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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remittances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remittances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Remittances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remittances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voluntary_and_forced_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_and_forced_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voluntary and forced migration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voluntary_and_forced_migration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voluntary and forced migration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_and_forced_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voluntary_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Voluntary migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Forced migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transit migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_labor_migration_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_labor_migration_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contemporary labor migration theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_labor_migration_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary labor migration theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_labor_migration_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Research contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoclassical_economic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassical_economic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Neoclassical economic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassical_economic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_labor_market_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_labor_market_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Dual labor market theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_labor_market_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_economics_of_labor_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_economics_of_labor_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>New economics of labor migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_economics_of_labor_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_deprivation_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_deprivation_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Relative deprivation theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_deprivation_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_systems_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_systems_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>World systems theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_systems_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmosis_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmosis_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Osmosis theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmosis_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social-scientific_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social-scientific_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social-scientific theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social-scientific_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social-scientific theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social-scientific_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Political science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historical theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ravenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ravenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ravenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ravenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Push_and_pull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Push_and_pull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Push and pull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Push_and_pull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Climate cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food,_sex,_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food,_sex,_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Food, sex, and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food,_sex,_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Other models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Migration governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Migration_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Migration governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Migration_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Migration programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human migration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menslike_migrasie" title="Menslike migrasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Menslike migrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration" title="Migration – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Migration" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هجرة بشرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هجرة بشرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="জনপ্ৰব্ৰজন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জনপ্ৰব্ৰজন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_humana" title="Migración humana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Migración humana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="प्रवास – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="प्रवास" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyp%C3%B3ra_jeva" title="Yvypóra jeva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvypóra jeva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miqrasiya" title="Miqrasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Miqrasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-kh%C3%A1u_so%C3%A1-t%C4%81ng" title="Jîn-kháu soá-tāng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-kháu soá-tāng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Халыҡтың миграцияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халыҡтың миграцияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Міграцыя насельніцтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міграцыя насельніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Перасяленьне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Перасяленьне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Миграция на населението – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миграция на населението" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migracija_stanovni%C5%A1tva" title="Migracija stanovništva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Migracija stanovništva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divroa%C3%B1" title="Divroañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Divroañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3_humana" title="Migració humana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Migració humana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsk%C3%A1_migrace" title="Lidská migrace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidská migrace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudo_dynol" title="Mudo dynol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mudo dynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration" title="Migration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Migration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4nne" title="Ränne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ränne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Μεταναστευτικές ροές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταναστευτικές ροές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_humana" title="Migración humana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Migración humana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrado" title="Migrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Migrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_migrazio" title="Giza migrazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza migrazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مهاجرت انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهاجرت انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_humaine" title="Migration humaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Migration humaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsklike_migraasje" title="Minsklike migraasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minsklike migraasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_humana" title="Migración humana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Migración humana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%99" title="인구이동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인구이동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բնակչության միգրացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բնակչության միգրացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="मानव प्रवास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव प्रवास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrado" title="Migrado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Migrado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasi_manusia" title="Migrasi manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Migrasi manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_human" title="Migration human – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Migration human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lksflutningar" title="Fólksflutningar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fólksflutningar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrazione_umana" title="Migrazione umana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Migrazione umana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נדידת עמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נדידת עמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasi" title="Migrasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Migrasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიგრაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიგრაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migracja_l%C3%ABdzy" title="Migracja lëdzy – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Migracja lëdzy" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Миграция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миграция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwimuka_kwabantu" title="Kwimuka kwabantu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kwimuka kwabantu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhamiaji_wa_binadamu" title="Uhamiaji wa binadamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhamiaji wa binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratio" title="Migratio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Migratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju_migr%C4%81cija" title="Iedzīvotāju migrācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iedzīvotāju migrācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratioun" title="Migratioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Migratioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratie" title="Migratie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Migratie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ndorl%C3%A1s" title="Vándorlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vándorlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Преселба на населението – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Преселба на населението" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიგრაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიგრაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghijrahan" title="Penghijrahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penghijrahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хүн амын шилжих хөдөлгөөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүн амын шилжих хөдөлгөөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပြောင်းရွှေ့နေထိုင်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြောင်းရွှေ့နေထိုင်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menselijke_migratie" title="Menselijke migratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menselijke migratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="बसाइँ सराई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बसाइँ सराई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95" title="人口移動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人口移動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasjon" title="Migrasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Migrasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migracion_umana" title="Migracion umana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Migracion umana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aholi_migratsiyasi" title="Aholi migratsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aholi migratsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਪਰਵਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਪਰਵਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%A9%DA%89%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="انساني کډوالي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انساني کډوالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migracja_ludno%C5%9Bci" title="Migracja