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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Khwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Priests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Priests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Priests subsection</span> </button> <ul 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ceremonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ahom_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahom_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ahom religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahom_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamet_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamet_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Lamet religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamet_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tai folk religion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_popular_tai" title="Religión popular tai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión popular tai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsana_Phi" title="Satsana Phi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Satsana Phi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83" title="សាសនាប្រជាប្រិយថៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាសនាប្រជាប្រិយថៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B5" title="ศาสนาผี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาผี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="台语民族民间信仰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Tai Folk Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo">ສາສະໜາຜີ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ศาสนาผี</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sàːt.sa.nǎː.pʰǐː/</span>,<a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a>: 𑜈𑜃𑜫 𑜇𑜣.</b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Habung2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Habung2.jpg/220px-Habung2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Habung2.jpg/330px-Habung2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Habung2.jpg/440px-Habung2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2296" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Traditional <a href="/wiki/Tai_Ahom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Ahom">Tai Ahom</a> temple</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">Ethnic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoic">Taoic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Satsana Phi<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tai-Ahom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-Ahom">Tai-Ahom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ban Phi (<a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom religion</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><br /><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Ethnic religion of Tai ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Khamti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Isan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Central Thai</a> etc.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bo_Lek_Nam_Phi_(Nam_Pi_iron_mines)_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bo_Lek_Nam_Phi_%28Nam_Pi_iron_mines%29_05.jpg/170px-Bo_Lek_Nam_Phi_%28Nam_Pi_iron_mines%29_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bo_Lek_Nam_Phi_%28Nam_Pi_iron_mines%29_05.jpg/255px-Bo_Lek_Nam_Phi_%28Nam_Pi_iron_mines%29_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bo_Lek_Nam_Phi_%28Nam_Pi_iron_mines%29_05.jpg/340px-Bo_Lek_Nam_Phi_%28Nam_Pi_iron_mines%29_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Inner hall of the shrine of the god of Bo Lek Nam Phi, in <a href="/wiki/Uttaradit_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttaradit Province">Uttaradit Province</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Tai folk religion</b>, <b>Satsana Phi</b> or <b>Ban Phi</b> is the ancient native <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai people</a> still practiced by various Tai groups.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tai folk religion was dominant among <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. It is primarily based on worshipping deities called Phi, Khwan and Ancestors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pho_Padang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pho_Padang.JPG/220px-Pho_Padang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pho_Padang.JPG/330px-Pho_Padang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pho_Padang.JPG/440px-Pho_Padang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Lao_Loum" title="Lao Loum">Lao Loum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_Lom" title="Lao Lom">Lao Lom</a> intermixed with <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> beliefs traditionally and historically practiced by groups of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tai folk religion originated in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan province">Yunnan province</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is primarily based on <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">ancestor veneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cult of ancestor worship was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a syncretic mixture Buddhist and Tai folk practices with local traditional beliefs in mainland <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deities">Deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tai folk religion is primarily based on deities such as Phi, Khwan, Dam (ancestors).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tai folk religion is primarily based on <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the followers, worshipping ancestors is very important, although each ethnic group has different practices and beliefs. The <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Tai Ahom</a> called spirits <b>Phi Dam,</b> the <a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a> call them <i>hrooy, and</i> the Lao Loum call them <i>phi.</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The house spirit is particularly important, and spirits of wild places are to be avoided or barred from the village. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phi">Phi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the Tai folk religion <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> are called <b>Phi</b> (ຜີ, ผี, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰiː]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deities of Tai folk religion can also be <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral spirits">ancestral spirits</a>, or other types of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such deities often interact with the world of the living, at times protecting people, and at other times seeming to cause harm. <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Tai-Lao</a> of Bassac have the belief system that Khwan of living person transform to Phi after death.