996. Scott Mervis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp">"From Kool Herc to 50 Cent, the story of rap – so far"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182228/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp">Archived</a> June 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 15, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-rollingstone.com-137"><a href="#cite_ref-rollingstone.com_137-0">^</a> Cheo H. Coker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars">"Slick Rick: Behind Bars"</a>, Rolling Stone, March 9, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202153447/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars">Archived</a> February 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatoday.com-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usatoday.com_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usatoday.com_138-1">b</a> Jake Coyle of Associated Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-06-19-spin-top-cd_x.htm">"Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200057/http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-06-19-spin-top-cd_x.htm">Archived</a> June 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published in USA Today, June 19, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Scott Mervis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp">"From Kool Herc to 50 Cent, the story of rap – so far"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182228/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp">Archived</a> June 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 15, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Cobb, Jelani William, 2007, To the Break of Dawn, NYU Press, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Todd "Stereo" (May 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theboombox.com/run-d-m-c-s-raising-hell-turns-30-how-the-kings-from-queens-launched-hip-hops-golden-age/">"How Run-D.M.C.'s 'Raising Hell' Launched Hip-Hop's Golden Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boombox" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boombox">The Boombox</a>. Retrieved February 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boombox&rft.atitle=How+Run-D.M.C.%27s+%27Raising+Hell%27+Launched+Hip-Hop%27s+Golden+Age&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Todd+%22Stereo%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheboombox.com%2Frun-d-m-c-s-raising-hell-turns-30-how-the-kings-from-queens-launched-hip-hops-golden-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rap,_race,_and_censorship-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rap,_race,_and_censorship_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rap,_race,_and_censorship_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rap,_race,_and_censorship_142-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips1992" class="citation news cs1">Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-07-19-ca-4391-story.html">"Cover Study: The Uncivil War: The battle between the Establishment and supporters of rap music reopens old wounds of race and class"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104003238/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-19/entertainment/ca-4391_1_uncivil-war/2">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Cover+Study%3A+The+Uncivil+War%3A+The+battle+between+the+Establishment+and+supporters+of+rap+music+reopens+old+wounds+of+race+and+class&rft.date=1992-07-19&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-07-19-ca-4391-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-143"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232338/http://rap.about.com/od/genresstyles/p/GangstaRap.htm">"Gangsta Rap – What Is Gangsta Rap"</a>. Rap.about.com. October 31, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rap.about.com/od/genresstyles/p/GangstaRap.htm">the original</a> on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gangsta+Rap+%E2%80%93+What+Is+Gangsta+Rap&rft.pub=Rap.about.com&rft.date=2009-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frap.about.com%2Fod%2Fgenresstyles%2Fp%2FGangstaRap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-polrap-144"><a href="#cite_ref-polrap_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamont1999" class="citation book cs1">Lamont, Michele (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXyxrh-5angC&q=%22political+rap%22&pg=PA334">The Cultural Territories of Race: Black and White Boundaries</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226468365" title="Special:BookSources/9780226468365"><bdi>9780226468365</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Territories+of+Race%3A+Black+and+White+Boundaries&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780226468365&rft.aulast=Lamont&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXyxrh-5angC%26q%3D%2522political%2Brap%2522%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2007" class="citation news cs1">Ritchie, Ryan (February 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304170024/http://www.presstelegram.com/entertainment/ci_5315527">"Eazy to be hard"</a>. Press Telegram. Los Angeles Newspaper group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presstelegram.com/entertainment/ci_5315527">the original</a> on March 4, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+Telegram&rft.atitle=Eazy+to+be+hard&rft.date=2007-02-28&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presstelegram.com%2Fentertainment%2Fci_5315527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeflem1993" class="citation book cs1">Deflem, Mathieu (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deflem.blogspot.com/1993/08/rap-rock-and-censorship-1993.html">Rap, Rock, and Censorship: Popular Culture and the Technologies of Justice</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907213505/http://deflem.blogspot.com/1993/08/rap-rock-and-censorship-1993.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rap%2C+Rock%2C+and+Censorship%3A+Popular+Culture+and+the+Technologies+of+Justice.&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Deflem&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeflem.blogspot.com%2F1993%2F08%2Frap-rock-and-censorship-1993.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_blew_away_dozens_of_cops_as_the_Terminator._But_I_don't_hear_anybody_complaining-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_blew_away_dozens_of_cops_as_the_Terminator._But_I_don't_hear_anybody_complaining_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_blew_away_dozens_of_cops_as_the_Terminator._But_I_don't_hear_anybody_complaining_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips1992" class="citation news cs1">Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-07-19-ca-4406-story.html">"Cover Study: 'Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining.': A Q & A with Ice-T about rock, race and the 'Cop Killer' furor"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112203705/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-19/entertainment/ca-4406_1_cop-killer">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Cover+Study%3A+%27Arnold+Schwarzenegger+blew+away+dozens+of+cops+as+the+Terminator.+But+I+don%27t+hear+anybody+complaining.%27%3A+A+Q+%26+A+with+Ice-T+about+rock%2C+race+and+the+%27Cop+Killer%27+furor&rft.date=1992-07-19&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-07-19-ca-4406-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvis_Thomas-LesterMarylou_Tousignant1992" class="citation news cs1">Avis Thomas-Lester; Marylou Tousignant (June 25, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/06/25/reaction-to-ice-t-song-heats-up/6d8959c7-173f-4f93-9a26-36935442febb/">"Reaction to Ice-T Song Heats Up"</a>. 