ludności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Migracja ludności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_humana" title="Migração humana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Migração humana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migra%C8%9Bie_uman%C4%83" title="Migrație umană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Migrație umană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runakunap_astaynin" title="Runakunap astaynin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runakunap astaynin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Миграция населения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миграция населения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human migration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migr%C3%A1cia_(sociol%C3%B3gia)" title="Migrácia (sociológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Migrácia (sociológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migracije" title="Migracije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Migracije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Миграција становништва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Миграција становништва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a 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For a historical overview, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_migration" title="History of human migration">History of human migration</a>. For pre-modern history (Neolithic to AD 1800), see <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">Pre-modern human migration</a>. For specific types of migration, see <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_by_country" title="Immigration by country">Immigration by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">Internal migration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> History and law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_shopping" title="Asylum shopping">Asylum shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externalization_(migration)" title="Externalization (migration)">Externalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">Indefinite leave to remain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">Net migration rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_net_migration_rate" title="List of sovereign states by net migration rate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">Non-refoulement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushback_(migration)" title="Pushback (migration)">Pushback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_migration" title="Return migration">Return migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Social processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li>Human migration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation#Immigrant_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Immigrant assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acculturation_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Acculturation Gap">Acculturation Gap</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Political Theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">Social cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_and_pull_factors_in_migration" title="Push and pull factors in migration">Push and pull factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocentricism">Ethnocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_voting" title="Foot voting">Foot voting</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Causes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_migration" title="Chain migration">Chain migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War#Effects" title="War">War</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Opposition and reform</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_sidebar" title="Template:Immigration sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Immigration_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Immigration sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Human migration</b> is the movement of people from one place to another,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> to another (external migration), but <a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">internal migration</a> (within a single country) is the dominant form of human migration globally.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Migration is often associated with better <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks, facilitating a possible second move.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a high potential to improve human development, and some studies confirm that migration is the most direct route out of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Age is also important for both work and non-work migration.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People may migrate as individuals, in <a href="/wiki/Family_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Family unit">family units</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">large groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four major forms of migration: <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People moving from their home due to <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacement</a> (such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance) may be described as displaced persons or, if remaining in the home country, <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally-displaced persons</a>. People who flee to a different country due to political, religious, or other types of persecution in their home country can formally request shelter in the host country. These people are commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seekers</a>. If the application is approved, their legal classification changes to that of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the goal and reason for relocation, migrants can be divided into three categories: migrants, refugees, and <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seekers</a>. Each category is defined broadly as the combination of circumstances that motivate a person to change their location. As such, <i>migrants</i> are traditionally described as persons who change the country of residence for general reasons. These purposes may include better job opportunities or healthcare needs. This term is the most widely understood, as anyone changing their geographical location permanently is a migrant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee"><i>refugees</i></a> are defined and described as persons who do not willingly relocate. The reasons for the refugees' migration usually involve war actions within the country or other forms of oppression, coming either from the government or non-governmental sources. Refugees are usually associated with people who must unwillingly relocate as fast as possible; hence, such migrants will likely relocate undocumented.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">Asylum seekers</a> are associated with persons who also leave their country unwillingly, yet, who also do not do so under oppressing circumstances such as war or death threats. The motivation to leave the country for asylum seekers might involve an unstable economic or political situation or high <a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">rates of crime</a>. Thus, asylum seekers relocate predominantly to escape the degradation of the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of their lives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomadic</a> movements usually are not regarded as migrations, as the movement is generally <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_human_migration" title="Seasonal human migration">seasonal</a>, there is no intention to settle in the new place, and only a few people have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Temporary movement for travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute is also not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to live and settle in the visited places.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration_patterns_and_related_numbers">Migration patterns and related numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Migration patterns and related numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1990-_Growth_in_share_of_population_that_is_foreign-born_-_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1990-_Growth_in_share_of_population_that_is_foreign-born_-_by_country.svg/246px-1990-_Growth_in_share_of_population_that_is_foreign-born_-_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="246" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1990-_Growth_in_share_of_population_that_is_foreign-born_-_by_country.svg/369px-1990-_Growth_in_share_of_population_that_is_foreign-born_-_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/1990-_Growth_in_share_of_population_that_is_foreign-born_-_by_country.svg/492px-1990-_Growth_in_share_of_population_that_is_foreign-born_-_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">migration to nearly every Western country</a> has risen sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_20240612_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20240612-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slopes of the tops of the differently-colored columns show the rate of percent increase in foreign-born people living in the respective countries.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_Net_Migration_Rate_2015%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Annual_Net_Migration_Rate_2015%E2%80%932020.svg/238px-Annual_Net_Migration_Rate_2015%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Annual_Net_Migration_Rate_2015%E2%80%932020.svg/357px-Annual_Net_Migration_Rate_2015%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Annual_Net_Migration_Rate_2015%E2%80%932020.svg/476px-Annual_Net_Migration_Rate_2015%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1598" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Annual Net Migration Rate 2015–2020. Prediction by UN in 2019.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Migrants_in_the_world_1960-2015-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Migrants_in_the_world_1960-2015-en.png/280px-Migrants_in_the_world_1960-2015-en.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Migrants_in_the_world_1960-2015-en.png/420px-Migrants_in_the_world_1960-2015-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Migrants_in_the_world_1960-2015-en.png/560px-Migrants_in_the_world_1960-2015-en.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>The number of migrants in the world, 1960–2015<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There exist many statistical estimates of worldwide migration patterns. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has published three editions of its <i>Migration and Remittances Factbook</i>, beginning in 2008, with a second edition appearing in 2011 and a third in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_for_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation for Migration">International Organisation for Migration</a> (IOM) has published ten editions of the <i><a href="/wiki/World_Migration_Report" title="World Migration Report">World Migration Report</a></i> since 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a> also keeps a database on worldwide migration.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent advances in research on migration via the Internet promise better understanding of migration patterns and migration motives.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structurally, there is substantial <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South–South</a> and North–North migration; in 2013, 38% of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries, while 23% had migrated from high-income <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries to other high-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> says that "while the North has experienced a higher absolute increase in the migrant stock since 2000 (32 million) compared to the South (25 million), the South recorded a higher growth rate. Between 2000 and 2013, the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions (2.3%) slightly exceeded that of the developed regions (2.1%)."<sup id="cite_ref-UNFrPA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNFrPA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantial internal migration can also take place within a country, either <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_human_migration" title="Seasonal human migration">seasonal human migration</a> (mainly related to agriculture and tourism to urban places), or shifts of the population into cities (<a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a>) or out of cities (<a href="/wiki/Suburbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbanisation">suburbanisation</a>). However, studies of worldwide migration patterns tend to limit their scope to <a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">international migration</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>International migrants, 1970–2015<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Number of migrants</th> <th>Migrants as a % <p> of the world's population </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td>84,460,125</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td>90,368,010</td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>101,983,149</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td>113,206,691</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>152,563,212</td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>160,801,752</td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>172,703,309</td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>191,269,100</td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>221,714,243</td> <td>3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>243,700,236</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>280 598 105</td> <td>3.6%<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Almost half of these migrants are women, one of the most significant migrant-pattern changes in the last half-century.