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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Han</i> system</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Jap%C3%B3)" title="Han (Japó) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Han (Japó)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Japonsko)" title="Han (Japonsko) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Han (Japonsko)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Japan)" title="Han (Japan) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Han (Japan)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Jap%C3%B3n)" title="Han (Japón) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Han (Japón)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86)" title="هان (ژاپن) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هان (ژاپن)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Japon)" title="Han (Japon) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Han (Japon)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%88_(%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95_%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD)" title="번 (행정 구역) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="번 (행정 구역)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_han" title="Sistem han – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem han" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Giappone)" title="Han (Giappone) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Han (Giappone)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F_(%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="האן (יחידה אדמיניסטרטיבית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האן (יחידה אדמיניסטרטיבית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanrendszer" title="Hanrendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanrendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Хан (Јапонија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хан (Јапонија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(grondgebied)" title="Han (grondgebied) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Han (grondgebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A9" title="藩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="藩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Japonia)" title="Han (Japonia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Han (Japonia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(territ%C3%B3rio)" title="Han (território) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Han (território)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Хан (владение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хан (владение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_sistem" title="Han sistem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Han sistem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Japani)" title="Han (Japani) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Han (Japani)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Japonya)" title="Han (Japonya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Han (Japonya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Хан (Японія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хан (Японія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Tokugawa Japan domain system. For Han dynasty system, see <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Government of the Han dynasty</a>.</div> <p><b><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Han</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">藩</span>, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estate</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1868) and early <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji period</a> (1868–1912).<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum283_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum283-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Han</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bakufu-han</i></span> (daimyo domain)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served as a system of <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a> of Japan alongside the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Japan" title="Provinces of Japan">provinces</a> until they were abolished in the 1870s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Edo_period">Pre-Edo period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Edo period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> originated as the personal <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estates</a> of prominent warriors after the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura Shogunate">Kamakura Shogunate</a> in 1185, which also saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> noble warrior class in Japan. This situation existed for 400 years during the Kamakura Shogunate (1185–1333), the brief <a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a> (1333–1336), and the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashikaga Shogunate">Ashikaga Shogunate</a> (1336–1573). <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Han</i></span> became increasingly important as <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a> as subsequent Shoguns stripped the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Japan" title="Provinces of Japan">provinces</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuni</i></span>) and their officials of their legal powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period">Edo period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Edo period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg/220px-Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg/330px-Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg/440px-Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>A map of the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Sengoku">Sengoku</a> <i>daimyō</i> around the first year of the <a href="/wiki/Genki_(era)" title="Genki (era)">Genki era</a> (1570 AD).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, the preeminent warlord of the late <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> (1467–1603), caused a transformation of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> system during his reforms of the feudal structure of Japan. Hideyoshi's system saw the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> become an <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction</a> based on periodic <a href="/wiki/Cadastral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadastral">cadastral</a> surveys and projected <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> yields, rather than delineated territory.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hideyoshi died in 1598 and his young son <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyori" title="Toyotomi Hideyori">Toyotomi Hideyori</a> was displaced by <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a> in October 1600, but his new feudal system was maintained after Ieyasu established the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> in 1603. The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> belonged to <a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a>, the powerful samurai feudal lords, who governed them as personal property with autonomy as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the Tokugawa <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a>. Ieyasu's successors further refined the system by introducing methods that ensured control of the daimyo and the imperial court. For instance, relatives and retainers were placed in politically and militarily strategic districts while potentially hostile daimyo were transferred to unimportant geographic locations or their estates confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also occupied with public works that kept them financially drained as the daimyo paid for the bakufu projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> feudalism, the value of a Japanese feudal domain was now defined in terms of projected annual income rather than geographic size. <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Han</i></span> were valued for <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> using the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kokudaka" title="Kokudaka">Kokudaka</a></i></span> system which determined value based on output of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">koku</a></i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese unit">Japanese unit</a> of volume considered enough rice to feed one person for one year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A daimyo was determined by the Tokugawa as a lord heading a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> assessed at 10,000 <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">koku</i></span> (50,000 <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a>) or more, and the output of their <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> contributed