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CRESPPA - Centre de Recherches Sociologiques et Politiques de Paris (in French). Retrieved November 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CRESPPA+-+Centre+de+Recherches+Sociologiques+et+Politiques+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Quarante+ans+de+rap+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hammou&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-02897051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-295"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851914668">Les 100 albums légendaires du rap</a>. Consart éd. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940464-38-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-940464-38-8"><bdi>978-2-940464-38-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851914668">851914668</a>. Retrieved November 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+100+albums+l%C3%A9gendaires+du+rap&rft.pub=Consart+%C3%A9d&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851914668&rft.isbn=978-2-940464-38-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F851914668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunonFernandezImpr._Chirat)2010" class="citation book cs1">Brunon, Laura; Fernandez, Mariano; Impr. Chirat) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/690359542">Quand le rap sort de sa bulle sociologie politique d'un succès populaire</a>. Irma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916668-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-916668-28-4"><bdi>978-2-916668-28-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/690359542">690359542</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quand+le+rap+sort+de+sa+bulle+sociologie+politique+d%27un+succ%C3%A8s+populaire&rft.pub=Irma&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F690359542&rft.isbn=978-2-916668-28-4&rft.aulast=Brunon&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+Mariano&rft.au=Impr.+Chirat%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F690359542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-297"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470589497">Le rap ou L'artisanat de la rime: stylistique de l'egotrip</a>. L'Harmattan. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-06783-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-06783-7"><bdi>978-2-296-06783-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470589497">470589497</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+rap+ou+L%27artisanat+de+la+rime%3A+stylistique+de+l%27egotrip&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470589497&rft.isbn=978-2-296-06783-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F470589497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenono2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Genono (May 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiofrance.fr/mouv/sefyu-les-15-ans-de-qui-suis-je-1756900">"Sefyu: les 15 ans de "Qui suis-je ?""</a>. Mouv' (in French). Retrieved November 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mouv%27&rft.atitle=Sefyu%3A+les+15+ans+de+%22Qui+suis-je+%3F%22&rft.date=2021-05-09&rft.au=Genono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiofrance.fr%2Fmouv%2Fsefyu-les-15-ans-de-qui-suis-je-1756900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiphopcorner.fr/mais-quest-devenu-sefyu-chronique/">"Sefyu: Retour sur la carrière du rappeur d'Aulnay"</a>. Hip Hop Corner: Actu rap français, US et culture (in French). July 4, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2022. <q>Pour raviver les souvenirs liés à Sefyu, il faut se reporter au début des années 2 000. Youssef Soukouna n'était à l'origine même pas dévoué au rap. Là ou il témoigne d'un talent précoce en rédigeant ses premières rimes assez tôt, c'est d'avantage sa maîtrise du ballon rond qui le caractérise. Toutefois membre d'un groupe local avec ses amis Baba et Kuamen(NCC: Nouveaux Clandés de la Cité, puis rebaptisé New City Connection) en parallèle, il délaissera finalement le sport afin de se consacrer pleinement à son activité artistique. A Londres, puisqu'il s'entrainait au centre de formation d'Arsenal, il se blesse grièvement au genoux et rentre à Paris. Quittant également NCC, il décide de s'immerger pleinement dans le rap. C'est l'occasion d'enchaîner plusieurs apparitions, notamment aux côtés de Rohff sur Code 187 (album "La Fierté des Nôtres").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hip+Hop+Corner%3A+Actu+rap+fran%C3%A7ais%2C+US+et+culture&rft.atitle=Sefyu%3A+Retour+sur+la+carri%C3%A8re+du+rappeur+d%27Aulnay&rft.date=2017-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhiphopcorner.fr%2Fmais-quest-devenu-sefyu-chronique%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visittampere.fi/article/blockfest">"Blockfest 2016"</a>. Visit Tampere (in Finnish). Visit Tampere Matkailuneuvonta. Retrieved April 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Tampere&rft.atitle=Blockfest+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisittampere.fi%2Farticle%2Fblockfest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10858876">"Hiphop-festivaali Blockfest myytiin loppuun ennätysajassa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YLE" class="mw-redirect" title="YLE">YLE</a> (in Finnish). July 2, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YLE&rft.atitle=Hiphop-festivaali+Blockfest+myytiin+loppuun+enn%C3%A4tysajassa&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fuutiset%2F3-10858876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiadi2015" class="citation book cs1">Liadi, Olusegun (2015). Popularity of Hip Hop Among Nigeria Youth: The Role of Multilingualism. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-659-57269-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-659-57269-2"><bdi>978-3-659-57269-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popularity+of+Hip+Hop+Among+Nigeria+Youth%3A+The+Role+of+Multilingualism&rft.pub=Lap+Lambert+Academic+Publishing+GmbH+KG&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-659-57269-2&rft.aulast=Liadi&rft.aufirst=Olusegun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdebiyi2024" class="citation web cs1">Adebiyi, Adeayo (March 25, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/mi-abaga-describes-hip-hop-as-the-truest-art-form/95mxlk9">"Hip hop is the genre that has fed most other genres - MI Abaga"</a>. Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved September 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pulse+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Hip+hop+is+the+genre+that+has+fed+most+other+genres+-+MI+Abaga&rft.date=2024-03-25&rft.aulast=Adebiyi&rft.aufirst=Adeayo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulse.ng%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fmi-abaga-describes-hip-hop-as-the-truest-art-form%2F95mxlk9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment+arts-10634496">"Nigerian hip hop grows in popularity"</a>. BBC News. 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Retrieved September 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radrafrica.com&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Drill%3B+Odumodublvck+is+the+Heartbeat+of+Afro+Drill+Rap.