<sup id="cite_ref-UNFrPA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNFrPA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women migrate alone or with their family members and community. Even though female migration is largely viewed as an association rather than independent migration, emerging studies argue complex and manifold reasons for this.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019, the top ten <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration destinations</a> were:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div> <p>In the same year, the top countries of origin were:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Besides these rankings, according to absolute numbers of migrants, the <i>Migration and Remittances Factbook</i> also gives statistics for top immigration destination countries and top emigration origin countries according to percentage of the population; the countries that appear at the top of those rankings are entirely different from the ones in the above rankings and tend to be much smaller countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2, 4">: 2, 4 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Chinatown.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/220px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/330px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/440px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Typical grocery store on <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(Brooklyn)#Chinatown" title="Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn)">8th Avenue</a> in one of the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Brooklyn#Streetscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Brooklyn">Brooklyn Chinatowns</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Americans in New York City">New York City</a>'s multiple <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatowns in New York">Chinatowns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Queens#Streetscape" title="Chinatowns in Queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan#Streetscape" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, and Brooklyn are thriving as traditionally urban <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">enclaves</a>, as large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York,<sup id="cite_ref-Immigrants2013est_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigrants2013est-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Immigrants2012est_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigrants2012est-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> contains the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Americans in New York City">largest ethnic Chinese population</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>As of 2013, the top 15 migration corridors (accounting for at least two million migrants each) were:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexico–United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Russian Federation–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_India" title="Bangladeshis in India">Bangladesh–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Ukraine–Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Russia" title="Kazakhs in Russia">Kazakhstan–Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">China–United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russian Federation–Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghanistan–Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Afghanistan–Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_immigrants_in_Hong_Kong" title="New immigrants in Hong Kong">China–Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Indians in the United Arab Emirates">India–United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Jordan" title="Palestinians in Jordan">West Bank and Gaza–Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">India–United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Indians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Non-Resident Indians in Saudi Arabia">India–Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Philippines–United States</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_impacts">Economic impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_economy">World economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothea_Lange,_Drought_refugees_from_Oklahoma_camping_by_the_roadside,_Blythe,_California,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dorothea_Lange%2C_Drought_refugees_from_Oklahoma_camping_by_the_roadside%2C_Blythe%2C_California%2C_1936.jpg/170px-Dorothea_Lange%2C_Drought_refugees_from_Oklahoma_camping_by_the_roadside%2C_Blythe%2C_California%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dorothea_Lange%2C_Drought_refugees_from_Oklahoma_camping_by_the_roadside%2C_Blythe%2C_California%2C_1936.jpg/255px-Dorothea_Lange%2C_Drought_refugees_from_Oklahoma_camping_by_the_roadside%2C_Blythe%2C_California%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dorothea_Lange%2C_Drought_refugees_from_Oklahoma_camping_by_the_roadside%2C_Blythe%2C_California%2C_1936.jpg/340px-Dorothea_Lange%2C_Drought_refugees_from_Oklahoma_camping_by_the_roadside%2C_Blythe%2C_California%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4586" data-file-height="4474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>, Drought refugees from <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> camping by the roadside, <a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe, California</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>The impacts of human migration on the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a> have been largely positive. In 2015, migrants, who constituted 3.3% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>, contributed 9.4% of global GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a microeconomic level, the value of a human mobility is largely recognized by firms. A 2021 survey by the Boston Consulting Group found that 72% of 850+ executives across several countries and industries believed that migration benefited their countries, and 45% considered globally diverse employees a strategic advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Global_Development" title="Center for Global Development">Centre for Global Development</a>, opening all borders could add $78 trillion to the <a href="/wiki/Gross_world_product" title="Gross world product">world GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remittances">Remittances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Remittances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">Remittances</a> (funds transferred by migrant workers to their home country) form a substantial part of the economy of some countries. The top ten remittance recipients in 2018. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Remittance (in billions of US dollars) </th> <th>Percent of GDP </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>2.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>67</td> <td>0.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>9.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>1.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>25</td> <td>0.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>22</td> <td>5.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>8.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>6.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>5.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>14</td> <td>6.35 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to economic impacts, migrants also make substantial contributions in sociocultural and civic-political life. Sociocultural contributions occur in the following areas of societies: food/cuisine, sport, music, art/culture, ideas and beliefs; civic-political contributions relate to participation in civic duties in the context of accepted authority of the State.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in recognition of the importance of these remittances that the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">Sustainable Development Goal 10</a> targets to substantially reduce the transaction costs of migrants remittances to less than 3% by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voluntary_and_forced_migration">Voluntary and forced migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Voluntary and forced migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Migration is usually divided into <i>voluntary migration</i> and <i>forced migration</i>. The distinction between <i>involuntary</i> (fleeing political conflict or natural disaster) and <i>voluntary migration</i> (economic or <a href="/wiki/Labour_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Migration">labour migration</a>) is difficult to make and partially subjective, as the motivators for migration are often correlated. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimated that, as of 2010, 16.3 million or 7.6% of migrants qualified as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbankfactbook2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbankfactbook2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number grew to 19.5 million by 2014 (comprising approximately 7.9% of the total number of migrants, based on the figure recorded in 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-worldbankfactbook2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbankfactbook2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At levels of roughly 3 percent the share of migrants among the world population has remained remarkably constant over the last 5 decades.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary_migration">Voluntary migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Voluntary migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></div> <p><b>Voluntary migration</b> is based on the initiative and the free will of the person and is influenced by a combination of factors: economic, political and social: either in the migrants' country of origin (determinant factors or "push factors") or in the country of destination (attraction factors or "pull factors"). "Push-pull factors" are the reasons that push or attract people to a particular place. "Push" factors are the negative aspects(for example wars) of the country of origin, often decisive in people's choice to emigrate. The "pull" factors are the positive aspects of a different country that encourages people to emigrate to seek a better life. For example, the government of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> periodically gives incentives to people who will migrate to live in villages close to the border with Azerbaijan. This is an implementation of a push strategy, and the reason people do not want to live near the border is security concerns given tensions and hostility because of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the push-pull factors are opposed, both are sides of the same coin, being equally important. Although specific to forced migration, any other harmful factor can be considered a "push factor" or determinant/trigger factor, such examples being: poor quality of life, lack of jobs, excessive pollution, hunger, drought or natural disasters. Such conditions represent decisive reasons for voluntary migration, the population preferring to migrate in order to prevent financially unfavorable situations or even emotional and physical suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_migration">Forced migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forced migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are contested definitions of forced migration. However, the editors of a leading scientific journal on the subject, the <i><a href="/wiki/Forced_Migration_Review" title="Forced Migration Review">Forced Migration Review</a></i>, offer the following definition: Forced migration refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (displaced by conflict) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These different causes of migration leave people with one choice, to move to a new environment. Immigrants leave their beloved homes to seek a life in camps, spontaneous settlement, and countries of asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 2018, there were an estimated 67.2 million forced migrants globally – 25.9 million refugees displaced from their countries, and 41.3 million internally displaced persons that had been displaced within their countries for different reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, 6 million Ukrainian people fled their country; meanwhile, 3 million Syrian people fled in 3 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transit_migration">Transit migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transit migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transit migration is a highly debated term with no official definition. The common understanding is that it describes immigrants who are in the process of moving to an end goal country. The term was first coined by the UN in 1990 to describe immigrants who were traveling through countries surrounding Europe to end up in a European Union state.