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<html> <head> <title>Nobel Prize for Medicine</title> <meta name="googlebot" content="noodp"> <meta name="robots" content="noodp"><style type="text/css">  </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/sortable.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor=#ffffff> <center> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr><td valign=top><table width=550 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> <tr><td bgcolor=white><table width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" background="/nndb.gif"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://www.nndb.com/"><img src="/title.gif" width="260" height="50" border=0 alt="NNDB"></a></td> <td><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6"> <tr align="center"> <td width="25%" nowrap>This is a beta version of NNDB</td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="middle"> <form action="http://search.nndb.com/search/nndb.cgi" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="nndb" value="1"></input> Search: <select name="omenu"> <option value="unspecified" selected>All Names</option> <option value="living">Living people</option> <option value="dead">Dead people</option> <option value="bands">Band Names</option> <option value="books">Book Titles</option> <option value="movies">Movie Titles</option> <option value="fulltext">Full Text</option> </select> for <input name="query" value="" size=24 maxlength=96> <input type=submit value="Search"> </form></td> </tr> </table>        </td></tr> <tr><td bgcolor=red height=2></td></tr> <tr bgcolor=F0F0F0><td bgcolor=F0F0F0 style="padding: 15px 15px 15px 15px;"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%><tr><td bgcolor=F0F0F0> Nobel Prize for Medicine HONOR <a href="/honors/892/000044760/">Nobel Prize</a> for Physiology or Medicine. <table border=1><tr> <td><center><tt>1901</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/612/000107291/">Emil von Behring</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1902</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/339/000094057/">Ronald Ross</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1903</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/628/000107307/">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1904</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/656/000087395/">Ivan Pavlov</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1905</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/618/000091345/">Robert Koch</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1906</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/732/000125357/">Camillo Golgi</a>, <a href="/people/862/000125487/">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1907</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/110/000125732/">Alphonse Laveran</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1908</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/143/000125765/">Ilya Mechnikov</a>, <a href="/people/238/000086977/">Paul Ehrlich</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1909</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/855/000125480/">Theodor Kocher</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1910</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/029/000125651/">Albrecht Kossel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1911</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/124/000125746/">Allvar Gullstrand</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1912</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/170/000125792/">Alexis Carrel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1913</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/207/000125829/">Charles Richet</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1914</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/258/000125880/">Robert Bárány</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1915</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1916</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1917</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1918</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1919</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/271/000125893/">Jules Bordet</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1920</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/578/000126200/">August Krogh</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1921</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1922</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/668/000126290/">Archibald V. Hill</a>, <a href="/people/705/000126327/">Otto Meyerhof</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1923</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/843/000126465/">Frederick G. Banting</a>, <a href="/people/871/000126493/">John Macleod</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1924</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/927/000126549/">Willem Einthoven</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1925</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1926</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/172/000126791/">Johannes Fibiger</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1927</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/354/000126973/">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1928</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/431/000127050/">Charles Nicolle</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1929</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/500/000127119/">Christiaan Eijkman</a>, <a href="/people/610/000127229/">Frederick Hopkins</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1930</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/698/000091425/">Karl Landsteiner</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1931</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/682/000127301/">Otto Warburg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1932</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/860/000127479/">Charles Sherrington</a>, <a href="/people/937/000127556/">Edgar Adrian</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1933</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/048/000127664/">Thomas H. Morgan</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1934</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/092/000127708/">George H. Whipple</a>, <a href="/people/228/000127844/">George R. Minot</a>, <a href="/people/287/000127903/">William P. Murphy</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1935</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/309/000127925/">Hans Spemann</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1936</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/470/000128086/">Henry Dale</a>, <a href="/people/507/000128123/">Otto Loewi</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1937</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/553/000128169/">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1938</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/699/000128315/">Corneille Heymans</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1939</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/744/000128360/">Gerhard Domagk</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1940</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1941</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1942</tt></center></td> <td>(no