to their prestige or how their wealth were assessed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Japanologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanologist">Japanologists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Georges_Appert" title="Georges Appert">Georges Appert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Papinot" title="Edmond Papinot">Edmond Papinot</a> made a point of highlighting the annual <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">koku</i></span> yields which were allocated for the <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_clan" title="Shimazu clan">Shimazu clan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> since the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shogunal <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> and the Imperial provinces served as complementary systems which often worked in tandem for administration. When the Shogun ordered the daimyos to make a <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> of their people or to make <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a>, the work was organized along the borders of the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> could overlap multiple provinces which themselves contained sections of multiple <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span>. In 1690, the richest <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> was the <a href="/wiki/Kaga_Domain" title="Kaga Domain">Kaga Domain</a>, located in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Kaga_Province" title="Kaga Province">Kaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etch%C5%AB_Province" title="Etchū Province">Etchū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noto_Province" title="Noto Province">Noto</a>, with slightly over 1 million <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">koku</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-totman119_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totman119-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_period">Meiji period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meiji period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji (era)</a></div> <p>In 1868, the Tokugawa Shogunate was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> by a coalition of pro-<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Imperial</a> samurai in reaction to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></i></span>. One of the main driving forces of the anti-Tokugawa movement was support for <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> in Japan. From 1869 to 1871, the new <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Meiji government</a> sought to abolish feudalism in Japan, and the title of daimyo in the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> system was altered to <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">han-chiji</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">藩知事</span></span>)</span> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chihanji</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">知藩事</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">domains were disbanded</a> and replaced with a new Meiji system of <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a> which were directly subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">national government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum283_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum283-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1872, the Meiji government created the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Domain" title="Ryukyu Domain">Ryukyu Domain</a> after Japan formally <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_clan" title="Shimazu clan">Shimazu clan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> since 1609.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ryūkyū Domain was governed as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> headed by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ryukyu" title="King of Ryukyu">Ryukyuan monarchy</a> until it was finally abolished and became <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a> in March 1879. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Han">List of Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_school" title="Han school">Han school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Den" title="Shōen">Shōen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nussbaum283-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum283_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum283_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" title="Louis Frédéric">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric</a>. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA283">"Han"</a> in <i>Japan Encyclopedia</i>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHunter2014" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Janet (2014). <i>The Emergence of Modern Japan: An Introductory History Since 1853</i>. 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New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533126-4"><bdi>978-0-19-533126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Japan&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533126-4&rft.aulast=Deal&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T2_5_W7UFXwC&pg=PA17"><i>Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,</i> p. 17</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell1995" class="citation book cs1">Howell, David Luke (1995). <i>Capitalism from Within: Economy, Society, and the State in a Japanese Fishery</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08629-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08629-6"><bdi>978-0-520-08629-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+from+Within%3A+Economy%2C+Society%2C+and+the+State+in+a+Japanese+Fishery&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08629-6&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=David+Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucassen2007" class="citation book cs1">Lucassen, Jan (2007). <i>Wages and Currency: Global Comparisons from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century</i>. Peter Lang. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-782-7"><bdi>978-3-03910-782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wages+and+Currency%3A+Global+Comparisons+from+Antiquity+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-782-7&rft.aulast=Lucassen&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Appert" title="Georges Appert">Appert, Georges</a>. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA77">"Shimazu"</a> in <i>Ancien Japon</i>, pp. 77; <i>compare</i> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Papinot" title="Edmond Papinot">Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph</a>. (1906). <i>Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon</i>; Papinot, (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/NobiliaireJapon.pdf"><i>Nobiliare du Japon</i></a>, p. 55; retrieved 23 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Luke S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAeQREc0vz0C&pg=PA6"><i>Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: the merchant origins of economic nationalism in 18th-century Tosa</i>, p. 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-totman119-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-totman119_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Totman" title="Conrad Totman">Totman, Conrad</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb7Zp3LF-VAC&pg=PA119"><i>Early Modern Japan</i></a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebra, Takie S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UudGTW6nK2AC&pg=PA29"><i>Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility</i>, p. 29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsumura, Wendy. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWXwkb_xRNsC&q=1879&pg=PA74"><i>Becoming Okinawan: Japanese Capitalism and Changing Representations of Okinawa</i>, p. 38</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" title="Louis Frédéric">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric</a> and Käthe Roth. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC"><i>Japan encyclopedia</i>.</a> Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5">978-0-674-01753-5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition">OCLC 58053128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Totman" title="Conrad Totman">Totman, Conrad</a>. (1993). <i>Early Modern Japan</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520080263" title="Special:BookSources/9780520080263">9780520080263</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246872663">OCLC 246872663</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>23 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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