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of transit migrants is Central Americans who travel through Mexico in order to live in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "transit migration" has generated a lot of debate among migration scholars and immigration institutions. Some criticize it as a Eurocentric term that was coined to place responsibility of migrants on states outside the European Union; and also to pressure those states to prevent migration onward to the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars note that EU countries also have identical migrant flows and therefore it is not clear (illogical or biased) why it is only migrants in non-EU countries that are labeled as transit migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also argued that the term "transit" glosses over the complexity and difficulty of migrant journeys: migrants face many types of violence while in transit; migrants often have no set end destination and must adjust their plan as they move (migrant journeys can take years and go through several stages). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_labor_migration_theories">Contemporary labor migration theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary labor migration theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous causes impel migrants to move to another country. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> has increased the demand for workers in order to sustain national economies. Thus one category of <a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">economic migrants</a> – generally from impoverished developing countries – migrates to obtain sufficient income for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-unfpa.org_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2018)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such migrants often send some of their income homes to family members in the form of <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">economic remittances</a>, which have become an economic staple in a number of developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People may also move or are forced to move as a result of conflict, of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human-rights violations</a>, of violence, or to escape persecution. In 2014, the UN Refugee agency estimated that around 59.5 million people fell into this category.<sup id="cite_ref-unfpa.org_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reasons people may move include to gain access to opportunities and services or to escape extreme weather. This type of movement, usually from rural to urban areas, may be classed as <a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">internal migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unfpa.org_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2018)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Sociology-cultural and ego-historical factors also play a major role. In North Africa, for example, emigrating to Europe counts as a sign of social prestige. Moreover, many countries were former <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a>. This means that many have relatives who live legally in the (former) colonial <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metro pole</a> and who often provide important help for immigrants arriving in that metropole.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatives may help with job research and with accommodation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographical proximity of Africa to Europe and the long historical ties between Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries also prompt many to migrate.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether a person decides to move to another country depends on the relative skill premier of the source and host countries. One is speaking of <a href="/wiki/Positive_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive selection">positive selection</a> when the host country shows a higher skill premium than the source country. On the other hand, negative selection occurs when the source country displays a lower skill premium. The relative skill premia define migrants selectivity. <a href="/wiki/Age_heaping" class="mw-redirect" title="Age heaping">Age heaping</a> techniques display one method to measure the relative skill premium of a country.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of theories attempt to explain the international flow of capital and people from one country to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennissen,_R_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_contributions">Research contributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Research contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent academic output on migration comprises mainly journal articles. The long-term trend shows a gradual increase in academic publishing on migration, which is likely to be related to the general expansion of academic literature production, and the increased prominence of migration research.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migration and its research have further changed with the revolution in information and communication technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoclassical_economic_theory">Neoclassical economic theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Neoclassical economic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></div> <p>This migration theory states that the main reason for labour migration is wage difference between two geographic locations. These wage differences are usually linked to <a href="/wiki/Geographic_mobility" title="Geographic mobility">geographic labour demand and supply</a>. It can be said that areas with a shortage of labour but an excess of capital have a high relative wage while areas with a high labour supply and a dearth of capital have a low relative wage. Labour tends to flow from low-wage areas to high-wage areas. Often, with this flow of labour comes changes in the sending and the receiving country. Neoclassical economic theory best describes transnational migration because it is not confined by international immigration laws and similar governmental regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennissen,_R_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_labor_market_theory">Dual labor market theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dual labor market theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dual labour market theory states that pull factors in more developed countries mainly cause migration. This theory assumes that the labour markets in these developed countries consist of two segments: the primary market, which requires high-skilled labour, and the secondary market, which is very labour-intensive, requiring low-skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed countries into more developed countries results from a pull created by a need for labour in the developed countries in their secondary market. <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant workers</a> are needed to fill the lowest rung of the labour market because the native labourers do not want to do these jobs as they present a lack of mobility. This creates a need for migrant workers. Furthermore, the initial dearth in available labour pushes wages up, making migration even more enticing.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennissen,_R_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_economics_of_labor_migration">New economics of labor migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New economics of labor migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This theory states that migration flows and patterns cannot be explained solely at the level of individual workers and their economic incentives but that wider social entities must also be considered. One such social entity is the household. Migration can be viewed as a result of risk aversion from a household that has insufficient income. In this case, the household needs extra capital that can be achieved through remittances sent back by family members who participate in migrant labour abroad. These <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">remittances</a> can also have a broader effect on the economy of the sending country as a whole as they bring in capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennissen,_R_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research has examined a decline in US interstate migration from 1991 to 2011, theorising that the reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in the geographic specificity of occupations and an increase in workers' ability to learn about other locations before moving there, through both information technology and inexpensive travel.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers find that the location-specific nature of housing is more important than moving costs in determining labour reallocation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_deprivation_theory">Relative deprivation theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relative deprivation theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Relative deprivation</a></div> <p>Relative deprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbours or other households in the migrant-sending community is essential in migration. The incentive to migrate is a lot higher in areas with a high level of <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>. In the short run, remittances may increase inequality, but in the long run, they may decrease it. There are two stages of migration for workers: first, they invest in human capital formation, and then they try to capitalise on their investments. In this way, successful migrants may use their new capital to provide better schooling for their children and better homes for their families. Successful high-skilled emigrants may serve as an example for neighbours and potential migrants who hope to achieve that level of success.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennissen,_R_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_systems_theory">World systems theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: World systems theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a> looks at migration from a global perspective. It explains that interaction between different societies can be an important factor in social change. Trade with one country, which causes an economic decline in another, may create incentive to migrate to a country with a more vibrant economy. It can be argued that even after decolonisation, the economic dependence of former colonies remains on mother countries. However, this view of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> is controversial, and some argue that free trade can reduce migration between developing and developed countries. It can be argued that the developed countries import labour-intensive goods, which causes an increase in the employment of unskilled workers in the less developed countries, decreasing the outflow of migrant workers. Exporting capital-intensive goods from rich countries to developing countries also equalises income and employment conditions, thus slowing migration. In either direction, this theory can be used to explain migration between countries that are geographically far apart.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennissen,_R_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmosis_theory">Osmosis theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Osmosis theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_migration" title="History of human migration">history of human migration</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> osmosis theory studies the evolution of its natural determinants. In this theory migration is divided into two main types: simple and complicated. The simple migration is divided, in its turn, into diffusion, stabilisation and concentration periods. During these periods, water availability, adequate climate, security and population density represent the natural determinants of human migration. The complicated migration is characterised by the speedy evolution and the emergence of new sub-determinants, notably earning, unemployment, networks, and migration policies. Osmosis theory<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explains analogically human migration by the biophysical phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a>. In this respect, the countries are represented by <a href="/wiki/Animal_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cells">animal cells</a>, the borders by the <a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipermeable membranes">semipermeable membranes</a> and the humans by <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> of water. According to the theory, according to the osmosis phenomenon, humans migrate from countries with less migration pressure to countries with high migration pressure. To measure the latter, the natural determinants of human migration replace the variables of the <a href="/wiki/Second_principle_of_thermodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Second principle of thermodynamics">second principle of thermodynamics</a> used to measure the <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social-scientific_theories">Social-scientific theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social-scientific theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Sociology of immigration</a></div><p>A number of social scientists have examined immigration from a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> perspective, paying particular attention to how immigration affects and is affected by, matters of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human categorisation)">race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a>. They have produced three main sociological perspectives: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">symbolic interactionism</a>, which aims to understand migration via face-to-face interactions on a micro-level</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conflict_theory" title="Social conflict theory">social conflict theory</a>, which examines migration through the prism of competition for <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural functionalism</a> (based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>), which examines the role of migration in fulfilling certain functions within each society, such as the decrease of <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">despair and aimlessness</a> and the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a></li></ul> <p>In the 21st century, as attention has shifted away from countries of destination, sociologists have attempted to understand how <a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">transnationalism</a> allows us to understand the interplay between migrants, their countries of destination, and their countries of origins.