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guardian deities of places, such as the <i>phi wat</i> (ຜີວັດ, ผีวัด) of temples and the <i>lak mueang</i> (ຫລັກເມືອງ, หลักเมือง, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lak<span class="wrap"> </span>mɯːaŋ]</span>) of towns are celebrated and propitiated with communal gatherings and offerings of food. Gods of animist derivation are included in the Satsana Phi pantheon of gods, as well as several indigenous pre-buddhist gods called <i>phi thien</i> (ຜີແຖນ, ผีแถน).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gods are ubiquitous, with some of them being associated with the universal elements: heaven, earth, fire, and water. Guardian angels of people often include ancestors or angelic-beings who arrive at various points in life, better known as <i>thewada</i>. Malevolent spirits (<i>phi phetu</i>) include those <i>khwan</i> of people who were bad in past lives or died of tragic deaths, such as the ghastly <i>phi pob</i> (ຜີປອບ, ผีปอบ) and the vampirical <i>phi dip</i> (ຜີດິບ, ผีดิบ). Deities associated with specific places such as the household, the river, or a grove of trees are neither inherently benevolent nor evil, and occasional offerings ensure their favor and assistance in human affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lowland Thai and Lao villages believe they are protected by the <i>phi ban</i>, which requires an annual offering to ensure the continued prosperity of the village. The village ritual specialist presides over this major ritual, which in the past often involved the sacrifice of a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">water buffalo</a> and is still an occasion for closing the village to any outsiders for a day. To <i>liang phi ban</i> (feed the village spirit) also serves an important social function by reaffirming the village boundaries and the shared interests of all villagers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireson_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khwan">Khwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai people</a> believe Khwan as the element of vitality and longevity.<sup id="cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the belief system features thirty-two typically protective khwan in various parts of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khwan is a <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> word with various linguistical tones such as <i>khwan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Tai-Ahom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Tai Yai (Shan)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai-Lao</a> (ຂວັນ, ขวัญ) and <a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai-Lue</a>, <i>Xen</i> or <i>Xwan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_people" title="Tai Dón people">White Tai</a>, <i>khuan</i> by <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Tai-Nùng</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_people" title="Tày people">Tày</a>, <i>hon</i> by Dioi.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various rituals are performed by various Tai groups to worship the Khwan. </p><p><b>Rik-Khwan</b>: <a href="/wiki/Tai-Ahom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-Ahom">Tai-Ahom</a> has the ritual known as Rik-Khwan which literally means calling the khwan (Rik= to call, Khwan= Vitality).<sup id="cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khwans are called for vitality at various stages such as for a village it's called Mueang Khwan Ban while for a <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">Mueang</a> or country it's called Rik Khwan Mueang Khwan.<sup id="cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=110_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=110-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rik khwan are performed in three main types i.e. Leng Phun Rik khwan, Cham Phun Rik khon and Ha-Phun Rik khwan.<sup id="cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=110_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=110-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Baci or Su Khwan</b>: At certain special occasions during the course of an individual's life, such as before a pending marriage, a job change, or at other times of high uncertainty, certain <i><a href="/wiki/Baci" title="Baci">Baci</a></i> (ບາສີ, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bàː.sǐː]</span>, บายศรี, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bāːj.sǐː]</span>) ceremonies are sometimes performed for the benefit of an individual, with the aim of properly re-binding such "khwan" body-spirits back to one's body, as the unintentional loosening of such bonds is believed to possibly risk illness or harm. The <i>baci</i> rite calls on all thirty-two <i>khwan</i> to return to one's self to bestow health, prosperity, and well-being on the affected participant. During such ceremonies, cotton strings are often tied around a participant's wrists to keep the spirits in place. The <i>baci</i> ceremony can also be performed to welcome guests to one's home, before and after making a long trip, as a curing ritual or after recovery from an illness. The rite is also the central ritual for both the Lao Loum wedding ceremony and for the <a href="/wiki/Naming_ceremony" title="Naming ceremony">naming ceremony</a> of a newborn child.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireson_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Min-Khwan</b>: Khwan culture is an essential part of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai culture">Thai culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a> has the tradition of Min-khwan that's notion of prosperity and luck.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word Min is also used by <a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Tai Daeng people</a> (Red Tai) that's alternative to Khwan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples">Temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temple in Tai folk religion has various forms and names. Tai Ahom has the system of sacred worship place named Sheng Ruen.