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阴阳 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-字詞意義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#字詞意義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>字詞意義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-字詞意義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-儒家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#儒家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>儒家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-儒家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-道家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#道家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>道家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-道家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-陰陽家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#陰陽家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>陰陽家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-陰陽家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-醫家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#醫家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>醫家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-醫家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-術數家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#術數家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>術數家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-術數家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>其他</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其他-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关其他子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-龐加萊對偶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#龐加萊對偶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>龐加萊對偶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-龐加萊對偶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-量子力學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#量子力學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>量子力學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-量子力學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">阴阳</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。81种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_en_jang" title="Jin en jang – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jin en jang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="اليين واليانغ – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اليين واليانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82" title="য়িন আৰু য়াং – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="য়িন আৰু য়াং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_y_Yang" title="Yin y Yang – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yin y Yang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0n_v%C9%99_Yan" title="İn və Yan – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İn və Yan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_asin_yang" title="Yin asin yang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yin asin yang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%96_%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Інь і ян – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інь і ян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD-%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Ин-ян – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ин-ян" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82" title="ইন এবং ইয়াং – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন এবং ইয়াং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_ha_yang" title="Yin ha yang – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yin ha yang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_i_Yang" title="Yin i Yang – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yin i Yang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACng-i%C3%B2ng" title="Ĭng-iòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-iòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_a_jang" title="Jin a jang – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jin a jang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_ac_iang" title="In ac iang – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="In ac iang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_og_yang" title="Yin og yang – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yin og yang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_und_Yang" title="Yin und Yang – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yin und Yang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BD-%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Γιν-Γιανγκ – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιν-Γιανγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yin and yang" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jino_kaj_Jango" title="Jino kaj Jango – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jino kaj Jango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_y_yang" title="Yin y yang – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yin y yang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_ja_yang" title="Yin ja yang – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yin ja yang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_eta_yang" title="Yin eta yang – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yin eta yang" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="یین و یانگ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یین و یانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_ja_jang" title="Jin ja jang – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jin ja jang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_et_yang" title="Yin et yang – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yin et yang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_agus_yang" title="Yin agus yang – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Yin agus yang" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-Yang" title="Yin-Yang – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Yin-Yang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AEm-y%C3%B2ng" title="Yîm-yòng – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yîm-yòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="יין-יאנג – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יין-יאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="यिन और यांग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यिन और यांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_i_jang" title="Jin i jang – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jin i jang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-jang" title="Jin-jang – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jin-jang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ին և յան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ին և յան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_dan_yang" title="Yin dan yang – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yin dan yang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_e_yang" title="Yin e yang – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yin e yang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" title="陰陽 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="陰陽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_lan_Yang" title="Yin lan Yang – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yin lan Yang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%AF%D0%BD" title="Инь-Ян – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инь-Ян" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84" title="យិនយ៉ាង – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="យិនយ៉ាង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%96%91" title="음양 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BD" title="Ин жана Ян – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ин жана Ян" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_et_yang" title="Yin et yang – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Yin et yang" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_a_Yang" title="Yin a Yang – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Yin a Yang" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-yang" title="Yin-yang – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Yin-yang" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_ir_Jang" title="In ir Jang – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="In ir Jang" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%86_un_jan" title="Jiņ un jan – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jiņ un jan" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Јин и јанг – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јин и јанг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="യിൻ യാങ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യിൻ യാങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_dan_yang" title="Yin dan yang – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yin dan yang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အုံ့လင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အုံ့လင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_en_yang" title="Yin en yang – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yin en yang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_og_yang" title="Yin og yang – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yin og yang" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_og_yang" title="Yin og yang – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yin og yang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_e_Yang" title="Yin e Yang – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yin e Yang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97" title="ਯਿਨ ਅਤੇ ਯਾਂਗ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਿਨ ਅਤੇ ਯਾਂਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_i_yang" title="Yin i yang – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yin i yang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-yang" title="Yin-yang – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yin-yang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_%C8%99i_Yang" title="Yin și Yang – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yin și Yang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Инь и ян – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инь и ян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_an_yang" title="Yin an yang – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yin an yang" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_i_jang" title="Jin i jang – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jin i jang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yin and yang" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_a_jang" title="Jin a jang – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jin a jang" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_in_jang" title="Jin in jang – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jin in jang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-Yang" title="Yin-Yang – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yin-Yang" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Јин и јанг – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јин и јанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_och_yang" title="Yin och yang – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yin och yang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="யின் யாங்கு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யின் யாங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BD" title="Ин ва Ян – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ин ва Ян" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_at_yang" title="Yin at yang – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yin at yang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_ile_yang" title="Yin ile yang – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yin ile yang" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%AD" title="يىن بىلەن ياڭ – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يىن بىلەن ياڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Інь та ян – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інь та ян" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ین اور یانگ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ین اور یانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_va_Yang" title="Yin va Yang – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yin va Yang" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Âm dương – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_ngan_yang" title="Yin ngan yang – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yin ngan yang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="阴阳 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阴阳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaemyiengz" title="Yaemyiengz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yaemyiengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im-i%C3%B4ng" title="Im-iông – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Im-iông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" title="陰陽 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="陰陽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Yin_Yang" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62744" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yin_yang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/260px-Yin_yang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/390px-Yin_yang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/520px-Yin_yang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>代表陰陽的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96" title="太極圖">太極圖</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96.png/260px-%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96.png/390px-%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96.png/520px-%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96.png 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="太極">太極</a>惟一氣,分清濁為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BB%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="两仪">兩儀</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C#生成數" title="五行">生成</a>金木水火為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1" title="四象">四象</a>,衍萬物為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6" title="八卦">八卦</a>。</figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:250;width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="Category:中國民間信仰">中國民間信仰系列</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="中国民间信仰">中国民间信仰</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="“禄”象征符号,抽象化的“禄”字,意思是“繁荣”、“生产性”、“稳定性”、“坚定”,代表北斗七星的“天璣”,同样类似的还有印欧语的“卐”符号。禄的神明为禄神。"><img alt="“禄”象征符号,抽象化的“禄”字,意思是“繁荣”、“生产性”、“稳定性”、“坚定”,代表北斗七星的“天璣”,同样类似的还有印欧语的“卐”符号。禄的神明为禄神。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/75px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/113px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/150px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">哲学</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" title="德">德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">气</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%99" title="神仙">神</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B5_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="灵 (中国宗教)(页面不存在)">灵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E9%9D%88" title="顯靈">顯靈</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">阴阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B" title="命運">命運</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E5%88%86" title="緣分">緣分</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業">报应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%97%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="得道">得道</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">理论</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E6%9B%B8" title="善書">善書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="中国神话">中国神话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%99" title="神仙">仙</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA" title="真人">真人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C" title="混沌">混沌</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99" title="龙">龙</a> 和 <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0" title="凤凰">凤凰</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1" title="四象">四象</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87" title="Category:中國神祇">中国神祇</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%A4%A9%E8%BE%9F%E5%9C%B0_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D)" title="开天辟地 (中国神话)">中国开创传说</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">实践</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99#燒香的意義" title="香">敬香</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%80" title="祭祀">敬祖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="功德">功德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E7%B1%A4" title="求籤">求籤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%B2%E7%AD%8A" title="擲筊">擲筊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8A%9F" title="气功">气功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%99%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%AF" title="神仙方术">方術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="風水">風水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%93%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="術數">術數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%92%92" class="mw-redirect" title="符咒">符咒</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">神職</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB" title="巫">巫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A9%E7%AB%A5" title="乩童">乩童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%A3%AB" title="方士">法師</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%9F%E7%A5%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="廟祝(页面不存在)">廟祝</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">場所</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A0" title="祠">祠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="宮廟">宮廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%A0%82" title="佛堂">佛堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%95" title="龕">神龕</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">内部传统</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>传统哲学或教义:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="道家思想">道家思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">其他学派</a></li></ul> <p><b>传统宗教仪式:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%80" title="祭祀">祭祀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AE" title="醮">齋醮</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%A6%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="誦經(页面不存在)">誦經</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="东北民间信仰(页面不存在)">东北民间信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="法教(页面不存在)">法教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A9%E7%AB%A5" title="乩童">乩童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A9" title="傩">傩文化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%AB%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国传统巫教(页面不存在)">中国传统巫教</a></li></ul> <p><b>神明</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">天公</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%85%AC" title="土地公">土地公</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B6%E5%90%9B" title="灶君">灶君</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%A5%9E" title="门神">门神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="祖先">祖先</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%BD%E7%A5%96" title="媽祖">媽祖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E4%B8%BB" title="川主">川主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%88%BA%E5%8D%83%E6%AD%B2%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="王爺千歲信仰">王爺信仰</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="中國秘密宗教">秘密社会</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="德教(页面不存在)">德教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%95%99" title="羅教">羅教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8A%9F" title="气功">气功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B8%9D%E6%95%99" title="天帝教">天帝教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%85%86%E6%81%A9" title="林兆恩">三一教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="天道">天道</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A9%E8%BE%95%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="轩辕教(页面不存在)">轩辕教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%95%99" title="理教">理教</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">与宗教相关的</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E5%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="中國傳統宗法性宗教">中國傳統宗法性宗教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="本主教">本主教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E6%91%A9%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="毕摩教">毕摩教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%95%99" title="苯教">苯教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E6%95%99" title="東巴教">東巴教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%95%99" title="摩教">摩教</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%97%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="苗教(页面不存在)">苗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B1%B1%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="梅山教">梅山教</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="Template:中国民间信仰"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="Template talk:中国民间信仰"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中国民间信仰"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>陰陽。</b>起源於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="古代中國">古代中國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">觀念</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="觀念模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mindset"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="觀念模式(页面不存在)">思維模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindset" class="extiw" title="en:Mindset"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mindset</span></a></span>)</span></span>,描述性質相反相成,互相對立又互相依賴,恆久持續的兩種力量。<sup id="cite_ref-楊珮君_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-楊珮君-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>起初,陰陽僅指晴朗和陰暗兩種<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天氣">天氣</a>,向陽和背光兩種<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE" title="地理位置">位置</a>,溫暖炎熱和涼爽寒冷兩種<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a>,後來視作萬物構成的要素——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">氣</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-徐復觀_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-徐復觀-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-汪寧生_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-汪寧生-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中國古代認為宇宙萬物誕生於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C" title="混沌">混沌</a>不分的元氣,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>或謂之<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="太極">太極</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%80" title="太一">太一</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>從元氣之中分化出陰陽之<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">氣</a>,化形為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="陸地">地</a>。從陰陽之氣產生<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="四時">四時</a>流轉和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>生勝,衍化宇宙萬物。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>陰陽二<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">氣</a>有各自的性質,具有主導萬物生殺變化的力量。<sup id="cite_ref-楊珮君_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-楊珮君-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>陰氣濁重、晦冥、寒冷、肅殺,性情沉靜、柔順、內斂,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9B%86%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="農曆七月">孟秋</a>出於東南而北行,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E5%88%86" title="秋分">秋分</a>在東,<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E8%87%B3" title="冬至">冬至</a>在北,<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E5%88%86" title="春分">春分</a>在西,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%A4%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟夏">孟夏</a>伏於西南,數字為偶數,德性為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9" title="義">義</a>,掌懲惡、刑罰、萬物之凋敝衰敗;陽氣清輕、光明、炎熱、厚生,性情好動、剛健、外向,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E6%98%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="孟春">孟春</a>出於東北而南行,<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E5%88%86" title="春分">春分</a>在東,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" title="夏至">夏至</a>在南,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E5%88%86" title="秋分">秋分</a>在西,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9B%86%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="農曆十月">孟冬</a>藏於西北,數字為奇數,德性為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">仁</a>,掌養善、慶賞、萬物之蓬勃興旺。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>古人對陰陽二氣賦予的性質,起自人對氣候寒暖與物象變化的感知,並且用陰陽二氣交相更代的循環來解釋<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="四季">四季</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">寒暑</a>交替、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E5%80%99%E5%AD%B8" title="物候學">物候</a>興衰、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BC%E5%A4%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="昼夜">晝夜</a>長短。<sup id="cite_ref-楊珮君_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-楊珮君-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>又日出日落風雨雷電霜雪等各種天氣現象,<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%A3%9F" title="日食">日食</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E9%A3%9F" title="月食">月食</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A8%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="陨星">隕星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%99%B9" title="彩虹">彩虹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E6%97%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="乾旱">乾旱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水">洪水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>等災異,也被古人認為是陰陽二氣的作用。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-宋惠如_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋惠如-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>之出生也認為是兼具陰陽二氣,陰氣主骨肉,陽氣主精神。又魄是附形之靈,為形體之功用,陰之精氣;魂是附氣之神,為精神之性識,陽之精氣。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>古人也將許多制度與文化事物的起源用陰陽加以解釋,賦予意義。