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this framework, work on social remittances by <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Levitt" title="Peggy Levitt">Peggy Levitt</a> and others has led to a stronger conceptualisation of how migrants affect socio-political processes in their countries of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much work also takes place in the field of <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">integration</a> of migrants into destination-societies.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_science">Political science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political scientists have put forth a number of theoretical frameworks relating to migration, offering different perspectives on processes of <a href="/wiki/International_security" title="International security">security</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political importance of <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporas</a> has also become in the 21st century a growing field of interest, as scholars examine questions of diaspora <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state-diaspora relations,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out-of-country <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a> processes,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and states' <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this field, the majority of work has focused on immigration politics, viewing migration from the perspective of the country of destination.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> processes, political scientists have expanded on <a href="/wiki/Albert_O._Hirschman" title="Albert O. Hirschman">Albert Hirschman's</a> framework on '"voice" vs. "exit" to discuss how emigration affects the politics within countries of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_theories">Historical theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ravenstein">Ravenstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ravenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_migration" title="Special:EditPage/Human migration">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Certain laws of <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social science</a> have been proposed to describe human migration. The following was a standard list after <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Georg_Ravenstein" title="Ernst Georg Ravenstein">Ernst Georg Ravenstein</a>'s proposal in the 1880s: </p> <ol><li>every migration flow generates a return or counter migration.</li> <li>the majority of migrants move a short distance.</li> <li>migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.</li> <li>urban residents are often less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.</li> <li>families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.</li> <li>most migrants are adults.</li> <li>large towns grow by migration rather than natural increase.</li> <li>migration stage by stage (<a href="/wiki/Step_migration" title="Step migration">step migration</a>).</li> <li>urban, rural difference.</li> <li>migration and technology.</li> <li>economic condition.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Push_and_pull">Push and pull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Push and pull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demographer Everett S. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Push factors</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Not enough jobs</li> <li>Few opportunities</li> <li>Conscription (draft young men into army)</li> <li>Famine or drought</li> <li>Political fear of persecution</li> <li>Poor medical care</li> <li>Loss of wealth</li> <li>Natural disasters</li> <li>Death threats</li> <li>Desire for more political or religious freedom</li> <li>Pollution</li> <li>Poor housing</li> <li>Discrimination</li> <li>Poor chances of marrying</li> <li>War or threat of invasion</li> <li>Disease</li></ul> </div> <p><b>Pull factors</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Job opportunities</li> <li>Better living conditions</li> <li>The feeling of having more political or religious freedom</li> <li>Enjoyment</li> <li>Education</li> <li>Better medical care</li> <li>Attractive climates</li> <li>Security</li> <li>Family links</li> <li>Industry</li> <li>Better chances of marrying</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_cycles">Climate cycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Climate cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement throughout history have had their origins in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climatic cycles</a>, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in Central Asia, especially <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and to its west the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>. People were displaced from their home ground by other tribes trying to find land that essential flocks could graze, each group pushing the next further to the south and west, into the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a>, into <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, or southwards, into the rich pastures of China. Bogumil Terminski uses the term "migratory domino effect" to describe this process in the context of <a href="/wiki/Sea_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea People">Sea People</a> invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food,_sex,_and_security"><span id="Food.2C_sex.2C_and_security"></span>Food, sex, and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Food, sex, and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory is that migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation; Idyorough (2008) believes that towns and cities are a creation of the human struggle to obtain food, sex and security. To produce food, security and reproduction, human beings must, out of necessity, move out of their usual habitation and enter into indispensable social relationships that are cooperative or antagonistic. Human beings also develop the tools and equipment to interact with nature to produce the desired food and security. The improved relationship (cooperative relationships) among human beings and improved technology further conditioned by the push and pull factors all interact together to cause or bring about migration and higher concentration of individuals into towns and cities. The higher the technology of production of food and security and the higher the cooperative relationship among human beings in the production of food and security and the reproduction of the human species, the higher would be the push and pull factors in the migration and concentration of human beings in towns and cities. Countryside, towns and cities do not just exist, but they do so to meet the basic human needs of food, security and the reproduction of the human species. Therefore, migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation. Social services in the towns and cities are provided to meet these basic needs for human survival and pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_models">Other models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipf%27s_law" title="Zipf's law">Zipf's inverse distance law</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_model_of_migration" title="Gravity model of migration">Gravity model of migration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Friction_of_distance" title="Friction of distance">friction of distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_law_for_human_mobility" title="Radiation law for human mobility">Radiation law for human mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_theory" title="Buffer theory">Buffer theory</a></li> <li>Stouffer's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_intervening_opportunities" title="Theory of intervening opportunities">theory of intervening opportunities</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelinsky_Model" title="Zelinsky Model">Zelinsky's Mobility Transition Model</a> (1971)</li> <li>Bauder's regulation of <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labour markets</a> (2006): "suggests that the international migration of workers is necessary for the survival of industrialised economies...[It] turns the conventional view of international migration on its head: it investigates how migration regulates labour markets, rather than labour markets shaping migration flows."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration_governance">Migration governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Migration governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By their very nature, international migration and displacement are transnational issues concerning the origin and destination States and States through which migrants may travel (often referred to as "transit" States) or in which they are hosted following displacement across national borders. And yet, somewhat paradoxically, the majority of migration governance has historically remained with individual states. Their policies and regulations on migration are typically made at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, migration governance has been closely associated with State sovereignty. States retain the power of deciding on the entry and stay of non-nationals because migration directly affects some of the defining elements of a State.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparative surveys reveal varying degrees of openness to migrants across countries, considering policies such as visa availability, employment prerequisites, and paths to residency.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bilateral and multilateral arrangements are features of migration governance at an international level. There are several global arrangements in the form of international treaties in which States have reached an agreement on the application of human rights and the related responsibilities of States in specific areas. The 1966 <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> and the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a> (Refugee Convention) are two significant examples notable for being widely ratified. Other migration conventions have not been so broadly accepted, such as the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, which still has no traditional countries of destination among its States parties. Beyond this, there have been numerous multilateral and global initiatives, dialogues and processes on migration over several decades. The <a href="/wiki/Global_Compact_for_Migration" title="Global Compact for Migration">Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration</a> (Global Compact for Migration) is another milestone, as the first internationally negotiated statement of objectives for migration governance striking a balance between migrants' rights and the principle of States' sovereignty over their territory. Although it is not legally binding, the Global Compact for Migration was adopted by consensus in December 2018 at a United Nations conference in which more than 150 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Member_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Member States">United Nations Member States</a> participated and, later that same month, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> (UNGA), by a vote among the Member States of 152 to 5 (with 12 abstentions).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_programs">Migration programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Migration programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> opens up distant territories and their people to migration, having dominated what is identified as <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_migration#Modern_history" title="History of human migration">modern migration</a>. Colonialism globalized systems of migration and established ties effective until today.