<sup id="cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people pay respect to the deities that reside in temples, who are thought to protect the general vicinity of the temple from harm. These temples are essentially miniature shrines, built to represent the presence of the deity of the shrine, just as a full size shrine is meant to represent such a "presence." Offerings of flowers, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, and candles are given, and the spirits are consulted during times of change or hardship for protection and assistance. Natural deities include those that reside in trees, mountains, or forests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priests">Priests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Priests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mophi">Mophi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mophi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A class of priests called <i>mophi</i> (mo-phi ໝໍຜີ, หมอผี), "tellers", are locally trained <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a>, specialists in the rituals and in communication with their personal angels and gods in general. Using <a href="/wiki/Trances" class="mw-redirect" title="Trances">trances</a>, sacred objects imbued with supernatural power, or <i>saksit</i>, possessions, and rituals like <i><a href="/wiki/Lam_phi_fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lam phi fa">lam phi fa</a></i> (ລຳຜີຟ້າ, ลำผีฟ้า, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lam<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰiː<span class="wrap"> </span>faː]</span>) or <i>baci</i>, the shaman is often consulted during times of trouble, hauntings, and illness or other misfortune that might be caused by malevolent or unhappy spirits. They are also usually present during religious festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molung">Molung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Molung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ahoms have priestly clans known as Molung. There are three divisions: Mo-sam, Mo-hung, and Mo-Plong.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In case of Ahom the three priestly clans (<i>Mo'sam</i>, <i>Mo'hung</i>, <i>Mo'Plong</i>) follow Tai folk religion traditionally.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 30% of the Laos population are followers of Tai folk religion however due to force of the state religion <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> the Tai folk religion is still not recognised properly by the pro-buddhist government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Lao, the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Loum" title="Lao Loum">Lao Loum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_Lom" title="Lao Lom">Lao Lom</a><sup id="cite_ref-Yoshihisa2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshihisa2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are predominantly Buddhist, while the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Theung" title="Lao Theung">Lao Theung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_Sung" title="Lao Sung">Lao Sung</a> are predominantly folk religious. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laotian Buddhism</a> is influenced by Tai folk religion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceremonies">Ceremonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ceremonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vientiane,_baci_ceremony_(6172947454).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vientiane%2C_baci_ceremony_%286172947454%29.jpg/220px-Vientiane%2C_baci_ceremony_%286172947454%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vientiane%2C_baci_ceremony_%286172947454%29.jpg/330px-Vientiane%2C_baci_ceremony_%286172947454%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vientiane%2C_baci_ceremony_%286172947454%29.jpg/440px-Vientiane%2C_baci_ceremony_%286172947454%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Baci" title="Baci">baci</a></i> rite conducted by a family in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ceremonies devoted to the gods commonly involve an offering of a chicken and <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a>. Once the gods have taken the spiritual essence of the offering, people may consume the earthly remains. The head of a household or the individual who wants to gain the favor of the gods usually performs the ritual. In many villages, a person, usually an older man believed to have special knowledge of the gods, may be asked to choose an auspicious day for weddings or other important events, or for household rites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahom_religion">Ahom religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ahom religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom religion</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom religion</a> has the same belief in phi, khwan and ancestor worship. They offer chicken and a traditional rice beer, known as <i>lao</i>, in the Ancestor Worship ceremony of <i>Phi Dam</i> (Ancestor Spirit) and <i>Ban-Phi</i> (Village Spirit).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lamet_religion">Lamet religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lamet religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lamet_people" title="Lamet people">Lamet people</a> have similar beliefs, and each village must have one ritualist (<i>xemia</i>), who is responsible for making all the sacrifices to village gods. He also supervises communal houses and officiates at the construction of any new houses. When a ritual practitioner dies, one of his sons is elected by the married men of the village to be his successor. If he has no sons, then one of his brother's sons is chosen. </p><p>Ancestral spirits (<i>mbrong n'a</i>) are very important to the Lamet because they look out for the well-being of the entire household. They live in the house, and no activity is undertaken without informing them of it. The spirits of the ancestors are fond of buffalos; thus buffalo skulls or horns from sacrifices are hung at the altar of the ancestors or under the <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gable</a> of the house. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> regarding behavior in the house are observed to avoid offending ancestral spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireson_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muong_ethnic_religion" title="Muong ethnic religion">Muong ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai folklore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFox,Creak,Rathie2023">Fox,Creak,Rathie 2023</a>:27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China.."(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:203)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:227)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China.."(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:203)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"..The religion of the Tais is based primarily on the cult of ancestor worship..."(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:203)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:210)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPlaczek,_Kanittanan1986">Placzek, Kanittanan 1986</a>:150)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the ancient religion of Tais of Moung Mao, the present Yunnan province of China..The religion of the Tais is based primarily on the cult of ancestor worship..."(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:203)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:203)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPlaczek,_Kanittanan1986">Placzek, Kanittanan 1986</a>:156)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poulsen, A. (2007). <i>Childbirth and Tradition in Northeast Thailand. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireson-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ireson_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ireson_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ireson_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ireson_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ireson, W. Randall. "Animism in Laos". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/latoc.html"><i>A country study: Laos</i></a> (Andrea Matles Savada, editor). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (July 1994). <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=107_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:107)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPlaczek,_Kanittanan1986">Placzek, Kanittanan 1986</a>:159)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Proceedings of the 17th IAHA Conference</i>. Secretary General, 17th International Association of Historians of Asia Conference. 2004. p. 728. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789843218230" title="Special:BookSources/9789843218230"><bdi>9789843218230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+17th+IAHA+Conference&rft.pages=728&rft.pub=Secretary+General%2C+17th+International+Association+of+Historians+of+Asia+Conference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789843218230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+folk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=110-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=110_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=110_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:110)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPlaczek,_Kanittanan1986">Placzek, Kanittanan 1986</a>:150)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter, M., Fridman, E., Jacoby, J., & Kibbee, J. (2007). <i>Shamanism: an encyclopedia of world beliefs, practices, and culture</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>:70)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2022-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2022_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler2022">Butler (2022)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoshihisa2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yoshihisa2006_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoshihisa Shirayama, Samlane Phompida, Chushi Kuroiwa, 2006. p. 622, quote: "[...] Approximately 60 to 65% of the population, most of whom are Lao Lum (people of the lowlands) follow Theravada Buddhism. About 30% of the population, on the other hand, hold an animist belief system called "Sadsana Phee" [...]".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90142.htm">International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Laos</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2011">Gogoi 2011</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yoshihisa Shirayama, Samlane Phompida, Chushi Kuroiwa. <i>Malaria Control Alongside "Sadsana-Phee" (Animist Belief System) in Lao PDR</i>. In: <i>Modern Medicine and Indigenous Health Beliefs</i>, Vol 37 No. 4 July 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerwiel1981" class="citation book cs1">Terwiel, B.J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42ZWAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Tais of Assam and Ancient Tai Ritual</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tais+of+Assam+and+Ancient+Tai+Ritual&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Terwiel&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42ZWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+folk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTun1959" class="citation book cs1">Tun, Than (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRHnvgEACAAJ"><i>Religion in Burma, A.D. 1000-1300</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Burma%2C+A.D.+1000-1300&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Tun&rft.aufirst=Than&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZRHnvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+folk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGogoi2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Gogoi, Shrutashwinee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/116167"><i>Tai ahom religion a philosophical study</i></a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F116167">10603/116167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tai+ahom+religion+a+philosophical+study&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F116167&rft.aulast=Gogoi&rft.aufirst=Shrutashwinee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fhandle%2F10603%2F116167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+folk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlaczek,_Kanittanan1986" class="citation book cs1">Placzek, Kanittanan, James, Wilaiwan (1986). "Historical and contemporary meaning of Thai khwan: The use of lexical meaning change as an indicator of cultural change". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xat2NiVRZYAC"><i>Religion, Values, and Development in Southeast Asia</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-988-20-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-988-20-3"><bdi>978-9971-988-20-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+and+contemporary+meaning+of+Thai+khwan%3A+The+use+of+lexical+meaning+change+as+an+indicator+of+cultural+change&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Values%2C+and+Development+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-9971-988-20-3&rft.aulast=Placzek%2C+Kanittanan&rft.aufirst=James%2C+Wilaiwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXat2NiVRZYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+folk+religion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox,Creak,Rathie2023" class="citation book cs1">Fox,Creak,Rathie, Martin,Simon,Martin (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGeoEAAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Laos</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538120286" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538120286"><bdi>978-1538120286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Laos&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1538120286&rft.aulast=Fox%2CCreak%2CRathie&rft.aufirst=Martin%2CSimon%2CMartin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMGeoEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+folk+religion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler2022" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Edward P. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KK-TEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Way of the Gods Polytheism(s) Around the World</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798887835334" title="Special:BookSources/9798887835334"><bdi>9798887835334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+the+Gods+Polytheism%28s%29+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9798887835334&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKK-TEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+folk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_folk_religion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lao 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