award) </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1943</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/836/000128452/">Henrik Dam</a>, <a href="/people/859/000128475/">Edward A. Doisy</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1944</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/899/000128515/">Joseph Erlanger</a>, <a href="/people/947/000128563/">Herbert S. Gasser</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1945</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/696/000091423/">Alexander Fleming</a>, <a href="/people/013/000128626/">Ernst B. Chain</a>, <a href="/people/038/000128651/">Howard Florey</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1946</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/073/000128686/">Hermann J. Muller</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1947</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/135/000128748/">Carl Cori</a>, <a href="/people/144/000128757/">Gerty Cori</a>, <a href="/people/235/000128848/">Bernardo Houssay</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1948</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/249/000128862/">Paul H. Müller</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1949</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/271/000128884/">Walter Hess</a>, <a href="/people/272/000128885/">Egas Moniz</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1950</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/343/000128956/">Edward C. Kendall</a>, <a href="/people/371/000128984/">Tadeus Reichstein</a>, <a href="/people/555/000129168/">Philip S. Hench</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1951</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/561/000129174/">Max Theiler</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1952</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/590/000129203/">Selman A. Waksman</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1953</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/619/000129232/">Hans Krebs</a>, <a href="/people/625/000129238/">Fritz Lipmann</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1954</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/630/000129243/">John F. Enders</a>, <a href="/people/637/000129250/">Thomas H. Weller</a>, <a href="/people/668/000129281/">Frederick C. Robbins</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1955</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/669/000129282/">Hugo Theorell</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1956</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/687/000129300/">André F. Cournand</a>, <a href="/people/706/000129319/">Werner Forssmann</a>, <a href="/people/721/000129334/">Dickinson W. Richards</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1957</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/736/000129349/">Daniel Bovet</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1958</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/783/000129396/">George Beadle</a>, <a href="/people/897/000129510/">Edward Tatum</a>, <a href="/people/911/000129524/">Joshua Lederberg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1959</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/912/000129525/">Severo Ochoa</a>, <a href="/people/936/000129549/">Arthur Kornberg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1960</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/937/000129550/">Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a>, <a href="/people/009/000113667/">Peter Medawar</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1961</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/037/000129647/">Georg von Békésy</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1962</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/321/000022255/">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="/people/322/000022256/">James Watson</a>, <a href="/people/979/000030889/">Maurice Wilkins</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1963</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/041/000129651/">Sir John Eccles</a>, <a href="/people/045/000129655/">Alan L. Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/people/046/000129656/">Andrew F. Huxley</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1964</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/080/000129690/">Konrad Bloch</a>, <a href="/people/091/000129701/">Feodor Lynen</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1965</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/157/000129767/">François Jacob</a>, <a href="/people/158/000129768/">André Lwoff</a>, <a href="/people/204/000129814/">Jacques Monod</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1966</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/208/000129818/">Peyton Rous</a>, <a href="/people/293/000129903/">Charles B. Huggins</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1967</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/294/000129904/">Ragnar Granit</a>, <a href="/people/315/000129925/">Haldan K. Hartline</a>, <a href="/people/208/000103896/">George Wald</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1968</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/316/000129926/">Robert W. Holley</a>, <a href="/people/339/000129949/">H. Gobind Khorana</a>, <a href="/people/347/000129957/">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1969</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/348/000129958/">Max Delbrück</a>, <a href="/people/416/000130026/">Alfred D. Hershey</a>, <a href="/people/568/000082322/">Salvador Luria</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1970</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/814/000130424/">Sir Bernard Katz</a>, <a href="/people/817/000130427/">Ulf von Euler</a>, <a href="/people/983/000113644/">Julius Axelrod</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1971</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/980/000130590/">Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1972</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/094/000130701/">Gerald M. Edelman</a>, <a href="/people/111/000130718/">Rodney R. Porter</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1973</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/801/000113462/">Karl von Frisch</a>, <a href="/people/757/000091484/">Konrad Lorenz</a>, <a href="/people/800/000113461/">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1974</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/186/000130793/">Albert Claude</a>, <a href="/people/189/000130796/">Christian de Duve</a>, <a href="/people/225/000130832/">George E. Palade</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1975</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/851/000104539/">David Baltimore</a>, <a href="/people/254/000130861/">Renato Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/people/368/000130975/">Howard M. Temin</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1976</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/390/000130997/">Baruch S. Blumberg</a>, <a href="/people/391/000130998/">D. Carleton Gajdusek</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1977</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/437/000131044/">Roger Guillemin</a>, <a href="/people/438/000131045/">Andrew V. Schally</a>, <a