<sup id="cite_ref-o590_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o590-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While classic modern colonialism relied on the subjugation and rule of local <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> by small groups of conquering <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropolitan</a> people, soon <a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">forced migration</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> supplanted the subjugated local indigenous peoples. <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a> later continued or established the rule of the colonizers through migration, particularly <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlement</a>. Settler colonies relied on the attraction of <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropolitan</a> migrants with the <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">promise of settlement</a> and increasingly outnumbering, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">displacing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">killing</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>. </p><p>Only in the late stage of colonialism migration flows oriented towards the metropole instead of out or outside of it. After <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> migration ties between former colonies to former metropoles have been continuing. Today's independent countries have developed selective or targeted <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign worker</a> policies or <a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">programs</a>, with the aim of boosting economies with skilled or relatively cheap new local labour, while discrimination and exploitation are often fed by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalist</a> opposition to such policies.<sup id="cite_ref-i573_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i573-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early human migrations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Inmigrante" class="mw-redirect" title="El Inmigrante">El Inmigrante</a></i> – 2005 film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_migrant" title="Environmental migrant">Environmental migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_migration" title="Existential migration">Existential migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminisation_of_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminisation of migration">Feminisation of migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genographic_Project" title="Genographic Project">Genographic Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">Humanitarian crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">International migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Diversity_in_Space_and_Time" title="Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time">Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration to Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">List of diasporas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_literature" title="Migrant literature">Migrant literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Migration in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Most recent common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Queer migration">Queer migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_roulette" title="Refugee roulette">Refugee roulette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_human_migration" title="Religion and human migration">Religion and human migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_migration" title="Return migration">Return migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_barrier" title="Separation barrier">Separation barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowbird_(person)" title="Snowbird (person)">Snowbird (person)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline of maritime migration and exploration</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSociety2010" class="citation web cs1">Society, National Geographic (14 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Human+Migration&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Factivity%2Fintroduction-human-migration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iom.int/wmr/">World Migration Report 2020</a></i>. International Organization for Migration, 2019. "The great majority of people in the world do not migrate across borders; much larger numbers migrate within countries (an estimated 740 million internal migrants in 2009)" (p. 19). "In 2019, there were an estimated 272 million international migrants globally (3.5% of the world's population) .... it is evident that the vast majority of people continue to live in the countries in which they were born" (p. 21).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazumSamkange-Zeeb2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Razum, Oliver; Samkange-Zeeb, Florence (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785003453">"Populations at Special Health Risk: Migrants"</a>. In Quah, Stella R. (ed.). <i>International Encyclopedia of Public Health</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">591–</span>598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-803678-5.00345-3">10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00345-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0128037089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0128037089"><bdi>978-0128037089</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014084425/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785003453">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Remittances+Factbook+2016&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F23743%2F9781464803192.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span> As noted on p. xiii, the report presents migrant stocks for 2013, refugee numbers for 2014, remittance outflows for 2014, and remittance inflows for 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzaikaHaas2014" class="citation journal cs1">Czaika, Mathias; Haas, Hein de (2014). "The Globalization of Migration: Has the World Become More Migratory?". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Migration_Review" title="International Migration Review">International Migration Review</a></i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">283–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fimre.12095">10.1111/imre.12095</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144759565">144759565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Migration+Review&rft.atitle=The+Globalization+of+Migration%3A+Has+the+World+Become+More+Migratory%3F&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fimre.12095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144759565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Czaika&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft.au=Haas%2C+Hein+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadalian2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Badalian, Susan (16 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31106046.html">"More Armenian Border Villages Eligible For Tax Breaks, Subsidies"</a>. <i>«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան</i> (in Armenian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C2%AB%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF+%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%2F%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%C2%BB+%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.atitle=More+Armenian+Border+Villages+Eligible+For+Tax+Breaks%2C+Subsidies&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft.aulast=Badalian&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azatutyun.am%2Fa%2F31106046.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTataru2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tataru, Georgiana (14 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338590488">"Migration – an Overview on Terminology, Causes and Effects"</a>. <i>Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Law</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18662%2Flumenlaw%2F24">10.18662/lumenlaw/24</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Logos+Universality+Mentality+Education+Novelty%3A+Law&rft.atitle=Migration+%E2%80%93+an+Overview+on+Terminology%2C+Causes+and+Effects&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18662%2Flumenlaw%2F24&rft.aulast=Tataru&rft.aufirst=Georgiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F338590488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmreview.org/">"Welcome | Forced Migration Review"</a>. <i>www.fmreview.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fmreview.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+%7C+Forced+Migration+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmreview.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Colson,_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Colson, Elizabeth">Colson, Elizabeth</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mnstate.edu/robertsb/308/forced%20migration%20and%20the%20anthropological%20response.pdf">"Forced Migration and the Anthropological Response"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Refugee_Studies" title="Journal of Refugee Studies">Journal of Refugee Studies</a></i>. Vol. 16, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasok2018" class="citation book cs1">Basok, Tanya (26 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-89384-6_4">"The Discourse of "Transit Migration" in Mexico and its "Blind Spot": Changing Realities and New Vocabularies"</a>. <i>New Migration Patterns in the Americas</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89384-6_4">10.1007/978-3-319-89384-6_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-89383-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-89383-9"><bdi>978-3-319-89383-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158975397">158975397</a> – via SpringerLink.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Discourse+of+%22Transit+Migration%22+in+Mexico+and+its+%22Blind+Spot%22%3A+Changing+Realities+and+New+Vocabularies&rft.btitle=New+Migration+Patterns+in+the+Americas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158975397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-89384-6_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-89383-9&rft.aulast=Basok&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-89384-6_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantalapiedraNava2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cantalapiedra, Eduardo Torre; Nava, Dulce María Mariscal (22 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ref.uabc.mx/ojs/index.php/ref/article/view/854">"Batallando con fronteras: estrategias migratorias en tránsito de participantes en caravanas de migrantes"</a>. <i>Estudios Fronterizos</i> (in Spanish). <b>21</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21670%2Fref.2005047">10.21670/ref.2005047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2395-9134">2395-9134</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219100760">219100760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+Fronterizos&rft.atitle=Batallando+con+fronteras%3A+estrategias+migratorias+en+tr%C3%A1nsito+de+participantes+en+caravanas+de+migrantes&rft.volume=21&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219100760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2395-9134&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21670%2Fref.2005047&rft.aulast=Cantalapiedra&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+Torre&rft.au=Nava%2C+Dulce+Mar%C3%ADa+Mariscal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fref.uabc.mx%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fref%2Farticle%2Fview%2F854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDüvell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Düvell, Frank (26 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/psp.631">"Transit migration: A blurred and politicised concept"</a>. <i>Population Space and Place</i>. <b>18</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">415–</span>427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpsp.631">10.1002/psp.631</a> – via Wiley Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Space+and+Place&rft.atitle=Transit+migration%3A+A+blurred+and+politicised+concept&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft.date=2010-10-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpsp.631&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCvell&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fpsp.631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unfpa.org-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unfpa.org_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unfpa.org_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unfpa.org_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unfpa.org/migration">"Migration"</a>. <i>United Nations Population Fund</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft.atitle=Migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fmigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeohHuangLam2018" class="citation book cs1">Yeoh, Brenda S. A.; Huang, Shirlena; Lam, Theodora (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1RMDwAAQBAJ">"Transnational family dynamics in Asia"</a>. In Triandafyllidou, Anna (ed.). <i>Handbook of Migration and Globalisation</i>. Handbooks on Globalisation Series. Cheltenham, UK: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785367519" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785367519"><bdi>978-1785367519</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>[...]families may assume transnational morphologies with the strategic intent of ensuring economic survival or maximising social mobility.