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6" title="八卦">易卦</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巫師">巫師</a>將<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%81%B6%E6%80%A7_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="奇偶性 (数学)">奇偶數字</a>排列組合用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9C%E7%AD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="卜筮">卜筮</a>,解釋為能表徵天地萬物之變化,所以<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="聖人">聖人</a>造八卦,仿造陰陽變化之理。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E4%B9%90%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="礼乐制度">禮</a>是古代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F" title="氏族">氏族</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E4%BF%97" title="風俗">風俗</a>的發展,解釋為能表現天地之次序,所以聖人制禮,依循陰陽尊卑、四時常序。<sup id="cite_ref-彭林_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-彭林-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E4%B9%90%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="礼乐制度">樂</a>是先民情感的自然流露,解釋為能宣達天地之和暢,所以聖人作樂,調和陰陽之聲,令音聲剛柔相濟、清濁相諧。<sup id="cite_ref-彭林_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-彭林-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>除此之外,古代中國的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="神秘學">神秘文化</a>,如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="風水">風水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="相術">相術</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E5%91%BD" title="算命">算命</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%87%E6%97%A5%E5%AD%B8" title="擇日學">擇日</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%8D%9C" title="占卜">占卜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="内丹">內丹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="中醫">中醫</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%93%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="術數">術數</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="方术">方術</a>也援用陰陽、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">氣</a>作為其理論解釋的基本概念。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9B%86" title="農曆">曆法</a>在古代中國與術數關係緊密,亦歸為術數一類。兵家、農家當中,亦有應用術數的作法,如《漢書·藝文志》載兵家陰陽一類「順時而發,推刑德,隨斗擊,因五勝」,《田家五行》、《田家占候集覽》載有農家占候之法。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中國傳統的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E7%94%9F_(%E9%81%93%E6%95%99)" title="養生 (道教)">養生</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93" title="武術">武術</a>理論也受到陰陽思想的浸潤,如道教<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E4%B8%B9%E6%9C%AF" title="内丹术">內丹術</a>要鍊成的還丹是「象水火成萬物,稟天地陰陽之氣」,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>明清時期部份<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="武術家">武術家</a>將陰陽、五行、八卦等概念用作其武術理論之根據,形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E6%8B%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="太極拳">太極拳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E6%8B%B3" title="五行拳">五行拳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E6%8E%8C" title="八卦掌">八卦掌</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="中國武術">中國武術</a>拳法。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="字詞意義"><span id=".E5.AD.97.E8.A9.9E.E6.84.8F.E7.BE.A9"></span>字詞意義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:字詞意義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>陰、陽兩字的古義是背日和向日(山南水北,向日為「陽」;山北水南,背日為「陰」)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,起初并无任何<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>思想内涵<sup id="cite_ref-徐復觀_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-徐復觀-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul><li>陰,《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B4%E6%96%87%E8%A7%A3%E5%AD%97" title="说文解字">说文解字</a>》曰:「陰,闇也,水之南山之北也;從阜,侌聲」。侌,即古文『𩃬』(霒)字,「𩃬,雲覆日也,從<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="雲">雲</a>,今聲」。</li> <li>陽,《说文解字》曰:「陽,高明也;從阜,昜聲」。「昜,開也。從日、一、勿。一曰飛揚,一曰長,一曰彊(強)者眾貌」。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E7%8E%89%E8%A3%81" title="段玉裁">段玉裁</a>《說文解字注》:「闢戸謂之乾,故曰開也。从日一勿。从勿者、取開展意。」</li></ul> <p>按照<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A4%8D%E8%A7%82" title="徐复观">徐復觀</a>的解釋,侌、昜二字為陰、陽的本字,兼具<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="意符">意符</a>和聲符的作用。「侌」字為雲覆日,雲覆日則陰暗;「昜」字為日出照於地上,日出照於地上則明朗。「一」象大地之形,「勿」乃象日初出時的光芒。侌、昜的原意就是有無<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%89" title="日光">日光</a>的兩種天氣<sup id="cite_ref-徐復觀_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-徐復觀-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>《詩經》的陰字多指天氣昏暗,也有用作陰闇的意思,有一處取引伸義為覆蔭。陽字多指山水的方位,也有指日光或氣候溫暖的意思,有一處取日光的引伸義為明朗,疊字詞「陽陽」是由天氣晴朗引伸為舒展自得。陰陽之連用見於〈公劉〉,指山之南北<sup id="cite_ref-徐復觀_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-徐復觀-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。《詩經》的陰陽皆無陰陽二氣之意思,以陰陽指陰氣和陽氣為後起的觀念<sup id="cite_ref-徐復觀_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-徐復觀-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。若《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="國語 (書)">國語</a>·周語》的記載可信,<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%A2%E6%96%87%E5%85%AC" title="虢文公">虢文公</a>勸<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%AE%A3%E7%8E%8B" title="周宣王">周宣王</a>舉行<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%8D%E7%94%B0" title="籍田">籍田</a>之禮,提到陽氣,已有陰陽二氣的觀念<sup id="cite_ref-汪寧生_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-汪寧生-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。另外《<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B8%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="逸周書">逸周書</a>》的〈周月〉和〈時訓〉也有陰氣或陽氣之字句。 </p><p>據《<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B8%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="逸周書">逸周書</a>·成開》「天有九列,別時陰陽;地有九州,別處五行」、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B8%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="逸周書">逸周書</a>·武順》「地有五行,不通曰惡;天有四時,不時曰凶」、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="左傳">左傳</a>·昭公元年》「天有六氣,降生五味,發為五色,徵為五聲……六氣曰陰陽風雨晦明也」、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="左傳">左傳</a>·昭公二十五年》「則天之明,因地之性,生其六氣,用其五行,氣為五味,發為五色,章為五聲」、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="左傳">左傳</a>·昭公三十二年》「天有三辰,地有五行」、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="國語 (書)">國語</a>·魯語》「天之三辰,民所以瞻仰也;及地之五行,所以生殖(生產商品與增殖貨物)也」、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E4%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="易传">周易說卦傳</a>》「立天之道曰陰與陽,立地之道曰柔與剛」(韓康伯注:在天成象,在地成形。陰陽者言其氣,剛柔者言其形)、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%B6%A1%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="鶡冠子">鶡冠子</a>·王鈇》:「天用四時,地用五行」、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%B6%A1%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="鶡冠子">鶡冠子</a>·天權》:「下因地利,制以五行……取法於天,四時求象」,陰陽為天時之變化,表現為寒暖明暗、風吹雨打、四季與日夜之交替,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>為地利之豐盛,表現為水源、篝火、木材、金屬、土石等物資之分佈與多寡。 </p><p>除了指陰陽二氣,陰陽也用來表示兩事物間的相對關係,這種相對關係,反映古代中國對自然秩序與社會秩序的看法。如《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E8%8B%91" class="mw-redirect" title="說苑">說苑</a>》稱「陽者陰之長也,其在鳥則雄為陽而雌為陰,在獸則牡為陽而牝為陰;其在民則夫為陽而婦為陰,其在家則父為陽而子為陰,其在國則君為陽而臣為陰。」這樣的關係被用來解釋災異之變,如山崩解釋為君道崩壞,因為山屬陽,象徵君王,水屬陰,象徵人民<sup id="cite_ref-宋惠如_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋惠如-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。對這種相對關係的認定也可能出現分歧,例如:董仲舒認為「『性』善為陽,『情』惡為陰」,劉向認為「『情』出於外為陽,『性』在身而不發為陰」<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="儒家"><span id=".E5.84.92.E5.AE.B6"></span>儒家</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:儒家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>說卦傳說:「立天之道曰陰與陽」,<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AB%E8%BE%AD" title="繫辭">繫辭</a>傳說:「一陰一陽之謂道」、「形而上者謂之道,形而下者謂之器」,這裡的「道」,即宇宙運行,事物變化的背後法則。所以,戰國時期的儒家著作,已吸納「道」與「陰陽」作為天地萬物變化之理的概念。 </p><p>繫辭傳又說:「易有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="太極">太極</a>,是生<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BB%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="两仪">兩儀</a>,兩儀生<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1" title="四象">四象</a>,四象生<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6" title="八卦">八卦</a>。」易傳中的「太極」與「道」字相通,正因為萬物由「道」所生,萬物變化亦不脫離陰陽,因此仿造天地陰陽變化之理的易經卦象才能蓋括所有變化,成為卜筮的依據。 </p><p>漢儒編纂的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>》也有許多篇章用陰陽的觀念來解釋禮,賦予《<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%80%E7%A6%AE" title="儀禮">儀禮</a>》的禮法以新的禮義<sup id="cite_ref-彭林_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-彭林-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a>在〈禮論〉主張「天能生物,不能辨物,地能載人,不能治人」,雖肯定天地生育承載萬物的功績,陰陽變化萬物的能力,然而分辨事物(善惡好壞),治理民眾,仍然是靠聖人之道。聖人結合本始樸素之情性與人為條理之禮法,讓天下得以治理。在〈天論〉提及因隕星墜落的衝擊而樹木鳴響<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,這是「天地之變,陰陽之化」,讓稀有的事物到來。因此感到奇怪,是人之常情,為此畏懼則沒必要。 </p><p>至<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="西漢">西漢</a>儒生<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>》,好言「天人感應」與「陰陽災異」,又將陰陽五行視為政教制度的設立依據和根源。《漢書·五行志》稱「董仲舒治公羊春秋,始推陰陽,為儒者宗」,漢代儒家用陰陽推演災異,藉以附會人事,勸戒君王,起自於董仲舒治《春秋》的陰陽災異之說<sup id="cite_ref-宋惠如_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宋惠如-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="道家"><span id=".E9.81.93.E5.AE.B6"></span>道家</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:道家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="道德經">道德經</a>》中,就提及「陰陽」與宇宙萬物之生成,並認為陰陽背後有「道」作為萬物之根源。不同於《春秋繁露》、《說苑》貴陽賤陰的觀點,《道德經》主張貴柔守雌。 </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="莊子 (書)">莊子</a>》一書也有近似的觀念。在〈知北遊〉提及人之生死皆是氣之聚散,若死生相隨,為何要擔憂?所以萬物皆一體,天下皆一氣。在〈田子方〉說明宇宙萬物乃陰陽二氣合和所生,「至陰肅肅,至陽赫赫。肅肅出乎天,赫赫發乎地,兩者交通成和而物生焉」。其中,「肅肅之陰氣」發自「天」,代表陰氣出自上方而下沉,「赫赫之陽氣」發自「地」,代表陽氣出自下方而上昇,因此二儀交通,化生萬物<sup id="cite_ref-顏銘俊_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-顏銘俊-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而在陰陽二氣背後,更有「道」為其根源,如〈則陽〉說:「天地者,形之大者也;陰陽者,氣之大者也。道者為之公。」<sup id="cite_ref-顏銘俊_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-顏銘俊-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>至宋代之後,<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>思想家為了區別<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="先天">先天</a>的氣與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="後天">後天</a>的氣,採用「炁」來代表先天的氣,代表<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A5%B5" title="無極">無極</a>,氣則被當成是後天的氣,為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="太極">太極</a>。但是道教以外的文獻,沒有這樣的區別。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96" title="太極圖">太極圖</a>最早見於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E6%92%9D%E8%AC%99" title="趙撝謙">趙撝謙</a>的《六書本義》,他從<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E7%B9%B9%E6%9B%BE" title="陳繹曾">陳伯敷</a>得到此圖,傳說該圖是<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%85%83%E5%AE%9A" title="蔡元定">蔡元定</a>從蜀地隱者所獲。太極圖以一條曲線將圓形分為兩半,形成一半白一半黑,白者像陽,黑者像陰,白中又有一個黑點,黑中又有一個白點,表示陽中有陰,陰中有陽。分開的兩半,酷似兩條魚,所以俗稱<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽魚">陰陽魚</a>。 </p><p>太極符號(<big><span class="Unicode">☯</span></big>)的<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>編碼是0x262f(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E9%80%B2%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="十六進位">十六進位</a>),在網頁<a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>當中可以寫成<code>&amp;#x262f;</code>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="陰陽家"><span id=".E9.99.B0.E9.99.BD.E5.AE.B6"></span>陰陽家</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:陰陽家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E8%AB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="司馬談">司馬談</a>〈論六家要旨〉列陰陽、儒、墨、名、法、道為六家,稱六家皆同歸但殊途,皆以治世為務,但立說不同。陰陽家的要旨為:以萬物在四時生長收藏之規律作為天道之大經:春生、夏長、秋收、冬藏。依順此理者昌盛,違逆者不立刻死去也會衰亡。陰陽家禁忌很多,按照陰陽、四季、八個方位、十二個天區,二十四節氣都各有教令,讓人受到許多拘束而感到畏懼。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="劉向">劉向</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%86" class="mw-redirect" title="劉歆">劉歆</a>的《七略》見於《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢書">漢書</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E6%96%87%E5%BF%97" title="藝文志">藝文志</a>》,認為「陰陽家者流,蓋出於羲、和之官」,其長處為「敬順蒼天,觀察推算日月星辰,制定曆法為民所用」,短處為「牽於禁忌,泥於術數,捨人事而任鬼神」。 </p><p>陰陽家主要代表人物為戰國時期的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="齊國">齊國</a>人<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%92%E8%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鄒衍">鄒衍</a>,司馬遷稱他「深觀陰陽消息,而作怪迂之變」,作〈終始〉、〈大聖〉十餘萬言,先從當世說起,上至黃帝,載其禨祥度制,以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" title="五德終始說">五德終始說</a>談世代盛衰,好談不可考、不能睹之事,如天地未生、海外九州,不過仍以仁義、節儉為學說之歸趨。 </p><p>《漢書·藝文志》著錄陰陽家著作「二十一家,三百六十九篇」,都沒有流傳下來。但是在其他一些著作仍能窺見陰陽家的思想。 </p><p>戰國時期深受陰陽家思想影響的著作,有《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="管子 (書)">管子</a>》以及《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>》,例如《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="管子 (書)">管子</a>·四時》論說四時、五行與刑德(罪罰和賞功),《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>·應同》載五德終始說,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>·十二紀》以四時、五行作為各月教令的依據。 </p><p>漢代的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90" title="淮南子">淮南子</a>》也充斥陰陽家思想,整合<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a>分陰陽的宇宙圖式與五行生剋的體系。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90" title="淮南子">淮南子</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="天文">天文</a>训》讲天地的起源和萬物之生成,认为天地未分以前,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C" title="混沌">混沌</a>既分之后,轻清者上升为天,重浊者凝结为地;天为阳<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="气">气</a>,地为阴<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="气">气</a>,二气作用,产生四時,四時之精化為万物。