+-+Radr+Africa&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Idawo&rft.aufirst=Anu-Oluwapo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradrafrica.com%2Fnigerian-drill-odumodublvck-is-the-heartbeat-of-afro-drill-rap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeslive2017" class="citation news cs1">Timeslive, timeslive (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-09-09-while-zuma-is-not-the-best-president-he-deserves-respect-says-rapper-pope-troy/">"While Zuma is not the best president' he deserves respect' says rapper Pope Troy"</a>. Times Live. Retrieved May 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Live&rft.atitle=While+Zuma+is+not+the+best+president%27+he+deserves+respect%27+says+rapper+Pope+Troy&rft.date=2017-09&rft.aulast=Timeslive&rft.aufirst=timeslive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeslive.co.za%2Ftshisa-live%2Ftshisa-live%2F2017-09-09-while-zuma-is-not-the-best-president-he-deserves-respect-says-rapper-pope-troy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbull.com/za-en/brief-history-of-sa-hip-hop">"A Brief History of: SA Hip Hop"</a>. Red Bull. June 28, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Bull&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of%3A+SA+Hip+Hop&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbull.com%2Fza-en%2Fbrief-history-of-sa-hip-hop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/bet-hip-hop-awards-2023-all-winners">"BET Hip Hop Awards 2023: All the winners"</a>. Music In Africa. October 11, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+In+Africa&rft.atitle=BET+Hip+Hop+Awards+2023%3A+All+the+winners&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fmagazine%2Fbet-hip-hop-awards-2023-all-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowie2021" class="citation web cs1">Cowie, Del (February 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socanmagazine.ca/features/the-decade-in-canadian-hip-hop-2010-2020/">"The Decade in Canadian Hip-hop, 2010–2020"</a>. Socan Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203184814/https://www.socanmagazine.ca/features/the-decade-in-canadian-hip-hop-2010-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socan+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Decade+in+Canadian+Hip-hop%2C+2010%E2%80%932020&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socanmagazine.ca%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-decade-in-canadian-hip-hop-2010-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toop,_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Toop, David">David Toop</a> (1984/1991). Rap Attack II: African Rap To Global Hip Hop. New York. New York: Serpent's Tail. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85242-243-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85242-243-2">1-85242-243-2</a>.</li> <li>McLeod, Kembrew. Interview with <a href="/wiki/Chuck_D" title="Chuck D">Chuck D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hank_Shocklee" class="mw-redirect" title="Hank Shocklee">Hank Shocklee</a>. 2002. Stay Free Magazine.</li> <li>Corvino, Daniel and Livernoche, Shawn (2000). A Brief History of Rhyme and Bass: Growing Up With Hip Hop. Tinicum, PA: Xlibris Corporation/The Lightning Source, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4010-2851-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4010-2851-9">1-4010-2851-9</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li>Hess, Mickey (2009). Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide: Volume 1: East Coast and West Coast Greenwood. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313343233" title="Special:BookSources/0313343233">0313343233</a></li> <li>Rose, Tricia (1994). "Black Noise". Middletown, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6275-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6275-0">0-8195-6275-0</a></li> <li>Potter, Russell (1995) Spectacular Vernaculars: Hip-Hop and the Politics of Postmodernism. Albany: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2626-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2626-2">0-7914-2626-2</a></li> <li>Light, Alan (ed). (1999). The VIBE History of Hip-Hop. New York: Three Rivers Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80503-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80503-7">0-609-80503-7</a></li> <li>George, Nelson (2000, rev. 2005). Hip-Hop America. New York: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028022-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028022-7">0-14-028022-7</a></li> <li>Fricke, Jim and Ahearn, Charlie (eds). (2002). Yes Yes Y'All: The <a href="/wiki/Experience_Music_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience Music Project">Experience Music Project</a> Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade. New York: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81184-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81184-7">0-306-81184-7</a></li> <li>Kitwana, Bakar (2004). The State of Hip-Hop Generation: how hip-hop's culture movement is evolving into political power. Retrieved December 4, 2006. From Ohio Link Database</li> <li>Chang, Jeff (2005). <a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Won%27t_Stop_(book)" title="Can't Stop Won't Stop (book)">Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation</a>. Picador, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-42579-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-42579-1">0-312-42579-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Jeff (November–December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/12/its-a-hip-hop-world/">"It's a Hip-hop World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> (163): 58–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305155753/http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/12/its-a-hip-hop-world/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+Hip-hop+World&rft.issue=163&rft.pages=58-65&rft.date=2007-11%2F2007-12&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2009%2F10%2F12%2Fits-a-hip-hop-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiawara1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manthia_Diawara" title="Manthia Diawara">Diawara, Manthia</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofafrica00diaw">In Search of Africa</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44611-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44611-3"><bdi>978-0-674-44611-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44611-3&rft.aulast=Diawara&rft.aufirst=Manthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofafrica00diaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>George, Nelson. Hip Hop America. Penguin, 2005.</li> <li>Katz, Mark. Groove Music. The Art and Culture of the Hip Hop DJ. OUP, 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hip_hop_music" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCNC_qGcgkgC">Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation</a>—by Jeff Chang</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527001414/http://books.google.com/books?id=dywEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66">"Back in the Days"</a>—<a href="/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)" title="Vibe (magazine)">Vibe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-04-02-ca-1582-story.html">"Rap: Striking Tales of Black Frustration and Pride Shake the Pop Mainstream"</a>—by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hilburn" title="Robert Hilburn">Robert Hilburn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicans.com/music/articles_reggae/when-did-reggae-become-ra.shtml">When did Reggae become Rap?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320034026/http://www.jamaicans.com/music/articles_reggae/when-did-reggae-become-ra.shtml">Archived</a> March 20, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by D. George</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014160831/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/hip_hop_730">"National Geographic Hip Hop Overview"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/hip_hop_730">the original</a> on October 14, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Hip+Hop+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmusic.nationalgeographic.com%2Fworldmusic%2Fview%2Fpage.basic%2Fgenre%2Fcontent.genre%2Fhip_hop_730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivo,_W.