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transnational+family+dynamics+in+Asia&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Migration+and+Globalisation&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK&rft.series=Handbooks+on+Globalisation+Series&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1785367519&rft.aulast=Yeoh&rft.aufirst=Brenda+S.+A.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shirlena&rft.au=Lam%2C+Theodora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1RMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason de Parle, "A Good Provider Leaves", <i>New York Times</i>, 22 Apr 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_France" title="Moroccans in France">Moroccans in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipinos in the United States of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Koreans in Japan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Samoans_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoans in New Zealand">Samoans in New Zealand</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeschiere2020" class="citation journal cs1">Geschiere, Peter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1466138120938076">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The African family is large, very large" mobility and the flexibility of kinship – examples from Cameroon"</a>. <i>Ethnography</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1466138120938076">10.1177/1466138120938076</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1%2F2cabfab4-2255-41ec-8133-4a2498454ae7">11245.1/2cabfab4-2255-41ec-8133-4a2498454ae7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221039801">221039801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnography&rft.atitle=%22The+African+family+is+large%2C+very+large%22+mobility+and+the+flexibility+of+kinship+%E2%80%93+examples+from+Cameroon&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11245.1%2F2cabfab4-2255-41ec-8133-4a2498454ae7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221039801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1466138120938076&rft.aulast=Geschiere&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1466138120938076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanack" class="citation web cs1">Fanack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714172715/https://chronicle.fanack.com/specials/international-affairs/north-african-illegal-migration-to-europe/">"The Key Drivers of North African Illegal Migration to Europe"</a>. <i>Fanack.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle.fanack.com/specials/international-affairs/north-african-illegal-migration-to-europe/">the original</a> on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>The proximity of North Africa to southern Europe, the liberal mobility policies of most European countries, and the historical links between northern and southern Mediterranean countries are all key factors encouraging people to migrate to Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fanack.com&rft.atitle=The+Key+Drivers+of+North+African+Illegal+Migration+to+Europe&rft.au=Fanack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.fanack.com%2Fspecials%2Finternational-affairs%2Fnorth-african-illegal-migration-to-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatenStolz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baten, Jörg; Stolz, Yvonne Stolz (2012). "Brain drain, numeracy and skill premia during the era of mass migration: reassessing the Roy-Borjas model". <i><a href="/wiki/Explorations_in_Economic_History" title="Explorations in Economic History">Explorations in Economic History</a></i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">205–</span>220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Brain+drain%2C+numeracy+and+skill+premia+during+the+era+of+mass+migration%3A+reassessing+the+Roy-Borjas+model&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Stolz%2C+Yvonne+Stolz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jennissen,_R_2007-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jennissen,_R_2007_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennissen, R. 2007. "Causality Chains in the International Migration Systems Approach." <i><a href="/wiki/Population_Research_and_Policy_Review" title="Population Research and Policy Review">Population Research and Policy Review</a></i> 26(4):411–436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IOM. 'Chapter 4: Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions.' World Migration Report 2020. p.127. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iom.int/wmr/2020/chapter/04">https://www.iom.int/wmr/2020/chapter/04</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118172700/https://www.iom.int/wmr/2020/chapter/04">Archived</a> 2021-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U.-D. (2012). Migration and diaspora in the age of information and communication technologies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1333–1338. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2012.698202">10.1080/1369183X.2012.698202</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U.-D. (eds.) (2012). Migration and the Internet: Social networking and diasporas [Special issue]. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reips, U.-D., and L. Buffardi. 2012. "Studying migrants with the help of the Internet: Methods from psychology." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ethnic_and_Migration_Studies" title="Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies">Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies</a></i> 38(9):1405–1424. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2012.698208">10.1080/1369183X.2012.698208</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanSchulhofer-Wohl2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Greg; <a href="/wiki/Sam_Schulhofer-Wohl" title="Sam Schulhofer-Wohl">Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam</a> (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minneapolisfed.org/research/wp/wp697.pdf">"Understanding the Long-Run Decline in Interstate Migration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis</a></i>: 58<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Long-Run+Decline+in+Interstate+Migration&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Schulhofer-Wohl%2C+Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fresearch%2Fwp%2Fwp697.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisFisherVeracierto2010" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Morris; Fisher, Jonas; Veracierto, Marcelo (29 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/working_papers/2010/wp2010_18.pdf">"The Role of Housing in Labour Reallocation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago</a></i>: 50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Housing+in+Labour+Reallocation&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Veracierto%2C+Marcelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagofed.org%2Fdigital_assets%2Fpublications%2Fworking_papers%2F2010%2Fwp2010_18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djelti S, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320427737_The_Evolution_of_the_Human_Migration_Determinants_1_Draft_paper">"The Evolution of the Human Migration Determinants"</a> draft paper presented in the international conference on "Crossing Boundaries: Youth, Migration, and Development", At Alakhawayn University in Ifran, Morocco – March 2–4, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djelti S, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320427688_Osmosis_the_unifying_theory_of_human_migration">"Osmosis: the Unifying Theory of Human Migration"</a>, <i>Revue Algérienne d’Economie et du Management</i> Vol. 08, N°: 02 (2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaschSchillerBlanc2005" class="citation book cs1">Basch, Linda; Schiller, Nina Glick; Blanc, Christina Szanton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sBJTOhDpauQC&q=schiller+basch&pg=PT5"><i>Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135307035" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135307035"><bdi>978-1135307035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+Unbound%3A+Transnational+Projects%2C+Postcolonial+Predicaments%2C+and+Deterritorialized+Nation-States&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1135307035&rft.aulast=Basch&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Schiller%2C+Nina+Glick&rft.au=Blanc%2C+Christina+Szanton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsBJTOhDpauQC%26q%3Dschiller%2Bbasch%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Levitt, Peggy (1998). "Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion". <i>The International Migration Review</i>. <b>32</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">926–</span>948. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2547666">10.2307/2547666</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2547666">2547666</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12294302">12294302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Migration+Review&rft.atitle=Social+Remittances%3A+Migration+Driven+Local-Level+Forms+of+Cultural+Diffusion&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E926-%3C%2Fspan%3E948&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12294302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2547666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2547666&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack-Polay2013" class="citation book cs1">Hack-Polay, Dieu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwEvDAAAQBAJ"><i>Reframing Migrant Integration</i></a>. Kibworth, Leicestershire: Book Guild Publishing (published 2016). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1911320319" title="Special:BookSources/978-1911320319"><bdi>978-1911320319</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reframing+Migrant+Integration&rft.place=Kibworth%2C+Leicestershire&rft.pub=Book+Guild+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1911320319&rft.aulast=Hack-Polay&rft.aufirst=Dieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwEvDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaist2006" class="citation book cs1">Faist, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2318503">"The Migration-Security Nexus: International Migration and Security Before and After 9/11"</a>. <i>Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> US. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403984678_6">10.1057/9781403984678_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2043%2F686">2043/686</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349532650" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349532650"><bdi>978-1349532650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Migration-Security+Nexus%3A+International+Migration+and+Security+Before+and+After+9%2F11&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Citizenship%2C+Ethnos&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2043%2F686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403984678_6&rft.isbn=978-1349532650&rft.aulast=Faist&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpub.uni-bielefeld.de%2Frecord%2F2318503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Adamson, Fiona B. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Geography&rft.atitle=Comparing+and+theorizing+state%E2%80%93diaspora+relations&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F102448&rft.issn=0962-6298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2014.05.005&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9lano&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Gamlen%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2440%2F102448%2F3%2Fhdl_102448.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafleur2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lafleur, Jean-Michel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2060063">"A Theory of Migration"</a>. <i>Demography</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2060063">10.2307/2060063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2060063">2060063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46976641">46976641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demography&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+Migration&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46976641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2060063%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2060063&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Everett+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2060063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guido Dorigo, and Waldo Tobler, "Push-pull migration laws." <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i> 73.1 (1983): 1-17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9fc54ac2a2b06286b10ebf873e6a227b4bf43953">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerminski2012" class="citation book cs1">Terminski, Bogumil (2012). <i>Environmentally-Induced Displacement. Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges</i>. CEDEM, Université de Liège.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmentally-Induced+Displacement.