<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>》也能看到一些陰陽家的學說內容。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="醫家"><span id=".E9.86.AB.E5.AE.B6"></span>醫家</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:醫家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古時人民從生活中,觀察到各種對立的自然現象,如天地、日月、晝夜、暑寒、雌雄、上下等,而產生出「陰陽」的觀念,認為這是天地萬物變化的道理,故《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%A7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃帝內經">黃帝內經</a>》中的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E9%97%AE" title="素问">素問</a>·陰陽應象大論》認為:「陰陽者,天地之道也。」。由此,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國傳統醫學">中國傳統醫學</a>認為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="人體">人體</a>的生理機制和病因機理也是由陰陽而決定,可用陰陽來說明。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國傳統醫學">中國傳統醫學</a>(漢醫、中醫)用陰陽的概念來說明<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>人體生理組織的分類,如臟為陰,腑為陽,心在上應夏為陽中之陽,腎在下應冬為陰中之陰。</li> <li>人體的生理功能,是由陰陽二氣作用維持平衡。</li> <li>人體病理的變化,包括分析病因的陰陽屬性,如六淫外感屬陽邪,飲食、居處、情志失調屬陰邪。而六淫之中,風邪、暑邪、火(熱)邪屬陽,寒邪、濕邪屬陰,還有分析病理變化,如陰陽偏盛、陰陽偏衰,以及陰陽互損。</li> <li>疾病的診斷和治療,包括診察疾病和辨識症候,如是邪氣偏盛的實症,則洩之,正氣不足的虛症,則補之。</li> <li>藥物性能的分類,如能減輕或消除熱症的藥物,一般屬於寒性或涼性。能減少或消除寒症的藥物,一般屬於熱性或溫性。</li></ul> <p>人體不同的部位、組織,以至不同的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>活動,都可劃分為陰陽兩類,它是一種相對的分類而非絕對的分類。根據《素問·陰陽離合論》:「陰陽者,數之可十,推之可百;數之可千,推之可萬;萬之大,不可勝數,然其要一也。」故陰陽可無限細分,而這概念亦應用於傳統醫學上,以解釋生理活動的不同狀態。例如:五臟在內為陰,六腑在外為陽。五臟之中,心為陽,腎為陰。當中的每一個臟器,其活動狀態又可細分為陰陽,如心陰、心陽;腎陰、腎陽等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="術數家"><span id=".E8.A1.93.E6.95.B8.E5.AE.B6"></span>術數家</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:術數家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在古代,陰陽、五行或陰陽五行也用作<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%93%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="術數">術數</a>的代稱,如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%BF%83%E9%9B%95%E9%BE%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="文心雕龍">文心雕龍</a>》:「於是伎數之士附於詭術,或說陰陽,或序災異」,又如《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="魏書">魏書</a>》稱屈拔「少好陰陽學」,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8F%B2" title="南史">南史</a>》稱<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%8F%E6%99%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="陶宏景">陶宏景</a>「尤明陰陽五行、風角星算」,《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="舊唐書">舊唐書</a>》稱<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%B3%E9%A2%A8" title="李淳風">李淳風</a>「尤明天文、曆算、陰陽之學」,稱<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%8C" title="一行">一行</a>「尤精曆象、陰陽、五行之學」,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="宋史">宋史</a>》稱<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%BF" title="胡宿">胡宿</a>「兼通陰陽、五行、災異之學」,指的是這些人能了解陰陽五行變化的道理。 </p><p>宋代有流外的陰陽官,負責陰陽占驗、擇日、葬地之事。元代於地方置<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="阴阳学">陰陽學</a>,若有通曉陰陽之人,設教師以訓誨之。其有術數精通者,可赴都城考試受驗,果有異能,則可進入中央的天文機關。設置陰陽學的作法一直沿用到清代。 </p><p>日本<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93" title="神道">神道</a>下以源自中國的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>為基礎的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽道">陰陽道</a>(在日本是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%93" class="mw-disambig" title="法術">法術</a>的代名詞),古代在律令制管理下中務省的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E5%AF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽寮">陰陽寮</a>內所屬的官職之一,稱作<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E5%B8%AB" title="陰陽師">陰陽師</a>(日語:陰陽師/おんみょうじ Onmyōji *)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96"></span>其他</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:其他"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="龐加萊對偶"><span id=".E9.BE.90.E5.8A.A0.E8.90.8A.E5.B0.8D.E5.81.B6"></span>龐加萊對偶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:龐加萊對偶"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%B6_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="对偶 (数学)">對偶 (數學)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E6%88%90%E6%A1%90" title="丘成桐">丘成桐</a>曾評論說:「我們中國喜歡講的陰陽,其實就是一個屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="幾何">幾何</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="對稱">對稱</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>上有一個叫<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A%E5%B0%8D%E5%81%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="龐加萊對偶">龐加萊對偶</a>的概念,其實就是陰陽,但這個概念要比陰陽具體得多,同時也真正用在了數學的發展上<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。」 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量子力學"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>量子力學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:量子力學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>波耳的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>的<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="互补原理">互補原理</a></b>和大象勳章上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96" title="太極圖">太極圖</a>以及格言-<b>對立即互補</b>(Niels Bohr's <b>complementarity principle</b> in quantum theory of mechanics and taichi on Order of the Elephant: <b>contraria sunt complementa</b>) </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7" title="波粒二象性">波粒二象性</a></div> <p>愛因斯坦曾於1909年提出,在描述光的物理行為时,必須將其波動性與粒子性都納入考量。1923年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E6%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="路易·德布羅意">路易·德布羅意</a>假定物質粒子也都具有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7" title="波粒二象性">波粒二象性</a>,即具有波動和粒子的雙重性質。這一論述後來稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E6%84%8F%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="德布羅意假說">德布罗意假说</a>。1927年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE%EF%BC%8D%E9%9D%A9%E6%9C%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="戴維森-革末實驗">戴維森-革末實驗</a>证实了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E6%84%8F%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="德布羅意假說">德布罗意假说</a>。這一系列重要發展促使玻爾與海森堡聚焦研究波粒二象性,可是,由於其極具難度,儘管絞盡腦汁研究探索,他們仍舊無法找到正確解答<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991301–302_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991301–302-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1927年2月,玻尔在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>疗养时構想出了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="互补原理">互補原理</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2011229–230_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2011229–230-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這一原理闡明,基於不同的实验框架,事物会表现出像波粒二象性这样明显<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="對立">对立</a>的雙重性质<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1985112–113_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1985112–113-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在同一段時期,海森堡也發展出<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性原理">不確定性原理</a>。那年秋天,海森堡升遷為<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="萊比錫大學">萊比錫大學</a>的教授。從4月份開始,延續了一整個暑期,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%9B%A0" title="奧斯卡·克萊因">奧斯卡·克萊因</a>負責聽寫玻爾口述與修改關於互補原理的論文。同年9月,在義大利<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB" title="科莫">科莫</a>召開的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伏打会议" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Volta Conference"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伏打会议(页面不存在)">伏打会议</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_Conference" class="extiw" title="en:Volta Conference"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Volta Conference</span></a></span>)</span></span>中,玻爾首次提出互補原理<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991311_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991311-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。從<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a>的新概念所衍生的哲学问题引起了广泛的争论。尽管为量子力学贡献良多,爱因斯坦對於這些新概念还是提出了諸多批評。互補原理也不在例外。爱因斯坦与玻尔后来就这些问题进行了旷日持久的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%88%BE-%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B9%8B%E7%88%AD" title="玻爾-愛因斯坦之爭">论争</a>,直到爱因斯坦去世<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDialogue1985121–140_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDialogue1985121–140-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>随着第二次世界大战告终,玻尔在1945年8月25日回到了哥本哈根,并于9月21日重新當选为丹麦皇家科学院院长<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991504_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991504-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1947年10月17日,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96" title="克里斯蒂安十世">克里斯蒂安十世</a>的追悼仪式上,国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="弗雷德里克九世">弗雷德里克九世</a>宣布授予玻尔<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%A1%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="大象勋章">大象勋章</a>。通常只有王室成员和国家元首能获此殊荣。国王说这一荣誉不仅仅只是授予玻尔个人,更是授予整个丹麦科学界<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991166,_466–467_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991166,_466–467-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。玻尔设计了自己的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B9%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="纹章">纹章</a>。纹章中附有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="太极图">太极图</a>以及格言“对立即互补”(<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>:<span lang="la">contraria sunt complementa</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopenhagen_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopenhagen-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" 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style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taijitu_red_gradient.svg/28px-Taijitu_red_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taijitu_red_gradient.svg/42px-Taijitu_red_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taijitu_red_gradient.svg/56px-Taijitu_red_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="Portal:道教">道教主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">氣 (中國)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="周易">周易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非二元論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nondualism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="非二元論(页面不存在)">非二元論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism" class="extiw" title="en:Nondualism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nondualism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95" title="二分法">二分法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B" title="二元對立">二元對立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對偶性現象或理論的列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of dualities"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E5%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E6%88%96%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="對偶性現象或理論的列表(页面不存在)">對偶性現象或理論的列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dualities" class="extiw" title="en:List of dualities"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of dualities</span></a></span>)</span></span>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="德摩根定律">德摩根定律</a>‧<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%B6_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="对偶 (数学)">對偶 (數學)</a>‧<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="对称性 (物理学)">對稱性 (物理學)</a>‧<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E5%81%B6%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="電路學對偶現象">電路學對偶現象</a>‧<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="電磁學對偶現象" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Duality (electricity and magnetism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E5%81%B6%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="電磁學對偶現象(页面不存在)">電磁學對偶現象</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(electricity_and_magnetism)" class="extiw" title="en:Duality (electricity and magnetism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Duality (electricity and magnetism)</span></a></span>)</span></span>‧<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7" title="波粒二象性">波粒二象性</a>……)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-楊珮君-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-楊珮君_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-楊珮君_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-楊珮君_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">楊珮君. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A17019137">董仲舒《春秋繁露》中「理」的內涵考察</a>. 有鳳初鳴年刊. 2017, <b>13</b>: 295–315. <q><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>認為「天之大經,三起而成,四轉而終」,三起即孟、仲、季的月令分判,象徵由初而末、陽氣或陰氣由多而少、由盛至衰的歷程。故陰陽二氣的多寡決定了四季的生成,此所謂「天道之大者在陰陽」。……關於陰陽為何會有如此盛衰歷程的變化,董仲舒以陰陽二氣各於宇宙四方相續流轉的方位變遷來說明,此可視為董氏對《繫辭傳》所云「一陰一陽之謂道」與《說卦》「立天之道,曰陰與陽」的發揮闡釋。其〈陰陽義〉云:天地之常,一陰一陽。陽者,天之德也,陰者,天之刑也。董氏不僅視陰陽二氣為作用於宇宙間的兩種力量,且各有相異的形上特性,陽氣有生生之能,故為德;陰有傷喪之能,故為刑。〈官制象天〉中董氏依陰陽二氣因可同類相動於無形所產生聚合之多寡的現象,區分為少陽、太陽、少陰、太陰四種型態以配春、夏、秋、冬。四季對於人間萬物的活動具有生、養、收(殺)、藏次序相從、不斷循環往復的意義;而空間上四季有暖、暑、清、寒四種不同氣息的流布,以便萬物出入有時,達成活動與休息的平衡。這邊可以發現董仲舒將上古以來人們依照曆法時令進行春耕秋收的活動納入其宇宙論系統中,以人文活動來解釋宇宙變動的整體趨向;另一方面,董子又將人對自然氣候之暖寒與對物象變化的客觀感知,統歸為二元,形成陽暖陰寒、陽生陰殺、陽善陰惡、陽德陰刑等概念。