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Olivo, W. (March 2001). "Phat Lines: Spelling Conventions in Rap Music". Written Language & Literacy. 4 (1): 67–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fwll.4.1.05oli">10.1075/wll.4.1.05oli</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Written+Language+%26+Literacy&rft.atitle=Phat+Lines%3A+Spelling+Conventions+in+Rap+Music&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-85&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fwll.4.1.05oli&rft.au=Olivo%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHip+hop+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-07-19-ca-4391-story.html">"The Uncivil War: The battle between the Establishment and supporters of rap music reopens old wounds of race and class"</a>—by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Philips" title="Chuck Philips">Chuck Philips</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachrock.org/lesson/the-historical-roots-of-hip-hop/">The Historical Roots of Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whosampled.com">WhoSampled</a> – a user-generated database of interpolations and samples, covers and remixes, in all types of music, with an emphasis on hip-hop</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hip_hop" title="Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hip_hop" title="Template talk:Hip hop"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hip_hop" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hip_hop" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">DJing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emceeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emceeing">Emceeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" title="Hip hop fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_activism" title="Hip hop activism">Activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT hip hop">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" title="List of hip hop festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_theater" title="Hip-hop theater">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-school_hip_hop" title="New-school hip hop">New school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_underground_scene" title="Bristol underground scene">Bristol underground scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" title="Alternative hip hop">Alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_hop" title="Hipster hop">Hipster hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_bap" title="Boom bap">Boom bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Road_rap" title="UK rap">Road rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipmunk_soul" title="Chipmunk soul">Chipmunk soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(rap)" title="Chopper (rap)">Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">Freestyle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental hip hop">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" title="Lofi hip hop">Lofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerdcore" title="Nerdcore">Nerdcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chap_hop" title="Chap hop">Chap hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Conscious_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">Conscious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rap" title="Progressive rap">Progressive rap</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" title="Christian hip hop">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hip_hop" title="Underground hip hop">Underground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" title="Hardcore hip hop">Hardcore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">Dirty rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap#Mafioso_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Mafioso rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats#Afro_trap" title="Afrobeats">Afro trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Brooklyn drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club#Jersey_club_rap" title="Jersey club">Jersey drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill#Sample_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Sample drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_drill" title="UK drill">UK drill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Latin trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_music" title="Plugg music">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(music_genre)" title="Rage (music genre)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_on_Dying#Tread_style" title="Working on Dying">Tread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Trap_scene" title="UK rap">UK trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">Pop rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rap" title="Psychedelic rap">Psychedelic rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga#Ragga_and_hip_hop_music" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_opera" title="Rap opera">Rap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal#Trap_metal" title="Rap metal">Trap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Ethnic_fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_flava" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongo flava">Bongo flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Cumbia rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" title="Hip hop galsen">Hip hop galsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Igbo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_bap" title="Low bap">Low bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">Na mele paleoleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican rap">Nuyorican rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo-salsa" title="Songo-salsa">Songo-salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam_rap" title="Scam rap">Scam rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronda" title="Stronda">Stronda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Pasifika" title="Urban Pasifika">Urban Pasifika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_rap" title="Vigilante rap">Vigilante rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Derived_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres">Electronic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch hop">Glitch hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative reggaeton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop_by_country" title="Category:Hip hop by country">Regional scenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/African_hip_hop" title="African hip hop">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" title="Algerian hip hop">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan hip hop">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_hip_hop" title="Beninese hip hop">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswana hip hop">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip_hop" title="Gambian hip hop">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian hip hop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip_hop" title="Malawian hip hop">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian hip hop">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian hip hop">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Harcourt hip hop">Port Harcourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="South African hip hop">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian hip hop">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_hip_hop" title="Asian hip hop">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia#Hip_hop" title="Music of Armenia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_hip_hop" title="Azerbaijani hip hop">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_hip_hop" title="Bangladeshi hip hop">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_hip_hop" title="Burmese hip hop">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hip_hop" title="Chinese hip hop">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip_hop" title="Indian hip hop">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desi_hip_hop" title="Desi hip hop">Desi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_hip_hop" title="Indonesian hip hop">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" title="Japanese hip hop">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_hip_hop" title="Korean hip hop">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_hip_hop" title="Malaysian hip hop">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_hip_hop" title="Mongolian hip hop">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_hip_hop" title="Nepalese hip hop">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani hip hop">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip_hop" title="Pinoy hip hop">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_hip_hop" title="Singapore hip hop">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_hip_hop" title="Sri Lankan hip hop">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hip_hop" title="Taiwanese hip hop">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_hip_hop" title="Thai hip hop">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/European_hip_hop" title="European hip hop">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_hip_hop" title="Albanian hip hop">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_hip_hop" title="Austrian hip hop">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hip_hop" title="Belgian hip hop">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinian_hip_hop" title="Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip hop">Bosnian and Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic hip hop">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_hip_hop" title="Scottish hip hop">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_hip_hop" title="Bulgarian hip hop">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_hip_hop" title="Croatian hip hop">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hip_hop" title="Czech hip hop">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip_hop" title="Dutch hip hop">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_hip_hop" title="Finnish hip hop">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga" title="Hip hop tuga">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_hip_hop" title="Hungarian hip hop">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_hip_hop" title="Icelandic hip hop">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_hip_hop" title="Irish hip hop">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_hip_hop" title="Macedonian hip hop">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin hip hop">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian hip hop">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_hip_hop" title="Polish hip hop">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_hip_hop" title="Romanian hip hop">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_hip_hop" title="Russian hip hop">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_hip_hop" title="Serbian hip hop">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_hip_hop" title="Slovak hip hop">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_hip_hop" title="Slovenian hip hop">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish hip hop">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_hip_hop" title="Swedish hip hop">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_hip_hop" title="Swiss hip hop">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop" title="Ukrainian hip hop">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" title="Middle Eastern hip hop">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian hip hop">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian hip hop">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_hip_hop" title="Yemeni hip hop">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_hip_hop" title="Category:North American hip hop">North American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline">United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey#Hip-Hop" title="Music of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop,_R&B,_and_Nu_Soul" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" title="Chicago hip hop">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip_hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip_hop" title="Twin Cities hip hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin hip hop">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip_hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_hip_hop" title="Asian American hip hop">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_hip_hop" title="Native American hip hop">Native American</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist inline" style="display:block">Outside the US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hip_hop" title="Canadian hip hop">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_hip_hop" title="Cuban hip hop">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic#Hip_hop" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop" title="Haitian hip hop">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_hip_hop" title="Mexican hip hop">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_hip_hop" title="Salvadoran hip hop">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_hip_hop" title="Category:Oceanian hip hop">Oceanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hip_hop" title="Australian hip hop">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_hip_hop" title="New Zealand hip hop">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_American_hip_hop" title="Category:South American hip hop">South American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_hip_hop" title="Brasília hip hop">Brasília</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Hip_hop_and_rap" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia#Colombian_urban_and_hip-hop_music" title="Music of Colombia">Colombian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Record player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_skit" title="Hip hop skit">Hip hop skit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_and_social_injustice" title="Hip hop and social injustice">Social injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_vixen" title="Video vixen">Video vixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_violence_in_hip_hop" title="Partner violence in hip hop">Partner violence in hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_representations_in_hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT representations in hip hop music">LGBT representations in hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism in hip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop" title="Category:Hip hop">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template talk:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Early 20th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940s <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1950s <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1960s <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1970s <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1980s <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1990s <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2000s <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2010s <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/28px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/42px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/56px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Portal:Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hip_hop_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_hiphop_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Regional hiphop in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_hiphop_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regional hiphop in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_hiphop_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional hiphop in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hip_hop_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hip hop</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" title="Chicago hip hop">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denver#Hip-hop/rap" title="Music of Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip_hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston hip hop">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip_hop" title="Twin Cities hip hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounce Music">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip_hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop,_R&B,_and_Nu_Soul" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic-based_music_styles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronica" title="Template:Electronica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronica" title="Template talk:Electronica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic-based_music_styles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a>-based music styles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">Electronic dance music</a> · <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">Electronica</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres">Genres</a> by <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_electronic_music_genres" title="Timeline of electronic music genres">decade of origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Amplified guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">Electric blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii#Guitar_innovations" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">Tape music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronische_Musik" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronische Musik">Elektronische Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_electronic_music" title="Live electronic music">Live electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_age_pop" title="Space age pop">Space age pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_funk" title="Psychedelic funk">Psychedelic funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampledelia" title="Sampledelia">Sampledelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">Space music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Afro/cosmic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Space disco">Space disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropunk">Electropunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanoise" title="Japanoise">Japanoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_wave" title="Minimal wave">Minimal wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">Reggae fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient pop">Ambient pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_ambient" title="Dark ambient">Dark ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubtronica" title="Dubtronica">Dubtronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-industrial" title="Electro-industrial">Electro-industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_body_music" title="Electronic body music">Electronic body music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Electropop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_electronica" title="Ethnic electronica">Ethnic electronica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuduro" title="Kuduro">Kuduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">Turbo-folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_house" title="Ambient house">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_beat" title="Balearic beat">Balearic beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_house" title="Deep house">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_sound" title="New Jersey sound">Jersey sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_house" title="Latin house">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_house" title="Tech house">Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_house" title="Tribal house">Tribal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">Industrial hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_industrial" title="Martial industrial">Martial industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_beat" title="New beat">New beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power electronics (music)">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Synth-metal">Synth-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_techno" title="Acid techno">Acid techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_techno" title="Bleep techno">Bleep techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_techno" title="Detroit techno">Detroit techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracker_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker music">Tracker music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_dub" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient dub">Ambient dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_techno" title="Ambient techno">Ambient techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_underground" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian underground">Asian underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangragga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhangragga">Bhangragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_beat" title="Big beat">Big beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat_hardcore" title="Breakbeat hardcore">Breakbeat hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkcore" title="Darkcore">Darkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">Happy hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toytown_techno" title="Toytown techno">Toytown techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_beat" title="Broken beat">Broken beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changa_tuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Changa tuki">Changa tuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_electro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark electro">Dark electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_song" title="Denpa song">Denpa song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Disco polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva_house" title="Diva house">Diva house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardbag" title="Hardbag">Hardbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtempo" title="Downtempo">Downtempo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol sound">Bristol sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psybient" class="mw-redirect" title="Psybient">Psybient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a> <ul><li>Heavy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkstep" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkstep">Darkstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstep" title="Hardstep">Hardstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofunk" title="Neurofunk">Neurofunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techstep" title="Techstep">Techstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">Jungle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ragga_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragga jungle">Ragga jungle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Light <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_drum_and_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric drum and bass">Atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_drum_and_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent drum and bass">Intelligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazzstep" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazzstep">Jazzstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_funk" title="Liquid funk">Liquid funk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_techno" title="Dub techno">Dub techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_synth" title="Dungeon synth">Dungeon synth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">Electroclash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktronica" title="Folktronica">Folktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nu_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu disco">Nu disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funkot" title="Funkot">Funkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurepop" title="Futurepop">Futurepop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(genre)" title="Footwork (genre)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">Hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hardcore_techno" title="Belgian hardcore techno">Belgian techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncy_techno" title="Bouncy techno">Bouncy techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakcore" title="Breakcore">Breakcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_tekno_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free tekno (music)">Free tekno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchcore" title="Frenchcore">Frenchcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">Gabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstyle" title="Hardstyle">Hardstyle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lento_violento" title="Lento violento">Lento violento</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-core" title="J-core">J-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1kina" title="Mákina">Mákina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedcore" title="Speedcore">Speedcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_noise_wall" title="Harsh noise wall">Harsh noise wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indietronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indietronica">Indietronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_techno" title="Industrial techno">Industrial techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_%27n%27_bass" title="Drill 'n' bass">Drill 'n' bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidandali" title="Kidandali">Kidandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band#1996–2008:_rise_of_Phish_and_music_festivals" title="Jam band">Livetronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhouse" title="Merenhouse">Merenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhouse" title="Microhouse">Microhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_techno" title="Minimal techno">Minimal techno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schaffel" title="Schaffel">Schaffel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro_swing" title="Electro swing">Electro swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_skool_breaks" title="Nu skool breaks">Nu skool breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_noise" title="Power noise">Power noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">Progressive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psydub" title="Psydub">Psydub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dembow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dembow">Dembow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_trance" title="Acid trance">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_trance" title="Balearic trance">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_trance" title="Dream trance">Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_trance" title="Goa trance">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance#Hands_Up" title="Eurodance">Hands Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_trance" title="Hard trance">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive trance">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_trance" title="Psychedelic trance">Psy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_trance" title="Tech trance">Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplifting_trance" title="Uplifting trance">Uplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal trance">Vocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-step_garage" title="2-step garage">2-step</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakstep" title="Breakstep">Breakstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_garage" title="Speed garage">Speed garage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_hard_house" title="UK hard house">UK hard house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardbass" title="Hardbass">Hardbass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_NRG" title="Hard NRG">Hard NRG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassline_(music_genre)" title="Bassline (music genre)">Bassline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budots" title="Budots">Budots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music" title="Christian electronic dance music">Christian electronic dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9-d%C3%A9cal%C3%A9" title="Coupé-décalé">Coupé-décalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall_pop" title="Dancehall pop">Dancehall pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reggaestep" title="Reggaestep">Reggaestep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_house" title="Electro house">Electro house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complextro" class="mw-redirect" title="Complextro">Complextro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch house">Dutch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidget_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidget house">Fidget house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_garage" title="Future garage">Future garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Grime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grindie" title="Grindie">Grindie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology_(music)" title="Hauntology (music)">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnagogic_pop" title="Hypnagogic pop">Hypnagogic pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glo-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Glo-fi">Glo-fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club" title="Jersey club">Jersey club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juke_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Juke