+Theoretical+Frameworks+and+Current+Challenges&rft.pub=CEDEM%2C+Universit%C3%A9+de+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Terminski&rft.aufirst=Bogumil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Idyorough, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauder2006" class="citation book cs1">Bauder, Harald (2006). <i>Labour Movement: How Migration Regulates Labour Markets</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195180886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195180886"><bdi>978-0195180886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+Movement%3A+How+Migration+Regulates+Labour+Markets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0195180886&rft.aulast=Bauder&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McAuliffe, M. and A.M. Goossens. 2018. "Regulating international migration in an era of increasing interconnectedness". In: <i>Handbook of Migration and Globalisation</i> (A. Triandafyllidou, ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham/Northampton, pp. 86–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, a permanent population and a defined territory, as per article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcg.com/en-us/publications/2022/innovation-without-borders-era-with-global-talent">"The CEO Agenda for an Era of Innovation Without Borders"</a>. <i>United States – EN</i>. 5 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+%E2%80%93+EN&rft.atitle=The+CEO+Agenda+for+an+Era+of+Innovation+Without+Borders&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcg.com%2Fen-us%2Fpublications%2F2022%2Finnovation-without-borders-era-with-global-talent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IOM. 'Chapter 11: Recent developments in the global governance of migration: An update to the World Migration Report 2018.' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iom.int/wmr/2020/chapter/11">World Migration Report 2020. p. 291.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221182355/https://www.iom.int/wmr/2020/chapter/11">Archived</a> 2019-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o590-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o590_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayblin2021" class="citation book cs1">Mayblin, Lucy (26 January 2021). <i>Migration Studies and Colonialism</i>. Cambridge Medford (Mass.): Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4293-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4293-2"><bdi>978-1-5095-4293-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+Studies+and+Colonialism&rft.place=Cambridge+Medford+%28Mass.%29&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-4293-2&rft.aulast=Mayblin&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i573-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i573_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2013" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, Gilbert G. (2013). <i>Guest Workers Or Colonized Labor?</i>. Boulder (Colo.): Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61205-447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61205-447-6"><bdi>978-1-61205-447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guest+Workers+Or+Colonized+Labor%3F&rft.place=Boulder+%28Colo.%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61205-447-6&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Vivienne. and Johnson, Henry. (eds) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Migration-Education-and-Translation-Cross-Disciplinary-Perspectives-on/Anderson-Johnson/p/book/9780367260347">Migration, Education and Translation: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Human Mobility and Cultural Encounters in Education Settings</a>. New York: Routledge, 2020.</li> <li>Behdad, Ali. <i>A Forgetful Nation: On Immigration and Cultural Density in the United States</i>, Duke UP, 2005.</li> <li>Brettell, Caroline B.; Hollifield, James F. <i>Migration Theory</i>(Routledge, 2000) [<i>Migration Theory</i> online]</li> <li>Chaichian, Mohammad. <i>Empires and Walls: Globalisation, Migration, and Colonial Control</i>, Leiden: Brill, 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years</a></i>, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_A._De_La_Torre" title="Miguel A. De La Torre">De La Torre, Miguel A.</a>, <i>Trails of Terror: Testimonies on the Current Immigration Debate</i>, Orbis Books, 2009.</li> <li>Fell, Peter and Hayes, Debra. <i>What are they doing here? A critical guide to asylum and immigration</i>, Birmingham (UK): Venture Press, 2007. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hanlon, Bernadette and Vicino, Thomas J. <i>Global Migration: The Basics</i>, New York and London: Routledge, 2014.</li> <li>de Haas, Hein. <i>How Migration Really Works</i>, Penguin, 2023.</li> <li>Harzig, Christiane, and Dirk Hoerder. <i>What is migration history?</i> (John Wiley & Sons, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/download/1226/1231/1228">online</a>.</li> <li>Hoerder, Dirk. <i>Cultures in Contact. World Migrations in the Second Millennium</i>, Duke University Press, 2002. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Idyorough, Alamveabee E. "Sociological Analysis of Social Change in Contemporary Africa", Makurdi: Aboki Publishers, 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>IOM World Migration Report, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iom.int/wmr/">World Migration Report International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li>Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée. <i>Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain</i>, Madrid / Frankfurt, Iberoamericana / Vervuert, Ediciones de Iberoamericana, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484894766" title="Special:BookSources/978-8484894766">978-8484894766</a>.</li> <li>Knörr, Jacqueline. <i>Women and Migration. Anthropological Perspectives</i>, Frankfurt & New York: Campus Verlag & St. Martin's Press, 2000. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Knörr, Jacqueline. <i>Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency</i>, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Manning, Patrick. <i>Migration in World History</i>, New York and London: Routledge, 2005. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Miller, Mark & Castles, Stephen (1993). <i>The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World.</i> Guilford Press. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Migration for Employment</i>, Paris: OECD Publications, 2004. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>OECD International Migration Outlook 2007</i>, Paris: OECD Publications, 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Pécoud, Antoine and Paul de Guchteneire (Eds): <i>Migration without Borders, Essays on the Free Movements of People </i> (Berghahn Books, 2007). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Purohit, A. K. (ed.) <i>The Philosophy of Evolution</i>, Yash Publishing House, Bikaner, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8186882359" title="Special:BookSources/8186882359">8186882359</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rubel" title="Alexander Rubel">Rubel, Alexander</a> (2024a). <i>Migration in der Antike. Von der Odyssee bis Mohammed</i> [Migration in Antiquity. From the Odyssey to Muhammad]. Freiburg: wbg Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-61013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-61013-6">978-3-534-61013-6</a>.</li> <li>Rubel, Alexander (2024b). <i>Migration. Eine Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit</i> [Migration. A cultural history of mankind]. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-044528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-17-044528-4">978-3-17-044528-4</a>.</li> <li>Abdelmalek Sayad. <i>The Suffering of the Immigrant</i>, Preface by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, Polity Press, 2004. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2018" class="citation book cs1">Reich, David (2018). <i>Who We Are And How We Got Here – Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101870327" title="Special:BookSources/978-1101870327"><bdi>978-1101870327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are+And+How+We+Got+Here+%E2%80%93+Ancient+DNA+and+the+New+Science+of+the+Human+Past&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1101870327&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a> (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/books/review/david-reich-who-we-are-how-we-got-here.html">"A Brand-New Version of Our Origin Story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Brand-New+Version+of+Our+Origin+Story&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F20%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fdavid-reich-who-we-are-how-we-got-here.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>Stalker, Peter. <i>No-Nonsense Guide to International Migration</i>, New Internationalist, 2nd ed., 2008. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (December 2022)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>White, Micheal (Ed.) (2016). <i>International Handbook of Migration and Population Distribution</i>. Springer. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Migration_Review" title="International Migration Review">International Migration Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Migration_Letters" title="Migration Letters">Migration Letters</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14682435">International Migration</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1468-2435">1468-2435</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ethnic_and_Migration_Studies" title="Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies">Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Economics_of_the_Household" title="Review of Economics of the Household">Review of Economics of the Household</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_migration&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Human migration</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=human+migration">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=human+migration&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_migration" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human migration">Human migration</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_Williams" title="Henry Smith Williams">Williams, Henry Smith</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Civilization"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Civilization">"Civilization" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">403–</span>410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civilization&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Henry+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadow1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Friedrich_Gadow" title="Hans Friedrich Gadow">Gadow, Hans Friedrich</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Migration"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Migration">"Migration" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">427–</span>437.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migration&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E437&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gadow&rft.aufirst=Hans+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+migration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/">International Organization for Migration's World Migration Report 2020</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/els/internationalmigrationoutlook2007.htm">OECD International Migration Outlook 2007</a></i> (subscription service)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://migrationpolicycentre.eu/">Migration Policy Centre</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iom.int/">iom.int International Organisation for Migration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905103734/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2112.html">CIA World Factbook</a>, up-to-date statistics on net immigration by country</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pstalker.com/?/migration/">Stalker's Guide to International Migration</a>, a comprehensive interactive guide to modern migration issues, with maps and statistics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/105625456/P_Peykovska_BULGARIA_ON_THE_MOVE/">Peykovska, P. Bulgaria on the Move. Migration, Refugees, Integration and Urbanisation... Sofia, 2022</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322051627/http://www.unaoc.org/communities/migrationintegration/">Integration: Building Inclusive Societies (IBIS)</a>, a UN Alliance of Civilisations online community on good practices of integration of migrants across the world</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131129032557/http://www.accademiapulia.org/en/events/home-my-place-in-the-world---summer-exhibition-580.html">The importance of migrants in the modern world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-of-migration.com">Mass migration as a travel business</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newseye.eu/case-studies/case-study-1-migration/return-migration-between-1850-and-1950">Return migration between 1850 and 1950</a>" by Sarah Oberbichler, Newseye projet (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://newseye.eu">https://newseye.eu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613121204/https://www.newseye.eu/">Archived</a> 2023-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mappingaround.in/story-of-migration/">Story of migration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrant.ch/en/here-and-away-living-in-two-worlds/view.html">Oral history of internal and external migration, a case study</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero 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