href="/people/694/000046556/">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1978</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/478/000131085/">Werner Arber</a>, <a href="/people/479/000131086/">Daniel Nathans</a>, <a href="/people/480/000131087/">Hamilton O. Smith</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1979</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/498/000131105/">Allan M. Cormack</a>, <a href="/people/500/000131107/">Godfrey N. Hounsfield</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1980</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/697/000131304/">Baruj Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/people/825/000131432/">Jean Dausset</a>, <a href="/people/826/000131433/">George D. Snell</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1981</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/922/000131529/">Roger W. Sperry</a>, <a href="/people/226/000131830/">David H. Hubel</a>, <a href="/people/308/000131912/">Torsten N. Wiesel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1982</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/311/000131915/">Sune K. Bergström</a>, <a href="/people/511/000132115/">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/people/532/000132136/">John R. Vane</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1983</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/011/000083759/">Barbara McClintock</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1984</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/537/000132141/">Niels K. Jerne</a>, <a href="/people/542/000132146/">Georges J.F. Köhler</a>, <a href="/people/603/000132207/">César Milstein</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1985</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/174/000123802/">Michael S. Brown</a>, <a href="/people/604/000132208/">Joseph L. Goldstein</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1986</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/687/000132291/">Stanley Cohen</a>, <a href="/people/062/000132663/">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1987</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/066/000132667/">Susumu Tonegawa</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1988</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/068/000132669/">Sir James W. Black</a>, <a href="/people/099/000132700/">Gertrude B. Elion</a>, <a href="/people/116/000132717/">George H. Hitchings</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1989</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/187/000132788/">J. Michael Bishop</a>, <a href="/people/207/000132808/">Harold E. Varmus</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1990</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/329/000132930/">Joseph E. Murray</a>, <a href="/people/364/000132965/">E. Donnall Thomas</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1991</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/838/000133439/">Erwin Neher</a>, <a href="/people/861/000133462/">Bert Sakmann</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1992</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/913/000133514/">Edmond H. Fischer</a>, <a href="/people/079/000133677/">Edwin G. Krebs</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1993</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/088/000133686/">Richard J. Roberts</a>, <a href="/people/128/000133726/">Phillip A. Sharp</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1994</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/136/000133734/">Alfred G. Gilman</a>, <a href="/people/181/000133779/">Martin Rodbell</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1995</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/791/000055626/">Edward B. Lewis</a>, <a href="/people/197/000133795/">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/people/781/000134379/">Eric F. Wieschaus</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1996</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/911/000134509/">Peter C. Doherty</a>, <a href="/people/002/000134597/">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1997</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/136/000134731/">Stanley B. Prusiner</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1998</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/159/000134754/">Robert F. Furchgott</a>, <a href="/people/234/000134829/">Louis J. Ignarro</a>, <a href="/people/237/000134832/">Ferid Murad</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>1999</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/327/000134922/">Günter Blobel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2000</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/384/000134979/">Arvid Carlsson</a>, <a href="/people/454/000135049/">Paul Greengard</a>, <a href="/people/644/000135239/">Eric R. Kandel</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2001</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/645/000135240/">Leland H. Hartwell</a>, <a href="/people/696/000135291/">Tim Hunt</a>, <a href="/people/704/000135299/">Sir Paul Nurse</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2002</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/770/000135365/">Sydney Brenner</a>, <a href="/people/864/000135459/">H. Robert Horvitz</a>, <a href="/people/426/000136018/">Sir John E. Sulston</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2003</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/326/000129936/">Paul C. Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/people/660/000136252/">Sir Peter Mansfield</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2004</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/711/000136303/">Richard Axel</a>, <a href="/people/729/000125354/">Linda B. Buck</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2005</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/899/000136491/">Barry J. Marshall</a>, <a href="/people/342/000136931/">J. Robin Warren</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2006</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/364/000136953/">Andrew Z. Fire</a>, <a href="/people/774/000137363/">Craig C. Mello</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2007</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/890/000163401/">Mario Capecchi</a>, <a href="/people/894/000163405/">Sir Martin Evans</a>, <a href="/people/921/000163432/">Oliver Smithies</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2008</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/529/000176998/">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/people/530/000176999/">Luc Montagnier</a>, <a href="/people/305/000176774/">Harald zur Hausen</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2009</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/888/000208264/">Elizabeth H. Blackburn</a>, <a href="/people/890/000208266/">Carol W. Greider</a>, <a href="/people/907/000208283/">Jack W. Szostak</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2010</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/745/000253983/">Robert G. Edwards</a> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt>2011</tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/889/000276061/">Bruce A. Beutler</a>, <a href="/people/907/000276079/">Jules A. Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/people/908/000276080/">Ralph M. 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