house">Juke house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpstyle" title="Jumpstyle">Jumpstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_hardcore" title="Mainstream hardcore">Mainstream hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortec" title="Nortec">Nortec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab%C3%B2day" title="Rabòday">Rabòday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism_(music)" title="Reductionism (music)">Reductionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lowercase_(music)" title="Lowercase (music)">Lowercase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyokei" title="Onkyokei">Onkyokei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_music" title="Russ music">Russ music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambass" title="Sambass">Sambass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangaan_electro" title="Shangaan electro">Shangaan electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweee" title="Skweee">Skweee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthwave" title="Synthwave">Synthwave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovietwave" title="Sovietwave">Sovietwave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecno_brega" title="Tecno brega">Tecno brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trival">Trival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_bass" title="UK bass">UK bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_funky" title="UK funky">UK funky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkstep" title="Funkstep">Funkstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocaloid_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocaloid music">Vocaloid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_pop" title="Wonky pop">Wonky pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorave" title="Algorave">Algorave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amapiano" title="Amapiano">Amapiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_room_house" title="Big room house">Big room house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_MIDI" title="Black MIDI">Black MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian bass">Brazilian bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">Bro-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructed_club" title="Deconstructed club">Deconstructed club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreampunk" title="Dreampunk">Dreampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funktronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Funktronica">Funktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_bass" title="Future bass">Future bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_future_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawaii future bass">Kawaii future bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_house" title="Future house">Future house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_soul" title="Future soul">Future soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle terror">Jungle terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" title="Lofi hip hop">Lofi hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahraganat" title="Mahraganat">Mahraganat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_bounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne bounce">Melbourne bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moombahcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Moombahcore">Moombahcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahsoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Moombahsoul">Moombahsoul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_house" title="Outsider house">Outsider house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-dubstep" title="Post-dubstep">Post-dubstep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brostep" title="Brostep">Brostep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim_(genre)" title="Riddim (genre)">Riddim (genre)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rara_tech" title="Rara tech">Rara tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seapunk" title="Seapunk">Seapunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamstep" title="Shamstep">Shamstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music_(EDM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap music (EDM)">EDM trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_house" title="Tropical house">Tropical house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardvapour" title="Hardvapour">Hardvapour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallsoft" title="Mallsoft">Mallsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_%26_screwed#Slowed_and_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopped & screwed">Slowed and reverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_music" title="Wave music">Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwave">Hardwave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_SoundCloud" title="Weird SoundCloud">Weird SoundCloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakcore#2020s_revival" title="Breakcore">Breakcore revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_phonk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift phonk">Drift phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop#Related_genres" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop microgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)#Proliferation_of_micro-subgenres" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg microgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage rap">Rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(music)" title="Drop (music)">Beat drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">Sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgenre" title="Microgenre">Microgenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house_party" title="Acid house party">Acid house party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">Doof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">EDM festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">Free party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">Teknival</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">House dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave dance">Rave dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_music" title="Bass music">Bass music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chill-out_music" title="Chill-out music">Chill-out music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lounge_music" title="Lounge music">Lounge music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music">Doujin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_electronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive electronica">Progressive electronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave music">Rave music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_music" title="Adaptive music">Adaptive music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)#Music_shows_and_dances" title="Bass (sound)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sonification" title="Data sonification">Data sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum break">Drum break</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sampled_drum_breaks" title="Category:Sampled drum breaks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">Waveform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11401#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4303517-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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