這些二元概念涵攝於循環主一的天理運作中……</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E3%80%8A%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%AD%E3%80%8C%E7%90%86%E3%80%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A7%E6%B6%B5%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F&amp;rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E7%8F%AE%E5%90%9B&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%89%E9%B3%B3%E5%88%9D%E9%B3%B4%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%8A&amp;rft.pages=295-315&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA17019137&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Harry Donkers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1348&amp;context=comparativephilosophy">the Yi-jing Cosmic Model: With an Application of an Alternative to Neoliberalism</a>. Comparative Philosophy. 2020, <b>11</b> (2): 1–35 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405203739/https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1348&amp;context=comparativephilosophy">存档</a>于2024-04-05). <q>Events in the cosmos or in the human world are the result of the interplay between polarities, like Yang and Yin, where opposite forces play an important role......The Yin-Yang dynamic is essential to achieve harmonious balance. It describes how seemingly opposite, but complementary forces are interconnected and mutually dependent...... When there is no more separation between Yin and Yang we experience unity of Yin and Yang, which is called the Dao (道).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=the+Yi-jing+Cosmic+Model%3A+With+an+Application+of+an+Alternative+to+Neoliberalism&amp;rft.au=Harry+Donkers&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Comparative+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=1-35&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.sjsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1348%26context%3Dcomparativephilosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E4%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="易传">周易繫辭傳</a>》:「剛柔相摩,八卦相盪。……剛柔相推而生變化。……剛柔者,晝夜之象也。……範圍天地之化而不過,曲成萬物而不遺,通乎晝夜之道而知,故神无方而易无體。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E4%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="易传">周易繫辭傳</a>》:「一陰一陽之謂道。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E4%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="易传">周易說卦傳</a>》:「立天之道曰陰與陽,立地之道曰柔與剛。……分陰分陽,迭用柔剛。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="道德經">道德經</a>》:「萬物負陰而抱陽,沖氣以為和。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AD%90_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="墨子 (书)">墨子</a>·辭過》:「聖人有傳:天地也,則曰上下;四時也,則曰陰陽;人情也,則曰男女;禽獸也,則曰牡牝雄雌也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="莊子 (書)">莊子</a>·則陽》:「是故天地者,形之大者也;陰陽者,氣之大者也;道者為之公。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AD%90" title="列子">列子</a>·天瑞》:「陰陽之氣所不交,故寒暑亡辨。……其陰陽之審度,故一寒一暑。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%B6%A1%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="鶡冠子">鶡冠子</a>·度萬》:「陰陽者氣之正也,天地者形神之正也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%B6%A1%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="鶡冠子">鶡冠子</a>·近迭》:「陰陽寒暑與時至。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%B6%A1%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="鶡冠子">鶡冠子</a>·夜行》:「陰陽,氣也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="荀子 (書)">荀子</a>·天論》:「列星隨旋,日月遞炤,四時代御,陰陽大化,風雨博施,萬物各得其和以生,各得其養以成,不見其事,而見其功,夫是之謂神。皆知其所以成,莫知其無形,夫是之謂天功。……在天者莫明於日月,在地者莫明於水火……故日月不高,則光輝不赫;水火不積,則煇潤不博。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="管子 (書)">管子</a>·四時》:「是故陰陽者,天地之大理也;四時者,陰陽之大經也;刑德者,四時之合也。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·陰陽義》:「天地之常,一陰一陽。陽者,天之德也;陰者,天之刑也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-徐復觀-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-徐復觀_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-徐復觀_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-徐復觀_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-徐復觀_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-徐復觀_4-4"><sup><b>4.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A4%8D%E8%A7%82" title="徐复观">徐復觀</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/xufuguan.net/collectedworks/home/%E4%BA%8C%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AB%96%E8%91%97/6a-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2-%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2-%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87-%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87/p-509-%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E4%BA%8C-%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6">附錄二 陰陽五行及其有關文獻的研究</a>. 中國人性論史 (先秦篇). 臺灣商務印書館. 1969 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080817/https://sites.google.com/xufuguan.net/collectedworks/home/%E4%BA%8C%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AB%96%E8%91%97/6a-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2-%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2-%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87-%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87/p-509-%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E4%BA%8C-%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6">存档</a>于2024-02-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E4%BA%8C+%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E5%BE%A9%E8%A7%80&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2+%28%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87%29&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fxufuguan.net%2Fcollectedworks%2Fhome%2F%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E8%25A1%2593%25E8%25AB%2596%25E8%2591%2597%2F6a-%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2580%25A7%25E8%25AB%2596%25E5%258F%25B2-%25E5%2585%2588%25E7%25A7%25A6%25E7%25AF%2587%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2580%25A7%25E8%25AB%2596%25E5%258F%25B2-%25E5%2585%2588%25E7%25A7%25A6%25E7%25AF%2587-%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E6%2596%2587%2Fp-509-%25E9%2599%2584%25E9%258C%2584%25E4%25BA%258C-%25E9%2599%25B0%25E9%2599%25BD%25E4%25BA%2594%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%258F%258A%25E5%2585%25B6%25E6%259C%2589%25E9%2597%259C%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%258D%25BB%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-汪寧生-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-汪寧生_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-汪寧生_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E5%AE%81%E7%94%9F" title="汪宁生">汪寧生</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010430105028/http://www.china10k.com/trad/history/1/11/11z/11z20/11z2001.htm">陰陽觀念探祕</a>. 中華萬年網. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. 原始内容存档于2001-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E8%A7%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%8E%A2%E7%A5%95&amp;rft.au=%E6%B1%AA%E5%AF%A7%E7%94%9F&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%90%AC%E5%B9%B4%E7%B6%B2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china10k.com%2Ftrad%2Fhistory%2F1%2F11%2F11z%2F11z20%2F11z2001.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E8%BE%9E%C2%B7%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE" title="楚辞·天问">楚辭·天問</a>》:「遂古之初,誰傳道之?上下未形,何由考之?冥昭瞢暗,誰能極之?馮翼惟象,何以識之?」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%B6%A1%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="鶡冠子">鶡冠子</a>·泰錄》:「故天地成於元氣,萬物乘於天地」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%BE%A1%E8%A6%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太平御覽">太平御覽</a>·天部》引賀述《禮統》:「天地者,元氣之所生,萬物之所自焉。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%A0%E5%8F%A5" title="老子河上公章句">老子河上公章句</a>》:「元氣生萬物而不有。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·言毒》:「萬物之生,皆稟元氣。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%BE%A1%E8%A6%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太平御覽">太平御覽</a>》引<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="張衡">張衡</a>《玄圖》:「玄者無形之類,自然之根;作於太始,莫之能先;包含道德,構掩乾坤;橐籥元氣,稟受無形。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢書">漢書</a>·律曆志》:「太極運三辰五星於上,而元氣轉三統五行於下。」<br /> 許慎《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87%E8%A7%A3%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="說文解字">說文解字</a>》:「一:惟初太始,道立於一,造分天地,化成萬物。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緯書">易緯乾鑿度</a>》:「昔者聖人因陰陽,定消息,立乾坤,以統天地也。夫有形生於无形,乾坤安從生?故曰:有太易,有太初,有太始,有太素也。太易者,未見氣也。太初者氣之始也。太始者形之始也。太素者質之始也。炁形質具而未離。故曰渾淪。渾淪者,言萬物相渾成而未相離。視之不見,聽之不聞,循之不得,故曰易也。易无形畔。易變而為一。一變而為七。七變而為九。九者氣變之究也,乃復變而為一。一者形變之始,清輕者上為天,濁重者下為地。」,亦見於《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AD%90" title="列子">列子</a>·天瑞》<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·談天》:「說《易》者曰:「元氣未分,渾沌為一。」儒書又言:「溟涬濛澒,氣未分之類也。及其分離,清者為天,濁者為地。」」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">俞懿嫻. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pedia.cloud.edu.tw/Entry/Detail/?title=%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%80&amp;search=%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%80#glossary">太一</a>. 教育大辭書. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318205714/https://pedia.cloud.edu.tw/Entry/Detail/?search=%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%80&amp;title=%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%80#glossary">存档</a>于2024-03-18). <q>〔莊子‧天地篇〕則以「泰初」(或作太初)為「道」的別名:「泰初有無,無有無名,一之所起,有一而未形」,可見泰初與太一均是指宇宙初始天地未分的渾沌狀態,也可說是「道」的原貌,以及萬物復歸於「道」後的終極狀態。……此外〔呂氏春秋.大樂篇〕稱:「音樂之所由來者遠矣。生於度量,本於太一。太一出兩儀,兩儀出陰陽,陰陽變化,一上一下,合而成章。……道也者,至精也,不可為形,不可為名,疆為之,謂之太一。」以及〔淮南子.詮言訓〕中說:「洞同天地,渾沌為樸,未造而成物,謂之太一。」均本諸老莊思想,以「太一」為渾沌之「道」。……至於〔禮記.禮運篇〕則以「太一」為天地未分的渾沌狀態,同時也是人文價值創造的根本。〔禮運篇〕中說:「是故夫禮,必本於太一,分而為天地,轉而為陰陽,變而為四時,列而為鬼神。」就是說禮以宇宙渾沌未分,至大沌一的原理為根本,沌一的原理分而為天地,運轉為陰陽相對的現象,變化為春夏秋冬四時季節,列位成通過去未來的鬼神。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%80&amp;rft.au=%E4%BF%9E%E6%87%BF%E5%AB%BB&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpedia.cloud.edu.tw%2FEntry%2FDetail%2F%3Ftitle%3D%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E4%25B8%2580%26search%3D%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E4%25B8%2580%23glossary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">傅元龍. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pedia.cloud.edu.tw/Entry/Detail/?title=%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5&amp;search=%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5#glossary">太極</a>. 教育大辭書. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207124834/https://pedia.cloud.edu.tw/Entry/Detail/?title=%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5&amp;search=%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5#glossary">存档</a>于2024-02-07). <q>易學以「太極」說明宇宙萬象之本源。〔周易.繫辭上〕第十一章中說:「……是故易有太極,是生兩儀,兩儀生四象,四象生八卦。」周敦頤〔太極圖說〕闡述太極生兩儀之過程為:「太極動而生陽,動極而靜,靜而生陰,陰極復動,一動一靜,互為其根,分陰分陽,兩儀立焉。」由此可知,太極係一種陰陽未分、元氣渾淪之狀態,也就是鄭玄〔周易.注太極〕所稱:「淳合未分之氣。」〔周易.繫辭〕所稱之太極,原本指天地未分之前,渾淪之元氣。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5&amp;rft.au=%E5%82%85%E5%85%83%E9%BE%8D&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpedia.cloud.edu.tw%2FEntry%2FDetail%2F%3Ftitle%3D%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E6%25A5%25B5%26search%3D%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E6%25A5%25B5%23glossary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">陳雪麗. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pedia.cloud.edu.tw/Entry/Detail?title=%E9%81%93&amp;search=%E9%81%93#glossary">道</a>. 教育大辭書. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203115355/https://pedia.cloud.edu.tw/Entry/Detail?title=%E9%81%93&amp;search=%E9%81%93#glossary">存档</a>于2024-02-03). <q>就其形上意義來看,先哲視「道」為宇宙萬物的本體,是「形而上」的,所以〔周易‧繫辭上傳‧第十二章〕說:「是故形而上者謂之道。」〔周易‧繫辭上傳‧第五章〕又說:「一陰一陽之謂道。」指明宇宙萬物的生成是由陰、陽兩種元質交感合宜而成。因此,「道」可說是宇宙最高的形式或法則,也就是宇宙中最根本、至高無上、至大無限的本體。相關說法還有〔韓非子〕文中所說之:「道者,萬物之始。」「道者,萬物之所以成也。」「道者,萬物之所然也,萬理之所稽也。」「道者,萬物之所以成也。」「道者,萬物之始 ,是非之紀也。」等 ,都說明「道」是萬物賴之以生、依之以行的永恆不滅的真理。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E9%81%93&amp;rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E9%9B%AA%E9%BA%97&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpedia.cloud.edu.tw%2FEntry%2FDetail%3Ftitle%3D%25E9%2581%2593%26search%3D%25E9%2581%2593%23glossary&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E8%BE%9E%C2%B7%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE" title="楚辞·天问">楚辭·天問</a>》:「明明暗暗,惟時何為?陰陽三合,何本何化?」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%A2%81%E5%82%B3" title="穀梁傳">穀梁傳</a>·莊公三年》:「獨陰不生,獨陽不生,獨天不生,三合然後生。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·順命》:「天者萬物之祖,萬物非天不生。獨陰不生,獨陽不生,陰陽與天地參然後生。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%AC%A6" title="王符">王符</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%A4%AB%E8%AB%96" title="潛夫論">潛夫論</a>·本訓》:「上古之世,太素之時,元氣窈冥,未有形兆,萬精合并,混而為一,莫制莫御。若斯久之,翻然自化,清濁分別,變成陰陽。陰陽有體,實生兩儀。天地壹鬱,萬物化淳。和氣生人,以統理之。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%A0%E5%8F%A5" title="老子河上公章句">老子河上公章句</a>》:「道使所生者一也。一生陰與陽也,陰陽生和、清、濁三氣,分為天地人也。天地人共生萬物也,天施地化,人長養之也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AD%90" title="列子">列子</a>·天瑞》:「一者,形變之始也。清輕者上為天,濁重者下為地,沖和氣者為人;故天地含精,萬物化生。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·禮運》:「是故夫禮,必本於大一,分而為天地,轉而為陰陽,變而為四時,列而為鬼神。」,亦見於《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="孔子家语">孔子家語</a>·禮運》。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%BE%A1%E8%A6%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太平御覽">太平御覽</a>·天部》夾注:「太一,謂元氣也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90" title="淮南子">淮南子</a>·天文訓》:「天墬未形,馮馮翼翼,洞洞灟灟,故曰太昭。道始生虛廓,虛廓生宇宙,宇宙生氣。氣有涯垠,清陽者薄靡而為天,重濁者凝滯而為地。清妙之合專易,重濁之凝竭難,故天先成而地後定。天地之襲精為陰陽,陰陽之專精為四時,四時之散精為萬物。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·五行相生》:「天地之氣,合而為一,分為陰陽,判為四時,列為五行。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%99%8E%E9%80%9A" title="白虎通">白虎通</a>·天地》:「始起先有太初,後有太始,形兆既成,名曰太素。混沌相連,視之不見,聽之不聞,然後剖判。清濁既分,精曜出布,庶物施生。精者為三光,粗者為五行。五行生情性,情性生汁中(協中),汁中(協中)生神明,神明生道德,道德生文章。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%95%A6%E9%A0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="周敦頤">周敦頤</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96%E8%AA%AA" title="太極圖說">太極圖說</a>》:「自無極而為太極。太極動而生陽,動極而靜,靜而生陰,靜極復動。一動一靜,互為其根;分陰分陽,兩儀立焉。陽變陰合,而生水、火、木、金、土。五氣順布,四時行焉。五行,一陰陽也;陰陽,一太極也;太極,本無極也。五行之生也,各一其性。無極之真,二五之精,妙合而凝。「乾道成男,坤道成女」,二氣交感,化生萬物。萬物生生,而變化無窮焉。惟人也,得其秀而最靈。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">蕭又寧. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lib.pccu.edu.tw/retrieve/64555/%E8%95%AD%E5%8F%88%E5%AF%A708.pdf">第四章 氣化宇宙論的架構</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11296/7gnk9q">董仲舒《春秋繁露》氣論思想研究</a>. 中國文化大學中國文學研究所. 2009. <q>曾春海在討論陰陽五行時,認為「董氏稱運轉四時、化生萬物之功能的氣為元氣,在元氣運化中所顯的陰陽二氣乃天道之常;五行與陰陽皆助成天地生養萬物之功,五行依從於陰陽,陰陽導領五行。」,故可知陰陽二氣由元氣而出,陰陽與五行之間又相互影響。……而董仲舒更認為陰陽運行導致了四時的變化,故雖五行與陰陽一樣都是助成天地之功的力量,但陰陽仍實居於主導地位,五行則與陰陽配合而成生化萬物的任務。……在董仲舒之前的《淮南鴻烈》,或之後的揚雄、王充等皆有此觀念,雖對氣的概念上有所不同,但都利用「氣」來做為變化的依據或解釋,並大量使用陰陽、五行來說明生成變化的過程中,事物間的關係,並將全部的萬物關聯在一起,故認為宇宙為一有機體,萬事萬物皆為氣之所成,為兩漢的通論而非董仲舒獨有。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0+%E6%B0%A3%E5%8C%96%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B&amp;rft.au=%E8%95%AD%E5%8F%88%E5%AF%A7&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E3%80%8A%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2%E3%80%8B%E6%B0%A3%E8%AB%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.pccu.edu.tw%2Fretrieve%2F64555%2F%25E8%2595%25AD%25E5%258F%2588%25E5%25AF%25A708.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E4%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="易传">周易繫辭傳</a>》:「在天成象,在地成形,變化見矣。(韓康伯注:象況日月星辰,形況山川草木也。懸象運轉以成昏明,山澤通氣而雲行雨施,故變化見矣。)是故剛柔相摩,(韓康伯注:相切摩也,言陰陽之交感也。)八卦相盪。(韓康伯注::相推盪也,言運化之推移。)鼓之以雷霆,潤之以風雨。日月運行,一寒一暑。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="荀子 (書)">荀子</a>·禮論》:「天地合而萬物生,陰陽接而變化起……。天能生物……地能載人。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AD%90" title="列子">列子</a>·周穆王》:「一體之盈虛消息,皆通於天地,應於物類。故陰氣壯,則夢涉大水而恐懼;陽氣壯,則夢涉大火而燔焫;陰陽俱壯,則夢生殺。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%A7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃帝內經">黃帝內經</a>·陰陽應象大論》:「黃帝曰:陰陽者,天地之道也,萬物之綱紀,變化之父母,生殺之本始,神明之府也。……故天有精,地有形;天有八紀,地有五里,故能為萬物之父母。清陽上天,濁陰歸地,是故天地之動靜,神明為之綱紀,故能以生長收藏,終而復始。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>·大樂》:「四時代興,或暑或寒,或短或長,或柔或剛。萬物所出,造於太一,化於陰陽。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·陽尊陰卑》:「陽始出,物亦始出;陽方盛,物亦方盛;陽初衰,物亦初衰。物隨陽而出入,數隨陽而終始。……陽天之德,陰天之刑也。陽氣暖而陰氣寒,陽氣予而陰氣奪,陽氣仁而陰氣戾,陽氣寬而陰氣急,陽氣愛而陰氣惡,陽氣生而陰氣殺。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緯書">易緯乾鑿度</a>》:「清輕者上為天,濁重者下為地。」,亦見於《列子·天瑞》<br /> 許慎《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87%E8%A7%A3%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="說文解字">說文解字</a>》:「地:元气初分,輕清陽爲天,重濁陰爲地。萬物所陳𠛱也。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·說日》:「夏時、陽氣多,陰氣少,陽氣光明,與日同耀……冬、陰氣晦冥,掩日之光。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·寒溫》:「或曰:「以類相招致也。喜者和溫,和溫賞賜,陽道施予,陽氣溫,故溫氣應之。怒者慍恚,慍恚誅殺,陰道肅殺,陰氣寒,故寒氣應之。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="左傳">左傳</a>·昭公元年》:「天有六氣,降生五味,發為五色,徵為五聲,淫生六疾(六氣過度則生六疾),六氣曰陰,陽,風,雨,晦,明也,分為四時,序為五節,過則為菑,陰淫寒疾,陽淫熱疾,風淫末疾,雨淫腹疾,晦淫惑疾,明淫心疾。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E6%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="荀悅">荀悅</a>《申鑒·俗嫌》:「陽氣生養,陰氣消殺。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="揚雄">揚雄</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%8E%84%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="太玄經">太玄經</a>》:「陽動吐,陰靜翕。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="莊子 (書)">莊子</a>·天道》:「靜而與陰同德,動而與陽同波。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AB%E8%BE%AD%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="繫辭傳">周易繫辭傳</a>》:「乾,陽物也;坤,陰物也;陰陽合德,而剛柔有體。」《周易正義》:「若陰陽不合,則剛柔之體無從而生。以陰陽相合乃生萬物,或剛或柔,各有其體。陽多為剛,陰多為柔也。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·本性》:「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="劉向">劉子政</a>曰……形外則謂之陽,不發者則謂之陰。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E7%86%99_(%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="刘熙 (学者)">劉熙</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E5%90%8D" title="釋名">釋名</a>·釋天》:「陰,蔭也,氣在內奧蔭也。陽,揚也,氣在外發揚也。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·陰陽位》:「陽氣始出東北而南行,就其位也;西轉而北入,藏其休也。陰氣始出東南而北行,亦就其位也;西轉而南入,屏其伏也。是故陽以南方為位,以北方為休;陰以北方為位,以南方為伏。陽至其位而大暑熱。陰至其位而大寒凍。陽至其休而入化於地,陰至其伏而避德於下。是故夏出長於上、冬入化於下者,陽也;夏入守虛地於下,冬出守虛位於上者,陰也。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·陽尊陰卑》:「故陽氣出於東北,入於西北,發於孟春,畢於孟冬,而物莫不應是。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·陰陽出入上下》:「天之道,初薄大冬,陰陽各從一方來,而移於後。陰由東方來西,陽由西方來東,至於中冬之月,相遇北方,合而為一,謂之曰至。別而相去,陰適右,陽適左。適左者其道順,適右者其道逆。逆氣左上,順氣右下,故下暖而上寒。以此見天之冬右陰而左陽也,上所右而下所左也。冬月盡,而陰陽俱南還,陽南還出於寅,陰南還入於戌,此陰陽所始出地入地之見處也。至於仲春之月,陽在正東,陰在正西,謂之春分。春分者,陰陽相半也,故晝夜均而寒暑平。陰日損而隨陽,陽日益而鴻,故為暖熱初得。大夏之月,相遇南方,合而為一,謂之日至。別而相去,陽適右,陰適左。適左由下,適右由上,上暑而下寒,以此見天之夏右陽而左陰也。上其所右,下其所左。夏月畫,而陰陽俱北還。陽北還而入於申,陰北還而出於辰,此陰陽之所始出地入地之見處也。至於中秋之月,陽在正西,陰在正東,謂之秋分。秋分者,陰陽相半也,故晝夜均,而寒暑平。陽日損而隨陰,陰日益而鴻,故至於季秋而始霜,至於孟冬而始寒,小雪而物咸成,大寒而物畢藏,天地之功終矣。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AB%E8%BE%AD%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="繫辭傳">周易繫辭傳</a>》:「陽卦奇,陰卦偶。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·郊特牲》:「鼎俎奇,而籩豆偶,陰陽之義也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E4%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="易传">周易說卦傳</a>》:「立人之道曰仁與義。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·鄉飲酒義》:「天地嚴凝之氣,始於西南,而盛於西北,此天地之尊嚴氣也,此天地之義氣也。天地溫厚之氣,始於東北,而盛於東南,此天地之盛德氣也,此天地之仁氣也。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·王道通》:「陰陽之理,聖人之法也。陰,刑氣也;陽,德氣也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="韓非子">韓非子</a>·二柄》:「何謂刑德?曰:殺戮之謂刑,慶賞之謂德。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="劉向">劉向</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E8%8B%91" class="mw-redirect" title="說苑">說苑</a>·政理》:「德者,養善而進闕者也;刑者,懲惡而禁後者也;故德化之崇者至於賞,刑罰之甚者至於誅。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="管子 (書)">管子</a>·四時》:「南方曰日,其時曰夏,其氣曰陽,陽生火與氣,其德施捨修樂,其事號令,賞賜賦爵,受祿順鄉,謹修神祀,量功賞賢,以動陽氣。……北方曰月,其時曰冬,其氣曰寒,寒生水與血,其德淳越溫怒周密,其事號令,修禁徙民,令靜止。地乃不泄。斷刑致罰,無赦有罪,以符陰氣。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·四諱》:「神有吉凶,勤德致福,犯刑起禍。」(「勤」現行本作「動」字,義不通順。勤和動字形相近,古書有「勤德」一詞,但絕少有「動德」一詞,《逸周書·芮良夫解》的懃德之懃字在《群書治要》中亦誤作動字。)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《周易正義》:「自天地開闢,陰陽運行,寒暑迭來,日月更出,孚萌庶類,亭毒群品,新新不停,生生相續,莫非資變化之力,換代之功。然變化運行,在陰陽二氣,故聖人初畫八卦,設剛柔兩畫,象二氣也。布以三位,象三才也。謂之爲易,取變化之義。……天地之道,陰陽升降,溫暑涼寒迭相變革,然後四時之序皆有成也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="管子 (書)">管子</a>·乘馬》:「春秋冬夏,陰陽之推移也;時之短長,陰陽之利用也;日夜之易,陰陽之化也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="管子 (書)">管子</a>·形勢解》:「春者,陽氣始上,故萬物生。夏者,陽氣畢上,故萬物長。秋者,陰氣始下,故萬物收。冬者,陰氣畢下,故萬物藏;故春夏生長,秋冬收藏,四時之節也。賞賜刑罰,主之節也。四時未嘗不生殺也,主未嘗不賞罰也;故曰:春秋冬夏,不更其節也。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·陰陽終始》:「春夏陽多而陰少,秋冬陽少而陰多。……春秋之中,陰陽之氣俱相並也。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%B9%81%E9%9C%B2" title="春秋繁露">春秋繁露</a>·循天之道》:「春氣生而百物皆出,夏氣養而百物皆長,秋氣殺而百物皆死,冬氣收而百物皆藏。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·說日》:「儒者曰:「冬日短,夏日長,亦復以陰陽。夏時、陽氣多,陰氣少,陽氣光明,與日同耀,故日出輒無鄣蔽。冬、陰氣晦冥,掩日之光,日雖出,猶隱不見,故冬日日短,陰多陽少,與夏相反。」……或曰:「夏時陽氣盛,陽氣在南方,故天舉而高;冬時陽氣衰,天抑而下。高則日道多,故日長;下則日道少,故日短也。」」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90" title="淮南子">淮南子</a>·天文訓》:「夏日至則陰乘陽,是以萬物就而死。冬日至則陽乘陰,是以萬物仰而生。晝者陽之分,夜者陰之分。是以陽氣勝則日修而夜短,陰氣勝則日短而夜修。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·說日》:「儒者曰:「日朝見,出陰中;暮不見,入陰中。陰氣晦冥,故沒不見。」」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B4%E7%A4%BC%E8%AE%B0" title="大戴礼记">大戴禮記</a>·曾子天圓》:「陰陽之氣,各從其所,則靜矣;偏則風,俱則雷,交則電,亂則霧,和則雨;陽氣勝,則散為雨露;陰氣勝,則凝為霜雪;陽之專氣為雹,陰之專氣為霰,霰雹者,一氣之化也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90" title="淮南子">淮南子</a>·天文訓》:「天之偏氣,怒者為風;地之含氣,和者為露。陰陽相薄,感而為雷,激而為霆,亂而為霧。陽氣勝則散而為雨露,陰氣盛則凝而為霜雪。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a>《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E9%9B%B9%E5%B0%8D" class="extiw" title="s:雨雹對">雨雹對</a>》:「二氣之初蒸也,若有若無,若實若虛,若方若圓,攢聚相合,其體稍重,故雨乘虛而墜。風多則合速,故雨大而疏。風少則合遲,故雨細而密。其寒月則雨凝於上,體尚輕微,而因風相襲,故成雪焉。寒有高下,上暖下寒,則上合為大雨,下凝為冰,霰雪是也。雹霰之至也,陰氣暴上,雨則凝結成雹焉。……雨既陰陽相蒸」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%BE%A1%E8%A6%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太平御覽">太平御覽</a>·風部》引<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B3%89" title="楊泉">楊泉</a>《物理論》曰:「風者,陰陽亂氣激發而起者也。猶人之內氣,因喜怒哀樂激越而發也。故春氣溫,其風溫以和,喜風也。夏氣盛,其風熛以怒,怒風也。秋氣勁,其風清以貞,清風也。冬氣石,其風慘以烈,固風也。此四正之風也。」<br /> 《春秋元命苞》:「陰陽聚為雲,陰陽和為雨」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%A7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃帝內經">黃帝內經</a>·陰陽應象大論》:「故清陽為天,濁陰為地;地氣上為雲,天氣下為雨;雨出地氣,雲出天氣。」(姚止庵注:雨從雲以施化,故言雨出地,雲憑氣以交合,故言雲出天)<br />《莊子·外物》:「陰陽錯行,則天地大絯,於是乎有雷有霆。」<br /> 《新唐書·五行志》:「陽德衰則陰氣勝,故常雨。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·順鼓》:「大水用鼓,或時再告社。陰之太盛,雨湛不霽,陰盛陽微,非道之宜。口祝不副,以鼓自助,與日食、鼓用牲于社,同一義也。俱為告急,彰陰盛也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%99%8E%E9%80%9A" title="白虎通">白虎通</a>·災變》:「日食者必殺之何?陰侵陽也。……日食,大水則鼓於用牲於社,大旱則雲祭未雨,非苟虛也,助陽責下,求陰之道也。月食救之者,陰失明也,故角尾交日。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="荀子 (書)">荀子</a>·天論》:「星隊(墜)木鳴,國人皆恐。曰:是何也?曰:無何也!是天地之變,陰陽之化,物之罕至者也。怪之,可也;而畏之,非也。夫日月之有食,風雨之不時,怪星之黨見,是無世而不常有之。」<br />《左傳·僖公十六年》:「十六年春,隕石于宋五,隕星也。六鷁退飛,過宋都,風也。」周內史叔興聘于宋,宋襄公問焉……」退而告人曰:「君失問。是陰陽之事,非吉凶所生也。吉凶由人。吾不敢逆君故也。」」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E5%90%8D" title="釋名">釋名</a>·釋天》:「虹,攻也,純陽攻陰氣也。」<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="劉向">劉向</a>《說苑·辨物》:「夫水旱俱天下陰陽所為也。大旱則雩祭而請雨,大水則鳴鼓而劫社(「劫」,《論衡》等書作「攻」)。何也?曰:……今大旱者,陽氣太盛以厭(壓)於陰,陰厭陽固,陽其填也,惟填厭之太甚,使陰不能起也,亦雩際拜請而已,無敢加也。至於大水及日蝕者,皆陰氣太盛而上減(滅)陽精,以賤乘貴,以卑陵尊,大逆不義,故鳴鼓而懾之,朱絲縈而劫之。由此觀之,春秋乃正天下之位,徵陰陽之失。直責逆者不避其難,是亦春秋之不畏強禦也。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="國語 (書)">國語</a>·周語》:「陽伏而不能出,陰迫而不能烝,于是有地震。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-宋惠如-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-宋惠如_16-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋惠如_16-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宋惠如_16-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">宋惠如. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A16009007">《漢書.五行志》之董仲舒《春秋》災異說--以論弒為中心</a>. 當代儒學研究. 2015, <b>19</b>: 67–102 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202130718/https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A16009007">存档</a>于2024-02-02). <q>〈五行志〉記載104 條董氏災異說,確為董氏說,且與弒君相關者23 條,本文分為地理之變:大水、火、地震、山崩,與天文異象一:星隕、星孛,天文異象二:日食……其說《春秋》災異以陰陽變化為基底,在日食之例又合以分野說</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%8E%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%BF%97%E3%80%8B%E4%B9%8B%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92%E3%80%8A%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E3%80%8B%E7%81%BD%E7%95%B0%E8%AA%AA--%E4%BB%A5%E8%AB%96%E5%BC%92%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&amp;rft.au=%E5%AE%8B%E6%83%A0%E5%A6%82&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.pages=67-102&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA16009007&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·訂鬼》:「人所以生者,陰、陽氣也。陰氣主為骨肉,陽氣主為精神。人之生也,陰、陽氣具,故骨肉堅,精氣盛。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·郊特牲》:「魂氣歸于天,形魄歸于地。故祭,求諸陰陽之義也。」<br /> 《左傳·昭公七年》:「趙景子問焉,曰:伯有猶能為鬼乎?子產曰:能。人生始化曰魄。既生魄,陽曰魂。用物精多,則魂魄強,是以有精爽,至於神明。」《春秋左傳正義》:「人稟五常以生,感陰陽以靈。有身體之質,名之曰形。有噓吸之動,謂之為氣,形氣合而為用,知力以此而彊,故得成為人也。……人之生也,始變化為形,形之靈者名之曰魄也。既生魄矣,魄內自有陽氣,氣之神者,名之曰魂也。魂魄,神靈之名,本從形氣而有,形氣既殊,魂魄亦異,附形之靈為魄,附氣之神為魂也,附形之靈者,謂初生之時,耳目心識,手足運動,啼呼為聲,此則魄之靈也。附氣之神者,謂精神性識,漸有所知,此則附氣之神也。是魄在於前,而魂在於後。……魂魄雖俱是性靈,但魄識少而魂識多。……人之生也,魄盛魂強。及其死也,形消氣滅。……以魂本附氣,氣必上浮,故言魂氣歸于天;魄本歸形,形既入土,故言形魄歸于地。聖王緣生事死,制其祭祀,存亡既異,別為作名,改生之魂曰神,改生之魄曰鬼。……魂既附氣,氣又附形,形彊則氣彊,形弱則氣弱,魂以氣彊,魄以形強。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">汪寧生. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/OthzTNWtMJ3Khm1gYacuxw">八卦起源</a>. 古俗新研. 敦煌文藝出版社. 2001: 31—39 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206051143/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/OthzTNWtMJ3Khm1gYacuxw">存档</a>于2024-02-06). <q>這兩種符號之稱為“陽”“陰”,無疑是後來所賦予的名稱。據研究抽象的陰陽概念初見於西周晚期,在《周易》卦辭、爻辭中還不見“陰陽”兩字。一定要人們思想中先有“陰陽”概念,才會把這兩種符號稱為“陰”“陽”兩字。最早應該是僅有⚊ ⚋兩個符號而沒有名稱。……總結上述,我們的看法是陰陽兩爻乃古代巫師舉行筮法時用來表示奇數和偶數的符號,八卦則是三個奇偶數的排列和組合。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&amp;rft.au=%E6%B1%AA%E5%AF%A7%E7%94%9F&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BF%97%E6%96%B0%E7%A0%94&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=31%E2%80%9439&amp;rft.pub=%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmp.weixin.qq.com%2Fs%2FOthzTNWtMJ3Khm1gYacuxw&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="莊子 (書)">莊子</a>·天下》:「《易》以道陰陽。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·祭義》:「聖人建陰陽天地之情,立以為《易》。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AB%E8%BE%AD%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="繫辭傳">周易繫辭傳</a>》:「易與天地準,故能彌綸天地之道。仰以觀於天文,俯以察於地理,是故知幽明之故。原始反終,故知死生之說。精氣為物,遊魂為變,是故知鬼神之情狀。與天地相似,故不違。知周乎萬物,而道濟天下,故不過。……聖人有以見天下之賾,而擬諸其形容,象其物宜,是故謂之象。聖人有以見天下之動,而觀其會通,以行其典禮,繫辭焉,以斷其吉凶,是故謂之爻。……是故,易有太極,是生兩儀,兩儀生四象,四象生八卦,八卦定吉凶,吉凶生大業。是故,法象莫大乎天地,變通莫大乎四時,縣象著明莫大乎日月,崇高莫大乎富貴;備物致用,立成器以為天下利,莫大乎聖人;探賾索隱,鉤深致遠,以定天下之吉凶,成天下之亹亹者,莫大乎蓍龜。是故,天生神物,聖人則之;天地變化,聖人效之;天垂象,見吉凶,聖人象之。河出圖,洛出書,聖人則之。易有四象,所以示也。繫辭焉,所以告也。定之以吉凶,所以斷也。……古者包犧氏之王天下也,仰則觀象於天,俯則觀法於地,觀鳥獸之文,與地之宜,近取諸身,遠取諸物,於是始作八卦,以通神明之德,以類萬物之情。……是故,易者,象也,象也者像也。彖者,材也,爻也者,效天下之動者也。是故,吉凶生,而悔吝著也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-彭林-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-彭林_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-彭林_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-彭林_20-2"><sup><b>20.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">彭林. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rocidea.com/one?id=14770">禮的哲學詮釋</a>. 哲學門. 2007, <b>8</b> (2): 23–36. <q>《儀禮》詳于記述,沒有哲學意味;《禮記》則相反,處處著眼于哲學詮釋,使用得最多的哲學範疇首推陰陽。……音樂的出現,遠在陰陽概念出現之前,因而是不可能按照陰陽的概念來制作的。……禮是從氏族時代的某些風俗發展而來的,到商代漸次形成為一套祭祀鬼神的儀式。殷周鼎革之後,隨著民本主義思想的出現,禮開始具備體現道德理念的制度形態。《儀禮》所記冠、婚、喪、祭、射、鄉、聘、覲,以及特牲、少牢、饋食之禮法,樸茂無華,鮮有哲學色彩,全書甚至不見“陰”、“陽”二字,顯示了周代之禮的本初面貌。……經過數百年的發展,禮突破既有的藩籬,開始向內容的、深度的方向發展,其特色之一,就是要賦予《儀禮》的禮法以新的禮義……《禮記》可以看作是這一時期禮學思想的結晶。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E7%A6%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&amp;rft.au=%E5%BD%AD%E6%9E%97&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%96%80&amp;rft.pages=23-36&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocidea.com%2Fone%3Fid%3D14770&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·禮運》:「故聖人作則,必以天地為本,以陰陽為端,以四時為柄,以日星為紀,月以為量,鬼神以為徒,五行以為質,禮義以為器,人情以為田,四靈以為畜。以天地為本,故物可舉也;以陰陽為端,故情可睹也;以四時為柄,故事可勸也;以日星為紀,故事可列也;月以為量,故功有藝也;鬼神以為徒,故事有守也;五行以為質,故事可復也;禮義以為器,故事行有考也;人情以為田,故人以為奧也;四靈以為畜,故飲食有由也。……是故夫禮,必本於大一,分而為天地,轉而為陰陽,變而為四時,列而為鬼神。其降曰命,其官於天也。夫禮必本於天,動而之地,列而之事,變而從時,協於分藝,其居人也曰養,其行之以貨力、辭讓:飲食、冠昏、喪祭、射御、朝聘。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·喪服四制》:「凡禮之大體,體天地,法四時,則陰陽,順人情,故謂之禮。夫禮,吉凶異道,不得相干,取之陰陽也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·樂記》:「大禮與天地同節。……節故祀天祭地。……禮者殊事合敬者也。……禮者,天地之序也。……序故群物皆別。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">李美燕. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A00007120">《樂緯》的樂教思想與音樂宇宙觀</a>. 中國學術年刊. 2000, <b>21</b>: 89–122 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206053436/https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A00007120">存档</a>于2024-02-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%A8%82%E7%B7%AF%E3%80%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%82%E6%95%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E8%88%87%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%A7%80&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E7%BE%8E%E7%87%95&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%8A&amp;rft.pages=89-122&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA00007120&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="莊子 (書)">莊子</a>·天運》:「吾奏之以人,徵之以天,行之以禮義,建之以太清。夫至樂者,先應之以人事,順之以天理,行之以五德,應之以自然,然後調理四時,太和萬物。四時迭起,萬物循生;一盛一衰,文武倫經;一清一濁,陰陽調和,流光其聲。」<br /> 《 <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>·大樂》:「音樂之所由來者遠矣。生於度量,本於太一。太一出兩儀,兩儀出陰陽,陰陽變化,一上一下,合而成章。……形體有處,莫不有聲。聲出於和,和出於適。和適先王定樂,由此而生。……凡樂,天地之和,陰陽之調也。」<br /> 《 <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%B0%8F%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="呂氏春秋">呂氏春秋</a>·古樂》:「昔古朱襄氏之治天下也,多風而陽氣畜積,萬物散解,果實不成,故士達作為五弦瑟,以來陰氣,以定群生。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%99%8E%E9%80%9A" title="白虎通">白虎通</a>·禮樂》:「音者,飲也,言其剛柔清濁和而相飲也。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="國語 (書)">國語</a>·周語》:「樂從和,和從平。聲以和樂,律以平聲。金石以動之,絲竹以行之,詩以道之,歌以詠之,匏以宣之,瓦以贊之,革木以節之,物得其常曰樂極,極之所集曰聲,聲應相保曰和,細大不逾曰平。如是,而鑄之金,磨之石,繫之絲木,越之匏竹,節之鼓而行之,以遂八風。于是乎氣無滯陰,亦無散陽,陰陽序次,風雨時至,嘉生繁祉,人民龢利,物備而樂成,上下不罷,故曰樂正。……發以聲音,而文以琴瑟,動以干戚,飾以羽旄,從以簫管。奮至德之光,動四氣之和,以著萬物之理。是故清明象天,廣大象地,終始象四時,周還象風雨。五色成文而不亂,八風從律而不姦,百度得數而有常。小大相成,終始相生。倡和清濁,迭相為經。故樂行而倫清,耳目聰明,血氣和平,移風易俗,天下皆寧。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·樂記》:「大樂與天地同和。……和故百物不失。……樂者異文合愛者也。……樂者,天地之和也。……和故百物皆化。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>·樂記》:「是故先王本之情性,稽之度數,制之禮義。合生氣之和,道五常之行,使之陽而不散,陰而不密,剛氣不怒,柔氣不懾,四暢交於中而發作於外,皆安其位而不相奪也。」<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%BE%94" title="陳澔">陳澔</a>《禮記集說》:「言聖人之作樂,本於人心七情所感之音,而稽考於五聲十二律之度數,而制之以清濁髙下尊卑隆殺之節,而各得其冝。然後用之以合天地生氣之和,而使其陽之動而不至於散,陰之靜而不至於密,道人心五常之行,而使剛者之氣不至於怒,柔者之氣不至於懾。天地之陰陽,人心之剛柔,四者各得其中而和暢焉,則交暢於中而𤼵形於外。於是宫君、商臣、角民、徴事、羽物,皆安其位而不相奪倫也。此言聖人始因人情而作樂,有度數禮義之詳,而以之和天地之氣,平天下之情。及天氣人情感而太和焉,則樂無怗懘之音矣,然後推樂之教以化民成俗也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">杜新豪. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aisixiang.com/data/129184.html">課晴問雨:明代中後期日用類書中的農業占候研究</a>. 史林. 2021, <b>4</b>: 43–52 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-11</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117221023/https://www.aisixiang.com/data/129184.html">存档</a>于2024-01-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%AA%B2%E6%99%B4%E5%95%8F%E9%9B%A8%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E6%97%A5%E7%94%A8%E9%A1%9E%E6%9B%B8%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%8D%A0%E5%80%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%B0%E8%B1%AA&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B2%E6%9E%97&amp;rft.pages=43-52&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisixiang.com%2Fdata%2F129184.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《陶真人內丹賦》注:「混陰陽者,水火為藥也。是水銀混沌,清濁未分,故號太易者,是陰陽之象,傾一處之義也。然後陰陽合德,而剛柔有體。陰陽者氣也,剛柔者形也。故志士則而行之,侯水火主也。分判有時,方辯陰陽之變化。……始火者,火數二,水數一。火既滅,四時輻奏一氣,十五日二十四氣,生成萬物。夫還丹者,象水火成萬物,稟天地陰陽之氣,氣以剛柔,合度四時,不能陶鑄,則真一之道畢矣。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%A8%9E" title="道樞">道樞</a>》:「故金丹亦應于日月之玄象,龍虎起伏,水火運用,得四時之正候則有大功矣。……鉛汞者,日月也;日月者,水火也;水火者,龍虎也;龍虎者,陰陽也;陰陽者,天地也;天地者,乾坤也;乾坤者,易之門戶,眾卦之父母也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">許光麃. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A08079920">傳統中國武術之基本學說與原則</a>. 體育學系(所)刊. 2008, <b>8</b>: 41-50 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-02-08</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208094121/https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A08079920">存档</a>于2024-02-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA%E8%88%87%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87&amp;rft.au=%E8%A8%B1%E5%85%89%E9%BA%83&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%28%E6%89%80%29%E5%88%8A&amp;rft.pages=41-50&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA08079920&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macaudata.com/macaubook/book244/html/10801.htm">山水之陰陽</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2018-01-03</span>&#93;</span>. 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href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991311-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991311_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>,第311頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPais1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDialogue1985121–140-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDialogue1985121–140_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDialogue1985">Dialogue 1985</a>,第121–140頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDialogue1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991504-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991504_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>,第504頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPais1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991166,_466–467-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991166,_466–467_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>,第166, 466–467頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPais1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224_42-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224_42-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler1985">Wheeler 1985</a>,第224頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWheeler1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopenhagen-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopenhagen_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopenhagen">Copenhagen</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFCopenhagen (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62744" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q62744"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%9B%86%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E4%B9%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%85%B8/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E9%83%A8#陰陽" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/曆象彙編/乾象典/陰陽部">欽定古今圖書集成·曆象彙編·乾象典·陰陽部</a>》,出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd></dl> <ul><li>徐復觀:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/xufuguan.net/collectedworks/home/%E4%BA%8C%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AB%96%E8%91%97/6a-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2-%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2-%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87-%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87/p-509-%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E4%BA%8C-%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6">陰陽五行及其有關文獻的研究</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240202080817/https://sites.google.com/xufuguan.net/collectedworks/home/%E4%BA%8C%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AB%96%E8%91%97/6a-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2-%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2-%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E7%AF%87-%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87/p-509-%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E4%BA%8C-%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li>鮑家麟:〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccsdb.ncl.edu.tw/ccs/image/01_005_002_01_07.pdf">陰陽學說與婦女地位</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180305142905/http://ccsdb.ncl.edu.tw/ccs/image/01_005_002_01_07.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)〉</li> <li>羅子翔:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A06019838">「一陰一陽之謂道」觀念釐析</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240208084222/https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A06019838">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="新道家">新道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B5%E6%A8%AA%E5%AE%B6" title="纵横家">纵横家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3%E5%AE%B6" title="阴阳家">阴阳家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="杨朱学说">楊朱學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">诸子百家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81" title="三教合流">三教合流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国哲学家列表">哲学家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E6%AD%A6" title="孙武">孙子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AD%90" title="墨子">墨子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1" title="杨朱">杨朱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E5%AD%90" title="庄子">庄子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E5%AD%90" title="告子">告子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E8%A1%8C" title="许行">许行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%99%E9%BE%99" title="公孙龙">公孙龙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B9%E8%A1%8D" class="mw-disambig" title="邹衍">邹衍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90" title="韩非子">韩非子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E9%9B%8D" title="邵雍">邵雍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E4%B9%9D%E6%B8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="陆九渊">陆九渊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E4%BB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="王守仁">王守仁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%AE%97%E7%BE%B2" title="黄宗羲">黄宗羲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%AB%E4%B9%8B" title="王夫之">王夫之</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" title="德">德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fa (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="法 (哲学)(页面不存在)">法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Fa (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fa (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E7%88%B1" title="兼爱">兼爱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="敬 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jing (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%AC_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="敬 (哲学)(页面不存在)">敬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Jing (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jing (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E5%9D%90_(%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3)" title="靜坐 (冥想)">静坐</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="礼 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Li (Confucianism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BC_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="礼 (哲学)(页面不存在)">礼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" class="extiw" title="en:Li (Confucianism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Li (Confucianism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%86_(%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6)" title="天理 (儒家)">理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" title="氣 (中國)">气</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="情绪">情</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">仁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="精神">神</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="思 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Si (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="思 (哲学)(页面不存在)">思</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Si (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Si (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="体 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ti (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%93_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="体 (哲学)(页面不存在)">体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Ti (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ti (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天">天</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BA_(%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6)" title="无为 (道家)">无为</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D" title="孝">孝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xin (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="心 (哲学)(页面不存在)">心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Xin (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xin (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自然 (哲学)(页面不存在)">性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9" title="義">義</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">阴阳</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="体 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ti (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%93_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="体 (哲学)(页面不存在)">用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Ti (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ti (philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%90%8D" title="正名">正名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;">思辨</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="天人之辨(页面不存在)">天人之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93" title="道">天道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81" title="仁">人道</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義利之辨(页面不存在)">義利之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A6%BD%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="人禽之辨(页面不存在)">人禽之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B7%E5%A4%8F%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="夷夏之辨">夷夏之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F" title="華夷秩序">華夷秩序</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E9%9C%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="王霸之辨(页面不存在)">王霸之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%81%93_(%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="王道 (儒家思想)">王道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E9%81%93" title="霸道">霸道</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%92%E6%B3%95%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="儒法之辨(页面不存在)">儒法之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%92%E5%A2%A8%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="儒墨之辨(页面不存在)">儒墨之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%A6%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="名實之辨">名實之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="本末之辨(页面不存在)">本末之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%84%A1%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="有無之辨(页面不存在)">有無之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8D%E6%80%A7%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="才性之辨(页面不存在)">才性之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%80%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="言意之辨(页面不存在)">言意之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古今之辨(页面不存在)">古今之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%96%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中外之辨(页面不存在)">中外之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="国学">国学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="西学">西学</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E7%94%A8%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="體用之辨(页面不存在)">體用之辨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A4%96%E7%8E%8B%E4%B9%8B%E8%BE%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="內聖外王之辨(页面不存在)">內聖外王之辨</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%96%E7%8E%8B" title="内圣外王">內聖外王</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cfce99;;width:1%;text-align:left;">主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8F%B2" title="中国逻辑史">逻辑学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会哲学">社会哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中醫學史" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:中医史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:中医史(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中医史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中醫學史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="中醫學史">中醫學史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="中医学">中医学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%BC%E4%B8%B9" title="炼丹">炼丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E7%BB%9C" title="经络">经络</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E4%B8%B9%E6%9C%AF" title="内丹术">内丹</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">阴阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8A%9F" title="气功">气功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81%E6%8B%B3" title="太极拳">太极拳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">医学文献</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%B1%E6%9C%B4%E5%AD%90" title="抱朴子">抱朴子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B2%E7%9B%AE" title="本草纲目">本草纲目</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赤鳳髓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chifeng sui"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%A4%E9%B3%B3%E9%AB%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="赤鳳髓(页面不存在)">赤鳳髓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifeng_sui" class="extiw" title="en:Chifeng sui"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chifeng sui</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="婦人大全良方" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q19800488"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%A6%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8%E8%89%AF%E6%96%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="婦人大全良方(页面不存在)">婦人大全良方</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19800488" class="extiw" title="d:Q19800488"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q19800488</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B8%9D%E5%86%85%E7%BB%8F" title="黄帝内经">黄帝内经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%9E%E7%B6%93" title="靈樞經">靈樞經</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黃帝內經太素" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q77275015"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%A7%E7%B6%93%E5%A4%AA%E7%B4%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="黃帝內經太素(页面不存在)">黃帝內經太素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77275015" class="extiw" title="d:Q77275015"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q77275015</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脉书" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maishu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%89%E4%B9%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="脉书(页面不存在)">脉书</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maishu" class="extiw" title="en:Maishu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maishu</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E7%B6%93" title="難經">難經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%B9" title="三因方">三因方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B7%E5%AF%92%E9%9B%9C%E7%97%85%E8%AB%96" title="傷寒雜病論">伤寒杂病论</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%8C%B1%E8%A6%81%E7%95%A5" title="金匱要略">金匱要略</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%86%9C%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%BB%8F" title="神农本草经">神农本草经</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外科精要" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q77275111"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E7%B2%BE%E8%A6%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="外科精要(页面不存在)">外科精要</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77275111" class="extiw" title="d:Q77275111"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q77275111</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%97%85%E6%96%B9" title="五十二病方">五十二病方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%87%E6%80%A5%E5%8D%83%E9%87%91%E8%A6%81%E6%96%B9" title="备急千金要方">备急千金要方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%AE%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89" title="新修本草">新修本草</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="药性论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yaoxing lun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%AE%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="药性论(页面不存在)">药性论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoxing_lun" class="extiw" title="en:Yaoxing lun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yaoxing lun</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="引书" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yinshu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%95%E4%B9%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="引书(页面不存在)">引书</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinshu" class="extiw" title="en:Yinshu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yinshu</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E8%84%89%E7%81%B8%E7%BB%8F" title="阴阳十一脉灸经">阴阳十一脉灸经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%AE%E8%86%B3%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%81" title="饮膳正要">饮膳正要</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E7%BA%82%E9%86%AB%E5%AE%97%E9%87%91%E9%91%91" title="御纂醫宗金鑑">御纂醫宗金鑑</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="針灸大成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zhenjiu dacheng"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%9D%E7%81%B8%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="針灸大成(页面不存在)">針灸大成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenjiu_dacheng" class="extiw" title="en:Zhenjiu dacheng"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zhenjiu dacheng</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E7%97%85%E6%BA%90%E5%80%99%E8%AB%96" title="諸病源候論">诸病源候论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E8%87%82%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E8%84%89%E7%81%B8%E7%BB%8F" title="足臂十一脉灸经">足臂十一脉灸经</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">医师与药学家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E9%B9%8A" title="扁鹊">扁鹊</a>(前401—前310)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%BD%97" title="华佗">华佗</a>(140—208)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E4%BB%B2%E6%99%AF" title="張仲景">張仲景</a>(150—219)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E7%94%AB%E8%B0%A7" title="皇甫谧">皇甫谧</a>(215—282)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%A5%89" title="董奉">董奉</a>(200—280)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%B4%AA" title="葛洪">葛洪</a>(283—343)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E6%80%9D%E9%82%88" title="孙思邈">孙思邈</a>(581—682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%83%9F%E4%B8%80" title="王惟一">王惟一</a>(987—1067)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E4%B9%99" title="钱乙">钱乙</a>(1032—1113)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%85%8E%E5%BE%AE" title="唐慎微">唐慎微</a>(约1056—1093)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%85%88" title="宋慈">宋慈</a>(1186—1249)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="陳自明" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q45366822"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E8%87%AA%E6%98%8E" class="mw-disambig" title="陈自明">陈自明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45366822" class="extiw" title="d:Q45366822"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q45366822</span></a></span>)</span></span>(1190—1270)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="危亦林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wei Yilin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B1%E4%BA%A6%E6%9E%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="危亦林(页面不存在)">危亦林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Yilin" class="extiw" title="en:Wei Yilin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wei Yilin</span></a></span>)</span></span>(1277—1347)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%87%E5%85%81%E8%B3%A2" title="談允賢">谈允贤</a>(1461—1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E9%8C%AB%E7%B4%94_(%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="張錫純 (民國)">张锡纯</a>(1860—1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%86%AB%E5%85%B8%E7%B1%8D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中醫典籍列表">中医典籍列表</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62744#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62744#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62744#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079433-7">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007531834905171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149161">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000219769&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jin a jang"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph272076&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12494">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐864bbfd546‐mcb6l Cached 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